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1

Sinurat, Gabriel Joey Febriand, Salsabila Lubis, Tesa Romanti Sibarani, et al. "Peran Gerakan Hak Sipil dalam Membentuk Masyarakat Amerika: Analisis Sejarah dan Dampaknya, 1950-1960." Polyscopia 1, no. 3 (2024): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.57251/polyscopia.v1i3.1345.

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This study analyzes the important role of the Civil Rights Movement in shaping United States society through a historical approach and its impact. It explores the movement's long history, from its 19th-century roots to the monumental struggles of the 20th century, revealing how it emerged in response to rampant social, racial, and political injustice. By examining key figures, strategies, and important events, this study traces the evolution of the movement from the anti-slavery era to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Additionally, it examines the movement's impact on American
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Van Bostelen, Luke. "Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement: The Significance of Nonviolent Protest, International Influences, the Media, and Pre-existing Organizations." Political Science Undergraduate Review 6, no. 1 (2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur185.

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This essay is an analysis of the success of the mid-20th century civil rights movement in the United States. The civil rights movement was a seminal event in American history and resulted in several legislative victories, including the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. After a brief overview of segregation and Jim Crow laws in the southern U.S., I will argue that the success of the civil rights movement can be attributed to a combination of factors. One of these factors was the effective strategy of nonviolent protests, in which the American public witnessed the contrastin
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Anderson, Matthew, Lanny Smith, and Victor W. Sidel. "Rebuilding the US Health Left." Social Medicine 5, no. 1 (2010): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.71164/socialmedicine.v5i1.2010.414.

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With this issue Social Medicine begins a series of invited papers on the topic: “Rebuilding the US Health Left.” In this editorial we will outline our vision for this series. We undertake this project aware that our good friend and mentor, Dr. Walter Lear, one of the leading health activists of the 20th century, lies critically ill. Walter was the creator and custodian of the US Health Left Archives, a collection that is now with the University of Pennsylvania library. The collection reminds us of the important role left health care workers played in US history throughout the 20th century. The
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Murray, Jennifer. "Community engagement: Leveraging library online tools to support local historical organizations." College & Research Libraries News 81, no. 6 (2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.81.6.298.

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Among Floridians, Jacksonville is known as the “First Coast.” It is a reference to the fact that Northeast Florida has some of the oldest European settlements in North America. The numerous local historical organizations are forever challenged to preserve and share the rich history of “all that is Jacksonville–including early settlers, 19th- and 20th-century urban planning and architecture, civil rights and Black history, city governance, and our national parks heritage.” They often do not have the resources needed, but local academic libraries are rich in resources and tools that can benefit
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Besozzi, Sheida. "Did a flower grow in hell? Reading the modern history of Iran through the nonviolent participation of women in political struggles." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 51 (October 31, 2022): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2022.51.008.

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This article’s objective is to place the modern history of Iran in relation to nonviolent struggles within the optic of the role of women within them, and to link these episodes with the feminist struggle in Iran. It will cover the years that span from the 1870s until 2021 by placing at the centre of the discussion the role of women in civil resistance struggles. Of particular interest will be national governmental changes, from the monarchic era to a theocratic republic; the presence of Britain and Russia, and later the United States; the mass mobilizations during the end of the nineteenth ce
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Oikya, Upal Aditya. "Wartime Sexual Acts as Prosecutable War Crimes." DÍKÉ 2020, no. 2 (2021): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2020.04.02.08.

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Human history is littered with the mass rape of women particularly as a military strategy in warfare, dating back centuries from ancient Greek, Roman, and Hebrew concubines through the Middle Ages to the 20th century ‘comfort women’ of the 2nd World War. Ancient literature explicitly refers to rape or the seizure of vanquished women, who were regarded as the enemy’s property, to become wives, servants slaves, or concubines. The plight of women worsened in the twentieth century when civilian women suffered the most consequences of armed conflicts including rape. Rape served as an oppressive and
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Garcia, Matt, and Zaragosa Vargas. "Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America." Western Historical Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2006): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443378.

