Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Adaptation à l'environnement"
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Sorci, Gabriele. "Adaptation a l'environnement local chez le lezard vivipare". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066731.
Texto completo da fonteSkurnik, David. "Adaptation aux variations d'environnement des souches commensales d'escherichia coli". Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D024.
Texto completo da fonteWe studied variations of characteristics of human and animal commensal E. Coli to variations of their hosts environment. Prevalence of antibiotic resisance, of integron, of mercury resistance, phylogenetic repartition and intra-host diversity were selected; More animals were ling near humans, more their commensal E. Coli were resistant and more the prevalence of integron was high, while the intra-host diversity decreased. In human commensal E. Coli, characteristics of isolates from expatriates living in French Guyana, were found intermediate between those found in isolates from residents in metropolitan france and those found in natives living permanently in french guyana, probably the result from their living in an environment close to that of the native Guyaneses but with a way of life close to that of residents living in metropolitan france. In conclusion our results suggest that the environment strongly influence the composition of the commensal intestinal flora of humans and animals
Moch, Annie. "Aspects psychosociologiques des stress de l'environnement". Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080120.
Texto completo da fonteOur research belongs to the recent field of environmental psychology which studies inter-relational reactions between man and his environment. In the first three chapters, the link between environmental perception and stress in demonstrated. We suggest an acting model of stressor which shows that perceptive analysis is the first step in information processing mecanisms, from which disturbance and stress reactions can result afterward. We emphasize the significance of cognitive factors which mediate the perception of the environment, such as subjective factors (personality, motivation, intellectual resources,. . . ) or situational factors (controlability, social atmosphere,. . . ). Having synthesized the lastest researches on a specific stress i. E. : noise, our experiments have shown the valuable contribution of the behavioral patterns a and b to categorise individual's responses to noise nuisance. Other researches have demonstrated that spontaneous or induced adaptating strategies were developed. We have also observed the effect of noise on perception and on attitudes of the help to others. Finally, we have shown that social atmosphere acts upon noise-related stress
Delaherche, Arnaud. "Adaptation d'Œnococcus œni à l'environnement œnologique : approches génomique comparative, transcriptomique et protéomique". Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21385.
Texto completo da fonteGiven its capacities to tolerate acid pH, high ethanol concentrations and many non characterized inhibitors, O. Oeni is a bacterial species particularly well adapted to eonological environments. To resolve recurrent fermentation problems winemakers often use selected malolactic starters in a lyophylized form. Nevertheless, progress still needs to be made in order to improve the efficiency of these starters. Numerous studies done by research laboratories and manufacturers demonstrate that O. Oeni adaptation to wine is highly strain depend. The aim of this study is to try to highlight the differences between the well adapted strains and the others. This study, based on molecular genetics and proteomics such as comparative genomic, comparative genomic hybridization aarray and 2D electrophoresis relies on a collection of strains characterized by their oenological capacity
Blanquart, François. "Adaptation des populations en environnement variable". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20104.
Texto completo da fontePopulations often experience environmental conditions that are variable both in space and in time. Understanding the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of populations in such variable environments has very practical implications for conservation biology, pest and pathogen control, management of antibiotic resistance. This thesis is an attempt to study the ecological and evolutionary implications of spatial and temporal variations of the environment.First, I study how spatially heterogeneous and temporally changing conditions influence the demographic dynamics of a genetically uniform population. The growth of the population is enhanced when individuals preferentially accumulate in high quality habitats. Migration between locations facilitates a good arrangement of individuals such that in general, an intermediate rate of migration maximizes the growth rate.Second, I develop a model where the growth rate of individuals depends on the environment but also on their genetic quality, and possibly on the interaction between the environment and the genotype. If the performance of different genotypes tradeoffs across the environments, several genotypes may be maintained locally in the environment that suit them and a pattern of local adaptation emerges. Moreover, I show that adaptation of populations to environmental fluctuations in the environment generates very dynamic changes in the genetic composition that lag behind the environmental change. Adaptation may be facilitated by the influx of migrants coming from other demes.How can we detect such patterns of adaptation in wild or experimental populations? I develop a formal analysis of several experimental and statistical techniques that are used to detect patterns of local and temporal adaptation. I provide recommendations regarding efficient experimental designs and statistical techniques to detect local adaptation. I also develop a new framework for the analysis of patterns of adaptation in time. I illustrate the potential use of this approach using a data set measuring the adaptation of HIV to the immune response of several recently infected patients
Cotto, Olivier. "Evolution du vieillissement lorsque l'environnement varie dans le temps et dans l'espace". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20145/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis belongs to the wide field of life history evolution. Life history traits are directly involved in reproduction and survival. The interest for life-history evolution arises because organisms have evolved so many different ways of combining these traits to affect fitness. In particular, there is an important diversity of aging patterns in the wild. Aging is defined as the variation of life-history traits, such as survival or fecundity, with age. Senescence describes more precisely the idea that survival or fecundity decline with age. This synthesis deals with the question of aging in natural populations. Like most life-history traits, the evolution of aging has often been studied in the context of a single undisturbed population in a constant environment. My thesis aims at investigating how relaxing this assumption affects the evolution aging. I investigated this question mostly theoretically, but I used data from the field to investigate related questions. In introduction, I first go through evolutionary characteristics of age-structured populations. I also make the observation that age-structured populations are structured in space and live in a varying environment. In the first part, I investigate how environmental variability in space and time influences aging through the key results of Hamilton (1966) that the strength of selection declines with age. I used a quantitative genetics framework where I assumed that mutations that affect survival or fecundity have an age and environment specific effect. In the second part, I examine the role of metapopulation dynamics on the evolution of aging. I used an adaptive dynamics framework where mutations affect how a resource is shared between reproduction and survival at a given age. I show how the optimal age-specific reproductive effort is different in a metapopulation and in a single population. I then investigate how dispersal can be a source of heterogeneity in optimal age-specific reproductive effort. In this part, I went further in testing my predictions (and more generally exploring aging patterns) with data. As a general result, this thesis shows that including environmental and ecological heterogeneities helps understanding variation in aging in the wild. I finally discuss my main findings and give some perspectives to this work
Bureau, Valérie. "Adaptation de la séparation cryomagnétique aux technologies de l'environnement : application a l'épuration d'effluents liquides industriels". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL154N.
Texto completo da fonteBlot, Michel. "Les populations de Mytilidae de Kerguelen (océan Austral) : génétique et adaptation à l'environnement de Mytilus desolationis". Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA077018.
Texto completo da fonteLeprince, Frédéric. "Cycles phéno-morphologiques et formes de croissance de quelques espèces de Provence : adaptation à l'environnement méditerranéen". Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30068.
Texto completo da fonteLeprince, Frédéric. "Cycles phéno-morphologiques et formes de croissance de quelques espèces de Provence adaptation à l'environnement méditerranéen /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607305m.
Texto completo da fonteDupont, Chloé. "Achromobacter & Pandoraea : diversité et évolution adaptative de populations persistantes au cours de la mucoviscidose et dans l'environnement". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT105/document.
