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1
Ashrafi, Sayed Ahmad Rashid, and Vishwanatha Kalaiah. "TREND, DIRECTION AND PERFORMANCE OF AFGHANISTAN’S INTERNATIONAL TRADE." Australian Finance & Banking Review 5, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v5i1.1069.
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Afghanistan is at a strategic location which acts as an important corridor in Asia and connects powerful industrial economies such as India and China to Northern Asia and to Europe via dry and seaways and vice versa through the Lapis Lazuli Corridor, Chabahar port and other corridors. The study asses to perceive the performance and trend of Afghanistan’s export and import. Moreover, the study points out to the destinations of Afghanistan's exports by regions and origin of Afghanistan’s imports by regions. The paper descriptively concentrates on direction, trend, and performance of the Afghanistan trade. The data is retrieved from numerous secondary sources encompass National Statistic and Information Authority and Ministry of Trade and Industry of Afghanistan. The period selected is from 2002 to 2018. Moreover, the research is based on quantitative data and descriptive statistics have been used to analyze the trend and direction of the Afghanistan trade. The study shows that there is an ascending direction of Afghanistan's export to Emerging and Developing Asian Economies majorly includes Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, while it indicates a descending export direction to Advanced Economies, Commonwealth Independent States, Middle East, and European Nations. Furthermore, Afghanistan's import shared with the regions is in an unstable form. 
 JEL Classification Codes: F1, F10, F19.
2
Alamyar, Hubia. "An Overview of Afghanistan's Geographical Indications Protection System." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 6, no. 4 (August 20, 2024): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2024.6.4.11.
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Geographical indications are labels used to identify goods or products that originate from a specific place, possess distinctive qualities and have a reputation associated with those characteristics. Afghanistan possesses valuable products such as agricultural, industrial, and handicraft resources that require protection due to its distinctive geography. Therefore, Afghanistan needs to standardize its established legal framework that regulates the recognition and protection of products as geographical indications both domestically and internationally. Since 2015, Afghanistan has implemented a specialized model for geographical indications. A suitable system for the protection of geographical indications in Afghanistan can be beneficial for promoting exchanges and cooperation between Afghanistan and international markets. it can help Afghanistan’s economic growth, avoid misuse of the products, and conversely develop the quality of the products. This study adopts a comprehensive approach to evaluate Afghanistan's current geographical indication protection system. A thorough review of existing laws and related articles, as well as an examination of Afghanistan's legal documents on geographical indications, including the Geographical Indications Law and Regulation, Trademark Registration Law, etc. This involves analyzing the definition of geographical indication, application for registration, review procedures, objections, and cancellation criteria outlined in these documents.
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Faheem, Farrukh, Sajjad Hussain, and Muhammad Tariq Rasheed Qmar. "The US withdrawal from Afghanistan and its impacts on the Pak-Afghan relationship." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 540–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.1.37.
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How to fix Afghanistan's challenges is one of the most talked-about issues of the 21st century. With its incredible nature and immense scale of being a safe haven for terrorists, the Afghanistan conundrum warrants all the thought it gets. The US hasty attack and abrupt withdrawal from Afghanistan affected the neighbouring states somehow and others. Pakistan is the most affected among these countries because of its chaotic past relationship. In the latest situation since the US retreat from Afghanistan, bordering countries have been trying to pull Afghanistan out of its misery. To achieve this goal, Pakistan had been trying to peacefully give passage to the US to leave and help the Taliban to assume control of Kabul. This is an uphill task because other regional and global powers have agendas to reshape Afghanistan’s future. On the other hand, for Afghanistan, common players, for instance, Pakistan, India, China, and Russia, have consistently been reconsidering their ways of meeting their national points of interest or terminations. This study investigates the Afghan harmony procedure and regional and global players waiting for the US withdrawal procedure and how it would affect Pakistan's future relationship with Afghanistan.
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Bashir, Faiza, and Subhan Ali. "Peaceful and Politically Stable Afghanistan: The Role that Shanghai Cooperation Organization Can Play." Central Asia 95, Winter (January 9, 2025): 65–83. https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-95.233.
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Terrorism is one of the leading causes of Afghanistan's insecurity. The conflict and war in Afghanistan has given terrorist groups opportunity to thrive and grow. The current economic crisis in Afghanistan and the quick international recognition of the Taliban are both major challenges for SCO. The situation necessitates a greater sense of responsibility on the part of regional countries to collaborate for the stability of Afghanistan. Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states should take short term and long-term steps for political and economic development of the country. The SCO's participation in Afghanistan can be enhanced through emphasis on the shared interests of Pakistan, China, Russia, and other neighboring countries. The SCO now has the opportunity, given Afghanistan’s present need, to take such steps. This paper highlights the concrete measures that the SCO has already taken and more steps that it can take. It is suggested that reconstruction, development, governance, and humanitarian assistance in Afghanistan are not only the responsibility of the regional countries but also the international community and international organizations.
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Paryani, Nazari, and Gulab Mir Rahmany. "China's Response to the Expansion of U.S. Influence in Asia: The Intersection of Religion and Governance in Afghanistan (2011-2019)." Religion and Policy Journal 2, no. 1 (October 29, 2024): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/rpj.v2i1.928.
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Research Problem: The article addresses China’s concerns regarding the expansion of U.S. influence in Asia, particularly focusing on Afghanistan's strategic importance in the geopolitical competition between the two powers. The U.S. military presence and Afghanistan’s religiously influenced governance pose a significant challenge for China, which must navigate both political and religious dynamics to secure its interests in the region. This research investigates how these factors shape China’s foreign policy and its interactions with Afghanistan. Research purposes: The study aims to explore how China’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan has evolved in response to the geopolitical and religious landscape influenced by U.S. actions. Specifically, it examines China’s strategic calculations regarding Afghanistan’s religious governance and how this affects its efforts to engage with Afghan political actors, such as the Taliban, while maintaining its broader geopolitical and economic goals, including the Belt and Road Initiative. Research methods: The research employs a historical and analytical approach, drawing on data from 2011 to 2019 to examine China's foreign policy shifts in response to U.S. actions in Afghanistan. The study relies on secondary sources, including policy papers, academic works, and governmental reports, to assess China’s evolving role and strategies concerning the religiously influenced political structures in Afghanistan. Results and Discussion: The findings show that China’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan is significantly influenced by its concerns over U.S. military presence and alliances in the region. China’s engagement with Afghanistan has been shaped by the need to navigate the religious-political dynamics, particularly with the rise of religiously motivated actors such as the Taliban. China’s strategic responses include strengthening diplomatic ties, economic investments, and engaging with both Afghan religious and political leaders to secure its geopolitical interests. The article discusses how China's secular approach to governance contrasts with Afghanistan’s religious influences, affecting its foreign policy strategies. Research Implications and Contributions: This study contributes to the broader understanding of how religion, politics, and governance intersect in Afghanistan’s international relations, particularly with China. It provides insights into how China adapts its foreign policy to account for religiously motivated governance, while also pursuing its geopolitical goals in the region. The research offers valuable perspectives for policymakers and scholars on the interplay between religion, governance, and foreign policy in a strategically significant context like Afghanistan.
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Aslami, Alyas. "Role of Natural Gas in Producing Electricity in Afghanistan." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science 2, no. 01 (December 21, 2023): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/ijmars.v2i01.505.
