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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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Treichler, F. Robert. "Testing musical ability". History of the Human Sciences 26, n.º 5 (dezembro de 2013): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695113508121.
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Leopold, Donald A., David E. Hornung e James E. Schwob. "Congenital Lack of Olfactory Ability". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 101, n.º 3 (março de 1992): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949210100306.
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Twenty-two patients, all of whom reported never having been able to smell anything, were studied to determine the particular features that distinguish individuals with congenital anosmia. The clinical evaluation on these patients included a thorough medical and chemosensory history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy, chemosensory testing, olfactory biopsies, and imaging studies. There was no evidence to indicate that these patients ever had a sense of smell. The results of olfactory testing suggested that these patients had an inability to detect both olfactory and trigeminal odorants; however, many of the patients in the group seemed to have a slight ability to perceive at least some component of trigeminal odorants. The olfactory epithelium, if it was present at all on biopsy, was abnormal in appearance.
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Thompson, Richard S., e Gillan Sutherland. "Ability, Merit, and Measurement: Mental Testing and English Education, 1880-1914". American Historical Review 90, n.º 5 (dezembro de 1985): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1859720.
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Mead, Philip B. "Ability of History Taking Alone to Identify Early Pregnancies Among Potential Measles Vaccinees". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, n.º 2 (1994): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744994000402.
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Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the ability of history taking alone, compared with pregnancy testing, to identify early pregnancies among potential female measles vaccinees.Methods: As part of an institution-wide measles immunization program, 326 female health care workers (HCWs) who denied being pregnant underwent a urine pregnancy test prior to vaccination.Results: Of the 326 women, 3 had positive pregnancy tests and were ultimately confirmed to be pregnant. Although all 3 women denied the possibility of pregnancy prior to testing, 2 had been unable to give an exact date for their last menstrual period (LMP).Conclusions: In this group of 326 northern New England HCWs being immunized against measles during an outbreak, history taking alone failed to identify 3 pregnancies. If the inability to give an exact date of the LMP had been included as a discriminator, 2 additional pregnancies could have been suspected, but 1 pregnancy still would have gone undetected.
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Heard, Matthew J. "Using Life History Data to Examine Trade-Offs in Body Size and Reproductive Ability". American Biology Teacher 80, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2018): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.1.53.
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Life history trade-offs provide an opportunity for students to learn about concepts in ecology, evolutionary biology, and natural history. Here I present a simple activity that I created to help students use data from museums and online life history databases to explore the relationship between body size and reproductive ability in birds. This activity, which guides students in hypothesis development and testing, data collection, and statistical analysis, is applicable to students at the high school and undergraduate levels. In addition, although I focused on birds, this activity can also be applied to other taxa where life history data are available.
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Kunnan, Antony John. "POLITICS AND LEGISLATION IN CITIZENSHIP TESTING IN THE UNITED STATES". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 29 (março de 2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190509090047.
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Politics and legislation have been entangled in language planning and policy in the United States since 1776. Regulations for immigration and citizenship (naturalization) have been in place since the Naturalization Act of 1790. This article examines the history of immigration and citizenship legislation that started with this act up to the more recent act of 1952, which included regulations requiring ability in English language and knowledge of history and government. It concludes with brief examinations of the old and redesigned Naturalization Tests.
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Ellis, Jason. "“Inequalities of Children in Original Endowment”: How Intelligence Testing Transformed Early Special Education in a North American City School System". History of Education Quarterly 53, n.º 4 (novembro de 2013): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12035.
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“There are few if any more significant events in modern educational history than the developments which have recently taken place in methods of mental measurement,” Lewis Terman wrote in 1923 about the intelligence testing movement he did so much to pioneer in American schools throughout the 1920s. Indeed educational historians, particularly Paul Chapman, have shown that the rise of intelligence testing provoked large and relatively swift changes in public education, enabling school systems to sort and stream their students by ability on an unprecedented scale. “By 1930,” Chapman writes, “both intelligence testing and ability grouping had become central features of the educational system.” Less often talked about are the effects of intelligence testing and the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ) on early special education classes, and on the pupils who attended them. In fact, Terman recognized the significance of IQ testing to special education as well. In 1919, he wrote that IQ tests would help to turn the existing logic of learning problems on its head by proving that “the retardation problem is exactly the reverse of what it is popularly supposed to be.”
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Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius. "Agents of History". Interaction Studies 9, n.º 3 (5 de dezembro de 2008): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.9.3.03geo.