Texto completo da fonteBacterial persistence involves adaptation to environmental conditions and constraints, sometimes associated with genotype and phenotype diversification of bacterial populations. In the context of chronic infections, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a human disease among the most studied in terms of persistence and adaptation of opportunistic pathogens. Some environmental opportunistic pathogens like Achromobacter and Pandoraea genera are considered as emerging in CF and are able to chronically colonize CF Respiratory Tract (CFRT). Adaptation mechanisms required for colonization and persistence were studied for P. aeruginosa but remain largely unknown for emerging bacteria. We studied Achromobacter spp. persistence in the CFRT of 13 patients and in a dental care unit water network, and Pandoraea pulmonicola persistence in the CFRT of one patient, during colonization periods up to 7 years. In parallel, we studied Achromobacter population genomic and phenotypic diversity in sputum samples from 9 patients. Finally, we made an environmental investigation to study the diversity and the ecology of Achromobacter spp. in household of 3 Achromobacter chronically colonized CF patients. During these studies, Achromobacter and Pandoraea species were identified by molecular methods and genome dynamic and phenotypic diversity were studied.Diversity of Achromobacter species colonizing the CFRT is described and included an undescribed species. Chronically colonized patients had a unique Achromobacter or Pandoraea clone in their CFRT, supporting the initial acquisition of one environmental clone which persists over time. A large genomic and phenotypic diversity has been observed over time and also at the intra-specimen level. A wide antibiotic susceptibility profile diversity was observed within samples and its clinical impact remains to be assessed. Finally, Achromobacter species diversity was observed in patient domestic environment but the Achromobacter clone adapted to the patient CFRT was not isolated. These results suggested that after initial colonization and specialisation the CFRT, colonizing clones might secondarily be unable to survive in the environment.A colonizing clone quickly adapts to the specific local conditions of the CFRT and undergoes intense genomic and phenotypic diversification with genotype specialization to the different ecological niches of the heterogeneous CFRT, resulting in a diversified clonal population. This diversity certainly insures the population persistence according to the “bet hedging” theory stating that regardless of the environmental pressures, a bacteria or a subgroup of bacteria will be able to persist.Key words : Achromobacter, adaptation, antibiotic susceptibility, chronic colonization, Cystic Fibrosis, diversity, ecology, environment, epidemiology, evolution, genomic, Pandoraea, persistence, phenotype, water network
Fito-Boncompte, Laurène. "Contribution à l'étude des fonctions d'OprF dans l'adaptation des bactéries du genre Pseudomonas à l'environnement". Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES049.
Texto completo da fonteAUBOURG, NATHALIE. "Adaptation ou sélection par l'environnement ? : apports et limites de l'écologie des populations à la problématique du changement organisationnel". Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN0589.
Texto completo da fonteMontanier, Jean-Marc. "Environment-driven Distributed Evolutionary Adaptation for Collective Robotic Systems". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112033/document.
Texto completo da fonteCette thèse décrit une partie du travail effectué dans le cadre du projet européen Symbrion 1 . Ce projet vise à la réalisation de tâches complexes nécessitant la coopération de multiples robots dans un cadre de robotique en essaim (au moins 100 robots opérant ensemble). De multiples problèmes sont étudiés par le projet dont : l’auto-assemblage de robots en structures complexes et l’auto-organisation d’un grand nombre de robots afin de réaliser une tâche commune. Le principal sujet porte sur les mécanismes d’auto-adaptation pour la robotique modulaire et en essaim, avec un intérêt pour des capacités de forte coordination et de coopération à l’échelle de l’essaim.Les difficultés rencontrées dans la réalisation de ce projet sont dues à l’utilisation de robots dans des environnements ouverts restant inconnus jusqu’à la phase de déploiement. Puisque les conditions d’opérations ne peuvent être prédites à l’avance, des algorithmes d’apprentissage en ligne doivent être utilisés pour élaborer les comportements utilisés. Lorsqu’un grand nombre de robots sont utilisés, plusieurs considérations doivent être prise en compte : capacité de communication réduite, faible mémoire, faible capacité de calcul. Par conséquent les algorithmes d’apprentissage en ligne doivent être distribués à travers l’essaim.De multiples approches ont déjà été proposées pour faire face aux problèmes posés par l’apprentissage en ligne décentralisé de comportements robotiques, parmi lesquels la robotique probabiliste, l’apprentissage par renforcement, et la robotique évolutionnaire. Cependant, le problème abordé dans le cadre de cette thèse se caractérise par le fait que l’on considère un groupe de robots (en lieu et place d’un seul et unique robot). De plus, dû à la nature ouverte de l’environnement, il n’est pas possible de supposer que l’ingénieur humain ait les connaissances nécessaires pour définir les éléments indispensables aux processus d’apprentissage.Assurer l’intégrité de l’essaim est placé en tant que premier élément d’une feuille de route visant à définir un ensemble d’étapes nécessaires à la réalisation d’une tâche par un groupe de robot dans un environnement ouvert :– Étape 1 : Assurer l’intégrité de l’essaim.– Étape 2 : Maintenir les robots disponibles en tant que service à l’utilisateur.– Étape 3 : Réaliser la tâche définie par l’utilisateur.Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous travaillons à la réalisation de l’étape 1 de cette feuille de route, et assumons l’hypothèse de travail suivante :Hypothèse de travail : Dans un cadre de robotique collective en environnement ouvert, la réalisation d’une tâche définie par l’utilisateur implique tout d’abord un comportement auto-adaptatif.Le sujet de cette thèse est la réalisation de solutions algorithmiques décentralisées pouvant garantir l’in- tégrité d’un essaim de robots en environnement ouvert lorsque un système robotique collectif utilise une communication locale. La principale difficulté à sa résolution est le besoin de prendre en compte l’envi- ronnement. En effet, en fonction de l’environnement courant, les robots peuvent avoir à démontrer une grande variété de comportements à l’échelle globale comme la coopération, la spécialisation, l’altruisme, ou la division du travail.Dans cette thèse nous introduisons et définissons le problème de l’Adaptation Evolutionnaire Distribuée Guidée par l’Environnement. Nous proposons un algorithme pour résoudre ce problem. Cet algorithme a été validé aussi bien en simulation que sur des robots réels. Il a été utilisé pour étudier le problème de l’auto-adaptation dans les environnements suivants :– Environnement où l’émergence de consensus comportementaux est nécessaire.– Environnements où la robustesse face à des changements environnementaux est nécessaires.– Environnements où des comportements altruistes sont nécessaires
Latron, Mathilde. "Adaptation, régression et expansion en limite d’aire de répartition". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R025/document.