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Meng, Aaron, Roland Segal, and Eric Boden. "American juvenile justice system: history in the making." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 25, no. 3 (2013): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0062.

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Abstract The original theory behind separating juvenile offenders from adult offenders was to provide care and direction for youngsters instead of isolation and punishment. This idea took hold in the 19th century and became mainstream by the early 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, public concern grew because of a perceived lack of effectiveness and lack of rights. The Supreme Court made a series of rulings solidifying juvenile rights including the right to receive notice of charges, the right to have an attorney and the right to have charges proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In the 1980s,
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Alasania, Giuli. "Tbilisi in the 20th Century." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2018.170.

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After the annexation of Georgia by Russia in the early 19th centurythe term “Sakartvelo” (Georgia) disappeared. The country splitinto two parts: Tbilisi government (eastern Georgia) and Kutaisigovernment (western Georgia). Unification of the country was achallenge for the Georgians dwelling inside and outside Georgia.The term “Sakartvelo” emerged once again in times of the independentRepublic of Georgia (1918-1921).The present paper considers the history of Tbilisi which was traditionallya political, administrative and cultural center of unitedGeorgia, of eastern Georgia, of Caucasus, of the T
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Nguyen Thi, Bich. "History of women: research on the uniqual legal location of American women in modern history (XVI - XIX century)." Journal of Science Social Science 66, no. 2 (2021): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0037.

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Today, the values of human rights, civil rights and especially the issue of gender equality (men and women equal rights) have become an urgent and decisive requirement for social progress. However, throughout the centuries, women's legal discrimination has been a historically common phenomenon on a global scale. Even in a country as proud of its democratic traditions as the United States, women are considered “second-class” citizens and their contributions seem to “disappear” in history. It was not until the 1960s - 1970s, under the influence of the Civil Rights Revolution, that the study of A
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Garcia, Claire. "“For a few days we would be residents in Africa”: Jessie Redmon Fausct's “Dark Algiers the White”." Ethnic Studies Review 30, no. 1 (2007): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2007.30.1.103.

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American scholarship on the Harlem Renaissance has, until recently, been strongly U.S.-centric, but the work of many of the important writers of the New Negro-era has an international dimension, as writers attempted to place the African American struggle for political and civil rights and cultural authority in larger, often global, contexts. Recent scholarship has revealed that the term, “Harlem Renaissance,” used as a rubric to characterize the flowering of black culture-building and political activism in the first years of the 20th century is something of a misnomer.
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Schmidt, Christopher W. "Legal History and the Problem of the Long Civil Rights Movement." Law & Social Inquiry 41, no. 04 (2016): 1081–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12245.

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This essay offers a critical examination of use of the term “long civil rights movement” as a framework for understanding the legal history of the battle against racial inequality in twentieth-century America. Proponents of the long movement argue that expanding the chronological boundaries of the movement beyond the 1950s and 1960s allows scholars to better capture the diverse social mobilization efforts and ideas that fueled the black freedom struggle. While not questioning the long framework's usefulness for studying the social movement dynamics of racial justice activism, I suggest that th
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Suyang, Gao. "An Analysis of Reservation Writing in Where the Pavement Ends from the Perspective of Internal Colonialism." Social Science, Humanities and Sustainability Research 4, no. 5 (2023): p102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sshsr.v4n5p102.

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William Yellow Robe Jr.’s Where the Pavement Ends: Five Native American Plays is his representative drama collection published in 2000. These five dramas faithfully present Indian’s life in Reservation in the 1970s. Based on the perspective of Internal Colonialism, this paper reveals the economic situation, political rights, and Civil Movement of Indian in Reservation. How does the Reservation System affect Indian in the 20th Century? This essay argues that Indian Reservation is the product of White colonization, and the negative effects brought by Whites’ colonization cannot be eliminated. Ev
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Abdigapbarova, Zh. "Gender Issues in the Kazakh Literature of the Early 20th Century." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (2022): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.06.