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World War II research into cryptography and computing produced methods, instruments and research communities that informed early research into artificial intelligence (AI) and semi-autonomous computing. Alan Turing and Claude Shannon in particular adapted this research into early theories and demonstrations of AI based on computers’ abilities to track, predict and compete with opponents. This formed a loosely bound collection of techniques, paradigms, and practices I call crypto-intelligence. Subsequent researchers such as Joseph Weizenbaum adapted crypto-intelligence but also reproduced aspects of its antagonistic precepts. This was particularly true in the design and testing of chat bots. Here the ability to trick, fool, and deceive human and machine opponents was a premium, and practices of agent abuse were admired and rewarded. Recognizing the historical genesis of this particular variety of abuse can help researchers develop less antagonistic methodologies.
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Busin, Valentina. "Diagnostic testing in small ruminant medicine". Livestock 28, n.º 4 (2 de julho de 2023): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2023.28.4.180.
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Diagnostic testing can be a challenging, although very rewarding component of veterinary medicine, which, if carried out with a systematic approach and taking into consideration both history taking/data collection and clinical examination, can enhance the clinician's ability to confidently reach a diagnosis, apply the appropriate changes and/or control measures and, in the end, provide cost-effective benefits to the overall health and management of small ruminants. Many diagnostics tests are available for small ruminants, and the difficulty is to know which are the most appropriate for the disease/condition in questions, taking into consideration economic factors, the performance of the test(s) and the sampling methodology. Finally, new technologies have arisen in the last few years, which will be of particular interest to overcome some of the challenges in small ruminant diagnostics.
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Taylor, J. M., e E. J. Radford. "Psychometric Testing as an Unfair Labour Practice". South African Journal of Psychology 16, n.º 3 (setembro de 1986): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638601600302.
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The concept of unfair labour practice has been introduced into South Africa through the Labour Relations Act and it is argued that certain psychometric testing practices can be interpreted as falling under the definition of an unfair labour practice. Empirical results are presented indicating that different ethnic groups obtain significantly different mean ability test scores. A case-study is cited to show that this would result in underprediction of performance on a criterion for the lower scoring of two groups if test scores are regarded as comparable. It is argued that any interpretation of psychometric data in South Africa that does not take account of possible differences between ethnic groups is likely to ignore a significant moderator variable, given the history of ethnically based discriminatory practices in this country. Arguments based on meta-analytical research in the USA, to the effect that psychometric ability tests do not discriminate unfairly against disadvantaged groups if the same tests and norms are used, should not be assumed to hold in South Africa. Various conceptions of what constitutes fairness in selection are considered, and it is concluded that there is a need for employers to make explicit in their selection policies the trade-off between economic and social costs of employment practices. Finally, some implications for users of psychometric tests in industry are considered, in order to forewarn of likely developments in this field.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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Kruger, Sandra Carolina. "The use of rubrics in the assessment of social sciences (history) in the get band in transformational outcomes-based education". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1910.
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Thesis (MTech (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2007With the advent of implementing transformational outcomes-based education in South African schools, educators have had to adopt a standards-based assessment approach. Rubrics as an assessment scoring tool have been acclaimed as one of the most effective assessment tools with which standards-based assessment can be implemented and managed. This study explores the ways in which educators manage assessment in their classrooms whilst promoting the basic tenets of transformational outcomes-based education. The demand is on competencies that illustrate the ability to think and perform critically. Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain is put forward as an instrument to use in designing and using rubrics in order to achieve the desired learning outcomes. Effecting change is not an easy process and this study investigates the challenges educators are facing in implementing this aspect of educational reform.
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Kwan, Kit-man Kitty, e 關潔文. "An evaluation of students' language difficulties in using history and integrated science materials in form I in an Anglo-Chinese secondaryschool". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38626597.
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Watts, VSE. "The role of familial relatedness and associated factors in interest in genetic testing for depression". Thesis, 2022. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/47625/.
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This study examines factors that affect interest in genetic testing for depression. The following investigates personal and family history of depression, specifically if interest differs between first- and second-degree family history. Of further consideration is if high and low predictive ability levels, if frequency of contact (FOC) to family members with depression and if genetic knowledge affect interest. A total of 261 participants aged over 18 (mean age = 28.19 years; female N = 195, male N = 60, other N = 6) completed an online survey that assessed personal and family history of depression, FOC to family members with depression, genetic knowledge, and interest at high versus low levels of predictive ability. Participants expressed greater interest in high predictive ability testing than low predictive ability. Results also found significant differences in interest between participants with personal diagnosed history of depression and participants with second degree family history. Both FOC to family members with depression and genetic knowledge did not mediate the effect of family history of depression on interest in genetic testing. The results of this study can be used to inform policies that improve education on genetics, and support services for individuals who are interested in genetic testing.
Livros sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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F, Lohman David, ed. A century of ability testing. Chicago: Riverside Pub. Co., 1990.