Texto completo da fonteOngoing global changes may lead to shifts in the geographical range of biological species. Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will determine these shifts. The demography of the species and their dispersal capacities will also determine their ability to colonize newly favourable habitats. When geographical distributions are shifting, one can expect a variation in life history traits across the geographic range. Indeed, survival, reproduction and dispersal capacity will determine the success or failure of population establishment and persistence. These traits are thus theoretically expected to be maximized on colonization fronts because low recruitment rates, mate limitation and inbreeding depression, among other factors, can lead to population decline, local extinction, or colonization failure. On colonization fronts, we therefore expect to observe an increase in dispersal capacities and self-fertilization rate, advanced phenology, and higher fertility compared to populations located in the central part of the range. On retraction fronts, mate limitation can also drive selection for increased self-fertilization, and worsening habitat conditions can lead to higher investment in survival as compared to central populations. Understanding the evolution of life history traits in relation to species range dynamics is therefore essential to better understand the future evolution of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. In this context, spatial variations of life history traits were characterized for four plant species that show expansion or retraction fronts in northern France: Miner’ lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), Danish scurvygrass (Cochlearia danica), Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) and Dune pansy (Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii). Variations of life history traits were surveyed from the core to the edge of their geographic ranges by using phenotypic measurements in the natural environment and in the common garden and by analysing the spatial genetic structure for a subset of two species. The geographical range dynamics of these focal species were explained by species-specific factors in interaction with their respective environment. Miner’s lettuce and Danish scurvygrass, both expanding in northern France, showed high propagule pressure on their colonization fronts: while Miner’s lettuce exhibited a higher germination rate at the edge of its range, marginal populations of Danish scurvygrass showed an increase in dispersal capacities. Rock samphire, which is expanding northwards, showed no variation in its life history traits along its geographical range. All populations may show a high capacity for successful colonization and analyses of spatial genetic structure indicated large amount of gene flow among populations via long-distance dispersal events of diaspores. Lastly, the retracting populations of Dune pansy showed an increase in selfing rate that may provide some reproductive assurance. However, their lower reproductive output could threaten their long-term persistence. Altogether, while each species shows variations in life history traits consistent with theoretical predictions, trait variations appeared to be idiosyncratic. This suggested that no common evolutionary syndrome occurred in expanding or receding range edges and that species' responses mostly depend on their specific biology. These results have therefore important implications relevant to conservation biology and to forecasting of geographical range shifts under rapidly changing environments
Latron, Mathilde. "Adaptation, régression et expansion en limite d’aire de répartition". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR025.
Texto completo da fonteOngoing global changes may lead to shifts in the geographical range of biological species. Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will determine these shifts. The demography of the species and their dispersal capacities will also determine their ability to colonize newly favourable habitats. When geographical distributions are shifting, one can expect a variation in life history traits across the geographic range. Indeed, survival, reproduction and dispersal capacity will determine the success or failure of population establishment and persistence. These traits are thus theoretically expected to be maximized on colonization fronts because low recruitment rates, mate limitation and inbreeding depression, among other factors, can lead to population decline, local extinction, or colonization failure. On colonization fronts, we therefore expect to observe an increase in dispersal capacities and self-fertilization rate, advanced phenology, and higher fertility compared to populations located in the central part of the range. On retraction fronts, mate limitation can also drive selection for increased self-fertilization, and worsening habitat conditions can lead to higher investment in survival as compared to central populations. Understanding the evolution of life history traits in relation to species range dynamics is therefore essential to better understand the future evolution of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. In this context, spatial variations of life history traits were characterized for four plant species that show expansion or retraction fronts in northern France: Miner’ lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), Danish scurvygrass (Cochlearia danica), Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) and Dune pansy (Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii). Variations of life history traits were surveyed from the core to the edge of their geographic ranges by using phenotypic measurements in the natural environment and in the common garden and by analysing the spatial genetic structure for a subset of two species. The geographical range dynamics of these focal species were explained by species-specific factors in interaction with their respective environment. Miner’s lettuce and Danish scurvygrass, both expanding in northern France, showed high propagule pressure on their colonization fronts: while Miner’s lettuce exhibited a higher germination rate at the edge of its range, marginal populations of Danish scurvygrass showed an increase in dispersal capacities. Rock samphire, which is expanding northwards, showed no variation in its life history traits along its geographical range. All populations may show a high capacity for successful colonization and analyses of spatial genetic structure indicated large amount of gene flow among populations via long-distance dispersal events of diaspores. Lastly, the retracting populations of Dune pansy showed an increase in selfing rate that may provide some reproductive assurance. However, their lower reproductive output could threaten their long-term persistence. Altogether, while each species shows variations in life history traits consistent with theoretical predictions, trait variations appeared to be idiosyncratic. This suggested that no common evolutionary syndrome occurred in expanding or receding range edges and that species' responses mostly depend on their specific biology. These results have therefore important implications relevant to conservation biology and to forecasting of geographical range shifts under rapidly changing environments
Antoine, Jean-Marc. "Géohistoire des catastrophes et des risques torrentiels. Une histoire de l'environnement pyrénéen". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756668.
Texto completo da fonteBlouzard, Jean-Charles. "Le système de dégradation des parois végétales de Clostridium cellulolyticum : diversité et adaptation au substrat". Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11035.
Texto completo da fonteClostridium cellulolyticum is an anaerobic bacterium able to degrade plant cell wall (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins) through the secretion of multienzymatic complexes, named cellulosomes, and free enzymes. These enzymes, cellulosomal or free, have various enzymatic activities to efficiently degrade the miscellaneous polymers of plant cell wall. At the beginning of my PhD, only 16 genes encoding cellulases were identified. Cellulases are implicated in the cellulose hydrolysis. My PhD aim consisted in highlighting the enzymatic diversity of this degradation system. 2D-electrophoresis revealed about sixty proteins, among them, thirty are cellulosomal. Using an innovative PCR method we identified seven genes belonging to the system. Among them, four belong to a fourteen gene cluster specialized in the hemicellulose degradation. During my PhD, released of the C. Cellulolyticum genome enabled the establishment of the complete repertory of degradation system components. Identification of components, by mass spectrometry, secreted during growth on different substrates, highlighted that C. Cellulolyticum could modulate the cellulosome composition according to the growth substrate. In particular, the expression of the gene cluster involves in hemicellulose degradation is induced when straw is the growth substrate. Another aspect of my work was to develop a tool to perform random insertional mutagenesis in C. Cellulolyticum. A Tn1545 derivative allowed random and monocopie mutagenesis in genome whereas the use of ISS1 insertion sequence from Lactococcus lactis, allow monocopie integration of genes in the genome
Ouedraogo, Peingdewiende Jean. "Protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques dans l'environnement numérique dans l'espace OAPI". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20024.
