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Laue, A., J. Hansen-Møller e N. Agergaard. "The effect of peroral and intracaecal 3-methylindole administration on the quantitative absorption to the portal vein in growing intact male pigs". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1998): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-107.
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This study intends to extend knowledge on the fate of intestinal 3-methylindole (3MI) in vivo as the substance is a key causative agent in the expression of boar taint in pig carcasses. Eleven multi-catheterized and caecum-fistulated intact male pigs were used to examine the effects of peroral and intracaecal challenges of 1, 5 and 10 mg 3-methylindole per kilogram body weight (BW) on the quantitative net absorption from specific sites of the alimentary canal (AC), measured as 3MI portal net appearance (PNA). Faeces were collected once a day while portal, hepatic and jugular vein as well as arterial blood were collected during the experiments lasting 300 min. Portal blood flow was recorded by ultrasonic blood flow probes. The BW of the pigs averaged 73 to 89 kg at the beginning and end of the experiments. All pigs on the untreated control treatment absorbed 3MI from the AC. Faecal 3MI concentrations did not differ between control and 3MI-treated pigs. On the other hand, an evident difference was observed in the PNA between the controls with an average of 11.2 mg 3MI (300 min)−1 and 3MI-treated animals varying from 23.9 to 308 mg 3MI (300 min)−1 After application of 3MI, the net absorption from the AC to the portal blood plasma increased up to 147 times. Depending on the site of administration and the dosage application, plasma peak values of 3MI occurred within the first 30 min after the challenge. Within the doses of 1 to 10 mg 3MI (kg BW)−1, no absorption plateau was to be reached. The observed rapid absorption of 3MI leads to the assumption that the mechanism is mainly by passive diffusion. Intravenous 3MI injections indicated diffusion from the blood circulation to the intestinal lumen. The site of administering exogenous 3MI was of less importance for the PNA than the dosage applied. This implies that the permeability for 3MI along the AC is identical, no matter where it is introduced. Results indicate a proportional relation between the 3MI dosage administered and the PNA. Finally, it was observed that a) pigs with high (pre-experimental) initial PNAs subsequently also absorbed more 3MI after challenges of additional 3MI, expressed as PNAs; and b) pigs with increasing BW exhibited higher PNAs, indicating a rise of 3MI absorption with advancing age. Key words: Boar taint, 3-methylindole, quantitative absorption, pig, portal vein, skatole
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Formosa, P. J., T. M. Bray e S. Kubow. "Metabolism of 3-methylindole by prostaglandin H synthase in ram seminal vesicles". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 1988): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-249.
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3-Methylindole (3MI) causes a highly tissue- and species-selective lesion of the lung. Metabolic activation of 3MI by the NADPH-dependent mixed function oxidase (MFO) system is the initial event in the lung-specific toxicity. One-electron co-oxidation of 3MI by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) has been implicated as an alternative mechanism for toxicity in the lung that contains high PHS activity. The objective of this study was to determine if 3MI can be co-oxidized by the arachidonic acid dependent PHS complex. Ram seminal vesicle (RSV) microsomes,which lack MFO activity, were used as a source of PHS. Incubations of RSV microsomes with 3MI, at a concentration as low as 0.01 mM, showed an increase in PHS activity, as indicated by an enhanced rate of oxygen consumption. This effect was arachidonic acid dependent and was inhibited (98%) by indomethacin. Addition of 3MI resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in PHS-catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis from [14C]arachidonic acid. PHS-dependent oxidative metabolism of [14C]3MI resulted in a twofold increase in ethyl acetate extracted radiolabelled metabolites. ESR spin-trapping studies demonstrated the presence of a 3MI free radical generated from the metabolism of 3MI by horseradish peroxidase, a model system of PHS hydroperoxidase. The results indicate that 3MI can be co-oxidized by the arachidonic acid-dependent PHS complex. Co-oxidation of 3MI by PHS may play a role in the tissue specificity of 3MI-induced pneumotoxicity.
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Miller, M. A., S. J. Kottler, J. A. Ramos-Vara, P. J. Johnson, V. K. Ganjam e T. J. Evans. "3-Methylindole Induces Transient Olfactory Mucosal Injury in Ponies". Veterinary Pathology 40, n.º 4 (julho de 2003): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-4-363.
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Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg ( n = 9) or corn oil vehicle ( n = 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory epithelium appeared disorganized with decreased and uneven surface height and scalloping of the basement membrane zone. Epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were hypertrophic. Proliferation of olfactory epithelium and Bowman's glands was supported by an increased mitotic index and positive immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen as compared with controls. The activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an olfactory mucosal cytosolic enzyme localized to sustentacular and Bowman's glandular epithelial cells, was concurrently decreased. By 9 days postdosing, olfactory mucosal lesions had lessened. Results indicate that 3MI transiently injures equine olfactory mucosa without the extensive necrosis, scarring, or metaplasia seen in murine olfactory mucosa or in equine bronchiolar epithelium.
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Perry, Michael B., Onkar S. Atwal e Peter Eyre. "Impairment of sympathetic pulmonary vasoconstriction by 3-methylindole in cattle". American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1985): 905–8. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.04.905.
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SUMMARY Sixteen Holstein cattle allotted into 4 groups (4 cattle/group) were each given a single oral dosage of 0.2 g of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight. The groups were killed at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, after 3MI administration. Comparison of clinical signs, pathologic pulmonary lesions, and in vitro pulmonary artery responses to pharmacologic stimuli was made between the 4 treated groups and 8 control Holstein cattle of similar age. Clinical signs of pulmonary distress first appeared 8 to 12 hours after 3MI administration. After 20 hours, clinical signs included dyspnea, moderate depression, and a marked expiratory grunt. A partial remission of these clinical signs was seen between 30 and 45 hours after 3MI administration. After remission, the cattle had clinical signs of severe dyspnea and depression and expiratory grunts were more pronounced. Pathologic pulmonary lesions, including heavy rubbery lungs, dilated interlobular septae, and subplural air bullae characteristic of pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema were observed. The lungs of treated cattle did not collapse when the thorax was incised at necropsy. In vitro pulmonary artery strips contracted dose dependently to norepinephrine (ne). Group I tissues (12 hours after 3MI administration) responded similarly to control samples. Group II tissues (24 hours after 3MI administration) had a significant inhibition (P < 0.05) in response to ne stimulation as compared with controls, Group III samples (48 hours after 3MI administration) had a return to normal in ne sensitivity, which correlated positively with the remission of clinical signs as observed just before euthanasia of group III cattle. Group IV tissues (72 hours after 3MI administration) had a marked (P < 0.05) inhibition in ne sensitivity that correlated with severe clinical signs. The concurrent clinical remission and return in α-adrenoceptor functions may indicate that the pulmonary homeostatic sympathoadrenal response to 3MI is a significant component in 3MI-induced pulmonary disease. The data indicated that the pulmonary vasculature may be an important primary target of 3MI-induced pneumotoxicosis.
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Bingham, Howard R., Paul S. Morley, Thomas E. Wittum, Tammy M. Bray, Keith H. West, Richard D. Slemons, John A. Ellis et al. "Synergistic effects of concurrent challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and 3-methylindole in calves". American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 1999): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.05.563.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the potential synergy between bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and 3-methylindole (3MI) in inducing respiratory disease in cattle. Animals 20 mixed-breed beef calves. Procedure A 2 × 2 factorial design was used, with random assignment to the following 4 treatment groups: unchallenged control, BRSV challenge exposure (5 × 104 TCID50 by aerosolization and 5.5 × 105 TCID50 by intratracheal inoculation), 3MI challenge exposure (0.1 g/kg of body weight, PO), and combined BRSV-3MI challenge exposure. Clinical examinations were performed daily. Serum 3MI concentrations, WBC counts, PCV, total plasma protein, and fibrinogen concentrations were determined throughout the experiment. Surviving cattle were euthanatized 7 days after challenge exposure. Pulmonary lesions were evaluated at postmortem examination. Results Clinical respiratory disease was more acute and severe in cattle in the BRSV-3MI challenge-exposure group than in cattle in the other groups. All 5 cattle in this group and 3 of 5 cattle treated with 3MI alone died or were euthanatized prior to termination of the experiment. Mean lung displacement volume was greatest in the BRSV-3MI challenge-exposure group. Gross and histologic examination revealed that pulmonary lesions were also most severe for cattle in this group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Feedlot cattle are commonly infected with BRSV, and 3MI is produced by microflora in the rumen of all cattle. Our results suggest that there is a synergy between BRSV and 3MI. Thus, controlling combined exposure may be important in preventing respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:563–570)
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Turk, Margaret A. M., e David E. Thomas. "Effects of phenobarbital treatment on 3-methylindole toxicosis in ponies". American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1986): 901–5. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1986.47.04.901.