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This article depicts the role of natural gas reserves in Afghanistan in the production of electricity in the country. Also, this study estimates the impacts of electricity generation from natural gas on imported electricity. Afghanistan has 62nd position in the world's gas reserves, 79th position in the production of natural gas, and 104th position in the consumption of natural gas. Afghanistan has 1,750,000 million cubic feet of natural gas reserves, 6,675 million cubic feet of production of natural gas per year, and 5,163 million cubic feet of consumption of natural gas per year. Afghanistan's position in imports and exports of natural gas is zero in the world. Afghanistan’s natural gas reserves are 16.2 trillion cubic feet, located in the northern Amu-Darya and Afghan-Tajik regions, and they can respond to the energy demand of Afghanistan’s people. At present, the imports of electricity from neighboring countries are 4,900 GWh per year. To carry out this study, we have used secondary data that was collected from reliable academic sources. Descriptive analysis and a quantitative approach are used for analyzing the data. The result shows that electricity generation from the natural gas reserves of Afghanistan is 1,260.45 GWh per year. This amount can reduce the imported electricity from 4,900 GWh to 2,592.55 GWh.
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Khan, Taimur Azam. "Prohibition on Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan:." Central Asia 91, Winter (January 20, 2023): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-91.182.
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Afghanistan is home to the largest illicit drug industry in the world. The depth, influence, and impact of its narco-economy remain unparalleled. Illicit drug production has become a dominant feature of Afghanistan’s landscape. The opium economy is pervasive and deeply entrenched. Afghanistan's opium economy has become the source of security rather than the state. Therefore, the degree of dependence on the opium economy has thus become unprecedented in the modern history of drug production. The dependence means any immediate attempt toward opium poppy prohibition/eradication will result in political and socioeconomic crises not only in Afghanistan but the transit states in the region as well. In context of narco-economy, this paper expostulate that the construction of security in traditional and nontraditional discourse are linear, i.e. detached from reality or suffers from moralistic constraint, and therefore, needs to be revisited in line with ground reality of Afghanistan and transit states at large. Deviating from conventional literature on drug-security nexus, the paper argues that a complete prohibition of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is by far a larger security concern than its retention. This research paper, therefore, takes a cursory examination of the security implications and challenges that may ensue as a result of a diminished production capacity of Afghanistan’s opium economy either experienced through complete prohibition, eradication programs or through natural calamity.
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Yar, Fayaz Gul Mazloum, and Mastali Niazai. "The Silk Road and Afghanistan: A Nexus of Trade, Culture, and Geopolitical Exchange." Edunity Kajian Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan 4, no. 2 (February 28, 2025): 92–103. https://doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v4i2.373.
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This article examines Afghanistan's role in the Silk Road and its impact on the country's historical, cultural, economic, and geographical transformations. Due to its strategic geographical position in the heart of Asia, Afghanistan has historically served as a bridge connecting various civilizations of the East and West. This role has allowed Afghanistan to experience extensive commercial and cultural influences from the Silk Road. This review article analyzes the historical, cultural, and economic impacts of the Silk Road on Afghanistan and assesses the country’s role as a strategic hub in trade and cultural exchanges between Asia and Europe. This study employs a narrative review approach, conducting a qualitative analysis of previous research by compiling and examining information from various historical, geographical, and cultural sources. The key findings of this study indicate that Afghanistan played a fundamental role as a bridge for commercial and cultural exchanges between the East and West along the Silk Road. Its geographical location positioned it along major trade routes, including those involving silk, spices, and metals. Furthermore, the cultural and religious exchanges, including the introduction of various religions and artistic and linguistic influences, have been significant throughout Afghanistan’s history. Cities such as Balkh, Herat, Kandahar, and Kabul were recognized as major trade and cultural centers along this route. The findings of this research highlight that Afghanistan, due to its strategic position along the Silk Road, played an unparalleled role in facilitating cultural and commercial development among civilizations. The country not only served as a key node in economic exchanges but also contributed to the enrichment of diverse cultures in the region. Future research should focus on conducting a more detailed analysis of the cultural, social, and political impacts of the Silk Road on Afghanistan and the broader region, as well as examining contemporary trends in Afghanistan’s regional and global relations.
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Lan, Jiang, and Jiang Lan. "Review of Afghanistan's National Education Strategic Plan (2017-2021)." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i3.183.
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The Afghanistan National Education Strategic Plan (2017-2021) is the third strategic plan for education development issued by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since its establishment. The Ministry of Education of Afghanistan, in accordance with the Constitution of Afghanistan and the provisions of various sectors, provides an in-depth analysis of the current situation of education in Afghanistan and sets the direction for the development of education in Afghanistan from 2017 to 2021. The Afghanistan National Education Strategic Plan (2017-2021) is divided into three main parts:quality and relevance, equitable access, and efficient and transparent management. The goal of Afghanistan's National Education Strategic Plan (2017-2021) is to develop skilled and capable Afghan citizens through the Afghan education system to sustain Afghanistan's socio-economic development and social cohesion.
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Baidar, Karimullah, Ihsanullah Ihsan, Shamsurahman Zahid, and Salman Ali Nabavi. "Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resource and Ground Water in Afghanistan." Nangarhar University International Journal of Biosciences 03, ICCC(special) (February 10, 2024): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.70436/nuijb.v3i02.235.
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Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Air Pollution, research is carried out to analysis Hydro-meteorological and groundwater data in Afghanistan. The negative impacts of climate change on water resources such as surface and ground water have become a severe social, economic and environmental problem worldwide, especially in the arid regions of the earth, including Afghanistan. Hence, this article studies the relationship between climate change and its’ impact on water resource in Afghanistan by reviewing related literature. The main objective of this research is to find out natural causes of climate change effects on surface and groundwater resources. The findings of this study show that although there is a strong relationship between climate change and water crises, it can be a secondary factor in the case of Afghanistan. This is because the available water resources in Afghanistan are more than 50 percent higher than the country's water need. In addition, the main factors involved in Afghanistan’s water crisis are explained in this study; factors that have not only caused the flow of about 67 percent of Afghanistan's surface waters to neighboring countries, but also the wastage of about 40 percent of the country's water during irrigation. Finally, limitations and recommendations for further studies also presented.
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Alizai, Ghulam Shah Adel. "UNDERSTANDING LEGAL BARRIERS TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN AFGHANISTAN: A CASE STUDY IN HERAT INDUSTRIAL ZONE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): 80–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2515.
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Since a century ago, there have been many efforts to attract foreign investment in Afghanistan. These efforts include the codification of laws and policies and the provisionof facilities for participation of foreign companies in the Afghan economy through partnership with the government and partnership with private sector in this country. Since 2001, with the support of the market economy system in Afghanistan's constitution and the reform of some governmental institutions, these efforts have been accelerating, hoping thatencouraging foreign investors and their presence in the market will improve the economic situation. Unfortunately, these efforts have failed to meet the market expectations and the Afghanistan’s government purposes in order to attract foreign investment in Afghanistan. Even in 2014, and after that, the outflow of capital (domestic and foreign) has also beenreported from the economy of Afghanistan. Various variables can be considered as an obstacle to the development of foreign investment in Afghanistan, war, corruption, lack ofinfrastructure, lack of energy, lack of trained workforce and non-accountability of the legal system are in this category. In this research, it was assumed that the existing challenges in different sectors of legal framework of foreign investment in Afghanistan are the main obstacles to the growth of foreign investment in this country. In order to prove the hypothesis, the study was carried out using the experimental research method by referring to the investors and experts in the economic zone of Herat in western Afghanistan. The research results indicate that in some sectors, the legal system needs to be reformed, but in general and by comparing the legal system with other variables, the measure of investors' satisfaction is satisfactory, and regulations are not as the main obstacle to the growth of foreign investment in Afghanistan, thus based on the analysis of data, the existing challenges in the laws and policies is not the main obstacle to the growth of foreign investment in Afghanistan. Therefore, it is necessary for Afghanistan's government to take into account the challenges such as security problems, corruption, lack of infrastructure, lack of energy and lack of trained workforce and take steps to address them.