Texto completo da fonteInformation technologies are constantly questioning literary and artistic property. Each technological change has important implications for the way cultural works are protected. Thus, with the development of digital technology in the 2000s, several pieces of legislation have been updated, starting with international law. The Marrakesh Agreement adopted by the WTO on December 15, 1994, and the two WIPO treaties of 1996, namely the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, are the fruits of these changes. At the regional and national level, we could also mention the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 for the Americas and the European Directive on the Information Society of 2001 for the European Union. Taking into account these changes at the international level and in neighbouring legal orders, the African legislator revised the Community Agreement on 15 December 2015. However, this revision does not sufficiently take into account the concerns raised by digital technology. The most emblematic example is the concealment of the influences of Artificial Intelligence on literary and artistic property.This thesis therefore aims to propose solutions to complete the adaptation of OAPI law so that it is up to date with international standards and takes into account the developments of regional law whose construction is initiated by the African Union with the establishment of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization. (PAIPO). The objective of this study, which touched on both the substantive law and the institutional system of OAPI, was to further enhance the security of the interests of right holders and those of the users of their works, so as to make the African community framework more balanced and secure
Berthiaume, Richard. "Écologie évolutive des populations d'arpenteuse de la pruche". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24954/24954.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteInter-populations differences are rarely considered in the management of insect defoliators. Insect management is usually based on models produced from a single population reared in laboratory and which are afterward applied to all populations over the territory. The main objective of this thesis was to determine the level of local adaptation of the populations of one of the most important forest defoliator in Québec, the hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée)), along a latitudinal gradient. Since the beginning of 1990s, the hemlock looper is the insect defoliator that has damaged the largest area of coniferous forests in Québec. Nevertheless, the biology and the ecology of this important defoliator remain poorly know. Eleven populations collected across a latitudinal gradient (45 to 51oN) were reared under laboratory conditions on various host trees. Two ecotypes were identified: one in the South where larvae go through five instars and one in the North where they have only four instars. This fundamental difference has major consequences on population dynamics. Four instars ecotype shows shorter larval and pupal development, lighter pupae, lower fecundity, but larger egg size compared to the five instars ecotype. Within each ecotype, there are also differences across the latitudinal gradient. Populations are locally adapted to particular conditions of their region which suggest limited gene flow. Moreover, results demonstrate that populations across the latitudinal gradient are adapted to host trees available regionally. Thus, northern populations that evolved in a homogeneous environment that is dominated by boreal trees show local adaptations on these specific host trees. Local adaptation of females to exploit foliage of old balsam fir trees was also detected for the most northern population across the latitudinal gradient. This population originated from a region where old conifer trees are the main constituent of the environment. Our works suggest that major outbreaks of the hemlock looper were mainly localised in the same region (North) where the four instars ecotype evolved.
Romilly, Cédric. "Fonctions de nouveaux ARN non codant dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes chez Staphylococcus aureus : adaptation à l'environnement et virulence". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829094.
Texto completo da fonteRahman, Abdur. "Étude de la diversité génétique chez la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum et de son adaptation à l'environnement gastro-intestinal de mammifères". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0226/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is not used in industry due to limited knowledge about this organism and its virulence in fish. One objective of this thesis was to strengthen the body of knowledge by determining the complete genome sequence of the cheese strain and to evaluate the fate of this bacterium after ingestion by the consumer. Another objective was to improve the taxonomic knowledge within the species C. maltaromaticum through the development of a MLST scheme. The complete sequence of the strain C. maltaromaticum LMA 28 revealed a genome size of approximately 3.8 Mbp, which is unusually high in the genus Carnobacterium. The genome analysis of this strain indicates the presence of genes conferring the adaptation to the intestinal environment. The bacterium is able to survive during the gastro-intestinal transit in mice. Moreover, this strain is able to adhere to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and would have neutral or anti-inflammatory properties. These data suggest that C. maltaromaticum LMA 28 is adapted to the digestive tract of mammals. At the taxonomical level, it was shown that MLST is highly discriminatory for the species C. maltaromaticum. In addition, the MLST results suggest that milk and soft cheeses are poorly selective for strains of this species. In addition, two major clonal complexes suggest that a sub-population within this species is well adapted to the dairy environment or that a sub-population is submitted to a domestication process. A high proportion of singletons was obtained suggesting that the diversity was under-estimated and remains to be explored
Barbazanges, Arnaud. "Contribution à l'étude des conséquences neurobiologiques de manipulations de l'environnement maternel périnatal". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28531.
Texto completo da fonteSchoeffler, Marine. "Adaptation à l'oxygène d'une bactérie sulfato-réductrice par évolution expérimentale : émergence d'une respiration aérobie chez Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0440.
Texto completo da fonteDesulfovibrio species are representatives of microorganisms at the boundary between anaerobic and aerobic lifestyles as they contain the enzymatic systems required for both sulfate and oxygen reductions. Numerous ecological studies have shown that these microorganisms are found in environments where oxygen is transitory present, leading them to develop several strategies to cope with oxygen. Oxygen reduction is one of the strategies used to remove oxygen but this reduction has been shown to be a protective mechanism only. In order to increase the aerotolrenace capability and to discover new mechanisms involved in defense against oxidative stress, an oxygen-driven experimental evolution of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) has been performed. We have obtained evolved strains (ES) not only able to tolerate an oxygen concentration 32-times higher than that tolerated by the ancestral DvH strain but also able to grow with energy derive from phosphorylative oxidation linked to oxygen reduction. Gene deletions and proteomes analysis confirmed the importance of HdrA and TetR proteins and revealed other ones involved in the new metabolic feature. We propose that this capability is acquired by a rearrangement of metabolite fluxes, principally NADH/NAD+, leading to an optimized O2 respiration through the membrane-bound cytochrome oxygen reductases.The ES strain are peculiarly interesting for bioremediation of heavy metals as chromium. Analysis of chromate reduction activities showed that these strains have kept their capability to efficiently reduce this metal
Schoeffler, Marine. "Adaptation à l'oxygène d'une bactérie sulfato-réductrice par évolution expérimentale : émergence d'une respiration aérobie chez Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0440.
Texto completo da fonteDesulfovibrio species are representatives of microorganisms at the boundary between anaerobic and aerobic lifestyles as they contain the enzymatic systems required for both sulfate and oxygen reductions. Numerous ecological studies have shown that these microorganisms are found in environments where oxygen is transitory present, leading them to develop several strategies to cope with oxygen. Oxygen reduction is one of the strategies used to remove oxygen but this reduction has been shown to be a protective mechanism only. In order to increase the aerotolrenace capability and to discover new mechanisms involved in defense against oxidative stress, an oxygen-driven experimental evolution of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) has been performed. We have obtained evolved strains (ES) not only able to tolerate an oxygen concentration 32-times higher than that tolerated by the ancestral DvH strain but also able to grow with energy derive from phosphorylative oxidation linked to oxygen reduction. Gene deletions and proteomes analysis confirmed the importance of HdrA and TetR proteins and revealed other ones involved in the new metabolic feature. We propose that this capability is acquired by a rearrangement of metabolite fluxes, principally NADH/NAD+, leading to an optimized O2 respiration through the membrane-bound cytochrome oxygen reductases.The ES strain are peculiarly interesting for bioremediation of heavy metals as chromium. Analysis of chromate reduction activities showed that these strains have kept their capability to efficiently reduce this metal
Sulmon, Cécile. "Plasticité physiologique et moléculaire de la tolérance aux xénobiotiques et de la capacité de phytoremédiation chez arabidopsis thaliana". Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10141.