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SUMMARY To study the role of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase reactions in equine 3-methylindole (3MI) toxicosis, ponies were given 20 mg of phenobarbital/kg of body weight at 72, 60, 48, 36, and 24 hours before 100 mg of oral 3MI/kg to induce cytochrome P-450 or no treatment (controls). Maximal 3MI plasma concentration was decreased and clearance was faster in phenobarbital-treated ponies. Plasma 3MI was still detectable 12 and 36 hours after dosing in phenobarbital-treated and control ponies, respectively. Phenobarbital treatment induced a distribution phase with transition from a 1-compartment to a 2-compartment extravascular model. Bronchiolitis occurred in all ponies 72 hours after 3MI, but was more severe in those treated with phenobarbital. Appearance of a distribution phase, increased total body clearance, and more severe bronchiolitis in phenobarbital-treated ponies indicated that mixed function oxidases are involved in metabolism and conversion of 3MI to a toxic metabolite.
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Turk, M. A. M., W. G. Henk e W. Flory. "3-Methylindole-Induced Nasal Mucosal Damage in Mice". Veterinary Pathology 24, n.º 5 (setembro de 1987): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400506.
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3-Methylindole (3MI) damages nasal olfactory epithelium in mice. Lesions were studied histologically from 30 minutes to 28 days after intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg 3MI/kg. Cellular swelling was apparent in olfactory epithelium by 6 hours after injection of 3MI, while respiratory epithelium was normal. Necrosis of olfactory epithelium and subepithelial glands was diffuse by 48 hours. Subsequent ulceration resulted in epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, fibroplasia, and ossification. Partially occlusive intranasal fibrous and osseous tissue persisted through 28 days after 3MI injection.
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Kirkland, James B., e Tammy M. Bray. "The effect of 3-methylindole on the quantity and functional quality of lung surfactant". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 1988): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-146.
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Acute bovine pulmonary edema is a naturally occurring lung disease caused by 3-methylindole (3MI), a ruminal fermentation product of tryptophan. Morphological and in vitro studies have suggested that 3MI causes abnormalities in phospholipid synthesis. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 3MI on the quantity and functional quality of surfactant using the goat as an experimental model. Following intravenous infusion of 3MI, goats were killed at 6-, 18-, and 30-h intervals. The lungs were removed and intracellular surfactant, in the form of lamellar bodies, and extracellular surfactant from alveolar lavage were quantified. 3MI treatment did cause modest changes in the lamellar body phospholipid pools, decreasing the quantity of phosphatidylcholine and the proportion of palmitate in this fraction. The quantity of lavage phospholipids was not significantly affected. There was an increase in the protein content of the lavage, reflecting the presence of edema. The functional quality of the surfactant isolated from the lavage fraction was tested in vitro using a pulsating bubble surfactometer. 3MI infusion decreased the ability of surfactant to lower the surface tension of an air bubble at maximum radius and during compression.
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Thomas, D. E., e R. E. Beadle. "Pharmacokinetics of small doses of 3-methylindole given to horses". American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1985): 1619–24. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.08.1619.
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SUMMARY The pharmacokinetics of 3-methylindole (3MI) given orally in 2 doses (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) to horses were determined. The pharmacokinetic plasma-concentration profiles for 3MI (10- and 20-mg/kg dosages) in horses were represented by a 2-compartment open model with first-order absorption, as determined by nonlinear least-squares regression analysis. Absorption of 3MI at both dosages was rapid. Comparisons of the peak plasma concentrations, the postdistribution half lives, total clearances, and areas under the curve of the plasma-concentration profiles between the 10- and the 20-mg/kg dosages may indicate the presence of nonlinear or dose-dependent kinetics for 3MI in horses.
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Turk, M. A. M., W. Flory e W. G. Henk. "Chemical Modulation of 3-Methylindole Toxicosis in Mice: Effect on Bronchiolar and Olfactory Mucosal Injury". Veterinary Pathology 23, n.º 5 (setembro de 1986): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588602300504.
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C57BL/6N mice were treated to induce tolerance, to modulate the mixed function oxidase system or to deplete glutathione (GSH) before injection with 400 mg 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg. Effect of pretreatment was determined by histologic comparison of pulmonary and nasal lesions 24 hours after 3 MI. β-Naphthoflavone and 3MI pretreatment significantly decreased 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial damage in male and female mice, while phenobarbital protection was significant only in female mice. Only β-naphthoflavone decreased nasal olfactory epithelial damage. Pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide, SKF 525-A, or α-naphthoflavone had no significant effect on development of lesions. Diethylmaleate pretreatment significantly increased mortality and bronchiolar damage in both sexes. Significant differences between male and female mice were not detected in any group. The results suggest that pretreatment with low doses of 3MI or induction of cytochrome P-448 or P-450 protects against 3MI toxicosis while GSH depletion increases mortality and pulmonary lesions.
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Potchoiba, Michael J., James R. Carlson, Mark R. Nocerini e Roger G. Breeze. "Effect of monensin and supplemental hay on ruminal 3-methylindole formation in adult cows after abrupt change to lush pasture". American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.01.129.
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Summary The effect of feeding monensin, with or without dry hay plus wilted forage, on ruminal formation of 3-methylindole (3MI) was investigated in pastured cattle. Eighty-two cows were allotted to 3 groups. Cows of group-1 served as controls and were given a daily energy supplement (1 kg/head) without monensin for 1 day before and for 7 days after being allowed access to lush pasture. Cows of groups 2 and 3 were given the same daily energy supplement, which also contained monensin (200 mg/kg of supplement). Cows of group 3 also were fed dry hay for 5 days before the start of the study and continued to be given supplemental hay for 4 days after being allowed access to lush pasture containing a layer of wilted forage. Ruminal 3MI and indole concentrations increased on day 1 after all groups were allowed access to lush pasture. By day 7, 3MI concentration in all cows had decreased to pregrazing concentration. Indole concentration did not reach pregrazing concentration until day 10 for cows of groups 1 and 2. Group-3 cows had pregrazing indole concentration on day 7. Ruminal indole concentration did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups 1 and 2. Ruminal indole concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in group-3 cows on all sample collection days, except day 10, compared with that in the other groups. Monensin reduced (P <0.01) 3MI formation on days 1 and 7 in group-2 cows, compared with group-1 cows. Group-3 cows had lower 3MI concentration than did group-1 cows (P <0.01) on days –1, 1, 4, and 7. Monensin, when fed with dry hay and wilted forage, reduced (P <0.01) 3MI formation on days 4 and 7 in group-3 cows, compared with cows that were only given monensin (group 2). Group-3 cows also had lower (P < 0.05) 3MI concentration, compared with group-2 cows on day 1. Results indicated that monensin reduced ruminal formation of 3MI. Feeding dry hay and wilted forage to cattle during the change to lush pasture resulted in further reduction in the amount of 3MI formed by ruminal microorganisms. To maximize the effectiveness of monensin in reducing 3MI formation, dry hay plus wilted forage should be fed to pastured cattle for at least 4 days after they are allowed access to lush pasture.
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Alves Barbosa, Maria Clara, Thais Medeiros De Amorim, YURI VICTOR DE MEDEIROS MARTINS, PEDRO EVERTON MARQUES GOES e FERNANDA CLOTILDE MARIZ SUASSUNA. "RELAÇÃO DOS TERCEIROS MOLARES INFERIORES COM CANAL MANDIBULAR: COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE RADIOGRAFIA PANORÂMICA E TCFC". Revista de Ciências da Saúde Nova Esperança 22, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2024): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17695/rcsne.vol22.n1.p85-94.
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A exodontia dos terceiros molares, na maioria das vezes, está indicada, sendo os molares inferiores mais passíveis de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Para evitar complicações na cirurgia, exames imaginológicos devem ser solicitados. O objetivo avaliar a relação do terceiro molar inferior (3MI) com o canal mandibular (CM) em radiografia panorâmica (RP), comparando-as com as tomografias computadorizadas de feixe-cônico (TCFC). Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, com 28 amostras de exames de imagem panorâmico e tomográfico de 3MI de pacientes submetidos a ambos os exames na clínica escola de odontologia da Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova Esperança, entre junho de 2019 a abril de 2022. Utilizando um instrumento de pesquisa confeccionado, as imagens disponíveis foram classificadas segundo Winter, Pell e Gregory e observadas variações anatômicas do CM e da avaliação da presença ou ausência dos sinais radiográficos. A coleta de dados foi realizada com dois radiologistas odontológicos com mais de dois anos de experiência em ambiente e computadores padronizados. Os dados foram tabulados em excel e submetidos à análise estatística com o auxílio do pacote estatístico SPSS versão 21. Predominantemente, notou-se a posição vertical tanto na RP (42,3%) quanto na TCFC (38,4%). Na classificação de Pell e Gregory, prevaleceu a Classe I Nível A, com 23% na TCFC e 34,6% na RP. O CM não possuía muitas variações. A TCFC evidenciou 34,6% de contato do 3MI com a cortical do CM e 30,8% com o interior do canal. Alguns sinais radiográficos prevaleceram pela RP, tais como: interrupção do canal (15,3%) e obscurecimento radicular (15,3%). Entretanto, 34,6% dos 3MI não possuíam contato com o canal pela TCFC, e apenas 19,3% das RP corroboravam com esse resultado. Portanto, verifica-se a importância de um bom planejamento no intuito de evitar complicações cirúrgicas e proporcionar ao paciente um pós-operatório menos doloroso e mais satisfatório.