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Alan, Davies. Assessing academic English: Testing English proficiency 1950-2005 : the IELTS solution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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R, Weston Joshua, ed. Building strategic language ability programs. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2009.
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Barnwell, David Patrick. A history of foreign language testing in the United States: From its beginnings to the present. Tempe, Ariz: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe, 1996.
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United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, ed. Results from the NAEP 1994 U.S. history assessment: --at a glance. [Washington. D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1996.
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Zhang, Wei. Han yu mu yu ce ping shi lun. 8a ed. Beijing: Ren min chu ban she, 2015.
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Balui︠a︡n, S. R. Lingvodidakticheskai︠a︡ testologii︠a︡ v SShA: Stanovlenie i razvitie : monografii︠a︡. Moskva: Kompanii︠a︡ Sputnik+, 2007.
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National Center for Education Statistics. e United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement., eds. U.S. history highlights 2001. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 2002.
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National Center for Education Statistics e United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, eds. U.S. history highlights 2001. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 2002.
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National Center for Education Statistics. e United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement., eds. U.S. history highlights 2001. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 2002.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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Honor, Richard, e Robert I. Colautti. "EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 192–207. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0192.
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Abstract Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.
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Toby, Milton C. "The Spit Box, Trainer Responsibility, and the Modern Era of Drug Testing". In Unnatural Ability, 108–18. University Press of Kentucky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813197432.003.0009.
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This chapter further examines the dilemma that complicates any efforts to curb PEDs in equine settings: namely, that the development of new PEDs always outraces the development of reliable chemical tests to detect them. This chapter outlines the long history of modern drug testing and its intermingling with the racetracks' and Thoroughbred racing committees' anti-doping efforts. Hialeah Park in Florida, where 443 saliva tests were administered during the 1937-38 racing season, marks the birthplace of the modern era of drug testing and an early version of the "absolute insurer rule" that remains in effect today.
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Staub, Michael E. "A Racial History of Emotional Intelligence". In The Mismeasure of Minds, 109–38. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643595.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the idea that self-control and ability to tolerate gratification delay was an essential skill infinitely more important than IQ. By the 1960s, personality psychologist Walter Mischel was testing preschoolers on their ability to resist the temptation of one marshmallow available immediately in the expectation that if they waited they could have two marshmallows subsequently. Mischel saw his marshmallow experiment as having a powerful predictive value, even as others racialized Mischel’s findings in a way that pathologized black youth. By the 1970s, psychologists (like Richard Herrnstein, future coauthor of The Bell Curve) announced that there were correlations between low impulse control, low IQ, and criminal behavior. By the mid-1990s, after the publication of The Bell Curve, Harvard-educated psychologist Daniel Goleman, in his bestseller Emotional Intelligence, argued that self-control—not IQ—was most likely to predict future success. Emotional intelligence was to become a critically important alternative both to the metric of IQ and to the policy recommendations (and biological determinism) advanced in The Bell Curve.
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Winner, Ellen. "Putting Making at the Center". In An Uneasy Guest in the Schoolhouse, 91–102. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061289.003.0007.
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This chapter examines Arts PROPEL, a progressive alternative to Discipline-Based Art Education (DBAE) developed at the same time. PROPEL grew out of a collaboration between Harvard Project Zero and the Educational Testing Service, with the goal of developing nonstandardized, qualitative forms of assessment in the arts. In contrast to DBAE, PROPEL insisted that making be at the center of art education. Out of making would grow reflection, the ability to evaluate, and an interest in art history. At the heart of PROPEL were long-term, open-ended, challenging “domain projects” that were personally meaningful to students, and “processfolios,” in which students kept all of their drafts and written reflections.
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Watts, Joseph. "The Cultural Macroevolution of Religion". In The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198869252.013.48.
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Abstract Religious systems have the key properties of an evolutionary system: they are inherited over time, are subject to change, and differ in their ability to gain and retain members. The cultural macroevolutionary study of religion seeks to identify and understand generalizable patterns of religious change over human history. This chapter is structured around four questions about the macroevolution of religion. First, what are the modes of religion transmission? Second, what is the tempo of religious change? Third, how do religions coevolve with other cultural and environmental traits? Fourth, what factors explain the rise and fall of religious systems in human history? Each topic is explained from an evolutionary perspective, along with an overview of empirical research. This research has been a testing ground for theories of cultural evolution, though many key questions remain unresolved. Further research directed at answering these questions will provide a richer understanding of religion, as well as the dynamics of cultural evolution.