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Women’s rights and fate have always been a significant issue. In the article, the author reviews the gender issues in human history and analyzes the literary theoretical and historical aspects of the problem of women in Kazakh society of the early 20th century with the help of Kazakh intellectuals’ works which were written to solve the problems of women, and literary works and journalistic articles of that time. The Kazakh people valued the role of women, therefore, paid a lot of attention on the upbringing, behavior of a girl and planned her general life. There were times when a Kazakh woman
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15

LeMahieu, Michael. "Post-54: Reconstructing Civil War Memory in American Literature after Brown." American Literary History 33, no. 3 (2021): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab059.

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Abstract From a cultural fad of Confederate flags to a spate of schools named after Confederate generals, the 1954 Brown v. Board decision revived the memory of the US Civil War. In their collective effort of “massive resistance,” white southerners considered themselves carrying on the legacy of their Confederate ancestors, rebelling against the federal government and insisting upon states’ rights. In response to this revival, many mid-century writers revised Civil War memory. Ralph Ellison, for example, considered the Brown decision as yet another battle in an ongoing Civil War. The works of
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Massey, Douglas S. "The Past & Future of American Civil Rights." Daedalus 140, no. 2 (2011): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00076.

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Although American society will not become race-blind anytime soon, the meaning of race is changing, and processes of racial formation now are quite different than those prevailing just two generations ago. Massey puts the present moment in historical perspective by reviewing progress toward racial equality through successive historical epochs, from the colonial era to the age of Obama. He ends by exploring the contours of racial formation in the United States today, outlining a program for a new civil rights movement in the twenty-first century.
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Kallenberg, Vera. "Die Pionierinnen der Pionierin. Zu Gerda Lerners »The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina. Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition« (1967/2004)." Aschkenas 33, no. 2 (2023): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2023-2016.

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Abstract This article traces the history of the double biography »The Grimké Sisters« (1967/2004) by Gerda Lerner, an American Jewish historian who, as a Viennese Jew, escaped Nazi Europe for the United States in 1939. Focusing on the history of the making of »The Grimké Sisters«, the essay analyzes Lerner’s book as ›life writing‹. It demonstrates Gerda Lerner‘s (1920–2013) becoming scholarly persona in the context of her self-interpretation of the Grimké Sisters as her own figures of identification and role model. By showing the nexus of African Americans’ rights and women’s rights in the Gri
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18

Labode, Modupe. "“Defend Your Manhood and Womanhood Rights”." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 2 (2014): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.2.163.

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This article analyzes African Americans’ protest against the movie The Birth of a Nation in Denver in 1915 and the protest’s impact on the May 1916 municipal election, in which African Americans shifted their support from the Republican to the Democratic mayoral candidate. This essay contributes to the scholarship on African American activism during “the long civil rights movement” and the role of the idea of respectability in that activism. This essay first argues that protests against this film had political as well as cultural significance. African Americans’ political activism in the West
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Chenoweth, Erica. "A Discussion of Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail and the Struggle that Changed a Nation By Jonathan Rieder." Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 716–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592714001789.

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The U.S. civil rights movement was perhaps the most politically and symbolically important American social movement of the 20th century. And Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” was a central text of the movement, and arguably one of the most important political texts of the century. Jonathan Rieder’s Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail and the Struggle That Changed a Nation offers a rich and sustained account of the role of King’s letter as a contribution to thinking about race and politics, religion and politics, civil disobedi
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Watson, Tim. "An American Studies Dilemma." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 7, no. 3 (1998): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.7.3.417.

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Although these two important books deal with different periods in twentieth-century history, their motivation and strength come from strikingly similar analyses of the same moment in the postwar period, namely the rise of the US civil rights movement. Both authors argue that the gains of the 1950s and 1960s were made at the expense of an earlier American politics rooted in transnational solidarities (of both race and class), which was destroyed by the exclusive attention paid to the “American dilemma” of internal racism. James’s and Von Eschen’s revisionary works demonstrate the necessity for,
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Watson, Tim. "An American Studies Dilemma." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 8, no. 1 (1999): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.8.1.95.