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Hioki, Souichiro, Jérôme Riedi e Mohamed S. Djellali. "A study of polarimetric error induced by satellite motion: application to the 3MI and similar sensors". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, n.º 3 (4 de março de 2021): 1801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1801-2021.
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Abstract. This study investigates the magnitude of the error introduced by the co-registration and interpolation in computing Stokes vector elements from observations by the Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarisation Imager (3MI). The Stokes parameter derivation from the 3MI measurements requires the syntheses of three wide-field-of-view images taken by the instrument at 0.25 s interval with polarizers at different angles. Even though the synthesis of spatially or temporally inhomogeneous data is inevitable for a number of polarimetric instruments, it is particularly challenging for 3MI because of the instrument design, which prioritizes the stability during a long life cycle and enables the wide-field-of-view and multiwavelength capabilities. This study therefore focuses on 3MI's motion-induced error brought in by the co-registration and interpolation that are necessary for the synthesis of three images. The 2-D polarimetric measurements from the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) are weighted and averaged to produce two proxy datasets of the 3MI measurements, with and without considering the effect of the satellite motion along the orbit. The comparison of these two datasets shows that the motion-induced error is not symmetric about zero and not negligible when the intensity variability of the observed scene is large. The results are analyzed in five categories of pixels: (1) cloud over water, (2) clear sky over water, (3) coastlines, (4) cloud over land, and (5) clear sky over land. The most spread distribution of normalized polarized radiance (Lp) difference is in the cloud-over-water class, and the most spread distribution of degree of linear polarization (DOLP) difference is in the clear-sky-over-water class. The 5th to 95th percentile ranges of Lp difference for each class are (1) [-0.0051,0.012], (2) [-0.0040,0.0088], (3) [-0.0033,0.012], (4) [-0.0033,0.0062], and (5) [-0.0023,0.0032]. The same percentile range of DOLP difference for each class are (1) [-0.023,0.060], (2) [-0.043,0.093], (3) [-0.019,0.082], (4) [-0.0075,0.014], and (5) [-0.011,0.016]. The medians of the Lp difference are (1) 0.00035, (2) 0.000049, (3) 0.00031, (4), 0.000089, and (5) 0.000037, whereas the medians of the DOLP difference are (1) 0.0014, (2) 0.0015, (3) 0.0025, (4) 0.00027, and (5) 0.00014. A model using Monte Carlo simulation confirms that the magnitude of these errors over clouds are closely related to the spatial correlation in the horizontal cloud structure. For the cloud-over-water category, it is shown that the error model developed in this study can statistically simulate the magnitude and trends of the 3MI's motion-induced error estimated from SGLI data. The obtained statistics and the simulation technique can be utilized to provide pixel-level quality information for 3MI Level 1B products. In addition, the simulation method can be applied to the past, current, and future spaceborne instruments with a similar design.
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Lang, Ruediger, Gabriele Poli, Bertrand Fougnie, Antoine Lacan, Thierry Marbach, Jérôme Riedi, Peter Schlüssel, André B. Couto e Rosemary Munro. "The 3MI Level-1C geoprojected product – definition and processing description". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 225 (março de 2019): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.12.022.
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Costa, Justin A., Edgar Leal-Pinto, Scott C. Henderson, Troy Zabel, Mary E. Hawkins e Basil Hanss. "Use of a Pteridine Moiety to Track DNA Uptake in Cells". Pteridines 23, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2012): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.2012.23.1.81.
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Abstract Fluorescence labeled oligonucleotides have a long history of being used to monitor nucleic acid transport and uptake. However, it is not known if the fluorescent moiety itself physically limits the number of pathways that can be used by the cell due to steric, hydrophobic, or other chemical characteristics. Here, we report a method for comparing the uptake kinetics of oligonucleotides labeled either with the fluorescent pteridine, 3-methyl-8-(2- deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl) isoxanthopterin (3MI), or the common fluorophore 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM). We use a multiphoton microscopic technique to monitor nucleic acid uptake LLC-PK1, a pig renal tubular cell line that is known to have multiple uptake pathways. We find that the two fluorophores enter the cells at different rates, suggesting that choice of fluorescent moiety influences the uptake pathway used by a cell. Finally, we reconstituted an LLC-PK1 membrane channel that is selective for nucleic acids in planar lipid bilayers, and tested the ability of the labeled nucleic acids to permeate the channel. We find that 3MI, and not 5-FAM labeled oligonucleotides can traverse the plasma membrane through the channel. These results have implications for future studies aimed at delivering pteridine moieties to cells and for tracking nucleic acid transport into tissues.
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Liedke, Gabriela Salatino, Liana Coppetti Margutti e Geraldo Fagundes Serpa. "Utilização e percepção da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico por especialistas em cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial para avaliação de terceiros molares inferiores impactados". Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia - UPF 26, n.º 1 (21 de março de 2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v26i1.12318.
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Objetivo: conhecer o perfil demográfico e as características que levam à solicitação de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) pelos especialistas em Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial (CTBMF) do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para diagnóstico e planejamento cirúrgico de terceiros molares inferiores (3MI) impactados. Métodos: foram enviados questionários eletrônicos para todos os especialistas em CTBMF do RS. O questionário compreendia perguntas demográficas, clínicas e imaginológicas. O teste Qui-Quadrado foi utilizado para verificar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: 115 questionários foram respondidos. O exame mais solicitado foi a panorâmica (95%). A TCFC foi solicitada por 50 especialistas (30 utilizam software). Localização do canal mandibular, dilaceração radicular e reabsorção do segundo molar são os aspectos mais avaliados na TCFC (P < 0,05); já o contato da raiz com o canal mandibular foi dito ser avaliado nos dois exames. Complicações permanentes foram relatadas por 21 especialistas, associadas a profissionais com maior tempo de graduação e/ou especialização (P < 0,05), mas não com o tipo de exame solicitado (P > 0,05). Na percepção dos especialistas, a TCFC tem papel importante em casos de alta complexidade. Conclusão: a panorâmica ainda é o exame mais utilizado para avaliação de 3MI impactados pelos especialistas em CTBMF do RS, porém a TCFC tem sido solicitada para complementação do diagnóstico e planejamento e como meio de segurança jurídica do profissional. Palavras-chave: tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico; terceiro molar; cirurgia bucal; inquéritos e questionários.
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Merlin, Guillaume, Jérôme Riedi, Laurent C. Labonnote, Céline Cornet, Anthony B. Davis, Phillipe Dubuisson, Marine Desmons, Nicolas Ferlay e Frédéric Parol. "Cloud information content analysis of multi-angular measurements in the oxygen A-band: application to 3MI and MSPI". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, n.º 10 (11 de outubro de 2016): 4977–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4977-2016.
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Abstract. Information content analyses on cloud top altitude (CTOP) and geometrical thickness (CGT) from multi-angular A-band measurements in the case of monolayer homogeneous clouds are conducted. In the framework of future multi-angular radiometer development, we compared the potential performances of the 3MI (Multi-viewing, Multi-channel and Multi-polarization Imaging) instrument developed by EUMETSAT, which is an extension of POLDER/PARASOL instrument and MSPI (Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager) developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Quantitative information content estimates were realized for thin, moderately opaque and opaque clouds for different surface albedo and viewing geometry configurations. Analyses show that retrieval of CTOP is possible with a high accuracy in most of the cases investigated. Retrieval of CGT is also possible for optically thick clouds above a black surface, at least when CGT > 1–2 km and for thin clouds for CGT > 2–3 km. However, for intermediate optical thicknesses (COT ≃ 4), we show that the retrieval of CGT is not simultaneously possible with CTOP. A comparison between 3MI and MSPI shows a higher information content for MSPI's measurements, traceable to a thinner filter inside the oxygen A-band, yielding higher signal-to-noise ratio for absorption estimation. Cases of cloud scenes above bright surfaces are more complex but it is shown that the retrieval of CTOP remains possible in almost all situations while the information content on CGT appears to be insufficient in many cases, particularly for COT < 4 and CGT < 2–3 km.