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Bromham, Lindell, e Marcel Cardillo. "How did evolution get started?" In Origins of Biodiversity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199608713.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses how evolution started on earth. For evolution to occur, there must be a population of replicators able to copy themselves with near-perfect accuracy, with occasional variations that provide the potential for natural selection to improve copying ability. The capacity for heritable information can be increased by combining previously independent replicators into coordinated systems that rely on each other for replication. The major transitions in evolution are macroevolutionary events that led to increases in informational capacity, permitting the evolution of diversity and complexity over time. The chapter then looks at the use of experiments and models in considering the origin of life. While models and experiments are general tools employed in many different scientific fields, there is another method for testing ideas that is particular to evolution. The evolutionary comparative method uses comparisons between the end products of evolution to make inferences about evolutionary process and history.
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Stone, Jon, e Michael Sharpe. "Functional Symptoms and Signs in Neurology". In Neurology And Trauma, 639–78. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170320.003.0036.
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Abstract A 30-year-old woman presents to a clinical neurology service with a 3-month history of right leg weakness. Her problems began slowly after she tripped and hurt her ankle while running to the assistance of her daughter. The ankle pain resolved, but the weakness gradually got worse. She complains of a number of other recent symptoms including pain, fatigue, poor memory, and bowel disturbance. Her file is noticeably large, with previous medical contacts for hysterectomy, laparoscopy for abdominal pain, and rather brittle asthma. Now her husband has to help her dress and bathe, and she is receiving state disability benefits. She has seen an orthopedic specialist, who has confirmed that there is no evidence of bony or soft tissue injury. On examination she walks with her leg dragging behind her and her hip laterally rotated. There is marked inconsistency between power testing on the bed and ability when walking. She has a strongly positive Hoover’s sign, and although only her arm and face are not symptomatic, she is surprised to find that on testing, temperature and vibration sense are altered on the right side of her body, with a midline split. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, lumbar puncture, neurophysiology, and other relevant tests are all normal. A diagnosis of functional paralysis is made.
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Han, Katrina, e Janet McGill. "Case 5: Challenges in the Management of Pancreatogenic (Type 3c) Diabetes". In Diabetes In Practice: Case Studies with Commentary, 16–19. American Diabetes Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/9781580407663.05.
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A 33-year-old female with a history of hereditary pancreatitis and type 3c diabetes was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain and nausea. The endocrine service was consulted for inpatient management of diabetes. She experienced her first episode of pancreatitis at the age of 5 and was soon after diagnosed with hereditary pancreatitis. On genetic testing, she was found to have an R122H PRSS1 (protease serine 1) variant, which is an activating mutation in trypsinogen and the most common variant in patients with autosomal-dominant hereditary pancreatitis. She underwent a partial pancreatectomy and jejunostomy at age 14 but continued to have chronic abdominal pain and recurrent pancreatitis episodes, requiring chronic opioids for pain management. Persistent abdominal pain impeded her ability to maintain consistent follow-up. This sporadic treatment contributed to inadequate compliance with her diabetes regimen. Issues with insurance and medication cost led to inconsistent treatment with oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.
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Doughty, Paul, e David N. Reznick. "Patterns and Analysis of Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in Animals". In Phenotypic Plasticity, 126–50. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138962.003.0009.
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Abstract The most obvious ecological difference between animals and plants is that most animals move through space in response to changing conditions whereas plants do not. The evolution of a complex neuromuscular system that enables animals to receive, process, and respond to information with coordinated movement through space is perhaps the most impressive feat of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, broadly defined. However, this ability to move through space cannot resolve all environmental challenges. There will therefore be selection for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in morphology, physiology, behavior, and life history characters in response to the many diverse and risky situations animals face. Two main questions of interest to evolutionary biologists investigating this topic are ( l) what kinds of environmental variation select for adaptive plasticity, versus other evolutionary responses such as local adaptation or polymorphism, and (2) what constrains the evolution of plastic responses? Empirical evaluation of adaptive plasticity in animals over the past two decades has revealed a wide diversity of solutions to an equally wide array of environmental problems (Scheiner 1993; Travis 1994; Gotthard and Nylin 1995; Skulason and Smith 1995; Via et al. 1995; Roff 1996; Nylini and Gotthard 1998; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Tollriani and Harvell 1999; chapter l 0). In many areas, theoretical explorations have far outpaced empirical testing (Via et al. 1995; Agrawal 2001; chapter 6). For example, testing some of the more recent models will require information on the spatial and temporal distribution of alternative environments, whether they are population sources or sinks, and movement among patches (e.g., Houston and McNamara 1992; Siblyl995; Whitlock 1996; Sasaki and de Jong 1999). This imbalance between conjecture and data will probably persist because rigorously testing plastic adaptations can be timeconsuming and logistically difficult.