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Although these two important books deal with different periods in twentieth-century history, their motivation and strength come from strikingly similar analyses of the same moment in the postwar period, namely the rise of the US civil rights movement. Both authors argue that the gains of the 1950s and 1960s were made at the expense of an earlier American politics rooted in transnational solidarities (of both race and class), which was destroyed by the exclusive attention paid to the “American dilemma” of internal racism. James’s and Von Eschen’s revisionary works demonstrate the necessity for,
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Mack, Kenneth W. "Bringing the Law Back into the History of the Civil Rights Movement." Law and History Review 27, no. 3 (2009): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000003941.

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It is a pleasure to comment on Nancy MacLean's hugely important book Freedom is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace as an example of what I might call “bringing the law back in” to the history of the civil rights movement. A generation ago, the idea that law needed to be introduced into this history would have seemed nonsensical. At that time, law provided one of the central touchstones in the historical narrative of the struggle for racial equality in American life. Scholarship in this area built on C. Vann Woodward's pioneering work on the rise of Jim Crow, which itself was wri
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Gallon, Kim. "The Blood Demonstration: Teaching the History of the Philadelphia Welfare Rights Organization." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 139, no. 1 (2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pmh.2015.a923339.

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Abstract: Despite a growing body of scholarship that documents civil rights activism in the North during the 1950s and 1960s, college educators continue to rely on traditional understandings of African Americans' struggle for civil rights as being rooted in the South. Moreover, history professors continue to privilege a male-centered narrative that tends to define the civil rights movement through mass marches and protests. In an effort to challenge this pedagogy, this article describes a method for teaching the history of women's role in the struggle for social justice in the 1960s through th
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Tanenhaus, David S. "Between Dependency and Liberty: The Conundrum of Children's Rights in the Gilded Age." Law and History Review 23, no. 2 (2005): 351–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000000328.

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The Civil War, by abolishing chattel slavery, launched a revolutionary era in American constitutionalism during which lawmakers debated what liberty, dependency, and good governance would mean in the new nation. Although historians have made a convincing case for the significance of legal developments in the 1870s and 1880s, they have not focused much attention on the problem of children's rights in the age of slave emancipation. This is largely due to the assumption that the history of children's rights did not begin until the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decisions in Brown v. the Board of E
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Levy, Peter B., and Robert Cook. "Sweet Land of Liberty? The African-American Struggle for Civil Rights in Twentieth Century." Journal of American History 86, no. 2 (1999): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567180.

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Greene, Larry. "Patterson, Martin Luther King, Jr., And The Freedom Movement,." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 17, no. 2 (1992): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.17.2.97-98.

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Martin Luther King, Jr. died more than twenty years ago and it has been more than a quarter of a century since the passage of the historic Voting Rights Act of 1965. Since that time, scholarly works on the civil rights movement and King have been published at a rapidly accelerating rate as those turbulent years recede into historical memory. For secondary school and college students, the civil rights years have a fascinating and even romantic quality that generates interest in American history surveys and in specialized courses either on the movement itself, or on the 1960s.
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SWARTZ, DAVID R. "Christ of the American Road: E. Stanley Jones, India, and Civil Rights." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 4 (2017): 1117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816001420.

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This article, which emphasizes the importance of transnational history, tracks the influence of E. Stanley Jones, a missionary to India in the early twentieth century, on evangelicals in the United States. It contends that global encounters pushed Jones to hold integrated ashrams, conduct evangelistic crusades, and participate in the Congress on Racial Equality. During his time abroad, he discovered that racial segregation at home hurt the causes of missions and democracy abroad. Using this Cold War logic, Jones in turn provoked American evangelicals to consider more fully questions of racial
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Cross, Graham. "From Reform to Rights: The American Culture of the Citizen Soldier and the Transformation of the Crusading Metaphor, 1917–1945." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 41, no. 2 (2021): 208–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10024.