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Hartog, Matthew, Qing-Yu Zhang e Xinxin Ding. "Role of Mouse Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of the Cyp2abfgs Subfamilies in the Induction of Lung Inflammation by Cigarette Smoke Exposure". Toxicological Sciences 172, n.º 1 (6 de agosto de 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz171.
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Abstract Many constituents of tobacco smoke (TS) require bioactivation to exert toxic effects; however, few studies have examined the role of bioactivation enzymes in the adverse effects of TS exposure. This knowledge gap is a major source of uncertainty for risk assessment and chemoprevention efforts. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme-mediated bioactivation is essential to the development of TS exposure-induced lung toxicity, by determining the contributions of P450 enzymes in the mouse Cyp2abfgs gene subfamilies to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-induced lung inflammation. Adult female wildtype (WT) and Cyp2abfgs-null mice (both on C57BL/6J background) were exposed to filtered air or ETS, intermittently, for 1 or 2 weeks. Lung inflammation was assessed by quantification of inflammatory cells, cytokines, chemokines, and proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histopathological analysis. Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of 2 ETS constituents, naphthalene (NA), and 3-methylindole (3MI), were measured in mice exposed to ETS for 4 h. Persistent macrophagic and neutrophilic lung inflammation was observed in ETS-exposed WT mice; the extent of which was significantly reduced in ETS-exposed Cyp2abfgs-null mice. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, along with the total protein concentration, were increased in cell-free BALF from ETS-exposed WT mice, but not Cyp2abfgs-null mice. Additionally, GSH conjugates of NA and 3MI were detected in the lungs of WT, but not Cyp2abfgs-null, mice following ETS exposure. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that the mouse Cyp2abfgs gene cluster plays an important role in ETS-induced lung inflammation.
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Clermont, Lionel, Céline Michel e Yvan Stockman. "Stray Light Correction Algorithm for High Performance Optical Instruments: The Case of Metop-3MI". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 6 (10 de março de 2022): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061354.
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Stray light is a critical aspect for high performance optical instruments. When stray light control by design is insufficient to reach the performance requirement, correction by post-processing must be considered. This situation is encountered, for example, in the case of the Earth observation instrument 3MI, whose stray light properties are complex due to the presence of many ghosts distributed on the detector array. We implement an iterative correction method and discuss its convergence properties. Spatial and field binning can be employed to reduce the computation time but at the cost of a decreased performance. Interpolation of the stray light properties is required to achieve high performance correction. For that, two methods are proposed and tested. The first interpolate the stray light in the field domain while the second applies a scaling operation based on a local symmetry assumption. Ultimately, the scaling method is selected and a stray light reduction by a factor of 58 is obtained at 2σ (129 at 1σ) for an extended scene illumination.
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Croston, I. R., e T. P. Young. "Design of an InGaAlAs/InP ‘3mi’ wavelength division demultiplexer employing a novel mode transformer". Electronics Letters 26, n.º 5 (1990): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900220.
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Merlin, G., J. Riedi, L. C. Labonnote, C. Cornet, A. B. Davis, P. Dubuisson, M. Desmons, N. Ferlay e F. Parol. "Cloud information content analysis of multi-angular measurements in the oxygen A-band: application to 3MI and MSPI". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, n.º 12 (4 de dezembro de 2015): 12709–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-12709-2015.
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Abstract. The vertical distribution of cloud cover has a significant impact on a large number of meteorological and climatic processes. Cloud top altitude and cloud geometrical thickness are then essential. Previous studies established the possibility of retrieving those parameters from multi-angular oxygen A-band measurements. Here we perform a study and comparison of the performances of future instruments. The 3MI (Multi-angle, Multi-channel and Multi-polarization Imager) instrument developed by EUMETSAT, which is an extension of the POLDER/PARASOL instrument, and MSPI (Multi-angles Spectro-Polarimetric Imager) develoloped by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory will measure total and polarized light reflected by the Earth's atmosphere–surface system in several spectral bands (from UV to SWIR) and several viewing geometries. Those instruments should provide opportunities to observe the links between the cloud structures and the anisotropy of the reflected solar radiation into space. Specific algorithms will need be developed in order to take advantage of the new capabilities of this instrument. However, prior to this effort, we need to understand, through a theoretical Shannon information content analysis, the limits and advantages of these new instruments for retrieving liquid and ice cloud properties, and especially, in this study, the amount of information coming from the A-Band channel on the cloud top altitude (CTOP) and geometrical thickness (CGT). We compare the information content of 3MI A-Band in two configurations and that of MSPI. Quantitative information content estimates show that the retrieval of CTOP with a high accuracy is possible in almost all cases investigated. The retrieval of CGT seems less easy but possible for optically thick clouds above a black surface, at least when CGT > 1–2 km.
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Shang, Huazhe, Souichiro Hioki, Guillaume Penide, Céline Cornet, Husi Letu e Jérôme Riedi. "Establishment of an analytical model for remote sensing of typical stratocumulus cloud profiles under various precipitation and entrainment conditions". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, n.º 4 (27 de fevereiro de 2023): 2729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023.
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Abstract. Structural patterns of cloud effective radius (ER) and liquid water content (LWC) profiles are essential variables of cloud lifecycle and precipitation processes, while observing cloud profiles from passive remote-sensing sensors remains highly challenging. Understanding whether there are typical structural patterns of ER and LWC profiles in liquid clouds and how they are linked to cloud entrainment or precipitating status is critical in developing algorithms to derive cloud profiles from passive satellite sensors. This study aims to address these questions and provide a preliminary foundation for the development of liquid cloud profile retrievals for the Multi-viewing, Multi-channel and Multi-polarization Imaging (3MI) sensor aboard the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Polar System-Second Generation (EPS-SG) satellite, which is scheduled to be launched in 2025. Firstly, we simulate a large ensemble of stratocumulus cloud profiles using the Colorado State University (CSU) Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is adopted to describe the shape of simulated profiles with a limited number of elemental profile variations. Our results indicate that the first three EOFs of LWC and ER profiles can explain >90 % of LWC and ER profiles. The profiles are divided into four prominent patterns and all of these patterns can be simplified as triangle-shaped polylines. The frequency of these four patterns is found to relate to intensities of the cloud-top entrainment and precipitation. Based on these analyses, we propose a simplified triangle-shaped cloud profile parameterization scheme allowing us to represent these main patterns of LWC and ER. This simple yet physically realistic analytical model of cloud profiles is expected to facilitate the representation of cloud properties in advanced retrieval algorithms such as those developed for the 3MI/EPS-SG.
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Pinkston, Ken, Jodie Gladin, Richard Price e Mary Ann Schwartz. "Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Verbena, 1987". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1988): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.368a.
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Abstract Greenhouse-grown verbena, 6-8 inches high, planted in 4-inch pots, were artificially infested with twospotted spider mites. The plants were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer, and a surfactant (Triton B 1956 at 3Mi oz/100 gal) was added to each treatment. Applications were made on 30 May and 6 Jun. Spider mite infestations were evaluated at 3, 7, and 14 days after initial treatment. The 7 DAT counts were made just prior to the 2nd treatment. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves/plant and counting the number of live spider mites on the lower surface of the leaves.
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Wojtuszewski Poulin, Kristi, Aleksandr V. Smirnov, Mary E. Hawkins, Frank M. Balis e Jay R. Knutson. "Conformational Heterogeneity and Quasi-Static Self-Quenching in DNA Containing a Fluorescent Guanine Analogue, 3MI or 6MI". Biochemistry 48, n.º 37 (22 de setembro de 2009): 8861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9003414.
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Waquet, Fabien, e Isabelle Chiapello. "Aero-HdF : une campagne aéroportée dédiée aux aérosols et à la préparation de la mission spatiale européenne 3MI". La Météorologie, n.º 123 (2023): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2023-0086.
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Fougnie, Bertrand, Thierry Marbach, Antoine Lacan, Ruediger Lang, Peter Schlüssel, Gabriele Poli, Rosemary Munro e André B. Couto. "The multi-viewing multi-channel multi-polarisation imager – Overview of the 3MI polarimetric mission for aerosol and cloud characterization". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 219 (novembro de 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.07.008.
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Hawkins, Mary E., Aleksandr V. Smirnov, Kristi Wojtuszewski Poulin, Frank M. Balis e Jay R. Knutson. "Probing Variations In The Structural Environment Of A DNA Sequence Using Fluorescence Properties Of The Pteridine Analog Probes, 3MI and 6MI". Biophysical Journal 96, n.º 3 (fevereiro de 2009): 402a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.2046.