Texto completo da fonteDavid, Maude. "Bacterial adaptation to the chlorinated compounds". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECDL0026/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis concerns the bacterial adaptation to the chlorinated compounds at both the gene level and the microbial community level. The bibliography will focus on the adaptation mechanisms developed by bacteria to respond to environmental stresses and on the possible origins of the genes responsible for the first steps of chlorinated compound degradation, those encoding for the dehalogenases, which perform the dechlorination or chlorine removal step. The second chapter of the thesis consists of an experimental exploration of the gene shuffling hypothesis presented in the bibliography, using linB and dhaA genes. The next chapter examines the bacterial community structure in relation to compound degradation using the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene. For this study, molecular biology tools, specifically phylochip microarrays were used to examine bacterial community structure from the moment of pollutant introduction to the environment and during bioremediation. In order to elucidate the metabolic functions, which correlate the PCE degradation, phylogenetic results were compared with functional genes in the microcosms studied. The last chapter of this global study on chlorinated compound degradation genes was to link the microbial community structure kinetics with the chemical degradation kinetics. In order to evaluate the molecular biological parameters of the microbial community, all the genes known to be involved in the entire pathway of PCE reductive dechlorination were quantified. This global study, incorporating chemical monitoring, dehalogenase quantification and microbial community structure, produced correlations between the environmental conditions necessary for dechlorination and the microbial community associated with dehalogenase expression. In summary, both the mechanisms implemented by the bacteria to degrade this compound pollutant and the bacterial community structure during the pollutant degradation were addressed. Improving the understanding of these two steps in bacterial adaptation can contribute to the understanding of bacterial and environmental cleanup capabilities
Mojayad, Fahima. "Adaptation à la sécheresse, photosynthése et photoinhibition chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT020A.
Texto completo da fonteJobin, Bernard H. "RELIEF, une démarche d'évaluation des processus de concertation : adaptation au contexte des organismes de bassin versant du Québec". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6518.
Texto completo da fonteViguié, Vincent. "Modélisation des dynamiques urbaines : application à l’analyse économique du changement climatique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1049/document.
Texto completo da fonteBecause they are home to more than half of the world population, and because most of the world economic activity takes place within them, cities are at the forefront of global environmental issues. Land use planning, urban transport and housing policies are now recognized as major tools for the reduction of both greenhouse gases emissions and vulnerability to climate change impacts. So far, however, how to use these tools efficiently remains unclear. At least three main difficulties explain this, and play a key role in urban climate policies analysis. First, urban climate policies are also not developed or implemented in a vacuum; they interact with other policy goals, such as economic competitiveness or social issues, giving rise to both synergies and conflicts. Second, inertia is a key factor when designing optimal climate policies : structural modifications in cities occur slowly over a long time horizon. Some immediate actions are required if cities are to be adapted to a different climate or to help reduce greenhouse gases emissions within a few decades. Third, the evolution of a city depends on several external factors, on which local policy-makers do not generally have much influence : demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political and technological changes will play a major role. This uncertainty has to be taken into account, and climate policies have to be robust against future possible global evolutions is important. These three difficulties are not, however, impossible to overcome, and we will illustrate how integrated city modelling can help address these issues
Ben, Said Olfa. "Adaptation des populations bactériennes présentes dans les sédiments de la lagune de Bizerte aux polluants organiques (Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques), inorganiques (métaux traces) et aux antibiotiques". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3026.
Texto completo da fonteBennadji, Amar. "Adaptation climatique ou culturelle en zones arides : cas du sud-est algérien". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063273.
Texto completo da fonteOuro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou. "Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0228/document.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges
Leneveu-Jenvrin, Charlène. "Virulence et adaptation à l'environnement de souches de Pseudomonas fluorescens et Pseudomonas mosselii ; contribution à l'étude des conditions d'expression et des fonctions de la protéine TSPO chez P. Fluorescens". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES033.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aims to study the virulence of Pseudomonas mosselii and the role of TSPO protein in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1. P. Mosselii was first isolated and characterized in 2002, from clinical samples of hospitalized patient, but its association with the pathology remains unclear. We found that P. Mosselii ATCC BAA-99 and P. Mosselii MFY161 are cytotoxic towards Caco-2/TC7 cells, have low invasive capacity, and are able to alter the epithelial permeability of differentiated cells and damage the F-actin cytoskeleton. Their behavior resembles that of cytotoxic strains of P. Fluorescens. Moreover, their antibiotic resistance and potential role as shuttles for acquired beta-lactamases resistance suggest that P. Mosselii strains may be more studied. The cytotoxicity of P. Fluorescens Pf 0-1 was also tested and we found it very low in our experimental conditions. However, we were interested to notice that this bacteria possesses a translocator protein (TSPO) which is largely conserved during evolution (Eukarya, Archae and Bacteria), but which role was unknown for this bacteria. Then, our next work consisted in studying the expression of this protein and its potential function(s). We found that tspo is cotranscribed with an hybrid histidine kinase gene (Pfl01_2810) which is situated upstream to the tspo gene. This operon is transiently expressed during the growth of the bacteria in LB medium at 28°C. The transcriptional activity is modified with temperature, null at 18°C and highly increased at 32°C, suggesting a regulation by the sigma factor RpoH, generally activated in response to thermal stress. Hyperosmolarity (NaCl, Sucrose), or D-cycloserin enhanceds the transcriptional activity of the operon, and provoked a parietal stress and regulation of the sigma factor AlgU, via RpoH. Mitochondrial TSPO ligands as cholesterol, involved in membrane fluidity, also favors the expression of tspo, as well as other Eukaryotic ligands as PK11195 or protoporphyrin IX, suggesting a functional conservation between bacterial TSPO from P. Fluorescens Pf0-1 and its Eukaryotic ortholog
Serrano, Alvarado Patricia. "Transactions Adaptables pour les Environnements Mobiles". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005203.
Texto completo da fonteWalkowiak, Alain Michel. "Réponse à l'imprévisibilité de l'environnement : stratégies de quelques espèces annuelles de Basse-Californie (Mexique)". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20264.
Texto completo da fonteTraore, Amadou. "Changement climatique et agriculture en Afrique subsaharienne. Perception des agriculteurs et impact de l'association entre une céréale et une légumineuse sur les rendements des deux espèces et leur variabilité inter-annuelle sous climat actuel et futur. Cas du sorgho et du niébé dans l'environnement soudano-sahélien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03847646.