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Abstract The “crusading” imagery attached to American soldiers in the 1917–1945 period performed an important function in assigning meaning to the wars of the United States. This was the result of a complex interplay between “official” and “vernacular” culture. The doughboys of the First World War at times fought a romantic “crusade” to reform the nation, world and themselves from a morally privileged position. In the post-war era, the romantic “crusade” survived but was more in tune with the conservative corporatism of Republican administrations. By the Second World War, gi s had become the a
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Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Jurisdiction, Civilization, and the Ends of Native American Citizenship: The View from 1866." Western Historical Quarterly 52, no. 2 (2021): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whab003.

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Abstract Most nineteenth-century political debates over U.S. citizenship revolved around the claims of people, often African Americans or immigrants, who aspired to that status. But Native American citizenship’s genealogy began instead with the United States assertion of the right to purchase or conquer the territory of its Indigenous neighbors, to replace them as its sole or primary inhabitants, and to make policy for the people thereby dispossessed. These very different histories of citizenship collided in 1866, when the U.S. Senate considered how to codify that status in the Civil Rights Ac
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Williams, Charnan. "The Bridgwater Family: A History of an African American Family in the American West from Slavery to the Civil Rights Era." Western Historical Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2020): 349–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whaa115.

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Abstract The Bridg(e)water Family Papers is a substantial archive that details the history of an African American family who left the American South in the late nineteenth century for freedom in the American West. In the early twentieth century, the family eventually arrived in Montana, where they experienced both degrees of freedom and unfortunate forms of racial discrimination. Both the family matriarch and her daughter—Mamie and Octavia Bridgwater, respectively—were the main architects of the family archive. These two Black women constructed a collection that provides insight into the histo
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Muñoz, Laura K. "Civil Rights, Educational Inequality, and Transnational Takes on the U.S. History Survey." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 1 (2016): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12155.

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InMexicans in the Making of America, historian Neil Foley reconceptualizes Manifest Destiny, not as the glorious westward push of European Americans, but as their arrival on the doorstep of Mexican America. He argues that the United States came to Mexico, and we must reimagine this moment as an entry into an established New World where negotiation, conquest, and possession were already in play among various peoples and nations. The diversity of this nineteenth-century world is often absent in the ways that we have been trained to teach students in our first-year courses, and this absence, in t
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McDonagh, Eileen L. "The “Welfare Rights State” and the “Civil Rights State”: Policy Paradox and State Building in the Progressive Era." Studies in American Political Development 7, no. 2 (1993): 225–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001103.

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An enduring contribution of the new institutionalism is its affirmation of the significance of the Progressive era. As a result, we have learned not only how the “big bang” explosion of welfare legislation in the New Deal rests upon structures and precedents set in the early twentieth-century decades, but also how this early reform period continues to influence contemporary policies and politics. Alan Dawley, Bruce Ackerman, and Morton Keller, for example, point to an activist state established in the Progressive era to check a laissez-faire governing system as the foundation of subsequent New
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Stulov, Yuri V. "James Baldwin’s Quest for Ethics Echoing Leo Tolstoy." Literature of the Americas, no. 13 (2022): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-13-282-294.

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The paper deals with the ethical principles of James Arthur Baldwin, an outstanding US writer of the mid-20th century, which echo the moral imperatives of Leo Tolstoy. African American writers traditionally displayed great interest in Russian literature, which is connected with the figure of A.S. Pushkin who along with A. Dumas was regarded as a symbol of talent of a person with African roots; visits to Soviet Russia of African American writers, especially of Langston Hughes who significantly influenced Baldwin’s worldview; and their search for creative ideas which they found in Russian litera
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Kyrchanov, Maksim. "Memory of American Civil War in the Historical Imagination of Consumer Society." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.3.

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Introduction. The author analyzes the features of the historical memory of the American Civil War in American pop culture as a form of historical memory that dominates in the consumer society. Methods and materials. The problems of imagination and invention of images of the civil war are analyzed in the contexts of cultural history, as well as intellectual history and the history of ideas. Analysis. The author presumes that 1) the historical memory of the U.S. Civil War in modern American identity is heterogeneous; 2) various forms of culture, including “high”, “mass” and “popular”, actualize
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Longhurst, James. "Reconsidering the Victory Bike in World War II: Federal Transportation Policy, History, and Bicycle Commuting in America." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 13 (2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794288.