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Rosmarin, Caryn. "The Use of the Laboratory in the Investigation, Management, and Prevention of Infection". In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0014.
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The pre-analytical stage is broadly classified into four elements: 1. Appropriate selection and use of diagnostic tests; 2. Proper filling in of request forms (paper or electronic); 3. Collection and transport of specimens; and 4. Checks made when the specimen and request form reach the laboratory to ensure the correct patient, sample, and request have been made. A large part of the laboratory role is to advise on the collection of appropriate samples in order to ensure the best chance of diagnosing a suspected infection syndrome or specific pathogen. This requires having a working knowledge of the range and processes of tests available in the laboratory for each clinical syndrome, and the ability to appreciate their strengths and weaknesses, sensitivities and specificities. In addition, advice on the sampling technique may need to be provided regarding the timing of the sample, the type of sample, number or volume of samples, and optimal storage and transport conditions that are required for the specific test. Failure to take sufficient amount of the correct sample, at the correct time, and using the correct container, or storing it in a suboptimal manner, may lead to falsely negative or positive results. Most laboratories have manuals for guidance on sampling details and the tests performed. It is vital that this information is available to clinical staff. Microbiologists and virologists contribute to this guide and assist in ensuring it is communicated to the clinicians taking the samples. This is particularly important for precious samples that cannot easily be repeated, e.g surgical biopsies, CSF from lumbar punctures. Ensuring the correct completion of the request form is vital. Important clinical details should be included on the request to help guide the most appropriate tests. Examples of important information to be documented on the request include travel history, antibiotic history, immune status, underlying diseases, and site of suspected infection. The analytical stage consists of the actual testing of the sample. Examples of common tests performed in this stage include microscopy, culture, sensitivity testing, serology, and molecular detection, as well as more novel techniques such as mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and sequencing.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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Armendariz, Norman J., e Carolyn McCormick. "Microhardness Testing on Via Fill Material for Via In Pad Technology". In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0209.
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Abstract Via in pad PCB (Printed Circuit board) technology for passive components such as chip capacitors and resistors, provides the potential for improved signal routing density and reduced PCB area. Because of these improvements there is the potential for PCB cost reduction as well as gains in electrical performance through reduced impedance and inductance. However, not long after the implementation, double digit unit failures for solder joint electrical opens due to capacitor “tombstoning” began to occur. Failure modes included via fill material (solder mask) protrusion from the via as well as “out gassing” and related “tombstoning.” This failure analysis involved investigating a strong dependence on PCB supplier and, less obviously, manufacturing site. Other factors evaluated included via fill material, drill size, via fill thermal history and via fill amount or fill percent. The factor most implicated was incomplete cure of the via fill material. Previous thermal gravimetric analysis methods to determine level of polymerization or cure did not provide an ability to measure and demonstrate via fill cure level in small selected areas or its link to the failures. As a result, there was a metrology approach developed to establish this link and root-cause the failures in the field, which was based on microhardness techniques and noncontact via fill measuring metrologies.
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Reagan, Steven, Xioawei Li e Saeed Barbat. "Evaluation of Deformable Barrier Designs and Associated Compatibility Metrics in Full Frontal Impact Testing". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82540.
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Several modifications to an existing deformable barrier are investigated for their ability to predict the presence of secondary energy absorbing structures (SEAS) using four deformable barrier designs with simulated impact by two vehicles. This study is motivated by the assumption that SEAS may enhance vehicle-to-vehicle compatibility and it is desirable to know if SEAS presence and its benefits are detectable through dynamic barrier testing. The considered barrier types are modifications of the Transportation Research Laboratory (TRL) barrier consisting of two layers, a front and rear. Each layer is 150mm thick with the first (front-most with respect to the vehicle) layer compression stiffness of 0.34 MPa and the second (rear-most) of 1.71 MPa. Proposed modifications to the (original, baseline) barrier are: 1. Increase the stiffness of a localized region of the front layer to 1.71 MPa (between ground heights of 330mm and 580mm). 2. Increase the depth of the second layer to 200 mm. 3. lncrease the depth of the second layer to 300 mm and use a single, non-segmented piece for the entire layer. The resulting four barrier configurations are all assumed to have 125 × 125 mm segmented “cells” supported by load time-history transducers. Computer simulation of impact by four vehicle models differing in mass and structural architecture is used. Four vehicle metrics intended to measure compatibility through impact with deformable barriers are used to quantify each barrier design’s ability to detect SEAS. Using the metrics outlined in this paper, a barrier design with stiffened rows three and four is best suited for SEAS detection. This conclusion is based on its sensitivity to four vehicle designs with and without SEAS as well as consistency of trends.