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Lali, Mosa, and Mehrjan Raufi. "The Main Characteristics of China’s Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan Since 2001 to 2020." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 5, no. 2 (April 7, 2025): 198–206. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.5.2.26.
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Historically, the Sino-Afghan relationship date back to the 6th century, but the official relations between China-Afghanistan have been going on for more than half a century. According to Afghanistan situations, China has been different policy towards Afghanistan such as Afghanistan's support against Soviet Union occupation and the withdrawal of the Chinese embassy from Kabul in 1993. according to Afghanistan's geo-economic and geopolitical location, the US and its allies did military-invasion in Afghanistan in 2001 to eliminate terrorism. China was reopened its embassy in Kabul on 6 February 2002. China has been two kinds of foreign policy toward Afghanistan since 2001, such as "Neutral Policy" and "relatively active policy" since 2014. Basically, the main characteristics of China's foreign policy towards Afghanistan is respect to Afghanistan's independence, anti-hegemony, non-military aggression, and pursuing security in the beam of economic cooperation and its main goals is security, economy, cultural factors and China’s strategic goals. This paper attempts to find the answer to this research question; What are the Characteristics of China’s Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan Since 2001 to 2020? drawing on library sources and other reference materials for analysis.
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Cunningham, Nathan W. "Drawing Down Bribery Risks: Complying with the FCPA While Doing Business in Afghanistan in 2014 and Beyond." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 10 (October 1, 2014): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014057.
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Changes in Afghanistan's security environment present challenges for western companies operating in Afghanistan; many will see an increased reliance on local partners, a higher tolerance of dangerous environments, and greater exposure to corruption risks. Given Afghanistan's entrenched culture of corruption, companies must minimize the corresponding risk under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). This article provides a primer on the FCPA's provisions to give compliance personnel guidance. It contains a description of certain payments demanded by the Afghan government from companies supporting U.S. government operations in Afghanistan to illustrate certain difficulties with doing business in Afghanistan as well as a description of the general characteristics of doing business in Afghanistan. It concludes with recommendations for companies doing business in Afghanistan.
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Pamirzad, Qurban Hussain. "A century of struggle: Afghanistan’s media development under monarchies." Islamic Communication Journal 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2024): 59–78. https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2024.9.1.19593.
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This paper has used a series of historical sources, mainly in the Persian language, to explore the one-century history of Afghanistan’s media. The country has 150 years of media history, of which a century occurred during the monarchy's political system. This study explains the chronological order and structure of the media from the first newspaper, Shams-u-Nahar, which was founded in 1873 during the reign of Amir Shir Ali Khan. In addition to explaining the press's role in the war for the independence of Afghanistan, it also explores the media’s situation during King Zaher Shah’s (1933-1973) reign, when a diverse media environment emerged; simultaneously, systematic political repression was carried out and derailed the achievements. This comprehensive centenary review of Afghanistan’s media history fills the research gap about Afghanistan's media, which has only been accessible to readers and researchers in the Persian language so far. Hence, this paper will be the first of its kind to cover this era in detail, address this research void, and pave the way for researchers to learn more about Afghanistan's media history.*****Makalah ini menggunakan serangkaian sumber sejarah, terutama dalam bahasa Persia, untuk mengeksplorasi sejarah satu abad media Afghanistan. Negara ini memiliki sejarah media selama 150 tahun, dan satu abad di antaranya terjadi pada masa sistem politik monarki. Kajian ini menjelaskan urutan kronologis dan struktur media dari surat kabar pertama, Shams-u-Nahar, yang didirikan pada tahun 1873 pada masa pemerintahan Amir Shir Ali Khan. Selain menjelaskan peran pers dalam perang kemerdekaan Afghanistan, artikel ini juga mengeksplorasi situasi media pada masa pemerintahan Raja Zaher Shah (1933-1973), ketika lingkungan media yang beragam muncul; secara bersamaan, represi politik sistematis dilakukan dan menggagalkan pencapaian. Tinjauan komprehensif sejarah media Afganistan yang berusia seratus tahun ini mengisi kesenjangan penelitian tentang media Afganistan, yang sejauh ini hanya dapat diakses oleh pembaca dan peneliti dalam bahasa Persia. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini akan menjadi makalah pertama yang membahas era ini secara rinci, mengatasi kekosongan penelitian, dan membuka jalan bagi para peneliti untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang sejarah media Afghanistan.
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Niazai, Mastali, and Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar. "The Silk Road and Afghanistan: A Nexus of Trade, Culture, and Geopolitical Exchange." Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2025): 2913–19. https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v5i2.50872.
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This article examines Afghanistan's role in the Silk Road and its impact on the country's historical, cultural, economic, and geographical transformations. Due to its strategic geographical position in the heart of Asia, Afghanistan has historically served as a bridge connecting various civilizations of the East and West. This role has allowed Afghanistan to experience extensive commercial and cultural influences from the Silk Road. This review article analyzes the historical, cultural, and economic impacts of the Silk Road on Afghanistan and assesses the country’s role as a strategic hub in trade and cultural exchanges between Asia and Europe. This study employs a narrative review approach, conducting a qualitative analysis of previous research by compiling and examining information from various historical, geographical, and cultural sources. The key findings of this study indicate that Afghanistan played a fundamental role as a bridge for commercial and cultural exchanges between the East and West along the Silk Road. Its geographical location positioned it along major trade routes, including those involving silk, spices, and metals. Furthermore, the cultural and religious exchanges, including the introduction of various religions and artistic and linguistic influences, have been significant throughout Afghanistan’s history. Cities such as Balkh, Herat, Kandahar, and Kabul were recognized as major trade and cultural centers along this route. The findings of this research highlight that Afghanistan, due to its strategic position along the Silk Road, played an unparalleled role in facilitating cultural and commercial development among civilizations.
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Zhang, Chunfang. "The Impact of Afghanistan's Changed Situation on India's Geo-environment." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i6.1206.
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Afghanistan's changed situation was one of the biggest international changes in 2021, causing violent shocks to the world. As an important neighboring country of Afghanistan, India has significant economic and security interests in Afghanistan. The change in Afghanistan has not only directly affected the bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan, but also has triggered a new round of regional power games involving India, Pakistan, Russia, Iraq and other countries. At the same time, the change in Afghanistan is also related to the adjustment of United States’ global strategy. As a result, the situation in Afghanistan has had a profound and extensive impact on India's geo-environment.
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Khurami, Hafiza. "Afghanistan and United States foregin relation after September 11th 2001." Technium Business and Management 3 (January 6, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/business.v3i.8273.