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Kozlova, Larisa S., Oleg I. Kit, Elena M. Frantsiyants, Yuriy A. Gevorkyan, Natalya V. Soldatkina, Nikolay S. Samoylenko, Dmitry A. Kharagezov, Anton G. Milakin e Petr N. Gabrichidze. "Distribution of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in malignant tissues of gastric adenocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2019): e15530-e15530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15530.
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e15530 Background: Peritoneal metastases are the most common recurrence of gastric cancer, even after radical surgery. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, including its receptor uPAR, is crucial in the proteolysis activation for the cleavage of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. The purpose of the study was to determine the antigen form uPA-Ag, active form uPA-act and the uPAR receptor in tissues of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, its perifocal tissues (PT), greater omentum and peritoneum in patients with stomach cancer T3-4аN0-3M1 and T3-4аN0-3M0. Methods: Tissues of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma T3-4аN0-3M1 (n = 21: 10 men, 11 women) and T3-4аN0-3M0 (n = 24: 15 men, 9 women) aged 61.23±4.8 years were studied. Controls: non-cancer patients aged 39.1±3.2 years (n = 17: 6 men, 11 women). Levels of uPA-act, uPA-Ag and uPAR were determined by ELISA using standard test systems. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 software package for Windows. Results: In T3-4аN0-3M1, the highest uPAR levels were observed in tissues of the tumor, greater omentum and peritoneum, compared to T3-4аN0-3M0 and controls (p < 0.01). In PT of T3-4аN0-3M1, uPAR levels were lower than in tumor (p < 0.01) but higher than in resection line tissues. Tumor levels of uPA-act in T3-4аN0-3M1 and T3-4аN0-3M0 were similar and in both cases higher than in PT. In the greater omentum in T3-4аN0-3M1, uPA-act levels were similar to tumor levels and exceeded the values in T3-4аN0-3M0 (p < 0.01). Peritoneal uPA-act did not differ in T3-4аN0-3M1 and T3-4аN0-3M0 but was higher than in controls (p < 0.05). Tumor levels of uPA-Ag in T3-4аN0-3M1 exceeded the levels in T3-4аN0-3M0 and in both PT (p < 0.05). Levels of uPA-Ag in the greater omentum in T3-4аN0-3M1 were higher than in T3-4аN0-3M0 and lower than in controls (p < 0.01). Comparable uPA-Ag levels in T3-4аN0-3M1 and T3-4аN0-3M0 were lower than in controls (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Gastric adenocarcinoma secretes uPAR and uPA, and uPAR levels in the tumor are associated with omental or peritoneal metastases. Levels of uPAR and uPA-act in the greater omentum and peritoneum in T3-4аN0-3M1 are increased even higher than in T3-4аN0-3M0; uPAR can serve as a marker of a pre-metastatic niche in peritoneal tissues.
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Wennemann, Ludger, e E. H. Beers. "Apple, Tenlined June Beetle Control, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.38.
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Abstract Experiments were conducted in a two-year-old ‘Braeburn’ planting in Malaga, WA on sandy soil. Pest presence was identified by digging up trees with typical symptoms (wilting, curled leaves, water stress and reduced terminal growth) caused by larval feeding on roots. A complete randomized design with six replicates per treatment was used. Treatments consisted of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae (All Strain) Weiser; S. feltiae (SN strain) Filipjev; S. glaseri Steiner); and Nemacur 3ES, an insecticide/nematicide. Nematode species were applied on 31 May with a hand-operated soil injector (Marayuma 3MI, Tokyo, Japan) at three depths (10, 20 and 30 cm) and six locations 20 cm away from the base of the trunk. Nematodes were delivered at a rate of 240,000 per tree (1 billion/acre) in approximately 110 ml of water. Holes were filled with soil after application. After treatment trees were irrigated for 3 h with undertree impact sprinklers. Nemacur 3ES was applied on 9 Jun to a 2 m wide weed-free strip beneath the trees with a weed sprayer at a rate of 3.3 gal/treated acre. Plots were evaluated on 11 Jul by digging up the trees and the surrounding soil (1 m diameter × 0.6 m depth) and counting live TJB larvae.
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Kit, Oleg Ivanovich, Elena M. Frantsiyants, Yuriy A. Gevorkyan, Natalya V. Soldatkina e Nikolay S. Samoylenko. "Levels of oncofetal proteins in pathological tissues of patients with gastric cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, n.º 4_suppl (1 de fevereiro de 2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.449.
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449 Background: Spread to the peritoneal cavity and lymphatic system is the most important factor of gastric cancer prognosis. Successful implantation of cancer cells in a distant place is possible only when cancer cells accept a special kind of molecular invitation sent by some organs. Our purpose was to study levels of CA-19.9, CA-125, CA-72.4 and He-4 in tissues of tumors, peritoneum and omentum in patients with gastric cancer (GC) T3-4aN0-3M1 and T3-4aN0-3M0. Methods: Levels of CA-19.9, CA-125 and CA-72.4 were determined by ELISA in primary tumors, the omentum and peritoneum of patients from main groups 1 (M0) – GC T3-4aN0-3M0 (n = 24) and 2 (M1) – GC T3-4aN0-3M1 (n = 21) and in the stomach, omentum and peritoneum of non-cancer controls (n = 17). Results: Levels of CA-19.9, CA-125 and CA-72.4 were increased, compared to control values, in all studied samples from 1.6 times (CA-72.4) to 180.1 times (СA-19.9). Only CA-19.9 levels differed depending on the metastatic spread: 1.8 times (p˂0.05) higher in T3-4aN0-3M1 than in T3-4aN0-3M0. In the omentum tissues, CA-19.9 levels in T3-4aN0-3M1 exceeded the control values by 20 times; in 20 patients with T3-4aN0-3M0, the value was only 4.1 times higher than in controls and 4.8 times lower than in T3-4aN0-3M1, while in 4 patients it did not differed significantly from the value in T3-4aN0-3M1. In the peritoneal tissues, CA-19.9 levels in T3-4aN0-3M1 exceeded the control values by 19.2 times; in 21 patients with T3-4aN0-3M0, the value was only 2.2 times higher than in controls and 8.5 times lower than in T3-4aN0-3M1, while in 3 patients it did not differed significantly from the value in T3-4aN0-3M1. Conclusions: Saturation of peritoneal and omentum tissues with marker oncoproteins is one of the factors associated with metastatic characteristics of gastric cancer, while the CA-19.9 level can serve as informative laboratory tests to predict the nature of the further disease development.
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Hong, Sin-Hyoung, Yeonhee Hong, Minji Lee, Byeong-Rak Keum e Gun-Hwa Kim. "Natural Product Skatole Ameliorates Lipotoxicity-Induced Multiple Hepatic Damage under Hyperlipidemic Conditions in Hepatocytes". Nutrients 15, n.º 6 (20 de março de 2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061490.
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Skatole (3-methylindole, 3MI) is a natural-origin compound derived from plants, insects, and microbial metabolites in human intestines. Skatole has an anti-lipid peroxidation effect and is a biomarker for several diseases. However, its effect on hepatocyte lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity has not been elucidated. Hepatic lipotoxicity is induced by excess saturated free fatty acids in hyperlipidemia, which directly damages the hepatocytes. Lipotoxicity is involved in several metabolic diseases and hepatocytes, particularly affecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. NAFLD is caused by the accumulation of fat by excessive free fatty acids (FFAs) in the blood and is accompanied by hepatic damage, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, abnormal glucose and insulin metabolism, oxidative stress, and lipoapoptosis with lipid accumulation. Hepatic lipotoxicity causes multiple hepatic damages in NAFLD and has a directly effect on the progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study confirmed that the natural compound skatole improves various damages to hepatocytes caused by lipotoxicity in hyperlipidemic conditions. To induce lipotoxicity, we exposed HepG2, SNU-449, and Huh7 cells to palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, and confirmed the protective effect of skatole. Skatole inhibited fat accumulation in the hepatocytes, reduced ER and oxidative stress, and recovered insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Importantly, skatole reduced lipoapoptosis by regulating caspase activity. In conclusion, skatole ameliorated multiple types of hepatocyte damage induced by lipotoxicity in the presence of excess free fatty acids.
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Frantsiyants, Elena M., Oleg I. Kit, Irina V. Kaplieva, Yuriy A. Gevorkyan, Natalya V. Soldatkina, Elena A. Dzhenkova, Nikolay S. Samoylenko, Petr N. Gabrichidze, Anton G. Milakin e Sergey I. Poluektov. "Role of angiogenesis factors in formation of metastatic niches." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2019): e15534-e15534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15534.