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Yang, Haocheng, e Tyler Boulom. "An Interactive Role-Playing Game based Learning System for History using Artificial Intelligence and 3D Modeling". In 12th International Conference of Security, Privacy and Trust Management. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2024.141107.
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This paper addresses the challenge of disengagement and lack of motivation among students learning history, often attributed to traditional teaching methods that fail to captivate their interest. We propose an innovative solution through an educational roleplaying game (RPG) that integrates adaptive AI to create a personalized, immersive learning environment [1]. This game allows students to explore historical events as active participants rather than passive recipients, enhancing engagement and retention of information. Key technologies include an adaptive AI system that tailors content to individual learning styles and a game-based platform that encourages exploration and decision-making [2]. Challenges such as ensuring historical accuracy, maintaining user engagement, and addressing diverse educational needs were addressed through iterative design and testing, incorporating feedback from real-world classroom settings. Experimental application across various educational scenarios demonstrated significant improvements in student engagement and historical knowledge comprehension. Results indicated that students not only enjoyed learning about history through this interactive platform but also developed a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Ultimately, this RPG-based educational tool offers a compelling alternative to traditional history education, promoting active learning and sustained interest [3]. Its ability to adapt to individual learner profiles and engage students in meaningful ways makes it an invaluable resource in educational environments striving to enhance both learning outcomes and student motivation.
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Notohardjono, Budy, Richard Ecker e Shawn Canfield. "Testing and Analysis Process of Earthquake Resistance Mainframe Computer Structure". In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63348.
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A mainframe computer’s structure consists of a frame or rack, drawers with central processor units, IO equipment, memory and other electronic equipment. The focus of this structural mechanical analysis and design is on the frame, earthquake stiffening brackets and tie-down methods. The primary function of the frame is to protect critical electronic equipment in two modes. The first mode is during shipping shock and vibration, which provides excitation primarily in the vertical direction. The second mode of protection is protecting the equipment during seismic events where horizontal vibration can be significant. Frame stiffening brackets and tie-downs are features added to mainframe systems that must meet earthquake resistance requirements. Designing to withstand seismic events requires significant analysis and test efforts since the functional performance of the system must be maintained during and after seismic events. The frame stiffening brackets and anchorage system must have adequate strength and stiffness to counteract earthquake-induced forces, thereby preventing human injury and potential system damage. The frame’s stiffening bracket and tie-down combination must ensure continued system operation by limiting overall displacement of the structure to acceptable levels, while not inducing undue stress to the critical electronic components. This paper discusses the process of finite element analysis and testing of a mainframe computer structure to develop a design that can withstand a severe earthquake test profile. Finite element analysis modeling tools such as ANSYS, a general-purpose finite element solver, was used to analyze the initial frame design CAD model. Both implicit and explicit finite element methods were used to analyze the mainframe subjected to uniaxial and triaxial earthquake test profiles. The seismic simulation tests involve extensive uniaxial and triaxial earthquake testing in both raised floor and non-raised floor environments at a test facility. Prior to this extensive final test, in-house tests were conducted along with modal analysis of the prototype frame hardware. These tests are used to refine the dynamic characteristics of the finite element model and to design the frame stiffening bracket and tie-down system. The purpose of the modeling and in-house testing is to have a verified finite element model of the server frame and components, which will then lead to successful, seismic system tests. During experimental verification, the dynamic responses were recorded and analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. The use of explicit finite element modeling, specifically LS-DYNA, extends the capability of implicit, linear modeling by allowing the incorporation of test data time history input and the experimentally derived damping ratio. When combined with the ability to model non-linear connections and material properties, this method provides better correlation to measured test results. In practice, the triaxial seismic time history was applied as input to the finite element model, which predicted regions of plastic strain and deformation. These results were used to iteratively simulate enhancements and successfully reduce structural failure in subsequent testing.
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Suthar, Sailesh, e Lay Lay Goh. "AI Application in Yield and Failure Analysis to Reduce Overall Time-to-Defect and Failure Root-Cause Isolation". In ISTFA 2022. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2022p0402.
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Abstract This paper presents conceptual application of AI in Failure Analysis to connect to various databases in semiconductor manufacturing and generating interactive data visualization to isolate root cause of failure faster vs traditional methods. Generally available low-cost software application like Microsoft Power BI (Business Intelligence) is utilized to visualize big data to isolate failure modes at wafer, die, and package level. This historic data visualization knowledge is further used by failure analyst to process failure mode isolation much faster based on failed package unit history. Semiconductor manufacturing companies have various big data such as wafer fab processing, die level test, or wafer sort and packaged die testing including customer return. MS Power BI application has ability to connect to these separate big databases and create unified data visualization to isolate failure modes through faster inter-connectivity and "connecting the dots" to provide bigger picture or drill down to finer unit level detail. This level of visualization utilizes already available info/data to help reduce overall time-to-defect. With this failure background, engineers can plan fault isolation and analysis and reduce overall time to find root-cause of failure.