Texto completo da fonteIn the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, agricultural productivity is strongly affected by climate variability and change. Agricultural production is dominated by rainfed cereal production such as maize, millet and sorghum for food consumption. Farmers have small and variable yields, leading to increasing uncertainty about their ability to produce more to feed a rapidly growing population. The aim of this thesis was to design more productive and stable cropping systems, adapted to climate change, by exploring the benefits of sorghum-cowpea intercropping, combined with contrasting choices of sorghum variety, mineral fertilisation and sowing date. The approach was based on a survey, field experimentation and simulation using a crop model, for a case study in central Mali in West Africa. The first step was to identify farmers' perceptions of climate change and the agricultural adaptation strategies they consider relevant to cope with climate variability and change. Secondly, the STICS crop model was calibrated on the basis of two years of experimentation (2017, 2018) of the sorghum-cowpea intercrop at the N'Tarla agronomic station. In this experimental set-up, two sorghum varieties (local and improved) with contrasting sensitivity to photoperiod were studied in sole crops and in intercropping with cowpea. Two sowing dates and two levels of mineral fertilisation were also studied. The relevance of the model to represent competition and complementarities between sorghum and cowpea fo water and nitrogen use was evaluated. Finally, the performance (average productivity and productivity stability of a range of technical options for integrated soil fertility management
Dumas, Patrice. "L'évaluation des dommages du changement climatique en situation d'incertitude : l'apport de la modélisation des coûts de l'adaptation". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0072.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this thesis is the improvement of climate change damage assessment by the mean of : the use of a threshold damage function and an evaluation of the costs of adapting to a changed climate. Simulation and optimization compact climate economy integrated assessment models are solved to assess the damages. A stochastic threshold damage function leads to a precautionary effect for climate policies. In a cost-benefit framework, the threshold acts as a soft ceiling. Turning to the representation of adaptation, adaptive capital is split in categories corresponding with temperature ranges in optimization models. In simulation, a Kalman filter is used to model climate change detection. The results show strong anticipations. Additional costs arise mainly from over-investment allowing to follow climate change. The costs are not very sensitive to the amount of uncertainly, but they rise sharply in the case of no anticipation
Morell, Alaia. "Dynamiques éco-évolutives des espèces exploitées en Mer du Nord en réponse à des variations biotiques et abiotiques de l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR079.
Texto completo da fonteGlobal change scenarios are valuable for guiding management and governance strategies, stimulating decision making, and increasing collective awareness of future biodiversity trends. The degree of realism and integration of ecosystem models used for this purpose is constantly improving, but they still often neglect the evolution of marine populations in future projections. However, marine populations adapt to global changes, either through phenotypic plasticity or evolution, through modifications of their biological characteristics such as life history traits, physiological and bioenergetic traits. The challenge of this thesis is to develop an ecosystem model that allows the exploration of biodiversity scenarios at intra- and inter-specific scales by explicitly representing the phenotypic plasticity of life history traits, their genetic variability, selection and evolution under the combined influence of fisheries and climate change, and the resulting genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Applied to the North Sea, this new model is used to understand the processes responsible for changes in life history traits, whether they are of plastic or evolutionary origin. On the one hand, the bioenergetic processes underlying plastic changes are studied by an original approach comparing the differences between the fundamental and realized thermal response curves for different species and life history stages. On the other hand, changes in life history traits are explored through an evolutionary lens by taking into account multiple selection pressures such as fishing, prey-predator interactions and climate change.The integration of plastic and evolutionary processes in ecosystem models allows to describe the inter-individual variability of biological traits and to understand their temporal trends observed in the marine environment. In this way, it responds to the crucial issue of credibility of intra- and inter-specific biodiversity projections under scenarios combining climate and fisheries. The integration of these processes will also allow to quantify more precisely the synergistic and antagonistic effects of these two pressures and to take into account the capacity of populations to adapt to global changes in order to estimate more reliably their resilience
Chaves, Eva Raquel Xavier De Melo Gil. "Crianças expostas à violência interparental: consequências no seu percurso desenvolvimental e na adaptação ao meio social". Doctoral thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4245.
Texto completo da fonteA presente investigação versa sobretudo para uma das situações mais evidentes de vitimação indireta, a da exposição das crianças à violência interparental. Na revisão do estado da arte, percebemos que o impacto desta violência no percurso desenvolvimental da criança justifica uma urgente e necessária investigação acerca desta problemática. Neste sentido, pretendemos dar um contributo para a compreensão do impacto transversal da violência interparental no quotidiano destas crianças, cruzando duas áreas, a do Serviço Social e da Psicologia da Justiça. Mais especificamente interessou-nos estudar o impacto da violência interparental no percurso desenvolvimental da criança, assim como a sua adaptação ao meio social, abordando as principais dificuldades destas crianças (cf. capítulo I e III). Vários mecanismos e fatores mediadores têm sido identificados e surgem como pertinentes na compreensão do impacto (cf. capítulo II), tendo sido realizados vários estudos empíricos e emergido várias perspetivas teóricas que associam os conflitos conjugais com o ajustamento da criança (cf. capítulo IV). Para a realização do estudo empírico utilizamos uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa que nos permitiu aceder aos testemunhos de vítimas de violência interparental, de uma forma indutiva e reflexiva (cf. capítulo V). Recorreu-se à realização de dezasseis entrevistas, nomeadamente a oito crianças expostas à violência interparental com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e 14 anos e a oito progenitores. As entrevistas às crianças pretendem determinar como esta integra e percebe a sua experiencia de vitimação (vertente avaliativa), ao mesmo tempo que as educa sobre aspetos respeitantes aos incidentes (vertente interventiva). Complementarmente a recolha das representações a partir de um guião de entrevista para os progenitores, construído tendo por base o guião de entrevista para as crianças de Sani (2002), usado igualmente nesta investigação. Esta entrevista alude à representação do progenitor e questiona-o sobre a forma como a criança integra e percebe essa experiência de vitimação. O tratamento dos resultados teve por referência a abordagem da Grounded Theory, sendo uma análise enraizada nos dados, cujas categorias emergem a partir da leitura e compreensão das narrativas produzidas pelos participantes. A partir deste estudo (cf. capítulo V) foi possível perceber que o impacto da exposição à violência está presente em todos os casos, independentemente do tipo de violência, não havendo pois distinção possível senão na severidade deste impacto. No entanto percebe-se existir uma boa adaptação da criança aos diferentes contextos. Para avaliarmos as competências sociais e problemas comportamentais da criança recorremos ao questionário de comportamentos da criança (Child Behavior Checklist CBCL) desenvolvido por Achenbach (1991), traduzida por Gonçalves, Dias e Machado (2007). Os resultados deste estudo indicam que ao nível dos problemas de internalização a maioria das crianças apresenta valores próximos aos encontrados por Achenbach (1991) para a população clínica. Ao nível dos problemas de externalização a maioria apresenta resultados dentro dos limites normativos. Quando analisamos o ajustamento global das crianças, constatamos que os valores dividem-se entre o nível clínico e o limite normativo. Ao nível das competências, a maioria das crianças apresenta boas competências. A vitimação de crianças no seu contexto familiar em resultado da violência a que assistem e sofrem entre os seus progenitores é uma experiência complexa, de enorme variabilidade em termos do impacto que causa no seu ajustamento global. A abordagem centrada na criança coadjuvada pela informação quantitativa e/ou qualitativa proveniente de terceiros incute uma grande confiança para a compreensão em profundidade deste fenómeno de visibilidade reduzida.