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e15534 Background: A metastatic niche indicates a particular location with a specific cell type, epidermal-mesenchymal transition proteins and diffuse signals that are necessary for the growth of metastases. The purpose of the study was to determine levels of VEGFs, their receptors and TGFβ1 in tissues of gastric cancer (GC) and its metastatic niches: the peritoneum and omentum. Methods: The main group included 21 patients with metastatic GC T3-4аN0-3M1; comparison group – 17 non-cancer patients. Levels of VEGFA, VEGFC, sVEGFR1, sVEGFR3 and TGFβ1 in tissues were determined by standard ELISA methods. Results: Levels of growth factors in GC tissues were higher than in controls: VEGFA in T3-4аN0-3M1 – by 2.7 times, in T3-4аN0-3M0 – by 2.5 times; TGFβ1 in T3-4аN0-3M1 – by 5.6 times, in T3-4аN0-3M0 – by 3.5 times. VEGFA levels in primary gastric tumors were similar in all patients, while TGFβ1 in T3-4аN0-3M1 was 1.6 times (p < 0.05) higher than in T3-4аN0-3M0. VEGFA levels in T3-4аN0-3M1 exceeded control values: in the omentum – by 2.8, in the peritoneum – by 4.2 times. TGFβ1 in the omentum and peritoneum in T3-4аN0-3M1 was increased by 2.5 and 3.1 times respectively, compared to controls. Statistically significant differences in VEGFA and TGFβ1 levels in the omentum and peritoneum in T3-4аN0-3M0 were not found. Conclusions: GC is characterized by equally elevated levels of VEGFA, regardless of the presence or absence of metastases. In the omentum and peritoneum with metastases, high VEGF levels can be considered as one of the primary factors for the formation of signaling pathways between metastatic tumor cells and local non-tumor cells in premetastatic niches. Levels of TGFβ1 in the omentum and peritoneum increase only in patients with metastases, and in GC tissue they are increased to a greater extent than in patients without metastases. Probably, in case of T3-4aN0-3M0, the factor produced by the primary tumor was insufficient for its paracrine induction in the metastatic niche, and scattered cells could not transit from “sleeping” to the active state.
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Kaplieva, Irina V., Oleg I. Kit, Elena M. Frantsiyants, Valeria A. Bandovkina, Yuriy A. Gevorkyan, Natalya V. Soldatkina, Nikolay S. Samoylenko, V. I. Aleynov, Irina S. Tishchenko e Maksim N. Duritskiy. "Can hormone receptors prevent metastatic spread of gastric cancer?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2019): e15527-e15527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15527.
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e15527 Background: The primary tumor and associated but distinct from it premetastatic niches include a number of important participants: immune cells, stromal cells, extracellular matrix and associated effectors, in particular hormone receptors. Cross-interaction between these components is key to tumor progression. The greater omentum and peritoneum are pre-metastatic niches for gastric cancer. The purpose of the study was to analyze levels of steroid hormone receptors in tissues of gastric cancer (GC) and its pre-metastatic niches: the peritoneum (P) and omentum (O). Methods: The main group included 21 patients with metastatic GC T3-4аN0-3M1; the comparison group – 24 patients with non-metastatic GC T3-4аN0-3M0. Tissues of tumors, intact gastric tissues, omentum and peritoneum tissues were studied. The control group included 17 non-cancer patients; omental and peritoneal tissues were studied. Levels of receptors of estrogens (RE-α, RE-β), androgens (RA) and progesterone (RP4) were measured by ELISA. Results: Levels of RE-α in tissue of GC T3-4аN0-3M1 were decreased by 1.7 times (P˂0.05) compared to controls, while in T3-4аN0-3M0 they were increased by 1.2 times (P˂0.05). RE-β and RА did not change in both cases. RР4 in T3-4аN0-3M1 was similar to control levels, and in T3-4аN0-3M0 – was increased by 3.5 times. Levels of RE-α and β, RА and RР4 in O and P in T3-4аN0-3M1 were similar to control levels, and in T3-4аN0-3M0 they were higher: RE-α - by 3.9 and 2.4 times, RE-β – by 2.5 and 1.5 times (P˂0.05), RР4 – by 2.2 and 1.5 times (P˂0.05). RA in O and P in T3-4аN0-3M0 was similar to control levels. Conclusions: Elevated levels of RE-α., RE-β and RR4 in peritoneal and omental tissues can be considered a factor associated with some characteristics of GC metastasis, and protective one at the same time. Obviously, levels of RE-α and RР in O and P correlate with the levels in tissues of GC T3-4аN0-3M0. However, this statement is disputable and requires further confirmation.
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Benade, Mariet, Brooke E. Nichols, Geoffrey Fatti, Salome Kuchukhidze, Kudakwashe Takarinda, Nicoletta Mabhena-Ngorima, Ashraf Grimwood e Sydney Rosen. "Economic evaluation of a cluster randomized, non-inferiority trial of differentiated service delivery models of HIV treatment in Zimbabwe". PLOS Global Public Health 3, n.º 3 (13 de março de 2023): e0000493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000493.
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About 85% of Zimbabwe’s >1.4 million people living with HIV are on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Further expansion of its treatment program will require more efficient use of existing resources. Two promising strategies for reducing resource utilization per patient are multi-month medication dispensing and community-based service delivery. We evaluated the costs to providers and patients of community-based, multi-month ART delivery models in Zimbabwe. We used resource and outcome data from a cluster-randomized non-inferiority trial of three differentiated service delivery (DSD) models targeted to patients stable on ART: 3-month facility-based care (3MF), community ART refill groups (CAGs) with 3-month dispensing (3MC), and CAGs with 6-month dispensing (6MC). Using local unit costs, we estimated the annual cost in 2020 USD of providing HIV treatment per patient from the provider and patient perspectives. In the trial, retention at 12 months was 93.0% in the 3MF, 94.8% in the 3MC, and 95.5% in the 6MC arms. The total average annual cost of HIV treatment per patient was $187 (standard deviation $39), $178 ($30), and $167 ($39) in each of the three arms, respectively. The annual cost/patient was dominated by ART medications (79% in 3MF, 87% in 3MC; 92% in 6MC), followed by facility visits (12%, 5%, 5%, respectively) and viral load (8%, 8%, 2%, respectively). When costs were stratified by district, DSD models cost slightly less, with 6MC the least expensive in all districts. Savings were driven by differences in the number of facility visits made/year, as expected, and low uptake of annual viral load tests in the 6-month arm. The total annual cost to patients to obtain HIV care was $10.03 ($2) in the 3MF arm, $5.12 ($0.41) in the 3MC arm, and $4.40 ($0.39) in the 6MF arm. For stable ART patients in Zimbabwe, 3- and 6-month community-based multi-month dispensing models cost less for both providers and patients than 3-month facility-based care and had non-inferior outcomes.
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Kim, Kwon-Hoo, Young-Min Son e Jong-Min Jung. "Effect of Deformation Induced Martensite on the Damping Capacity of Fe-20Mn-12Cr-3Ni-3Si Alloy". Journal of Power System Engineering 24, n.º 5 (31 de outubro de 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2020.24.5.071.
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Kit, O. I., E. M. Frantsiyants, I. V. Kaplieva, Yu A. Gevorkyan, N. V. Soldatkina, E. A. Dzhenkova, N. S. Samoylenko e Yu A. Pogorelova. "Levels of oncofetal proteins in pathological tissues of patients with gastric cancer". Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, n.º 9 (24 de março de 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-169-9-50-55.
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Aim. Study of levels of CA-19.9, CA-125, CA-72.4 and He-4 in tissues of tumor, peritoneum and omentum in patients with gastric cancer T3–4аN0–3M1 and T3–4аN0–3M0.Materials and methods. The study included 62 patients: 21 (10♂, 11♀) — gastric cancer T3–4аN0–3M1 and peritoneal metastases; 24 (15♂, 9♀) — gastric cancer T3–4аN0–3M0 without metastases; 17 (6♂, 11♀) — non-cancer patients (controls). Levels of oncofetal proteins were measured by ELISA in tissues of the peritoneum, greater omentum, and gastric tumors (GT).Results. Levels of practically all studied factors were elevated in tissues of GT, omentum and peritoneum. Levels of He-4 and CA-19.9 in all tissues of patients with advanced cancer increased higher than in the majority of patients without metastases: in GT — respectively by 2.6 and 1.8 times (p<0.05), in the omentum — respectively by 24.4 and 4.8 times, in the peritoneum — respectively by 2.1 and 8.5 times. Omental tissues of patients with advanced cancer showed a higher increase in levels of CA-72.4 and CA-125 as well — by 6.1 and 2.1 times, respectively. A small number of patients with T3–4аN0–3M0 gastric cancer, who had CA-19.9 in the omentum and peritoneum as high as in patients with T3–4аN0–3M1, developed metastases in the corresponding tissues 4–6 months after the study.Conclusion. The content of oncoprotein markers in tissues of the peritoneum and omentum is one of the factors associated with metastatic characteristics, and CA-19.9 level can serve as an informative laboratory test for the predictive assessment of the further disease development.