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The largest federal intervention in bicycle transportation policy in the 20th century damaged the popularity and prospects of adult cycling in the United States. But in contemporaneous publications and in historical accounts, the World War II “Victory Bike” program has been described positively and fondly, even by bicycle advocates. Using the methodology of the discipline of history, this paper contrasts published literature on the Victory Bike against the unpublished, archival records of the federal government’s Revised Ration Order 7 of July, 1942. A first-ever close analysis of month-by-mon
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Hirota, Hidetaka. "Transpacific Connections in the Civil War Era." Journal of the Civil War Era 13, no. 4 (2023): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwe.2023.a912396.

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Abstract: This essay introduces the special forum on transpacific connections in the Civil War era. The forum investigates how US interaction with Asia and the Pacific shaped race relations, gender ideology, diplomacy, and legal rights in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century. By examining the first Japanese diplomatic mission to the United States, the experience of Black migrants in Japan, Chinese women's habeas corpus litigations, and the naturalized citizenship of Chinese Americans, the forum integrates Asia and the Pacific into Civil War–era scholarship. Concep
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Blanton, Carlos Kevin. "Civil Rights and Beyond: African American and Latino/a Activism in the Twentieth-Century United States." Journal of American History 104, no. 2 (2017): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax280.

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Kates, Susan. "Literacy, Voting Rights, and the Citizenship Schools in the South, 1957-70." College Composition & Communication 57, no. 3 (2006): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc20065050.

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This essay examines the history of a massive literacy campaign called the Citizenship School Program that began as a response to the racist literacy tests that disenfranchised countless African American voters throughout the Southern United States between 1945 and 1965. The Citizenship Schools prepared thousands of African Americans to pass the literacy test by using materials that critiqued white supremacism and emphasized the twentieth-century struggle for civil rights.
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Collins, William J. "Race, Labor Markets, and Social Disorder in Twentieth-Century America." Social Science History 29, no. 2 (2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012931.

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In 1900, approximately 10 percent of African Americans resided in central cities; by 1970, nearly 60 percent did, far higher than the corresponding proportion of whites. This geographic redistribution was central to the twentieth-century African American economic experience, with connections radiating in innumerable directions: to labor markets, housing markets, educational systems, the civil rights movement, and public policy responses to discrimination and poverty. Although migration patterns are not their focus, each essay in this special section is closely connected to the black population
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.

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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to su
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Dickerson, Dennis C. "African American Religious Intellectuals and the Theological Foundations of the Civil Rights Movement, 1930–55." Church History 74, no. 2 (2005): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110212.

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Among the innumerable warriors against legalized racial segregation and discrimination in American society, the iconic Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a principal spokesman and symbol of the black freedom struggle. The many marches that he led and the crucial acts of civil disobedience that he spurred during the 1950s and 1960s established him and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference as rallying points for civil rights activities in several areas in the American South. King's charisma among African Americans drew from his sermonic rhetoric and its resonance with black audiences. Bra
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Newman, Richard. "Early Black Thought Leaders and the Reframing of American Intellectual History." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 4 (2023): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915166.

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Abstract: This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on ot
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Kim, Natalya N. "Historical Policy of the Roh Moo-hyun’s Government in South Korea: Seeking Reconciliation with the Past." RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-2-305-315.

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Historical policy was one of the main directions of the domestic policy of the Roh Moo-hyuns government (2003-2008). The ideological justification of revising the 20th century history of Korea was the idea of building a new Korean society based on the principles of democracy and the rule of civil rights and freedoms. Through the implementation of a new historical policy the Roh Moo-hyuns government tried to prove that the creation of such a society was impossible without revealing the truth about the historical past, in which the state repeatedly neglected civil rights and committed crimes. In
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Purnell, Brian. "Freedom North Studies, the Long Civil Rights Movement, and Twentieth-Century Liberalism in American Cities." Journal of Urban History 42, no. 3 (2016): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216635149.