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The incident of 11 September 2001 played an important role the relations between Afghanistan and the United States. After that Afghanistan was the axis of attention to US foreign policy. The US Military presence in Afghanistan has different reason. Afghanistan is a tool for the United States to achieve its goal, because Afghanistan has a special geopolitical position through which it can achieve its ideological goals, one of these reasons could be the struggle against Islam. because the Middle East countries are the cradle of Islam. And the United States considers these countries to be the source of terrorism, which is the enemy of the United States. And to achieve its political goals by establishing military bases in Afghanistan under the influence of powers such as Russia, China and Iran. Afghanistan's proximity to the Middle East and Central Asia, which are rich in oil and gas resources, is also economically important to the United States. So Afghanistan's geopolitical position could be a good platform to achieve these US goals.
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Nawid, Senzil. "The State, the Clergy, and British Imperial Policy in Afghanistan during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 4 (November 1997): 581–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800065211.
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The political and dynastic history of Afghanistan during the 19th and the early 20th centuries is well known. So is British imperial policy toward Afghanistan. However, very little attention has been paid to the role of the clergy, the guardians of the Islamic order and the representatives of the civil society in Afghanistan. They played a major role in domestic politics and in Afghanistan's challenges with foreign powers. This paper attempts to fill the gap in information about the ulama by detailing their role in defending Afghanistan's territorial integrity and by examining the conflict over jihad between the ulama and Afghanistan's rulers, a conflict that adversely affected the legitimacy of successive regimes.
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Safranchuk, Ivan. "Afghanistan’s Political Future and Its Role in Eurasian Cooperation." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821467.
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While it is widely admitted that Afghanistan can contribute to connectivity in Eurasia, one may not also deny that Afghanistan’s regional role is dependent on regional conditions. This article takes Afghanistan’s security and geostrategic trends in Eurasia as the two major variables, defining conditions for Afghanistan’s regional role. They are reviewed and then synthesised as dependent and independent variables to form taxonomy of possible regional roles for Afghanistan.
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Maley, William. "Afghanistan in 2011." Asian Survey 52, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.1.88.
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Abstract Afghanistan confronted further turbulence in 2011, involving the assassinations of prominent figures, tense regional relations, and uncertainty about where the draw down of foreign forces in Afghanistan might lead. Popular confidence in Afghanistan's future direction remains weak, and President Hamid Karzai has had little success in boosting his government's standing.
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Sediqi, Mohammad Nasim, and Rabia Ayoubi. "The Role of Endemic Medicinal Plants in The Self-Sufficiency of Afghanistan's Pharmaceutical Sector." Journal of Natural Science Review 2, Special.Issue (November 23, 2024): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2ispecial.issue.97.
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Afghanistan is a mountainous country bordered by arid lands with a unique climate that fosters rich biodiversity. According to current data, Afghanistan is home to approximately 5,000 species of flowering and vascular plants. Of these, 29% are endemic, around 700 species possess medicinal and aromatic properties, and 120 species are commonly used in traditional Afghan medicine. Some of these plants are cultivated, while others, found in the wild, hold potential for domestication. However, years of internal conflict have led to the illegal exploitation and export of these valuable natural resources. To promote sustainable economic growth and strengthen Afghanistan’s position within a globalized economy, it is essential to recognize these resources' actual and potential benefits, particularly medicinal plants (MPs). For a primarily agricultural country like Afghanistan, enhancing plant production offers an economic pathway for developing a viable platform for exports at an industrial level. This review highlights key endemic MPs of Afghanistan, underscoring their potential to advance the pharmaceutical sector. Investment in these plants' cultivation and mass production could support the country’s economic self-sufficiency. The main objectives of this study are to emphasize the role of endemic MPs in the growth of Afghanistan's pharmaceutical industry and to introduce significant MPs that, with proper cultivation and preservation, could bolster public health and economic stability by attracting attention from relevant officials.
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Akhtar, Imranullah, and Nazifullah Niazi. "Government of Afghanistan Republic from Revolution to Collapse: A Realist Perspective on Political Dominance." American Journal of Law and Political Science 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58425/ajlps.v2i4.218.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan’s government, and to identify the main factors contributing to its collapse. By analyzing a variety of political and historical factors, the research seeks to find the underlying causes of the collapse of the government.
 Methods: This research used a qualitative research design, including document and articles analysis. The sources of data included books, academic articles, and reports. The data was analyzed using a realist framework to identify the underlying causes of the collapse of the Government of the Republic of Afghanistan.
 Result: The collapse of the Government of the Republic of Afghanistan between 1973 and 2021 was mainly due to the lack of inclusive and stable administrations representing national interests; external interference, media propagandas, internal conflicts and economic instability have contributed to the collapse. Lessons learned include the need for political engagement, regional collaboration, economic development and international support to prevent future collapses and promote a sustainable and inclusive model of government in Afghanistan.
 Conclusion: This study offers recommendations for future governance in Afghanistan, taking into account the complex situation.
 Recommendation: In order to ensure Afghanistan's future stability and prosperity, it is essential that inclusion, representation and political stability are given priority. This includes actively involving marginalized groups and communities in the decision-making process and supporting an inclusive political environment.
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Wishnick, Elizabeth. "Post-2014 Afghanistan Policy and the Limitations of China’s Global Role." Central Asian Affairs 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2014): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00101009.
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Although China is Afghanistan’s neighbor, strategic partner, and one of its largest foreign investors, it has kept a low profile overall on Afghanistan compared to other states in the region. This article seeks to understand China’s Afghanistan policy within the context of the Chinese government’s overall approach to foreign affairs. A review of China’s Afghanistan policy show a reluctant involvement, with domestic economic and security interests leading and foreign policy following. A final section examines the uncertain policy environment that China faces in devising an Afghanistan policy and some of the scenarios that Chinese scholars envisage for Afghanistan post-2014.
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Safi, Lutfullah, Abdul Ghias Safi, and Mujeebullah Mujeeb. "Identifying Afghanistan’s Extraordinary Natural Sites for Ecotourism: A Review of Ideal Ecosystems." Journal of Natural Science Review 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2024): 147–68. https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2i4.152.
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Ecotourism is a type of nature-based tourism that supports conserving the natural environment. Afghanistan, at the crossroads of Central, West, and South Asia, is a beautiful and diverse nation that could be the best place for ecotourism. Afghanistan's unique geography and rich history make it an ideal ecotourism destination. The study aimed to understand potential ecotourism sites in Afghanistan and the environmental and economic impacts of ecotourism activities. Afghanistan's major ecotourism sites include biodiversity reserves, wildlife, rangelands, forests, lakes, wetlands, tourism sites, valleys, natural caves, deserts, natural springs, and cultural sites. Additionally, food tourism and medicinal plants play a significant role in ecotourism development. The Lonely Planet travel book highlights Afghanistan's appeal as "vastly appealing" due to its former popularity for hiking and nature sightseeing. In the 1970s, Afghanistan attracted over 100,000 tourists annually. Post-Soviet invasion, it experienced a decline. The Ministry of Information and Culture is supporting the growth of foreign tourism in Afghanistan, which rose from 691 visitors in 2021 to 2,300 in 2022. Sustainable ecotourism in Afghanistan demands effective management and planning to overcome misconceptions and bureaucratic obstacles. Afghanistan's ecotourism sites, like the Minaret of Jam, face threats from natural disasters and climate change, including landslides, earthquakes, and heavy snow, exacerbated by climate change. Afghanistan's ecotourism industry, despite its remote location, requires conservation and management, requiring collaboration among private, public, host community, and international organizations for sustainable development.