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Kaplieva, Irina V., Oleg I. Kit, Elena M. Frantsiyants, Yuriy A. Gevorkyan, Natalya V. Soldatkina, Nikolay S. Samoylenko e Dmitry A. Kharagezov. "Predictors of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2019): e15528-e15528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15528.
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e15528 Background: Carcinogenesis is a complex process with still poorly understood mechanisms allowing cancer cells to disseminate from the primary tumor, spread in the body and colonize other organs forming secondary tumors – metastases. The ability of some distant organs to attract malignant cells may be caused by factors released by primary tumors. The purpose of the study was to determine levels of oncofetal proteins CA-19.9, CA-125, CA-72.4 and He-4 in tissues of gastric cancer (GC) and its metastatic niches, the peritoneum and omentum. Methods: The study included 62 patients: 21 (10 men, 11 women) – gastric cancer with peritoneal and omental metastases T3-4аN0-3M1; 24 (15 men, 9 women) – gastric cancer without metastases T3-4аN0-3M0; 17 (6 men, 11 women) – non-cancer patients (controls). Levels of oncofetal proteins were measured by ELISA in tissues of the peritoneum, greater omentum, and gastric tumors. Results: Levels of practically all studied factors were elevated in tissues of GC, omentum and peritoneum. Levels of He-4 and CA-19.9 in all tissues of patients with T3-4аN0-3M1 increased higher than in the majority of patients with T3-4аN0-3M0: in GC – respectively by 2.6 and 1.8 times (p < 0.05), in the omentum – respectively by 24.4 and 4.8 times, in the peritoneum – respectively by 2.1 and 8.5 times. Omental tissues of patients with advanced cancer showed a higher increase in levels of CA-72.4 and CA-125 as well – by 6.1 and 2.1 times, respectively. A small number of patients with T3-4аN0-3M0 gastric cancer, who had CA-19.9 in the omentum and peritoneum as high as in patients with T3-4аN0-3M1, developed metastases in the corresponding tissues 4-6 months after the study. Conclusions: The content of oncoprotein markers in tissues of the peritoneum and omentum is one of the factors associated with metastatic characteristics of GC, and CA-19.9 level can serve as an informative laboratory test for the predictive assessment of the further disease development.
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Matar, Christian, Céline Cornet, Frédéric Parol, Laurent C.-Labonnote, Frédérique Auriol e Marc Nicolas. "Liquid cloud optical property retrieval and associated uncertainties using multi-angular and bispectral measurements of the airborne radiometer OSIRIS". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, n.º 12 (28 de junho de 2023): 3221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3221-2023.
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Abstract. In remote sensing applications, clouds are generally characterized by two properties: cloud optical thickness (COT) and effective radius of water–ice particles (Reff), as well as additionally by geometric properties when specific information is available. Most of the current operational passive remote sensing algorithms use a mono-angular bispectral method to retrieve COT and Reff. They are based on pre-computed lookup tables while assuming a homogeneous plane-parallel cloud layer. In this work, we use the formalism of the optimal estimation method, applied to airborne near-infrared high-resolution multi-angular measurements, to retrieve COT and Reff as well as the corresponding uncertainties related to the measurement errors, the non-retrieved parameters, and the cloud model assumptions. The measurements used were acquired by the airborne radiometer OSIRIS (Observing System Including PolaRization in the Solar Infrared Spectrum), developed by the Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique. It provides multi-angular measurements at a resolution of tens of meters, which is very suitable for refining our knowledge of cloud properties and their high spatial variability. OSIRIS is based on the POLDER (POlarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) concept as a prototype of the future 3MI (Multi-viewing Multi-channel Multi-polarization Imager) planned to be launched on the EUMETSAT-ESA MetOp-SG platform in 2024. The approach used allows the exploitation of all the angular information available for each pixel to overcome the radiance angular effects. More consistent cloud properties with lower uncertainty compared to operational mono-directional retrieval methods (traditional bispectral method) are then obtained. The framework of the optimal estimation method also provides the possibility to estimate uncertainties of different sources. Three types of errors were evaluated: (1) errors related to measurement uncertainties, which reach 6 % and 12 % for COT and Reff, respectively, (2) errors related to an incorrect estimation of the ancillary data that remain below 0.5 %, and (3) errors related to the simplified cloud physical model assuming independent pixel approximation. We show that not considering the in-cloud heterogeneous vertical profiles and the 3D radiative transfer effects leads to an average uncertainty of 5 % and 4 % for COT and 13 % and 9 % for Reff.
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Chauvigné, Aurélien, Fabien Waquet, Frédérique Auriol, Luc Blarel, Cyril Delegove, Oleg Dubovik, Cyrille Flamant et al. "Aerosol above-cloud direct radiative effect and properties in the Namibian region during the AErosol, RadiatiOn, and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign – Multi-Viewing, Multi-Channel, Multi-Polarization (3MI) airborne simulator and sun photometer measurements". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, n.º 10 (28 de maio de 2021): 8233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8233-2021.
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Abstract. We analyse the airborne measurements of above-cloud aerosols from the AErosol, RadiatiOn, and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign performed in Namibia during August and September 2017. The study aims to retrieve the aerosol above-cloud direct radiative effect (DRE) with well-defined uncertainties. To improve the retrieval of the aerosol and cloud properties, the airborne demonstrator of the Multi-Viewing, Multi-Channel, Multi-Polarization (3MI) satellite instrument, called the Observing System Including PolaRisation in the Solar Infrared Spectrum (OSIRIS), was deployed on-board the SAFIRE (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Rechercheen Environnement) Falcon 20 aircraft during 10 flights performed over land, over the ocean, and along the Namibian coast. The airborne instrument OSIRIS provides observations at high temporal and spatial resolutions for aerosol above clouds (AACs) and cloud properties. OSIRIS was supplemented with the Photomètre Léger Aéroporté pour la surveillance des Masses d'Air version 2 (PLASMA2). The combined airborne measurements allow, for the first time, the validation of AAC algorithms previously developed for satellite measurements. The variations in the aerosol properties are consistent with the different atmospheric circulation regimes observed during the deployment. Airborne observations typically show strong aerosol optical depth (AOD; up to 1.2 at 550 nm) of fine-mode particles from biomass burning (extinction Ångström exponent varying between 1.6 and 2.2), transported above bright stratocumulus decks (mean cloud top around 1 km above mean sea level), with cloud optical thickness (COT) up to 35 at 550 nm. The above-cloud visible AOD retrieved with OSIRIS agrees within 10 % of the PLASMA2 sun photometer measurements in the same environment. The single scattering albedo (SSA) is one of the most influential parameters on the AAC DRE calculation that remains largely uncertain in models. During the AEROCLO-sA campaign, the average SSA obtained by OSIRIS at 550 nm is 0.87, which is in agreement within 3 %, on average, with previous polarimetric-based satellite and airborne retrievals. The strong absorption of the biomass burning plumes in the visible range is generally consistent with the observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground-based sun photometers. This, however, shows a significant increase in the particles' absorption at 440 nm in northern Namibia and Angola, which indicates more absorbing organic species within the observed smoke plumes. Biomass burning aerosols are also vertically collocated, with significant amounts of water content up to the top of the plume at around 6 km height in our measurements. The detailed characterization of aerosol and cloud properties, water vapour, and their uncertainties obtained from OSIRIS and PLASMA2 measurements allows us to study their impacts on the AAC DRE. The high-absorbing load of AAC, combined with high cloud albedo, leads to unprecedented DRE estimates, which are higher than previous satellite-based estimates. The average AAC DRE calculated from the airborne measurements in the visible range is +85 W m−2 (standard deviation of 26 W m−2), with instantaneous values up to +190 W m−2 during intense events. These high DRE values, associated with their uncertainties, have to be considered as new upper cases in order to evaluate the ability of models to reproduce the radiative impact of the aerosols over the southeastern Atlantic region.
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Tilstra, Lieuwe G., Martin de Graaf, Victor J. H. Trees, Pavel Litvinov, Oleg Dubovik e Piet Stammes. "A directional surface reflectance climatology determined from TROPOMI observations". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, n.º 7 (17 de abril de 2024): 2235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2235-2024.