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STEPHENS, DANIELLE, PAUL SWINDELL, YONGZHE TIAN, WALTER SIPPEL, SETH KESSLER, AMRITA KUMAR, SUSHEEL KUMAR YADAV e FRANKLIN LI. "STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATION ON CHEMICAL MILL LINE CRACKING". In Structural Health Monitoring 2023. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2023/36774.
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The FAA’s Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) research program is integral in the FAA’s regulatory policy and guidance development for the implementation of SHM in civil aircraft. It also assists the FAA’s Emerging Technology Research program in numerous test scenarios. Various SHM technologies get real structure testing and provide the FAA with inspection results. Further, the SHM research team also participates in the SAE Aerospace Industry Steering Committee (AISC) for SHM. This paper will provide a brief history of the SHM research program and its assistance in FAA certification of SHM use. It will provide results from one of the Emerging Technology test programs at the FAA William J Hughes Technical Center focused on the evaluation of two SHM technologies and their ability to detect chemical mill line cracking on a full-scale test panel.
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Rogers, Robert H. "Tar-Polyurethane Joint Coating for the Three-Layer Polyethylene Pipeline Coating". In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1827.
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This article describes a new joint coating system implemented by Bechtel for a major international, 48 inch diameter gas pipeline. Despite the long history of use as a pipe and valve coating, the new implementation is the industry’s first significant use of a thermoset hot spray coating applied to field weld areas of pipe, mill coated with a three layer polyethylene system. In the laboratory and in field trials, the coating demonstrated integrity, was applied much quicker than the traditional heat shrink sleeve, and eliminated several application contingencies. Laboratory investigations undertaken in Houston, Texas and Lyon, France were key steps in selecting the 100% solids tar-polyurethane coating. Additionally, the testing assisted in developing the surface preparation technique, and demonstrating the coating’s ability to adhere to the polyethylene coating as well as the steel pipe. Serious localized corrosion, and cathodic protection shielding associated with other joint coatings are less probable with the new joint coating system. Actual field cathodic protection testing indicated very low current consumption for the completed pipeline. The efficient joint coating operation contributed to setting new construction records.
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Balić, Matija, Tomislav Bajs e Bogoljub Sember. "Resolution of the Thermal Binding Issue of Safety Related MOVs at NPP Krško". In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98283.
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Pressure Locking and Thermal Binding (PL/TB) are two different but related physical phenomena, which under certain conditions may prevent the opening of some types of valves. According to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) NPP operators should evaluate all safety.related power operated gate valves in all operational configurations for susceptibility to PL/TB. Corrective actions are required for susceptible valves that shall assure performance of safety function within plant licensing bases. NEK (NEK) first addressed this issue through the analysis of the Motor Operated Valves (MOV) that were included in the NEK MOV program. This approach resulted with 31 valves in Krško NPP being found as susceptible to TB, 21 of which to both TB and PL. Subsequently, a more thorough analysis was performed, which took into account realistic operational parameters and detailed deterministic and probabilistic assessment evaluation of accident scenarios. This produced a list of 8 valves susceptible to PL, and another 8 susceptible to TB. Valves were screened according to their safety significance, safety function, type, operational history, and operational conditions. Where applicable, Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) has been used as a tool to screen the risk from PL/TB to the safe plant operation. To reduce the risk from PL/TB occurrence, either physical modification of the valve (alteration of actuator gear ratio to provide more force), relevant part of the entire fluid system (flooding of sump suction lines), or simulation and testing to confirm actual ability to overcome increased forces (initiating a controlled TB condition, and testing to confirm actuator’s ability to perform), was used. Methods used and results produced for TB are the subject of this paper.
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Wren, David J., Patrick Reid e Len L. Wright. "ACR-1000™ Fuel Design Verification". In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30338.