This research studies especially one of its most obvious indirect victimization, the children's exposure to interparental violence. In reviewing the state of the art, we realize that the impact of this violence on the child's developmental pathway warrants an urgent and necessary research on this problem. In this sense, we intend to make a contribution to understanding the impact of cross interparental violence in everyday life of these children, crossing two areas, the Social Service and the Justice of Psychology. More specifically we are interested in studying the impact of interparental violence on the child's developmental path, as well as its adaptation to the social environment, addressing the main difficulties of these children (cf. Chapter I and III). Several mechanisms and mediating factors have been identified and appear as relevant in understanding the impact (cf. Chapter II), having performed several empirical studies and theoretical perspectives that emerged several associate marital conflict with child adjustment (cf. Chapter IV). To conduct the empirical study we used a qualitative research methodology that allowed us access to the testimonies of victims of interparental violence, in an inductive and reflexive way (cf. Chapter V). We appealed to the attainment of sixteen interviews, including eight children exposed to interparental violence aged 6 to 14 years and eight parents. The interviews to the children want to determine how this integrates and realize their experience of victimization (evaluative dimension), while that educates on aspects relating to events (interventional dimension). Complementing the collection of representations from an interview guide for parents, built based on the interview guide for the children of Sani (2002), also used in this investigation. This interview refers to the representation of the parent and questions him about how the child perceives and integrates the experience of victimization. The treatment of the results had by reference to the Grounded Theory approach, an analysis is embedded in the data, whose categories emerge from a reading and understanding of the narratives produced by the participants. From this study (cf. Chapter V) was observed that the impact of exposure to violence is present in all cases, regardless of the type of violence, with no other possible distinction but the severity of this impact. However it is clear that there is a good adaptation of the child. To assess social skills and behavioural problems of children we appealed to the questionnaire of child behaviour (Child Behavior Checklist CBCL) developed by Achenbach (1991), translated by Gonçalves Dias and Machado (2007). The results of this study indicate that the level of internalizing problems most children have values close to those found by Achenbach (1991) for the clinical population. At the level of externalizing problems most have results within the regulatory limits. When analyzing the overall adjustment of children, we find that the values fall between the clinical level and the regulatory limit. In terms of skills, most children have good skills. The victimization of children in their family context as a result of the violence they watch and suffer from their parents is a complex experience of huge variability in terms of the impact it causes on their overall adjustment. The child-centred approach assisted by quantitative and/or qualitative information from mediaters instils a great confidence for in-depth understanding of this phenomenon of reduced visibility.
Cette recherche a pour sujet, l'une des situations les plus évidentes et particulières de la victimisation indirecte, l'exposition des enfants à la violence interparentale. Après avoir passé en revue l'état de la recherche à ce sujet, nous nous sommes rendu compte que l'impact de cette violence sur le développement de l'enfant justifie de façon urgente et nécessaire la recherche sur ce fait. En ce sens, notre intention est d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension de l'impact de la violence dans la vie quotidienne de ces enfants, faisant l’intersection entre deux champs d’étude, le service social et la psychologie appliquée à la justice. Nous nous intéressons plus précisément à l'étude de l'impact de la violence pendant le processus de développement de l'enfant, ainsi que son adaptation à l'environnement social, tout en approchant les principales difficultés de ces enfants (cf. chapitre I et III). Plusieurs mécanismes et facteurs médiateurs ont été identifiés et se montrent pertinents pour comprendre l'impact (voir chapitre II). De nombreuses études empiriques, ainsi que de nombreuses perspectives théoriques ont mis en évidence l’association entre conflits conjugaux et adaptation de l'enfant (voir le chapitre IV). Pour mener cette étude empirique, l’utilisation d’une méthodologie de recherche qualitative nous a permis d'accéder aux témoignages des victimes de la violence interparentale d’une façon inductive et réflexive (cf. Chapitre V). Seize entretiens ont été réalisés, huit cas sont d’enfants âgés entre 6 et 14 ans et exposés à cette violence et les autres huit entretiens furent réalisés auprès des parents. Les entretiens réalisés auprès des enfants avaient pour objectif de déterminer comment ceux-ci comprennent et intègrent leur expérience de victimisation (dimension évaluative), tout en permettant un apprentissage des aspects liés aux événements (dimension interventionnelle). En complément et également utilisé dans cette enquête, nous avons recueilli toute une liste de représentations à partir d’un entretien réalisé auprès des parents, entretien fondé et construit à partir de l'entrevue pour enfants de Sani (2002). Cette entrevue fait appel aux représentations selon le point de vue du progéniteur et l’interroge sur l’expérience de victimisation chez l’enfant et la façon dont celui-ci intègre cette expérience. L’analyse des résultats a pour référentiel théorique la Ground Theory, c’est à dire une analyse ancrée sur les données, et dont les catégories émergent à partir de la lecture et de la compréhension des récits des participants. De cette étude (voir chapitre V), nous avons pu observer que l'exposition à la violence, quel que soit le type de violence, produit effectivement un impact quel que soit le cas, et que la seule distinction qu’il est possible d’observer se réfère à la gravité de cet impact. Toutefois, il est clair qu’il y a une bonne adaptation de l’enfant aux différents contextes. Pour évaluer les compétences sociales et les problèmes de comportement des enfants nous avons fait appel au questionnaire sur le comportement de l'enfant (Child Behavior Checklist CBCL) développé par Achenbach (1991) et traduit par Gonçalves, Dias et Machado (2007). Les résultats de cette étude indiquent qu’au niveau des problèmes d'intériorisation de la plupart des enfants, les valeurs sont proches de celles trouvées par Achenbach (1991) pour la population clinique. Au niveau des problèmes d'extériorisation, la plupart des résultats se maintient dans les limites normatives. Lors de l'analyse de l'ajustement global des enfants, nous constatons que les valeurs se situent entre le niveau clinique et la limite normative. En termes de compétences, la plupart des enfants ont de bonnes compétences. La victimisation des enfants dans leur milieu familial en raison de la souffrance interparentale à laquelle ils sont exposés, est une expérience complexe, avec une grande variabilité sur l'impact que cette exposition peut provoquer sur l’ajustement global de l’enfant. Une approche centrée sur l'enfant, à l´aide des informations quantitatives et / ou qualitatives recueillies auprès de tiers, nous permet, avec toute confiance, une profonde compréhension de ce phénomène peu visible.