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Tucker-Price, Cori. "Household Gods on the Altar of Freedom." Pacific Historical Review 92, no. 3 (2023): 406–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2023.92.3.406.

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In the nineteenth century, the American West was imagined as a place brimming with opportunity and prosperity. While many found material success in places like Gold Rush era California, the relationship that Black Americans had to the region and to what they hoped would be afforded to them in the West was marked by racial exclusion. Drawing upon primary sources that include newspaper clippings and Colored California Convention reports, this article considers the various strategies of resistance that Black western arrivants waged to not only attain material wealth but also agitate for their civ
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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. "The Challenges of Afro-Caribbean and African American Diasporas within the Celebrated Lynching Mechanisms in the New Status as Sub-Set of Human Beings 19th and 20th Centuries." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (2021): 553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i11.002.

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The present paper brings out clear evidence of what constitute the essential challenges of Afro-Caribbean and African American challenges and popular slogans from the late 19th to the mid- 20th Centuries which actually de-humanised the Black race whose ancestors were harshly used as slaves in the opening and development of the Americas plantations between 1619 and 1850. In spite of their long efforts in the struggle for racial equality and granting of full civil rights, different secret societies were formed alongside open police actions to frequently terrorised other races in the American Con
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Perkins, Linda. "The African American Female Elite: The Early History of African American Women in the Seven Sister Colleges, 1880–1960." Harvard Educational Review 67, no. 4 (1997): 718–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.67.4.136788875582630j.

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The Seven Sister colleges are well known for producing some of the nation's most successful women. At the turn of the century, they were recognized as the leading institutions for elite White women. In this article, Linda Perkins outlines the historical experiences of African American women attending the Seven Sister colleges from the institutions' founding to the civil rights era of the 1960s, a period during which approximately five hundred Black women graduated from these institutions. Through an exploration of university archives, alumni bulletins, and oral interviews with alumnae, Perkins
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Robinson, Aaron J. "Lisa M. Bowens, African American Readings of Paul: Reception, Resistance, & Transformation." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 32, no. 1 (2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-32010012.

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Abstract Reception history is gaining popularity as an interpretive approach to Scripture. The dearth of extant primary sources in biblical interpretation from the African American community before the Civil Rights Era can present challenges for hearing black voices in reception history. In her remarkable monograph, Lisa Bowens examines sermons, letters, public addresses, and essays from African Americans, as early as the eighteenth century, surveying their engagement and interpretation of Pauline texts and Paul as a biblical figure. Her work elevates the voices of African Americans, while pre
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Gabdrafikova, Liliya R. "Review of the monograph: Matiev T.Kh. The Mountain National Movement in Revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921) (Nazran, 2020)." Historical Ethnology 6, no. 2 (2021): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.355-362.

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This article focuses on the analysis of the monograph by T.Kh. Matiev ”Mountain national movement in revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921)”, published in 2020 in Nazran. This study presents an original and comprehensive approach and addresses one of the most difficult cases in the history of the North Caucasus of the 20th century – the origins of the Mountain Republic. The driving force behind the idea of a federation and the protection of the rights of mountain peoples was the young intellectuals of the North Caucasus. In this regard, the reviewer sees parallels with
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Volkovskyi, Volodymyr. "Exceptionalism as a tool for studying the history of Ukrainian political philosophy of the Nineteenth century." Multiversum. Philosophical Almanac 2/2023, no. (1) (2024): 3–33. https://doi.org/10.35423/2078-8142.2024.1.1.7.

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The article analyses the applicability of the concept of ‘exceptionalism' in the study of the history of Ukrainian political thought. The author defines the general concept of ‘’exceptionalism‘’, provides a brief overview of the history of this concept in the context of the American Studies, i.e. the history of American political thought and culture, civil religion, and in a more globalised context as well. In particular, it examines the use of this term within the framework of Russian studies and the definition of Russian policy as ‘hybrid exceptionalism&rs
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