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Khan, Hameed Ullah, and Amna Mahmood. "The Stabilizing Role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Afghanistan." Central Asia 92, Summer (February 2, 2024): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-92.200.
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Terrorism is one of the main reasons contributing to Afghanistan's insecurity. The fragile peace in Afghanistan has given terrorist groups much freedom to manoeuvre and grow. These situations require the countries in the region to assume greater responsibility to stabilise the country. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) member states and Afghanistan relations are based on historical friendship and shared interests. The SCO's involvement in Afghanistan is facilitated by the common interests of Pakistan, China, Russia, and other neighbouring countries. The withdrawal of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from Afghanistan gave the SCO more room to advance in Afghanistan. This article highlights the concrete steps that the SCO has taken to stabilise Afghanistan, as well as the interests of member countries and their peace efforts. In this study, the theories of the Regional Security Complex Theory and Liberal Institutionalism were used. The current economic crisis and political disruption following NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan highlight the role of the SCO in the situation. Collaboration to boost Afghanistan's economy and growth would be beneficial. Reconstruction, development, governance, and humanitarian assistance are not only the responsibility of the countries in the region but also of the international community and organizations. The economic crisis and the rapid international recognition of the Taliban pose great challenges to the SCO.
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Atif, Abdul Wali. "The Geopolitical Location of Afghanistan: Opportunities and Challenges in Relations with South and Central Asian Countries." ATJSS 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2024): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.63476/atjss.v1i1.64.
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The geopolitical location of Afghanistan is crucial for Central Asian and South Asian countries, as it provides opportunities and challenges for connectivity. Afghanistan's geopolitical location is significant in the Central Asian Era, as bordering countries exploit its natural resources, rivers, and possibilities. Afghanistan was the only mandatory corridor for empires like Genghis Khan, the Safavids, the Alexandrians, the British, the Russians, and the USA. The geopolitical location of Afghanistan has been a significant factor in regional cooperation organizations, reducing turbulences in the region. The study explores the opportunities and challenges in the area, identifying the challenges among these countries to prevent regional connectivity. The country's geographical location has been a significant factor in the development of technologies and weapons, making it a vital region for regional and international actors. The study highlights the importance of Afghanistan's geopolitical location in the connectivity of Central Asia, South Asia, and Middle Eastern countries. The study aims to identify the opportunities and challenges for Afghanistan in regional connectivity, identifying regional challenges, and identifying solutions for enhancing connectivity in relations with these countries. The study is important for political scholars, researchers, politicians, and policymakers. Afghanistan's geopolitical location in Asia is vital for Central Asian and South Asian countries. The results show that Afghanistan has an important impact on the Central Asian Era regarding geopolitics; all these countries, especially the bordering countries, are taking advantage of the natural resources, rivers, and possibilities of the North-Northeast and western parts of Afghanistan. Keywords: Geopolitical Location,Afghanistan,South Asia,Central Asia,Connectivity,Opportunities,Challenges
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Samarqandi, Muzhgan. "Afghanistan, the Taliban and the liberation narrative: Why it is so vital to be telling our own stories." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 28, no. 1 & 2 (July 31, 2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v28i1and2.1238.
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Commentary: In the context of a liberation narrative, an Afghanistani broadcaster and cultural affairs adviser now living in Aotearoa New Zealand, examines the problems with this narrative when applied to the recent controversy of a pregnant New Zealand journalist in Afghanistan and her conflict with the government and the MIQ system. Firstly, this narrative relies on the assumption that ‘there isn’t anyone in Afghanistan who can write in English and tell the stories of Afghanistan to the world’. It also relies on the assumption that a foreigner, with no lived experience of our reality, can tell Afghanistan’s story. Secondly, to the extent that it creates an expectation of unconditional gratitude on the part of its ‘beneficiaries’, this narrative denies the value of immigrants in society. The author argues she personally contributes to building social cohesion in New Zealand’s multicultural environment. More generally, New Zealand’s economy and workforce rely on immigrants, as has become increasingly apparent in the face of COVID-19 restrictions. The media’s liberation narrative fails to do justice to the value and importance of this contribution. The author argues the antidote is a narrative characterised by diversity and solidarity, that builds up and builds on the voices, experiences and wisdom of Māori and Indigenous, minorities and immigrants.
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Atif, Abdul Wali. "The Geopolitical Location of Afghanistan: Opportunities and Challenges in Relations with South and Central Asian Countries." ATJSS 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2024): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.63476/atjss.v1i1.50.
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The geopolitical location of Afghanistan is crucial for Central Asian and South Asian countries, as it provides opportunities and challenges for connectivity. Afghanistan's geopolitical location is significant in the Central Asian Era, as bordering countries exploit its natural resources, rivers, and possibilities. Afghanistan was the only mandatory corridor for empires like Genghis Khan, the Safavids, the Alexandrians, the British, the Russians, and the USA. The geopolitical location of Afghanistan has been a significant factor in regional cooperation organizations, reducing turbulences in the region. The study explores the opportunities and challenges in the area, identifying the challenges among these countries to prevent regional connectivity. The country's geographical location has been a significant factor in the development of technologies and weapons, making it a vital region for regional and international actors. The study highlights the importance of Afghanistan's geopolitical location in the connectivity of Central Asia, South Asia, and Middle Eastern countries. The study aims to identify the opportunities and challenges for Afghanistan in regional connectivity, identifying regional challenges, and identifying solutions for enhancing connectivity in relations with these countries. The study is important for political scholars, researchers, politicians, and policymakers. Afghanistan's geopolitical location in Asia is vital for Central Asian and South Asian countries. The results show that Afghanistan has an important impact on the Central Asian Era regarding geopolitics; all these countries, especially the bordering countries, are taking advantage of the natural resources, rivers, and possibilities of the North-Northeast and western parts of Afghanistan.
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Parveen, Dr Saima. "CHINA GEO-POLITICAL CONTOURS IN AFGHANISTAN." Journal of Pakistan-China Studies (JPCS) 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55733/jpcs.v3i1.37.
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Afghanistan as pivotal in this region as it provides a land bridge between Greater Central Asia northern and southern parts and between Middle East and Greater Central Asia as well. The US intervention in Afghanistan has opened a channel for Beijing geo-political objectives in Afghanistan. China’s economic interests are connected with Afghanistan and investing in Afghanistan’s infrastructure development but threats from Islamic extremism has inundated the region which has been infested into Xinjiang province with enhanced drug trade. This research investigates the interests of China through analytical and qualitative approaches. China’s interests in Afghanistan revolve around various geo-political imperatives. China has longer presence and investment plans in Afghanistan because Afghanistan has huge oil and natural gas reserves in northern part. Besides, China wants an access to natural gas supply of Central Asia and Afghanistan. China is interested in stable Afghanistan that has military capability to secure its borders. For regional aspiration China is to counter United States hegemonic designs. Besides, the other significant contour is having foothold in Pakistan especially through strategic designs in Balochistan.
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Akhtar, Imranullah. "The Significance of International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation in Afghanistan." Nangarhar University International Journal of Biosciences 03, ICCC(special) (February 10, 2024): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.70436/nuijb.v3i02.263.