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The ACR-1000™ design is an evolutionary advancement of the proven CANDU® reactor design that delivers enhanced economic performance, safety, operability and maintainability. The fuel for the ACR-1000 design is based on the well established CANDU fuel bundle design that has over 40 years of demonstrated high performance. Building on its extensive experience in fuel design and analysis, and fuel testing, AECL has designed a CANFLEX-ACR™ fuel bundle that incorporates the latest improvements in CANDU fuel bundle design. The ACR-1000 fuel bundle also includes features that enable the ACR-1000 to achieve higher fuel burn-up and improved reactor core physics characteristics. To verify that the CANFLEX-ACR fuel bundle design will meet and exceed all design requirements, an extensive program of design analysis and testing is being carried out. This program rigorously evaluates the ability of the fuel design to meet all design and performance criteria and particularly those related to fuel failure limits. The design analyses address all of the phenomena that affect the fuel during its residence in the reactor core. Analysis is performed using a suite of computer codes that are used to evaluate the temperatures, deformations, stresses and strains experienced by the fuel bundle during its residence in the reactor core. These analyses take into account the impact of fuel power history and core residence time. Complementing the analyses, testing is performed to demonstrate the compatibility of the fuel with the reactor heat transport system and fuel handling systems, and to demonstrate the ability of the fuel to withstand the mechanical forces that it will experience during its residence in the core. The testing program includes direct measurement of prototype fuel element and fuel bundle properties and performance limits. A number of different test facilities are used including a cold test loop and a hot test loop with a full-scale ACR-1000 fuel channel that operates at reactor coolant temperatures, pressures and flows. This paper summarizes the out-reactor test program and related analysis that provide the basis for verifying that the ACR-1000 fuel design meets its requirements.
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Cole, Rachel, Alexis Hernandez, Bryan Spencer, Rick Cully e Alyssa Franklin. "Digital Pressure Testing Software Improves Safety and Efficiency When Applied to Well Intervention Campaign". In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209012-ms.
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Abstract Well intervention requires reliable pressure data and real-time monitoring of multiple annuli simultaneously to confirm appropriate pressure response of actuated valves and components. The current industry standard uses traditional monitoring methods which involve reading digital crystal gauges and manually recording the values at increments for interpretation. This paper presents a case study where the operator reduced the probability of human error, and improved assurance and safety by utilizing a digital solution during an intervention campaign. During operations, personnel used digital pressure testing software to monitor annulus pressures while performing acid stimulation pressure pumping operations and verified test outcomes during additional intervention operations. To conduct these tests, pressure transducers were tied into the locations where a digital gauge would normally be located, and cables connected to a data acquisition unit for interpretation by operations personnel. The software monitored and analyzed the data in real time to validate the operator's criteria, and all real-time data was able to be viewed both on-site and remotely. When tests completed, reports were auto generated and stored for ease of access. The process described above resulted in a safer testing environment by utilizing transducer cables and a data acquisition unit, allowing personnel to remain a safe distance away, as opposed to the traditional method of taking manual readings near pressurized areas. High resolution digital data was constantly monitored, instead of taking readings in increments, allowing for the improved visualization of annulus or tubing pressures in real time and improving the efficiency of operations. This on-site and remote real-time visualization allowed for better communication and interpretation of appropriate pressure response when shifting sleeves, equalizing pressures, or performing coiled tubing cleanouts. When all intervention work was completed, a comprehensive end of well report was generated to provide a record of all operations and reduce communication errors during handover or subsequent operations throughout the well lifecycle. This digital software solution and equipment tie in used for intervention operations provides a safer environment, more accountability, improved decision making, and more efficient communication in handover. The ability for real time monitoring of pressure response improves participation and collaboration between personnel both on-site and in remote locations. Comprehensive documentation provides an auditable history of events which can be used to improve future operations and promote best practices.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Ability – testing – history"
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Wang, Yong-Yi, e Dan Jia. PR-350-124504-R03 Essential Welding Variables Methodology for X70 Linepipe Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), abril de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011567.
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High productivity mechanized welding processes, such as variants of multi-wire pulsed-gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) have become increasingly popular due to their high production rates. Compared to conventional single-wire/single-torch GMAW processes, the higher productivity variants of the GMAW processes are more complex in welding procedure design, qualification, and field welding, which leads to more complex heating and cooling cycles. As a result, the deposited weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) performance can be quite different from those from more traditional welding processes applied to the same materials. These changes have not been adequately considered and incorporated into essential welding variables in codes and standards. The objective of this project is to validate the essential welding variable methodology (EWVM) for welding of X70 line pipe steels by modern, high-productivity pulsed-gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) techniques to achieve desired weld properties while keeping the cost and time needed for welding procedure qualification to a minimum. Four girth welds with various combinations of heat input and torch configurations were made using GMAW-P. The microstructure response and mechanical properties of weld metal and/or HAZ by testing thermally simulated weld and pipe steel base metals were analyzed. Correlation of welding parameters and thermal history was summarized. The application of EWVM is briefly presented in a step by step procedure. The girth weld properties demonstrate the sensitivity of thermal cycles and the ability of EWVM to predict the trend of the properties. In the long run, welding procedure qualifications focusing on the control of cooling rate could allow a reduction in the number of essential variables.