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Abstract. In this paper, we introduce a spectral surface reflectivity climatology based on observations made by TROPOMI on board the Sentinel-5P satellite. The database contains the directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) of the Earth's surface for 21 wavelength bands ranging from 328 to 2314 nm and for each calendar month. The spatial resolution of the database grid is 0.125° × 0.125°. A recently developed cloud shadow detection technique is implemented to avoid dark scenes due to cloud shadow. In the database, the anisotropy of the surface reflection is described using a third-order parameterisation of the viewing angle dependence. The viewing angle dependence of the DLER is analysed globally and for a selection of surface type regions. The dependence is found to agree with the viewing angle dependence found in the GOME-2 surface DLER database. Differences exist, related to the actual solar position. On average, the viewing angle dependence in TROPOMI DLER is weaker than for GOME-2 DLER, but still important. Validation of the new database was first performed by comparison of the non-directional TROPOMI surface LER with heritage LER databases based on GOME-1, OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 data. Agreement was found within 0.002–0.02 in the UV-VIS (below 500 nm), up to 0.003 in the NIR (670–772 nm), and below 0.001 in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) (2314 nm). These performance numbers are dominated by the performance over ocean, but they are in most cases also representative for land surfaces. For the validation of the directional TROPOMI surface DLER, we made use of comparison with the MODIS surface bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) for a selection of surface type regions. In all cases the DLER performed significantly better than the traditional LER, and we found good agreement with the MODIS surface BRDF. The TROPOMI surface DLER database is a clear improvement on previous surface albedo databases and can be used as input not only for satellite retrievals from TROPOMI observations, but also for retrievals from observations from other polar-orbiting satellite instruments provided that their equator crossing time is close to that of TROPOMI. The algorithm that is introduced in this paper can be used for the retrieval of surface reflectivity climatologies from other polar satellite missions as well, including Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on the Sentinel-3 satellites, Sentinel-5, and Multi-viewing Multi-channel Multi-polarisation imager (3MI) on the MetOp-SG-A1 satellite to be launched in 2025, as well as the future CO2M mission.
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Miura, Yasuhiro, T. Shioyama e D. Hara. "Recrystallization of Al-3Mg and Al-3Mg-0.2Sc Alloys". Materials Science Forum 217-222 (maio de 1996): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.217-222.505.
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陳柏諭, 陳柏諭. "出國停止健保、返國回復健保之憲法問題──憲法法庭111年憲判字第19號判決介紹【本月企劃】". 月旦會計實務研究 67, n.º 67 (julho de 2023): 029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/252260962023070067003.
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Bilia, Marilisa B., e Solange A. Rodrigues. "Inquérito 10 (3DI)". Revista de Italianística 5, n.º 5 (30 de dezembro de 1997): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-8281.v5i5p225-240.
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Bhovi, Prabhakar M., e K. Venkateswarlu. "Influence of RCS on Al-3Mg and Al-3Mg-0.25Sc alloys". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 114 (fevereiro de 2016): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/114/1/012100.
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Yoshinami, Yuri, Shun Yamamoto, Toru Kadono, Toshiharu Hirose, Go Ikeda, Akihiro Ohara, Mai Itoyama et al. "Safety and short-term efficacy of neoadjuvant FLOT therapy in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, n.º 4_suppl (1 de fevereiro de 2023): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.4_suppl.373.
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373 Background: Docetaxel and cisplatin, 5-FU (DCF) is a standard neoadjuvant treatment for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) based on the results of the JCOG1109 study. However, DCF therapy showed that 18.6% of patients achieved pathological complete response but 16.3% had febrile neutropenia (FN) and needed hydration. In Western countries, 5-FU plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel (FLOT) is a standard perioperative treatment for resectable gastric and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma patients. FLOT therapy showed that 2% of patients had FN and did not need hydration. However, safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant FLOT (NeoFLOT) in locally advanced ESCC patients was unclear. Methods: The subjects for this study were patients with resectable ESCC diagnosed as cT1N1-3M0, cT2-3N0-3M0, and cT1-3N0-3M1 (UICC-TNM 8th) and received NeoFLOT therapy between Feb 2021 to July 2022 at our hospital. NeoFLOT therapy (oxaliplatin: 85 mg/m2, leucovorin: 200 mg/m2, 5-FU: 2600 mg/m2, docetaxel: 50 mg/m2, every 2 weeks) was administered for 4 courses. We evaluated adverse events (CTCAE ver. 5.0) and histopathological response. Results: We identified 16 eligible patients and 12 of all patients (75%) underwent surgery. 4 patients (25%) resulted in progressive disease (1 patient underwent chemoradiotherapy and 3 patients underwent surgery). R0 resection rate was 75% and complete pathologic response in primary tumor was seen in 2 patients (17%). The most common adverse events were hematologic toxicity, with grade 3 or 4 leukopenia in 6 patients (38%), neutropenia in 9 patients (56%). The common non-hematological toxicity, with all grades deceased appetite in 7 patients (44%) and malaise in 8 patients (50%), peripheral neuropathy in (44%). Furthermore, the incidence of FN was 6%. In patients with grade 2 or higher renal failure, no one (0%) had worsened renal function. Conclusions: NeoFLOT therapy showed well-tolerated and comparable efficacy with DCF therapy.
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Marsha Gordon e Dino Everett. "3mm: The Smallest Gauge". Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists 16, n.º 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/movingimage.16.2.0001.
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Candra, Yogi Erwandi, Yufrizal A, Irzal Irzal e Febri Prasetya. "PENGARUH MEDIA SIMULATOR CNC 2 AXIS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATA DIKLAT CNC DASAR SISWA DI SMK NEGERI 5 PADANG". Jurnal Vokasi Mekanika (VoMek) 1, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/vomek.v1i1.19.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh/perbedaan hasil belajar mata diklat CNC dasar menggunakan media simulator CNC dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional yang berawal dari rendahnya pemahaman siswa terhadap mata diklat CNC dasar. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya fasilitas mesin CNC yang memadai untuk proses belajar mengajar, yang kemudian berdampak pada rendahnya hasil belajar siswa.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan quasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian posttest only. Tempat penelitian di SMK Negeri 5 Padang. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas 3 Mesin yang terdiri dari 2 (dua) kelas, kelas eksperimen (3M1) dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 27 orang menggunakan media simulator CNC 2 Axis dan kelas kontrol (3M2) dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 27 orang menggunakan media konvensional.
Hasil Penelitian membuktikan bahwa analisis uji-t antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol diperoleh thitung = 5,118 sedangkan ttabel pada taraf signifikan 0,05 dengan df = 27+27-2 = 52 adalah ttabel(52) = 1,675. Maka thitung> ttabel (5,118 > 1,675), Ho ditolak sekaligus menerima Hi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji T tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan, antara hasil belajar mata Diklat CNC dasar menggunakan media simulator CNC, dibandingkan dengan media konvensional.
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Liaw, Wen-Feng, Way-Zen Lee, Chun-Yuan Wang, Gene-Hsiang Lee e Shie-Ming Peng. "Heterometallic Complexes with Selenolate Ligands: Crystal Structures of [(CO)3Mn(μ-SePh)3Co(μ-SePh)3Mn(CO)3]-, (CO)4Mn(μ-SeMe)2Co(CO)(μ-SeMe)3Mn(CO)3, and [(CO)3Mn(μ-SePh)3Mn(CO)3]-". Inorganic Chemistry 36, n.º 6 (março de 1997): 1253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic9607797.
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Kuiper, David S., Peter T. Wolczanski, Emil B. Lobkovsky e Thomas R. Cundari. "Low Coordinate, Monomeric Molybdenum and Tungsten(III) Complexes: Structure, Reactivity and Calculational Studies of (silox)3Mo and (silox)3ML (M = Mo, W; L = PMe3, CO; silox =tBu3SiO)". Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, n.º 39 (outubro de 2008): 12931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802706u.
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Ruwizhi, Ngonidzashe, e Blessing Atim Aderibigbe. "Cinnamic Acid Derivatives and Their Biological Efficacy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 16 (9 de agosto de 2020): 5712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165712.
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The role played by cinnamic acid derivatives in treating cancer, bacterial infections, diabetes and neurological disorders, among many, has been reported. Cinnamic acid is obtained from cinnamon bark. Its structure is composed of a benzene ring, an alkene double bond and an acrylic acid functional group making it possible to modify the aforementioned functionalities with a variety of compounds resulting in bioactive agents with enhanced efficacy. The nature of the substituents incorporated into cinnamic acid has been found to play a huge role in either enhancing or decreasing the biological efficacy of the synthesized cinnamic acid derivatives. Some of the derivatives have been reported to be more effective when compared to the standard drugs used to treat chronic or infectious diseases in vitro, thus making them very promising therapeutic agents. Compound 20 displayed potent anti-TB activity, compound 27 exhibited significant antibacterial activity on S. aureus strain of bacteria and compounds with potent antimalarial activity are 35a, 35g, 35i, 36i, and 36b. Furthermore, compounds 43d, 44o, 55g–55p, 59e, 59g displayed potent anticancer activity and compounds 86f–h were active against both hAChE and hBuChE. This review will expound on the recent advances on cinnamic acid derivatives and their biological efficacy.