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Afghanistan confronts significant issues as a result of climate change, as the nation is susceptible to landslides, floods, droughts, and rising temperatures. Studying how international cooperation influences Afghanistan's attempts to mitigate climate change becomes crucial in light of these challenges. This study delves into the significance of such cooperation and its influence on Afghanistan's climate change policies and governance. To explore this topic, we employed a qualitative research approach along with content analysis, framed within a neoliberal framework. By adopting this approach, we aim to identify and analyze international cooperation on climate change in Afghanistan. The study reveals that international cooperation significantly impacts Afghanistan's climate change policy and governance, aligning with neoliberal institutionalism theory's emphasis on global challenges. Important conclusions from our research can help development partners, policymakers, and groups addressing climate change in Afghanistan. The results highlight the necessity of funding, technical support, and capacity building for the creation of successful policies and initiatives. Afghanistan can improve its resilience to climate change and sustainable development by placing a high priority on international cooperation. Financing, technical support, and opportunities for knowledge sharing would all be necessary for this. In addition to investments in sustainable agriculture, disaster risk reduction, facility training, foreign aid, and renewable energy, Afghanistan needs international funding currently. This article emphasizes the need for international cooperation in Afghanistan's struggle against climate change and the possibility for sustainable development through the exchange of information, operational help, and funding.
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Rahmany, Gulab Mir. "Social Development Through International Relations." Khazanah Sosial 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v3i1.10711.
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With the horrific incident on September 11 in the US, the US armed forces entered Afghanistan to shut the door to terrorism. Now, Afghanistan opens a new page for Afghanistan's internal and external political system. Afghanistan as a country that has pursued regional cooperation from neighboring countries, especially from India. India is the most promising country for Afghanistan's foreign policy and diplomatic relations in areas such as economic, cultural, technical, capacity building, military and other growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the development process of the two countries India and Pakistan in an effort to establish international relations. With a qualitative approach This research resulted in India being one of the countries which, after September 11, 2001, and the leadership of the Taliban, succeeded in gaining more opportunities for the people of Afghanistan. His non-hostile contributions to Middle Eastern and Middle Eastern countries have created a special place for the people of Afghanistan. India after independence in 1947, started friendly relations with Afghanistan two years later, until now, has enthusiastically and dedicably made their contribution to Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan in this case get many benefits from India's bilateral relations, namely the construction of the Salma Dam in Herat, Delaram Road Development, Allotment of 1000 Afghan Student Scholarships in Human Resource Development per year, the Repair of the Afghan Foreign Minister Complex, the establishment of the Afghan Parliament Building, the Opening of Chabahar Port, Strengthening the Equipment of the Afghan Military Forces, Air Corridors, and India's efforts to get Afghanistan to gain Membership in Regional Cooperation Bodies such as SAARC, BRICS, Asia Heart 'Istanbul Process'.
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Dadabaev, Timur. "Afghanistan in 2018." Asian Survey 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.114.
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Three aspects symbolize the state of affairs in and around Afghanistan in 2018: the fragmentation of domestic political actors, the increasing desecuritization of rhetoric with respect to Afghanistan by neighboring countries, and the diversification of Afghanistan’s global partners. While the US strategy showed signs of stalling amid increasing violence and the fragmentation of local actors, there are changes in the attitude of neighboring states.
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Mazloum Yar, Fayaz Gul, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, and Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz. "Analyzing the Role of Great Powers in Creating the Durand Line and Its impact on Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 3, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v3i4.551.
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The existence of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is the first country to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of the British and Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important, because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase, and with the passage of time and some major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence, not only failed, but the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interests between the two neighboring countries has led to the complexity of events which has been on the rise and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences to Afghanistan includes land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan
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Ahady, Shambalid, Nirendra Dev, and Anubha Mandal. "An overview of the opportunities and challenges in sustaining the energy industry in Afghanistan." E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017303006.
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Energy access is not only crucial for economic growth but also important for any strategy to improve the health and social welfare of a nation. Afghanistan’s energy industry is in poor condition due to many years of war and negligence. Despite international agencies’ support and energy policies adopted in the last few years, Afghanistan has no universal access to power. Besides, the residences suffer from an irregular distribution of power supply. There is a growing gap between demand and supply, and the current predictions of demand do not show reality due to hindered economic growth. Afghanistan’s domestic power transmission is limited, which must be extended for the country to enjoy a stable and sustainable energy supply. Sustainability and security of Afghanistan’s power sector would rely on its ability to become self-reliant in power generation. Overall, the objective of this paper is to summarize the current energy status of Afghanistan and to identify energy opportunities for self-sufficiency and challenges in various aspects of energy sources. To meet energy demand, Afghanistan can develop its autochthonous hydrocarbon and renewable energy resources. By improving its domestic energy potential from natural resources, Afghanistan can fulfill its primary energy requirement. Further, along with policy formulation, appropriate and planned implementation of renewable energy policy, energy efficiency targets, and strategies, Afghanistan can reach energy self-sufficiency goals with socio-economic development.
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Qayum, Huma, Syed Umair Jalal, and Uroosa Ishfaq. "CHINAS GROWING STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFGHANISTAN." Global Political Review 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(iii-i).10.
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China is giving a push to the reconciliation process among the Taliban and the Afghan government. As well as working on trilateral relations of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. China is looking for CPEC expansion to Afghanistan through Pakistan, for which China seeks to explore the ways of reconciliation in Afghanistan among the Taliban and the Afghan government. US wants his long stay in Afghanistan to check the regional power of China and Russia, while China is taking interest in the Afghan peace process to smooth the way for US complete withdrawal. China along with other regional powers in Afghanistan supporting the Taliban demand of the US comprehensive drawdown timeline. The paper will bring into light Chinas role in Afghan peace and reconciliation, especially with the Taliban. It will also analyze Chinas role in Afghanistans infrastructure and development.
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Fayzullaev, Aziz. "EVOLUTION OF AFGHAN-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue07-04.
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The initiatives of Atatürk and Amonullah Khan, the first charismatic leaders of these countries, played a major role in the establishment of hundred-year-old warm relations between Afghanistan and Turkey. This article shows the importance of the Turkish model in the modernization of Afghanistan, the role of Turkish specialists in the development of the education, health and military sectors in Afghanistan. Turkey's participation and initiatives in Afghanistan's membership of international agreements are highlighted.
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Mbaeze, Netchy Christian, Kingsley Chukwuka Ezechi, and Felix Vincent Nnamani. "The Role of International Law and Diplomacy in Inter-State Relations: Implications for Afghanistan and American War Relations." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(1).44.
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This study examines the role of international law and diplomacy in interstate relations, with implications for American-Afghanistan relations. Specifically, the study sets out to interrogate whether US war relations on terror in Afghanistan has reduced terrorism in the country; ascertain how US counter-terrorism strategic relations in Afghanistan undermined jus in bello principles of proportionality and discrimination; and determine how US strategy failure in its Afghanistan’s relations undermined its reconstruction and peace-building efforts. By adopting the Just War Theory (JWT), the paper analysed the dynamic nature of US-Afghanistan relations, following the 9/11 attacks, with findings revealing that the US had an incoherent strategy in its war relations in Afghanistan, which ultimately led to its failure to restore peace, promote democracy and human rights.
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Yar, Fayaz Gul Mazloum, and Ahmad Sabir Noori. "Challenges and Constraints in the Economic Development of Rural Areas in Afghanistan and Solutions for Development." Jurnal Syntax Transformation 5, no. 11 (November 19, 2024): 1255–62. https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v5i11.1020.
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This study aims to investigate the challenges and constraints of economic development in Afghanistan's rural areas and to propose solutions to overcome these obstacles. Rural economic development in Afghanistan faces significant challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies, financial and social limitations, and high rates of labor migration to urban areas. In this regard, the study seeks to analyze these inhibiting factors and provide practical, policy-oriented solutions to improve the economic conditions of Afghanistan’s rural communities. This research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and quantitative surveys from various groups, including farmers, small business owners, and local officials in several rural regions of Afghanistan. The data were analyzed through content analysis and statistical methods. Findings indicate that the primary challenges to economic development in these areas include a lack of infrastructure, insufficient financial facilities, and limited access to technical and vocational training. Additionally, the results suggest that support for small businesses, infrastructure development, and vocational training could significantly improve rural economic conditions. This research not only offers policy recommendations for government institutions and development organizations but also adds to the theoretical literature on rural economic development in Afghanistan, potentially serving as a guide for effective, localized policymaking.
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Tarzi, Amin. "Islam and Constitutionalism in Afghanistan." Journal of Persianate Studies 5, no. 2 (2012): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341244.
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Abstract A constitution is adopted to regulate the relationship between political authorities and the people in a society. Traditionally, this relationship was very loose in Afghanistan; over time, however, as amirs sought to consolidate political and social authority over their society, the establishment of a constitutional framework became a priority for each new leader. This article chronicles Afghanistan’s state formation and constitutional history, beginning with Amir Dust Mohammad Khan’s state consolidation efforts in 1838, and considering all of the constitutions of the country beginning in 1923 continuing to the present. It details the central role both Islam and Afghanistan’s ethno-sectarian diversity have played in constitutional efforts throughout Afghanistan’s history and emphasizes the need for both to ensure a representative, inclusive society in Afghanistan.
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Malik, Tasleem, Faizullah Jan, and Zia Ullah. "The epistemicide in Afghanistan: an analysis of Taliban’s policies towards national and cultural symbols." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.2.4.
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After taking over Kabul for the second time when the US-led NATO forces left Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban resumed their past practices. To run the affairs of Afghanistan, the Taliban use political Islam, the way they understand and interpret it, as the nodal point around which they articulate the signs and symbols in a chain of equivalence. This paper analyses the Taliban’s policies regarding Afghanistan's historical, national, and cultural symbols. Using epistemicide as an analytical device, we argue that in the name of Puritanism and the reconstitution of Afghanistan, according to Sharia, the Taliban discovered and erased all symbols of historical Afghanistan. This tends to serve as a case of epistemicide of the Afghan culture and wipes the slate of Afghan history clean. This paper explains how the Taliban silenced, devalued, and consequently moved to eradicate Afghanistan's cultural memory and knowledge system. This paper provides an account of what the Taliban’s policies convey by silencing Afghanistan's historical texts, histories, and narratives. The Afghan society is faced with internal colonisation, which refuses that knowledge production is a social practice that takes into cognisance the history and culture of the Afghan people, among other factors.
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Ekram Yawar, Mohammad. "Examining the Importance of Education Management with the Approach of Building a Culture of Commerce and E-Economy in Afghan Society." Luminis Applied Science and Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 17, 2025): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.69760/lumin.20250001014.
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The growth and development of Afghanistan's communication system, despite being mountainous, has been very rapid. It is now growing at a rapid pace using modern technologies, and more than 80% of the country is covered by GSM l telecommunications. In Afghanistan, more than 80,000 people own telephones, and 80 times this number also own mobile phones, and most of the people's payments are made via mobile phones. A new service that has emerged in Afghanistan is the electronic payment service for people via mobile phones, which is discussed in this article. Due to its security and people's trust in it, it has attracted a large wave of people. More than 2,400,000 people in Afghanistan are Internet users. Afghanistan has made significant progress in the field of telecommunications, which is confirmed by the activities of 6 private and government telecommunications companies. This article attempts to discuss education and culture building for the development of Afghanistan's e-commerce and economy, given the importance of culture building and education for everyone in Afghanistan, overcoming the illiteracy crisis and becoming an innovative country in the region, along with improving the quality of life and educational progress.
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Saboor, Abdul, Sardar Ahmed, and Taha Shabbir. "Post Withdrawal Situation of us Troops from Afghanistan: Role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)." Global International Relations Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(iv-iv).05.
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The study of international relations has been re-examined in light of a global perspective on politics since the conclusion of World War 2 and the September 11 terrorist attacks. Examining Afghanistan's connection with the SCO is a relatively new subject of study. Between 2001 and 2011,China intervened strategically and economically in Afghanistan in the Bonn talks between Afghanistan, China, and the SCO. Afghanistan was awarded observer status by the SCO in 2012 in order to facilitate the integration of the broader area into the SCO and diminish US-NATO influence in the nation where Russia's key geostrategic interests lay. For China, Afghanistan's natural riches are particularly valuable. Despite the United States' exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban maintains total control of the country, and international governments refuse to recognize them.The country's position is deteriorating due to the government's lack of legitimacy. Both Moscow and Beijing want to put an end to the situation.
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Atta, Ali Imran, Taimoor Akbar Chaudhury, and Mustansar Abbas. "Taliban Annexation of Kabul and the End of US Involvement: Opportunities and Challenges for Islamabad." Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences and Management Practices 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.61503/cissmp.v2i4.100.
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Since the middle of the 1990s, Pakistan and the Taliban have maintained a positive relationship. Pakistan's aggressive actions as Afghanistan's eastern neighbor have contributed to the Taliban's recent takeover. After the Afghan government left office, there was a rise in anti-Pakistan sentiment. It is likely that India will end its structural presence and turn its borders against Pakistan. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the effects of Pakistan's post-Taliban rule in Afghanistan. Pakistan is in a precarious position as a result of Afghanistan's quickly changing scenario and worries that terrorist bloodshed would increase if the Taliban are unable to unite other Afghan ethnicity and political parties to form a strong and stable government. For stability and peace in the region, Afghanistan must be stable as the peaceful, prosperous and stable Afghanistan ensures the collective security and stability of a whole South Asia and in particular, Pakistan. Moreover, the study put emphasis on the fact that Indian unnecessary involvement in Afghanistan is acting as a trouble maker to bring peace and stability in Afghanistan. Under the Taliban regime it is more likely that Indian involvement in Afghanistan will be minimized. Secondly when it comes to the geopolitical competition, international powers, in particular China and America will need to act wisely in the international affairs of South Asia.
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Akhter, Muhammad Nauman. "New Perspectives on China's Evolving Relations with Afghanistan." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-ii).10.
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Afghanistan lies within the second and third of four-concentric security circles of China and is very important as the region for stability in the western part of China. The post 9/11 periods marked by the shifts in policies generally by the world and particularly by neighboring countries of Afghanistan: China, Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, and Tajikistan. By reviewing China’s non-interventionist policy, the question arises here: what is China’s engagement policy towards Afghanistan?The research intends to address the question by analyzing Sion-Afghanistan’s economic, diplomatic and security relations. The research finds that China’s policy evolves very slowly from calculated indifference to aggressive engagement in Afghanistan.
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(Mohaddesi), Mohammad Jawad Mosawi, and Aziz Ahmad Fazli. "The Impact of India-Afghanistan Relations on the Economic Situation in Afghanistan." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2025): 115–26. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.5.1.16.
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Afghanistan lost nearly all its economic infrastructure during more than three decades of war. Following the events of September 11 and the establishment of a new order, the country adopted a market-based economic system in its new constitution and pursued policies aligned with this model. Currently, Afghanistan maintains trade and transit agreements with neighboring and South Asian countries, including India, a key economic power in the region. Globally, India ranks as one of the largest developing nations and the fourth-largest economy, offering substantial economic opportunities for both countries through enhanced bilateral ties. Over the past decade, India has funded several development projects in Afghanistan, primarily in infrastructure. These initiatives have not only provided thousands of jobs but also laid the groundwork for the growth of other economic sectors. For instance, the construction of the Salma Dam has supplied electricity to western provinces and enabled the irrigation of thousands of hectares of farmland. In terms of investment, India has expressed interest in extracting the Hajigak mine in Bamiyan, which could create 32,222 to 35,222 jobs and generate $322 million annually for Afghanistan. Bilateral trade relations reflect India’s need for raw materials from Afghanistan and Central Asia, while these regions serve as significant markets for Indian goods. Afghanistan, strategically positioned as a bridge between India and Central Asia, also relies on India for access to global markets. This study examines the economic opportunities and challenges of India-Afghanistan relations and evaluates India's role in Afghanistan’s trade, investment, and reconstruction sectors. Findings highlight India’s influential role in Afghanistan’s political, social, and economic transformation, emphasizing the strategic alliance's mutual benefits. However, Afghanistan must strengthen its security and defense to address shared threats, particularly from Pakistan, to fully leverage this partnership.
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Aria, Asadullah, Mohammad Bilal Tayeb, and Abuzar Khpalwak Zazai. "China's New Approach to Neighborhood Diplomacy: Analyzing the Economic and Political Relations with Afghanistan in the Post-2014 Period." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 5, no. 8 (August 23, 2023): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.8.11.
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In recent years, Sino-Afghan relations have seen unprecedented growth, with China actively involving itself in Afghanistan's political transformation due to its longstanding friendly ties with the country. This marks China's efforts to play a proactive role in Afghanistan. The gradual withdrawal of NATO and US forces since 2014 has prompted China to adopt a new geopolitical approach towards the region. The new phase of Afghanistan-China relations has the potential to transform China from a mere observer into a constructive and intervening force in Afghanistan. This article aims to shed light on China's new diplomatic strategy in Afghanistan by examining its characteristics and implications. It is predicated on the belief that constructive engagement with Afghanistan will yield strategic, economic, and security benefits for China, which directly impact its national security risks and economic opportunities.
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Akhtar, Imranullah, and Nazifullah Niazi. "A Review on the Great Game in Afghanistan: A Realist Perspective on the Geopolitical Struggle for Control." Journal of International Relations and Peace 1, no. 1 (August 10, 2024): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.54536/jirp.v1i1.2723.
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This review aims to analyze the Great Game in Afghanistan from a realist perspective, focusing on the geopolitical struggle for control among major powers. The study delves into historical events and power dynamics to comprehend the motivations and actions of key actors. The Great Game in Afghanistan refers to the historical rivalry and strategic competition between great powers for regional influence and control. This review adopts a realist perspective, which asserts that states act primarily in their own self-interest and pursue power and security in international relations. The methods employed include historical analysis and comparative analysis, providing comprehensive information on the Great Game in Afghanistan and examining key events, diplomatic maneuvers, and power dynamics. The results shed light on the motivations and actions of key actors, highlighting the enduring nature of the Great Game. The Great Game in Afghanistan, involving great powers like the British Empire, the Soviet Union, and the US, has led to instability and hindered Afghanistan’s development as a sovereign nation. The conclusion underscores the significance of power politics in shaping Afghanistan’s trajectory, and the Great Game in Afghanistan highlights the persistent power dynamics in international relations, driven by geopolitical considerations and self-interest, resulting in conflicts and instability. The recommendation emphasizes the need for a nuanced and pragmatic approach to managing the country’s geopolitical dynamics. The Great Game’s historical context calls for a pragmatic approach to managing Afghanistan’s geopolitical struggles, prioritizing regional cooperation, inclusive diplomacy, and economic development for stability and progress.
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Yuldashev, Anvar E., and Ulugbek A. Saidov. "THE FACTOR OF AFGHANISTAN IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/jsshrf-04-01-05.
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This article examines the significance of Afghanistan in shaping the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The geopolitical proximity of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan has had a profound impact on its foreign policy decisions, particularly in the realms of security, trade, and regional cooperation. Since the emergence of an independent Uzbekistan in 1991, the country has recognized the strategic importance of fostering stable and cooperative relations with its southern neighbor, Afghanistan. This article delves into the historical context of Uzbekistan-Afghanistan relations and analyzes the evolving dynamics in the wake of changing geopolitical landscapes, such as the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan and the subsequent power shift in Kabul. Furthermore, it explores the implications of Afghanistan's internal developments on Uzbekistan's security concerns, economic interests, and regional integration efforts. The study also sheds light on Uzbekistan's role in facilitating peace and stability in Afghanistan, as well as its engagement in regional initiatives aimed at fostering economic connectivity and security cooperation. By analyzing the multifaceted interplay between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Afghanistan factors into the foreign policy calculus of Uzbekistan and the implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia.
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Cao, Tianyi. "An Analysis of Afghanistan's Postwar Condition and How to Use AI Technology to Address It." American Journal of Trade and Policy 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v10i1.648.
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In August 2021, President Biden announced the withdrawal of the US army from Afghanistan. As the final armed force withdrew on August 30th, 2021, the long-term direct interference of the US army in Afghanistan ended. Since the Afghanistan War in 2001, US-led forces have sought to eliminate insurgencies and reestablish social and political orders. In the past 20 years, the US has spent considerable effort and funds to assist in the recovery and development of Afghanistan. The reappearance of the Taliban in power in Afghanistan and the retreat of US forces from the nation revealed that all the efforts the US had previously made did not meet the expectation they should have. Thus, the inefficiency of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan could be a sign that the currently existing methods might not be able to provide an effective solution for the situation in Afghanistan. Inspired by the development of novel technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, this article argues that the current usage and development of such technologies can foreshadow possible solutions to Afghanistan's various problems.
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Akram, Saira, and Muqarrab Akbar. "US Withdrawal from Afghanistan: Emerging Challenges and Future Prospects." Global Foreign Policies Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2023): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(vi-i).09.
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The US withdrawal from Afghanistan in August 2021 marked the end of almost two decades of military presence in the country. However, the withdrawal has created significant challenges and opportunities for Afghanistan, the region, and the international community. The Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan following the US withdrawal has raised concerns about security, human rights, governance, and the economic situation in the country. The international community needs to work together to ensure that Afghanistan remains stable, peaceful, and prosperous. Future prospects for Afghanistan include regional stability, diplomatic engagement, reconstruction and development, and counter-terrorism efforts. Regional stability is essential for Afghanistan's stability, and the international community needs to work with neighbouring countries to ensure peace and stability in the region. Diplomatic engagement with the Taliban is necessary to ensure adherence to international norms and standards, particularly in the areas of human rights and governance. Reconstruction and development efforts are crucial to help Afghanistan recover from the economic crisis and become self-sufficient.