Frachon, Léa. "Génomique écologique de l'adaptation d'Arabidopsis thaliana dans un environnement hétérogène". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30098/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of global changes, one of the challenges in ecological genomics is to estimate the adaptive potential of natural populations. Three steps are requested to address this challenge: identification of the selective agents and their associated spatial grains, identification of the genetic bases of adaptation and monitoring the adaptive dynamics of natural population over a short time period. Here, I aimed at studying the adaptive potential of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Based on 168 natural populations of A. thaliana characterized for 24 phenotypic traits and 60 abiotic (climate, soil) and biotic (plant communities and microbiota) factors, plant communities were found to be the main selective agents. Based on 4.8 million SNPs, I combined Genome Environment Association analysis with genome scans for signatures of selection. I confirmed the importance to consider plant-plant interactions when studying adaptation in A. thaliana. To monitor the adaptive dynamics of a natural population in the context of global warming, I combined an in situ resurrection study with an approach of GWA mapping based on 195 local accessions characterized for 29 phenotypic traits and 1.9 million SNPs. Adaptive evolutionary changes were largely driven by rare QTLs with intermediate degrees of pleiotropy under strong selection. In addition to these rare pleiotropic QTLs, weak selection was detected for frequent small micro-habitat-specific QTLs that shape single traits. Overall, I suggest that a rapid adaptive phenotypic evolution can be rapidly achieved in A. thaliana, while still maintaining genetic variation in natural populations
Locatelli, Bruno. "Services écosystémiques et changement climatique". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931871.
Texto completo da fonteHernandez, Salinas Alberto. "Les relations entre les sciences environnementales et les politiques dans le Programme MAB de l´UNESCO en Amérique Latine et son adaptation au Mexique, au Chili et en Haïti". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA047/document.
Texto completo da fonteEnvironmental challenges have a significant impact. The Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme of UNESCO provides international support to one of the challenges facing humanity; that is how to achieve economic, social and political development and to promote the conservation of limited natural resources at the same time.This thesis takes into account a historical vision of the programme at the global level to understand its evolution and to highlight the relationship between the political and scientific spheres of the programme.On the other hand, it presents three study cases in different countries: Mexico, Chile and the Republic of Haiti to demonstrate how the programme has been adapted on the national level and the challenges they face. Two groups of actors have shaped the programme throughout its history, scientists and political bodies. They have maintained dialogues to adopt the principles of the MAB Programme in the Biosphere Reserves. Moreover, the recent creation of a Transboundary Biosphere Reserve between the Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic is an example of collaboration, but also it highlights the importance of other bodies of UNESCO such as the National Commissions and Permanent Delegations in policy-making
Buffet, Christophe. "L'adaptation au changement climatique : construction, cadrages et acteurs, des arènes globales de négociations aux populations vulnérables du Bangladesh". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0091.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change is now considered as one of the biggest challenge of our century. If the reduction of emissions remains primordial, climatologists' projections prove that adaptation to its impacts has already become unavoidable. This imperative has expanded at all scales since the early 2000s, from the global arenas of negotiations (COPs) to the populations considered as the most vulnerable. Through a multidisciplinary approach including science studies (STS), political sciences and socio-anthropology, this thesis analyses the political, institutional, epistemic and practical construction of adaptation. It highlights multiple interactions between science and policy, as well as the framing of different actors that contributed to this construction. A particular emphasis is placed ori Bangladesh, which became a "hot spot" of adaptation, and on NGOs. As multiscalar actors, NGOs mobilized their expertise to participate and set adaptation on the agenda of COPs and to implement community-based adaptation programmes
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Mateo, Santos Maria. "Réponses adaptatives des anguilles tempérées à l’hétérogénéité environnementale : mécanismes évolutifs, menaces liées au changement global et conséquences pour la conservation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0713/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe worldwide decline of temperate eels is due to a synergistic combination of several anthropogenic pressures. However, eels display very specific life-cycles and amazing adaptation capacities that impair our ability to assess the relative effects of each pressure. Temperate eels are three catadromous species with large spatially distribution area during their continental growth stage. Their panmixia and the passive larval drifts impair the possibility of local adaptation; however life history spatial patterns are correlated with environmental gradients at both river catchment and distribution area scales. ThisPhD aims (i) to explore whether these life history spatial patterns may result from two adaptive responses: genetic polymorphism and adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and (ii) to revisit the effect of different components of global change in consideration to these adaptive responses. In this context,GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model was developed. The model postulates that genetic dependent habitat selection and phenotypic plasticity are mechanisms to address environmental heterogeneity. With such assumptions, the model was able to mimic observed spatial patterns in length-at-silvering, sex ratio and distribution of ecotypes. Moreover, different types of anthropogenic pressures (glass eel fishery, silver eel fishery, obstacles to upstream migration, and mortality due to hydropower facilities) were integrated in the model. Then, the model was used to assess their impacts on the number of escapees and their attributes: sex ratio, repartition between genotypes, mean lengthat-silvering, and overall egg production. The results showed that the pressure that induces the highest direct mortality has not necessarily the greatest influence on the spawning biomass and does not necessarily exert the strongest selective pressure on the ecotypes. This demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity can be a source of resilience for the population and mitigates the effect of some but not all the pressures. It also suggests that management should not only focus on numbers and direct mortalitybut on the preservation of diversity within populations. Finally, a demo-genetic model is described summarizing our understanding of eel populations. Such model can be used in the future to explore the ecological conditions in which genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity have been selected through generations and provide new insights for the conservation of endangered eel species
Fabre, Adrien. "Is decarbonization achievable? : essays on the economics of the energy transition". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E011.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies
Boyer, Anne-Lise. "De la ville-oasis à la ville désert. L'adaptation urbaine à la rareté de l'eau à Phoenix et à Tucson (Arizona)". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN069.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of climate change, as droughts intensify and as more areas are subject to high water stress, this dissertation focuses on how to manage the imbalance between water resource availability and growing demand in two metropolises of the arid West of the United States. Located in the Sonoran Desert and built on the model of the oasis city, Phoenix and Tucson take the socio-ecological stakes of water scarcity to the extreme. This study proposes to consider these two cities as laboratories for urban adaptation to climate change to explore competing modalities of adaptation to water scarcity. Using an urban political ecology framework, the goal is to observe and analyze the power struggles between stakeholders involved in water resource management in a context where the system of large hydraulic infrastructures underpinning urban growth is increasingly called into question. This mixed-methods survey brings together critical discourse analysis to deconstruct the dominant arguments and position-takings on water conservation, semi-structured interviews with water sector actors (institutions and environmental activists) and participant observation to question the tensions between discourses and changes in urban practices at the local level for adapting the urban metabolism to a world of less water. This thesis shows, on the one hand, that adaptation strategies are implemented by dominant actors within the framework of socio-ecological fixes in order to maintain the growth trajectory of particularly attractive cities. On the other hand, it highlights the role that citizen empowerment plays in the emergence of alternatives and shows that environmental alternatives play an important role in regulating resource control strategies and overcoming traditional resource-based management paradigms
Lebrun, Julien. "Dynamique des versants en relation avec les changements climatiques et l'occupation humaine, mont Flautafell, Nord-Est de l'Islande". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34294.
Texto completo da fonteAmat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors