Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "2007 l-397"

Ключові слова. побут, селянство, матеріальний добробут, інфраструктура, медицина, культура, освіта. Анотація У статті розглянуто особливості добробуту сільського населення у пострадянський період. Акцентується увага на забезпеченості населення необхідними для життя матеріальними благам. Насамперед, продуктами харчування, промисловими товарами, послугами та умовами, що задовольняють певну потребу людини і відповідають її інтересам. У не найкращому стані перебувала соціальна сфера, комунальне господарство і медицина. Кризові явища, якими супроводжувалися трансформаційні процеси в економіці, завдали відчутних збитків матеріальному забезпеченню селян. За результатами зібраних матеріалів доведено, що економічна криза, швидкі темпи інфляції, проблема дефіциту товарів, затримка коштів для виплати заробітної плати в 90-х рр. ХХ ст. ускладнювали матеріальне становище сільського населення України. Посилання Bakhovskyi, 2003 ‑ Bakhovskyi V. Tsiny na prodovolchi tovary i riven zhyttia naselennia [Food prices and living standards]. // Ekonomika APK. 2003. №12 S.81-87. [in Ukrainian]. Balanovska, 2000 – Balanovska T. Silskyi sektor Ukrainy na rubezhi tysiacholit [Ukraine's rural sector at the turn of the millennium]. T.1. : Potentsial silskoho sektora. Kyiv : Instytut ekonomiky NAN Ukrainy, 2000. 396 s. [in Ukrainian]. Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy, 1992‑2001 ‑ Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy: statystychna informatsiia [State Statistics Service of Ukraine: statistical information]. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ (data zvernennia 25.11.2021) [in Ukrainian]. Ihnatenko, 2009 ‑ Ihnatenko M. Ukrainske selianstvo: pobutova ta kulturno-osvitnia sfera (1991‑1997 rr.) [Ukrainian peasantry: household and cultural-educational sphere (1991–1997)]. // Osvita, nauka i kultura na Podilli: zb. naukovykh prats, prysviachenyi 90-richchiu Kamianetskoi doby UNR. Kamianets-Podilskyi : Opiium, 2009. T. 13. S. 386-394. [in Ukrainian]. Kasianov, 2008 ‑ Kasianov H. Ukraina 1999 – 2007: narysy novitnoi istorii [Ukraine 1999–2007: Essays on Recent History].Kyiv : Nash chas, 2008. 432 s. [in Ukrainian]. Kovpak, 2003 ‑ Kovpak L. V. Sotsialno-pobutovi umovy zhyttia naselennia Ukrainy v druhii polovyni KhKh st. (1945–2000 rr.) [Socio-living conditions of the population of Ukraine in the second half of the twentieth century (1945–2000)] Kyiv : Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy, 2003. 250 s. [in Ukrainian]. Prokopa, 1996. ‑ Prokopa I. V. Sotsialna infrastruktura sela: formuvannia novoho mekhanizmu rozvytku [Social infrastructure of the village: formation of a new mechanism of development]. Kyiv : NAN Ukrainy, Instytut ekonomiky, 1996. 172 s. [in Ukrainian]. Riven zhyttia naselennia Ukrainy, 2006 ‑ Riven zhyttia naselennia Ukrainy [The standard of living of the population of Ukraine]. / za red. L. M. Cherenko. Kyiv : TOV «Vydavnytstvo «Konsultant», 2006. 428 s. [in Ukrainian]. Riven zhyttia naselennia Ukrainy, 2006 Derzhavnyi komitet statystyky Ukrainy: riven zhyttia naselennia Ukrainy [State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: living standards of the population of Ukraine]. URL: https://idss.org.ua/monografii/riven_juttya_naselennya%20krainu.pdf (data zvernennia 25.11.2021) [in Ukrainian]. Sabluk, 2002 ‑ Sabluka P. T., Orlatyi M. K. Materialnyi dobrobut silskykh zhyteliv [Material well-being of rural residents]. Kyiv : Instytut ahrarnoi ekonomiky UAAN, 2002. 369 s. [in Ukrainian]. Smolii, 2006 ‑ Smolii V. A. Istoriia ukrainskoho selianstva: narysy: v 2 t. [History of the Ukrainian peasantry: essays in 2 volumes]. Kyiv : Naukova dumka, 2006. T. 2. 653 s. [in Ukrainian]. Statystychnyi shchorichnyk Ukrainy, 2010 ‑ Statystychnyi shchorichnyk Ukrainy 2009 rik [Statistical Yearbook of Ukraine 2009]. / za red. O.H. Osaulenka. Kyiv : Derzhkomstat Ukrainy, 2010. 567 s. [in Ukrainian]. Statystychnyi zbirnyk, 1997 ‑ Sotsialno-ekonomichne stanovyshche silskykh naselenykh punktiv Ukrainy: statystychnyi zbirnyk [Socio-economic situation of rural settlements of Ukraine: statistical collection]. Kyiv : Derzhkomstat Ukrainy, 1997. 175 s. [in Ukrainian]. Zavalniuk, 2004 ‑ Zavalniuk O., Rybak I. Novitnia ahrarna istoriia Ukrainy [Recent agrarian history of Ukraine]. Kamianets-Podilskyi : Abetka-NOVA, 2004. 288 s. [in Ukrainian].

The linear stability of parallel shear flows of incompressible viscous fluids is classically described by the Orr–Sommerfeld equation in the disturbance streamfunction. This fourth-order equation is obtained by eliminating the pressure from the linearized Navier–Stokes equation. Here we consider retaining the primitive velocity-pressure formulation, as is required for general multidimensional geometries for which the streamfunction is unavailable; this affords a uniform description of one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows and their perturbations. The Orr–Sommerfeld equation is here discretized using Python and scikit- fem, in classical and primitive forms with Hermite and Mini elements, respectively. The solutions for the standard test problem of plane Poiseuille flow show the primitive formulation to be simple, clear, very accurate, and better-conditioned than the classical. References L. Allen and T. J. Bridges. Numerical exterior algebra and the compound matrix method. Numer. Math. 92 (2002), pp. 197–232. doi: 10.1007/s002110100365 M. Azaïez, M. Deville, and E. H. Mund. Éléments finis pour les fluides incompressibles. Lausanne: EPFL Press, 2011. url: https://www.epflpress.org/produit/146/9782880748944/elements-finis-pour-les-fluides-incompressibles F. Charru. Instabilités hydrodynamiques. EDP Sciences, 2007. url: https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/97/9782759801107/instabilites-hydrodynamiques. W. O. Criminale, T. L. Jackson, and R. D. Joslin. Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge University Press, 2003. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511550317 A. Davey. A simple numerical method for solving Orr–Sommerfeld problems. Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 26 (1973), pp. 401–411. doi: 10.1093/qjmam/26.4.401 J.-P. Dedieu. Condition operators, condition numbers, and condition number theorem for the generalized eigenvalue problem. Lin. Alg. Appl. 263 (1997), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3795(96)00366-7 J. J. Dongarra, B. Straughan, and D. W. Walker. Chebyshev tau-QZ algorithm methods for calculating spectra of hydrodynamic stability problems. Appl. Numer. Math. 22 (1996), pp. 399–434. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9274(96)00049-9 P. G. Drazin and W. H. Reid. Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge University Press, 2004. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511616938 A. Ern. Éléments finis. Paris: Dunod, 2005. url: https://www.dunod.com/sciences-techniques/aide-memoire-elements-finis T. Gustafsson and G. D. McBain. scikit-fem: A Python package for finite element assembly. J. Open Source Softw. 5, 2369 (2020). doi: 10.21105/joss.02369 N. P. Kirchner. Computational aspects of the spectral Galerkin FEM for the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 32 (2000), pp. 105–121. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(20000115)32: 1<105::AID-FLD938>3.0.CO;2-X Y. S. Li and S. C. Kot. One-dimensional finite element method in hydrodynamic stability. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 17 (1981), pp. 853–870. doi: 10.1002/nme.1620170604 M. Mamou and M. Khalid. Finite element solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation using high precision Hermite elements: plane Poiseuille flow. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 44 (2004), pp. 721–735. doi: 10.1002/fld.661 M. L. Manning, B. Bamieh, and J. M. Carlson. Descriptor approach for eliminating spurious eigenvalues in hydrodynamic equations. Tech. rep. 2007. url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0705.1542 G. D. McBain, T. H. Chubb, and S. W. Armfield. Numerical solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation using the viscous Green function and split-Gaussian quadrature. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 224 (2009), pp. 397–404. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2008.05.040 S. A. Orszag. Accurate solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld stability equation. J. Fluid Mech. 50 (1971), pp. 689–703. doi: 10.1017/S0022112071002842 P. Paredes, M. Hermanns, S. Le Clainche, and V. Theofilis. Order 104 speedup in global linear instability analysis using matrix formation. In: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 253 (2013), pp. 287–304. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2012.09.014 V. Theofilis. Advances in global linear instability analysis of nonparallel and three-dimensional flows. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 39 (2003), pp. 249–315. doi: 10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00030-1 J. V. Valério, M. S. Carvalho, and C. Tomei. Filtering the eigenvalues at infinite from the linear stability analysis of incompressible flows. J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2007), pp. 229 –243. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.07.017 D. Varieras, P. Brancher, and A. Giovannini. Self-sustained oscillations of a confined impinging jet. Flow Turbul. Combust. 78, 1 (2007). doi: 10.1007/s10494-006-9017-7 P. Virtanen, R. Gommers, T. E. Oliphant, et al. SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat. Meth. 17 (2020), pp. 261–272. doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 J. A. Weideman and S. C. Reddy. A MATLAB differentiation matrix suite. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 26 (2000), pp. 465–519. doi: 10.1145/365723.365727 S. Yiantsios and B. G. Higgins. Analysis of superposed fluids by the finite element method: Linear stability and flow development. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 7 (1987), pp. 247–261. doi: 10.1002/fld.1650070305

Aims: To investigate changes in cardiovascular risk factors over 14 years in relation to diabetes status. Methods: The study is based on 10,327 subjects who attended the Tromsø Study in 1994 and were screened again in 2007–8. At baseline there were 79 prevalent cases, and 397 incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) were diagnosed between 1994 and 2008. Results: Cases with DM2 had decreasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) and increasing levels of triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and anti-hypertensive treatment during 14 years of follow-up. Despite decreasing BP, more than 75% of the treated cases had BP above 135/80 at the end of follow-up. Similarly, less than 35% of incident cases using statins had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) below the recommended threshold value of 2.6 mmol/l. Conclusions: Despite greater relative reduction in cardiovascular risk factors among people with DM2 compared to those without, treatment targets were met in less than 50% of subjects with DM2. Thirteen percent reached the combined targets for glucose, BP and LDL-C control. This indicates a need for more effective strategies to control cardiovascular risk factors especially among individuals with DM2.

Измерены спектры поглощения пара монохлорида индия, находящегося в состояниях насыщенного и ненасыщенного пара относительно расплава InCl в присутствии расплава металлического индия. Спектры исследованы в интервале длин волн 200 – 400 nm и диапазоне температур 225 – 850 °C. Показано, что в этих условиях пар состоит из молекул InCl и в пределах чувствительности эксперимента не содержит других молекулярных форм хлоридов индия. В ходе нуль-манометрического эксперимента найдена температурная зависимость ln pInCl = = – A/T + b давления насыщенного пара в трехфазном равновесии LIn – LInCl – V, параметры которой составили: A = – 10255 ± 69 К, b = 10,95 ± 0.08 (давление – относительно стандартного 1 atm). Показано, что угловой коэффициент A хорошо согласуется с угловым коэффициентом температурной зависимости коэффициента поглощения ln Tk() = – A/T + B() при различных длинах волн. Это позволяет рассматривать высокотемпературную спектрофотомерию пара как альтернативу прямому манометрическому эксперименту. При сопоставлении манометрических и спектрофотометрических данных определены значения молярного коэффициента экстинкции InCl в ненасыщенном паре для максимумов полос поглощения. Найдено, что этот коэффициент слабо линейно зависит от температуры, убывая или возрастая на разных длинах волн. ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект 18-33-00900-мол-а. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Sen D., Heo N., Sef K. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, vol. 116, no. 27, pp. 14445–14453. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303699u Kitsinelis S., Zissis G., Fokitis E. Physics D: Appl. Phys., 2009, vol. 42, p. 045209 (8 pp). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/4/045209 Hayashi D., Hilbig R., Körber A., et al. Phys. Letters, 2010, vol. 96, p. 061503. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3318252 Binnewies M., Schmidt M., Schmidt P. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2017, vol. 643, pp. 1295–1311. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201700055 Zavrazhnov A. Y., Turchen D. N., Naumov A. V., Zlomanov V. P. Phase Equilibria., 2003, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1361/105497103770330316 Fedorov P. I., Akchurin R. Kh. Indium. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2000, 276 p. (in Russ.) Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Naumov A. V., Pervov V. S., Riazhskikh M. V. Thermochimica Acta, 2012, vol. 532, pp. 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2010.10.004 Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Naumov A. V., Sergeeva A. V., Sidei V. I. Inorganic Materials, 2007, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1167–1178. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168507110039 Zavrazhnov A. Yu, Kosyakov A. V, Sergeeva A. V., Berezin S. S. Condensed Matter and Interphases, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 417 – 436. URL: https://journals.vsu.ru/kcmf/article/view/87/190 (in Russ.) Brebrick R. F. Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 2005, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 20 – 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-005-0054-z Kuniga Y., Hosaka M. Cryst. Growth, 1975, vol. 28, pp. 385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(75)90077-9 Froslie H. M., Winans J. G. Rev., 1947, vol. 72, iss. 6, pp. 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.72.481 Jones W. E., McLean T. D. Molecular Spectroscopy, 1991, vol. 150, iss. 1, pp. 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(91)90202-l Vempati S. N., Jones W. E. Molecular Spectroscopy, vol. 132, iss. 2, pp. 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(88)90339-6 Kunia Y., Hosada S., Hosuka M. Denki Kagaku – Technical Paper, 1974, vol. 42, pp. 20–25. Robert C. Phys. Acta, 1936, vol. 9, pp. 405–436. Fedorov P. I., Mokhosoyev M. V. Gallium, Indium and Thallium Chemistry. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1977, 224 p. (in Russ.) Dritz M. E., Budberg P. ., Burkhanov G. S., et al. Properties of the Elements. Handbook, ed. by Dritz M. E. Moscow, Metallurgia Publ., 1985, 672 p. (in Russ.) Bronnikov A. D., Valilevskaya I., Niselson L. A. Izv. AN. SSSR. Metally, 1974, no. 4, pp. 54–57. (in Russ.) Zavrazhnov A. Yu. Doct. chem. sci. Voronezh, 2004, 340 p. Zavrazhnov A. Yu. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2003, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1577–1590. (in Russ.) Brebrick R. F., Su C.-H. Phase Equilibria, 2002, vol. 23, 2002, pp. 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1361/105497102770331343 Suvorov A. V. Thermodynamicheskaya chimia paroobraznogo sostoyania [Thermodynamic Chemistry Vapor State]. Leningrad, Chimia Publ., 1970, 208 p. (in Russ.)

Abstract Abstract 1080 Background: The role of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in the frontline treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) remains unclear with a number of studies reporting high and durable responses with single agent ATO. We have conducted a trial combining all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) with ATO with or without gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) in patients with previously untreated APL. Patients and methods: From July 2002 to June 2010, 104 patients with newly diagnosed APL were treated with a combination of ATRA plus ATO in two studies. The first cohort of 47 patients received ATRA (45 mg/m2 daily) and ATO (0.15 mg/kg daily beginning on day 10 of ATRA). High-risk patients (White blood cell count [WBC] > 10 × 109/L) received GO 9 mg/m2 on the first day of induction. From July 2007, the second cohort of 57 patients received ATRA (45 mg/m2 daily) and ATO (0.15 mg/kg daily) concomitantly on day one of induction. They also received GO 9 mg/m2 on day 1, if high risk, and any time during induction if the WBC rose to > 30 × 109/L (and more recently if > 10 × 109/L). Monitoring for PML-RARA fusion gene using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted after induction and throughout consolidation and follow up. The median age for the 104 patients was 46 years (range, 14–81). Their median presenting WBC was 2.7 × 109/L (0.4-131.4 × 109/L) and their median platelet count was 36 × 109/L (range, 7–261 × 109/L). Seventy three (70%) had low risk and 31 (30%) high risk disease (based only on the presentation WBC ≤ or > 10.0 × 109/L). Results: Overall, 102 patients (98%) achieved complete remission (CR) and 2 died during induction. With a median follow-up of 115 weeks (range, 4 to 397 weeks), 94 patients remain alive. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 88% and event-free survival 86%; only 5 of the patients achieving a CR (5%) have relapsed. The median overall survival, remission duration and event-free survival have not been reached (Figure). Thirty six patients have been alive and in remission for more than 3 years and 21 for more than 5 years. Two late deaths (beyond 300 weeks) occurred in CR from unrelated causes. Conclusion: The combination of ATRA and ATO (with or without GO) as initial therapy for APL is highly effective and safe; it can potentially substitute for chemotherapy containing regimens in high and low risk patients. Disclosures: Ravandi: Cephalon: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Off Label Use: Off-label use of arsenic trioxide in frontline therapy of APL; off label use of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in APL. Verstovsek:Incyte Corporation: Research Funding.

Introduction The IARC (1987)1 has classified arsenic as a group 1 human carcinogen. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause cancerous1-4 and non-cancerous health hazards5,6 in humans. Arsenic can get entry into the human body via drinking water, eating food, inhaling dust, and/or ingesting soil. An important limitation on the scientific understanding of arsenic toxicity is the complexity of arsenic metabolism. Differences in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity might be manifested by differences in arsenic metabolism or in the prevalence of arsenic-associated diseases among people of either gender, ages, nutritional factors, polymorphisms of the arsenic biotransformation genes in different ethnic group7,8 and may other unknown factors. Previous studies indicated that females are less susceptible to the arsenic related skin effects than males9-11. Normally, children do not show skin lesions compared to adults when both are drinking same arsenic contaminated water12. The main organ for arsenic metabolism is the liver, but the metabolic pathway of inorganic arsenic is not yet fully clarified7,8. It was thought that the conversion of iAs into methylated arsenic reduced exposure to this toxic effect; that is, methylation was a detoxification process of iAs 13. But now a days, it is clear that some of the metabolites (trivalent forms) are more toxic than others 14, 15. Trivalent arsenic species are more ready to cross cell membrane and inorganic pentavalent arsenate in mostly reduced to trivalent arsenite in the blood stream before entering the cells for further metabolism16,17. Inorg-As is metabolized in the body by alternating reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent form by enzymes and addition of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine7,18; it is excreted mainly in urine as DMA (V)19. Inorganic arsenate [Inorg-As (V)] is biotransformed to Inorg-As (III), MMA (V), MMA (III), DMA (V), and DMA (III) (Fig.)7. Therefore, the study of the toxicology of Inorg-As (V) involves at least these six chemical forms of arsenic. Studies reported the presence of 3+ oxidation state arsenic biotransformants [MMA (III) and DMA (III)] in human urine20 and in animal tissues21. The MMA (III) and DMA (III) are more toxic than other arsenicals22,23. In particular MMA (III) is highly toxic22,23. In increased % MMA in urine has been recognized in arsenic toxicity24. In addition, people with a small % MMA in urine show less retention of arsenic25. Thus, the higher prevalence of toxic effects with increased % MMA in urine could be attributed to the presence of toxic MMA (III) in the tissue. Previous studies also indicated that males are more susceptible to the As related skin effects than females24,26. A study in the U.S population reported that females excreted a lower % Inorg-As as well as % MMA, and a higher % DMA than did males27. Another study in Bangladesh reported that the average total urinary arsenic metabolites in children’s urine is higher than adults and total arsenic excretion per kg body weight is also higher for children than adults 12. It has been observed that inorganic arsenic (In-As) in average is 2.36% and MMA is 6.55% lower for children than adults while DMA is 8.91% (average) higher in children than adults. Figure. Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic. The efficiency of the methylation process is also assessed by the ratio between urinary concentration of putative product and putative substrate of the arsenic metabolic pathway. Higher values mean higher methylation capacity. Results show the values of the MMA/In-As ratio for adults and children are 0.93 and 0.74, respectively 12. These results indicate that first reaction of the metabolic pathway is more active in adults than children. But a significant increase in the values of the DMA/MMA ratio in children than adults of exposed group (8.15 vs. 4.11, respectively) indicates 2nd methylation step is more active in children than adults. It has also been shown that the distribution of the values of DMA/MMA ratio to exposed group decrease with increasing age (2nd methylation process). Thus, from these results we may infer those children retain less arsenic in their body than adults. This may also explain why children do not show skin lesions compared to adults when both are drinking same contaminated water. To date, metal or metalloids that may influence arsenic methylation are largely unknown. A study reported that the concentrations of trace elements (for examples: Se, Mn, Hg, etc.) relative to As in urine and blood were positively correlated with urinary % inorg As as well as % MMA, and negatively correlated with % DMA as well as the ratios of % DMA to % MMA. The results also suggest that Se, Mn as well as Hg may decrease arsenic methylation with decreasing creatinine formation for both males and females, but it could be concentration dependent 28. References IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. In IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenicity Risk to Humans. Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity: An Update of IARC Monographs 1-42 (Suppl. 7). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 100-106. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Arsenic in Drinking Water. Update to the 1999 Arsenic in Drinking Water Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Chen, C.J., Chen, C.W., Wu, M.M., Kuo, T.L. 1992. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder, and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br. J. Cancer 66, 888-892. Rossman, T.G., Uddin, A.N., Burns, F.J. 2004. Evidence that arsenite acts as a cocarcinogen in skin cancer. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198, 394-404. Huang, Y.K., Tseng, C.H., Huang, Y.L., Yang, M.H., Chen, C.J., Hsueh, Y.M. 2007. Arsenic methylation capacity and hypertension risk in subjects living in arseniasis-hyperendemic areas in southwestern Taiwan, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 218, 135-182. Tseng, C.H. 2007. Metabolism of inorganic arsenic and non-cancerous health hazards associated with chronic exposure in humans. J. Environ. Biol. 28, 349-357. Aposhian, H.V., Aposhian, M.M., 2006. Arsenic toxicology: Five questions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1-15. Tseng, C.H. 2009. A review on environmental factors regulating arsenic methylation in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 235, 338-350. Guha Mazumder, D.N., Haque, R., Ghosh, N., De, B.K., Santra, A., Chakraborti, D., Smith, A.H., 1998. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. Int. J. Epidemiol. 27, 871-877. Lindberg, A.-L., Rahman, M., Persson, L.-A., Vahter, M., 2008a. The risk of arsenic induced skin lesions in Bangladeshi men and women is affected by arsenic metabolism and the age at first exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 230, 9-16. Vahter, M., Akesson, A., Liden, C., Ceccatelli, S., Berglund, M., 2007. Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals. Environ. Res. 104, 85-95. Chowdhury, U.K., Rahman, M.M., Sengupta, M.K., Lodh, D., Chanda, C.R., Roy, S., Quamruzzaman, Q., Tokunaga, H., Ando, M., Chakraborti, D., 2003. Pattern of Excretion of ArsenicCompounds [Arsenite, Arsenate, MMA(V), DMA(V)] in Urine of Children Compared to Adults froman Arsenic Exposed Area in Bangladesh, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A,38:1, 87-113, DOI: 10.1081/ESE-120016883 Thomas, D.J. 2021. Arsenic methylation-Lessons from three decades of research. Toxocol., 457, 1-7. Styblo, M., Del Razo, L. M., Vega, L., Germolec, D. R., LeCluyse, E. L., Hamilton, G. A., Reed, , Wang, C., Cullen, W. R., Thomas, D.J., 2000. 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Дубинин Александр свящ.. "Ребенок в мире TV и компьютеров", "Даниловский благовестник", М., 1997. Психологическая диагностика детского развития (руководство пользователя и карточный инструментарий). Под ред. Р.И. Суннатовой. - Москва - Ташкент: ИТД «СМИ - Азия» - Издательство журнала «San`at», 2008 Смирнова Е.О. Психология ребенка/ Е.О. Смирнова.- М.: Школа-Пресс,2007.-384с. Bondarchuk O.A. The dependence of the projection structure on some types of team sports / O.A. Bondarchuk //GLOBUS.-2021.-№ 4(61). - р. 13-15. ID:46133501 Brad J. Bushman and Craig A. Anderson, Iowa State University. Media Violence and the American Public. Scientific Facts Versus Media Misinformation. June/July 2001 American Psychologist ,477-489 Cantor Joanne, Ph.D. The Psychological Effects of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents. The Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society, Centre d'Études sur le Media, HEC Montréal, Montréal, Canada, April 19, 2002. Rowell L. Huesmann and Laramie D. Taylor. The role of media violence in violent behavior. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2006. 27:393-415

The effect of photon processing (FO) on the formation of a heterojunction in the TiO2/QD’sCdS interface obtained by applying separately synthesized CdS quantum dots to the TiO2 film in the rutile phase has been studied. The changes of luminescence spectra and absorption of the investigated samples after this treatment discovered. It is shown that the separation of charge carriers occurs only after irradiation of samples with a powerful light pulse of a xenon lamp. REFERENCES Kapilashrami M., Zhang Y. , Liu Y.-S., Hagfeldt A., Guo J. Probing the Optical Property and Electronic Structure of TiO2 Nanomaterials for Renewable Ener gy Applications. Chem. Rev., 2014, v. 114, pp. 9662–9707. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5000893 Dang T. C., Pham D. L., Le H. C., Pham V. H. TiO2/CdS nanocomposite fi lms: fabrication, characterization, electronic and optical properties. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2010, v. 1, p. 015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/1/1/015002 Qian X., Qin D., Bai Y., Li T., Tang X., Wang E., Dong S., Photosensitization of TiO2 nanoparticulate thin fi lm electrodes by CdS nanoparticles. J. Solid State Electrochem., 2001, v. 5, pp. 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100080000179 Baker D. R., Kamat P. V. Photosensitization of TiO2 nanostructures with CdS quantum dots: Particulateversus tubular support architectures. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, v. 19, pp. 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801173 Cheng S., Fu W., Yang H., Zhang L., Ma J., Zhao H., Sun M., Yang L. Photoelectrochemical performance of multiple semiconductors (CdS/CdSe/ZnS) cosensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, v. 116, pp. 2615–2621. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp209258r Khlyap H. Physics and technology of semiconductor thin fi lm-based active elements and devices. Bentham Science Publisher, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080502151090101 Milnes A. G., Feucht D. L. Hetero junctions and metal-semiconductor junctions. Academic Press, 418 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-498050-1.X5001-6 Ievlev V. M., Latyshev A. N., Kovneristyi Y. K., Turaeva T. L., Vavilova V. V., Ovchinnikov O. V., Selivanov V. N., Serbin O. V. Mechanism of the photonic activation of solid-phase processes. High Energy Chem., 2005, v. 39, pp. 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10733-005-0078-2 Ievlev V. M., Kushchev S. B., Latyshev A. N., Ovchinnikov O. V., Leonova L. Y, Solntsev K. A., Soldatenko S. A., Smirnov M. S., Sinelnikov A. A., Vozgorkov A. M., Ivikova M. A. Relation of absorption band edge of rutile fi lms and their structure. Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res., 2014, v. 5, pp. 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1134/s2075113314010055 Korolev N. V., Smirnov M. S., Ovchinnikov O. V, Shatskikh T.S. Energy structure and absorption spectra of colloidal CdS nanocrystals in gelatin matrix. Phys. E Low-Dimensional Syst. Nanostructures, 2015, v. 68, pp. 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.10.042. Ghazzal M. N., Wojcieszak R., Raj G., Gaigneaux E.M. Study of mesoporous cds-quantumdot-sensitized TiO2 fi lms by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and afm. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol, 2014, v. 5, pp. 68–76. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.6 Ahire R. R., Sagade A. A., Deshpande N. G., Chavhan S. D., Sharma R., Singh F. Engineering of nanocrystalline cadmium sulfi de thin fi lms by using swift heavy ions. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., 2007, v. 40, pp. 4850–4854. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/16/014 Ekimov A., Onushchenko A.A. Size quantization of the electron energy spectrum in a microscopic semiconductor crystal. JETP Lett., 1984, v. 40, pp. 1136–1139. Rolo A. G., Stepikhova M. V., Filonovich S. A., Ricolleau C., Vasilevskiy M. I., Gomes M. J. M. Microstructure and photoluminescence of CdS-doped silica fi lms grown by RF magnetron sputtering. Phys. Status Solidi Basic Res., 2002, v. 232, pp. 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200207)232:1<44::AIDPSSB44> 3.0.CO;2-4 Smyntyna V., Skobeeva V., Malushin N. The nature of emission centers in CdS nanocrystals, Radiat. Meas., 2007, v. 42, pp. 693–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.068 Ehemba A. K., Socé M. M., Domingo J. J., Cisse S., Dieng M. Optimization of the properties of the back surface fi eld of a Cu (In, Ga) Se2 thin fi lm solar cell. American Journal of Energy Research, 2017, v. 5(2), pp. 57–62. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajer-5-2-5

We present a semilocal convergence analysis of Newton's method for sections on Riemannian manifolds. Using the notion of a 2-piece L-average Lipschitz condition introduced in [C. Li and J. H. Wang, Newton's method for sections on Riemannian manifolds: Generalized covariant α-theory, J. Complexity24 (2008) 423–451] in combination with the weaker center 2-piece L1-average Lipschitz condition given by us in this paper, we provide a tighter convergence analysis than the one given in [C. Li and J. H. Wang, Newton's method for sections on Riemannian manifolds: Generalized covariant α-theory, J. Complexity24 (2008) 423–451] which in turn has improved the works in earlier studies such as [R. L. Adler, J. P. Dedieu, J. Y. Margulies, M. Martens and M. Shub, Newton's method on Riemannian manifolds and a geometric model for the human spine, IMA J. Numer. Anal.22 (2002) 359–390; F. Alvarez, J. Bolte and J. Munier, A unifying local convergence result for Newton's method in Riemannian manifolds, Found. Comput. Math.8 (2008) 197–226; J. P. Dedieu, P. Priouret and G. Malajovich, Newton's method on Riemannian manifolds: Covariant α-theory, IMA J. Numer. Anal.23 (2003) 395–419].

صورة الإسلام في أوروبا في القرون الوسطى، ريتشارد سوذرن، ترجمة، تحقيق: رضوان السيد، بيروت: دار المدار الإسلامي، 2006، 166 صفحة. الصراع على الإسلام: الأصولية والإصلاح والسياسات الدولية، رضوان السيد، بيروت: دار الكتاب العربي، 2004، 277 صفحة. نحن والعالم.. من أجل تجديد رؤيتنا إلى العالم، زكي الميلاد، الرياض: مؤسسة اليمامة الصحفية، الطبعة الأولى 2005، 196صفحة. بين أخلاقيات العرب وذهنيات الغرب، إبراهيم القادري بوتشيش، القاهرة: رؤية للنشر والتوزيع، 2005، 224 صفحة. خصائص التصور الإسلامي ومقوماته، سيد قطب، القاهرة: دار الشروق، ط9، 2000، 207 صفحة. الفلسفة السياسية، أحمد داود أوغلو، ترجمة: إبراهيم البيومي غانم، القاهرة: مكتبة الشروق الدولية، ط1، 2006، 77 صفحة. الدَّين الخفي للحضارة الإسلامية، صالح الجزائري، لندن: دار الحكمة، ط1، 2006، 526 صفحة. مشروع الوحدة العربية.. ما العمل؟، سعدون حمادي، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية, الطبعة: الأولى، 2006، 171 صفحة. تناقض الرؤى: الجذور الإيديولوجية للصراعات السياسية، توماس سوويل، ترجمة: رنده حسين الحسيني، بيروت: الشركة العالمية للكتاب، ط1، 2006، 331 صفحة. The Truth About Worldviews: A Biblical Understanding Of Worldview Alternatives, James P. Eckman, Crossway Books, 2004, P. 134. Naming the Elephant: Worldview As a Concept, James W. Sire, InterVarsity Press, 2004, P. 172. Hollywood Worldviews: Watching Films With Wisdom & Discernment, Brian Godawa, InterVarsity Press, 2002, P. 204. Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science, Richard DeWitt, Blackwell Publishing, Incorporated, 2004, P. Worldview: The History of a Concept, David K. Naugle, B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002, P. 384. Worldview Skills: Transforming Conflict from the Inside Out, Jessie Sutherland, Worldview Strategies, 2005, P. 183. Arab Representations of the Occident: East-West Encounters in Arabic Fiction (Culture and Civilization in the Middle East), Rasheed El-Enany, Routledge, 2006, P. 255. The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalog, James W. Sire, InterVarsity Press; 4th edition, 2004, P. 252 A Spectrum of Worldviews: An Introduction to Philosophy of Religion in a Pluralistic World, Hendrik M. Vroom, Editions Rodopi BV, 2006, P. 342 The impact of cross-cultural experience on worldviews (China), Haiwen Yang, PhD (year: 2005), Reno: University of Nevada, 2006, P. 97. War of the World Views, Multiple, Kerby Lisle, New Leaf Press, 2006, P. 176. The Science of Oneness: A Worldview for the Twenty-First Century, Malcolm Hollick, O Books, 2006, P. 447. World's Religions: Worldviews and Contemporary Issues, William A. A. Young, Pearson Education, 2004, P. 432 Existo: Worldview and a Meaningful Existence, Neil Soggie, Hamilton Books, 2005, P. 148. Worldviews: Think for Yourself About How You See God (Think Reference Series), John M. Yeats, John Blase, Mark Tabb (Editor), NavPress Publishing Group, 2006, P. 228 Rebuild Your Worldview to be Healthy, James W. Stark Jr., Trafford Publishing, 2005, P. 310. Reflections in a Bloodshot Lens: America, Islam, and the War of Ideas, Lawrence Pintak, Pluto Press, 2006, P. 392 The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century, Thomas L. Friedman, Farrar Straus Giroux; Expanded and updated edition, 2006, P. 593. The Integration Of Faith And Learning: A Worldview Approach , Robert A. Harris, Cascade Books, 2004, P.314. Basic Principles of Islamic Worldview, Sayyid Qutb, Hamid Algar (Preface), Rami David (Translator), Islamic Pubns Intl, 2005, P.255. The Origin of Culture and Civilization: The Cosmological Philosophy of the Ancient Worldview Regarding Myth, Astrology, Science, and Religion, Thomas Dietrich, Turnkey Press, 2005, P. 360. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

"Prefață: Consiliere și mentorare cu impact Călăuzirea spirituală: de la „avva” Antichității la mentorul de azi Sfântul apostol Pavel le scria romanilor: „Dar cum vor chema pe Acela în care n-au crezut? Și cum vor crede în Acela despre care n-au auzit? Și cum vor auzi despre El, fără ca cineva să predice? Și cum vor predica, dacă n-au fost trimiși? Astfel, credința vine din cele auzite, iar cele auzite, prin Cuvântul Lui Dumnezeu.” (Romani 10: 14-15). Nimeni n-a plecat la propovăduire de capul lui. 1. Inițial, Isus „a chemat pe cine a vrut” (chemarea; vocația divină: gr. kaleo; lat. voco/are = a chema); 2. apoi, „ei au venit la El și a rânduit dintre ei 12, ca să-i aibă cu Sine” (răspunsul personal: voluntar și prompt [lat. protinus = îndată]; asumarea vocației apostolice și „ucenicia” alături de Isus timp de trei ani; gr. mathitevo = a fi discipol; a învăța; lat. discipulus); și 3. în final, Isus „i-a trimis să predice” (misiunea apostolică; gr. apo/stello; lat. mitto/ere = a trimite; missio/onis = trimitere; gr. kirysso = a propovădui; „a face o proclamație în calitate de herald”; un „mesager al Domnului”; gr. kyr = domn) [Marcu 3:13-14]. Chemare, ucenicie, trimitere..., toate acestea s-au petrecut „la împlinirea timpului” (Galateni 4:4), într-un moment de cumpănă al omenirii, cum ar zice E. Cioran: „Pe culmile disperării”, când „Poporul care stătea în întuneric, a văzut o mare Lumină și, celor care zăceau în ținutul și în umbra morții, le-a răsărit Lumina” (Matei 4:16) „transfigurării cosmice” (Cioran) mesianice. Isus n-a venit într-o lume pregătită să-L primească, ci într-o lume bulversată, disperată și în așteptare... Nu era o lume mai dreaptă, mai bună, mai credincioasă, mai morală, mai cultă, mai catehizată, mai primitoare decât cea de azi. Dar Isus n-a ținut cont de nimic din toate astea, ci pur și simplu a venit să-și îndeplinească „misiunea”: a învățat, a vindecat boli incurabile, a înviat persoane trecute în „viața de apoi”, a iertat, a exorcizat „demonii” multor patimi, a dat sens multor vieți, a provocat, a contestat formalismele Templului, cărturarilor și fariseilor, a declanșat furia mai marilor vremii și nu a fugit de supliciul și „rușinea” crucii. Într-un fel, la (răs)crucea vremurilor de azi, lucrurile par a se suprapune cu cele din timpul lui Isus. Trăim într-o lume complet debusolată, secularizată, nihilistă, agnostică, sceptică, indiferentă, relativistă, dezumanizată, lacomă și nesătulă, buimacă, parcă „fără istorie spirituală și fără viitor”, ostilă Celui de Sus și refractară oricărei morale, o epocă a indiscreției și lipsei de pudoare, a pornografiei, traficului de carne vie, vânzărilor de armament, droguri etc., fără sentimentul păcatului (Morale sans péché, dr. Hesnard, 1954), fără pic de rușine, fără valori, direcție, sens și destinație spirituală. Dumnezeu ne-a adus de la haos (abis, „tohu wa bohu” = o lume „fără formă și goală”; „fără cap și fără coadă”) la kosmos (ordine, viață, „căpătâi”), dar noi, parcă tributari „vocației entropiei”, mergem ireversibil către neant, nonsens și autodistrugere. Dumnezeu ne-a dăruit Viața, dar noi, incapabili să-i descifrăm farmecul, bucuria, valoarea și sensul, ne-o suprimăm sau ne-o irosim în nimicnicie. Ne-a dăruit Iubirea, dar ura, intoleranța și resentimentele ne stăpânesc. „Lumina a venit în lume, dar oamenii au iubit mai mult întunericul decât lumina, pentru că faptele lor erau rele.” (Ioan 3:19). Nu suntem cu nimic mai buni peste 2000 de ani decât atunci, dimpotrivă! Dar, în loc să stăm și să ne lamentăm continuu, mai bine căutăm soluții. Omul sfințește locul! Tuturor acestor provocări vor trebui să le facă față duhovnicii, mentorii, cateheţii și toți învățătorii spirituali de azi. O teologie de manual, scolastică, teoretică, stearpă și polemicile noastre confesionaliste sunt de mult depășite. Cum „imputa” ironic un student profesorului de dogmatică: „Dom’ profesor, cred că nici Dumnezeu nu știe despre El atâtea câte ați scris dumneavoastră în manualul acesta!” Termeni, dogme, erezii, speculații filosofice, dispute – la ce servesc toate astea? „Nimic nu e mai sărac decât cugetarea care, stând afară de Dumnezeu, filosofează despre Dumnezeu.” (Diadoh, episcop al Foticeei, sec. V). Azi, e nevoie de creștini autentici și mărturisitori adevărați (gr. martirevo = a mărturisi; de aici și termenul de „martir”) într-o relație vie cu Dumnezeu, „din interiorul Lui”, în Duhul Lui, nu doar de niște transmițători de cunoștințe teologice exterioare, mereu puși pe harță pentru monopolul (exclusivismul) și „drepturile de autor” asupra „adevărului” divin. Vremea polemicilor sterile a apus. Lumea nu mai are nevoie să afle „sexul îngerilor”! E nevoie de o Întâlnire adevărată cu Dumnezeu, nu doar la nivelul minții și speculațiilor teologice, ci și la nivelul inimii și al spiritului. Un consilier sau mentor spiritual asta va trebui să facă, să-l conducă pe omul zilelor de azi la Marea Întâlnire existențială și spirituală cu Dumnezeu. „Oare poate un orb să călăuzească pe un alt orb? Nu vor cădea amândoi în groapă?” (Luca 6:39). Avem nevoie de duhovnici adevărați, de consilieri adevărați, de mentori spirituali adevărați, cu pregătire umană, teologică și viață spirituală pe măsură, care să înțeleagă omul de azi cu toate problemele, slăbiciunile și ezitările lui, nu de triumfaliști „îmbelferiţi ai spiritului”, de legaliști, formaliști, moraliști de mucava care să te trateze de pe poziții de superioritate, suficiență și omnisciență. Avem nevoie de călăuze spirituale umane, calde, autentice, vii care să „nu ne dea lecții de morală ieftină” și de „auto-izbutită soteriologie”. Nu e nevoie de „experți” care să ni se insinueze drept „modele” și „păstori” ai unei turme paraplegice și oarbe, ci de oameni adevărați cu inimă caldă și mare, cu care să putem intra într-un dialog real, de la om la om, de la suflet la suflet, cu Dumnezeul cel Viu prezent în mijlocul nostru. Predica publică e una, relația de îndrumare spirituală, de consiliere sau de mentorat este alta. Este o relație particulară, de la om la om, cu o forță de impact soteriologic imensă: o adevărată „chirurgie spirituală” în care omul își oferă mentorului spiritual inima deschisă ca „pe tavă” cu toată încrederea. De măiestria și responsabilitatea duhovnicului, consilierului sau mentorului spiritual depinde „reușita operației” și felul în care este „suturată” incizia. Din păcate, mulți au rămas profund dezamăgiți și debusolați după „întâlnirea” cu unele „pseudo-călăuze” sau „mercenari” implicați în acest câmp psihologic și spiritual extrem de fragil. Predica te poate atinge parțial, dar cuvântul adresat direct, de la inimă la inimă, n-are cum să nu-ţi trezească sentimente, întrebări, idei, aspirații puternice. Aceasta și era relația directă dintre avva (maestrul spiritual) și ucenic, încă din antichitatea creștină, și către asta tindem și acum, spre o neo-evanghelizare sau re-încreştinare autentică (nu îndoctrinare sau prozelitism) a omului, prin comunicarea față în față cu mentorul, un om mai experimentat, pregătit (psihologic și spiritual), cu învățăcelul, în curs de formare, pentru a-l smulge din marasmul și pericolele societății atee despre care vorbeam mai sus. Mai trebuie doar să înțelegem că, azi, această relație spirituală de călăuzire este cumva „pe picior de egalitate”. Nimeni nu se consideră superior nimănui, doar „maestrul” spiritual este dispus și disponibil să (se) investească în „discipol”, în beneficiul orientării lui existențiale și mântuirii. Aceasta înseamnă „artă” și autenticitate spirituală! Volumul de față, Consiliere și mentorare cu impact, ca, de altfel, întreaga colecție Autentic, urmăreşte obținerea unor mărturii adevărate ale unor persoane autentice, care să le fie de folos în orientarea și formarea oamenilor dispuși să-și caute calea și rostul lor spiritual. Așa cum, deja, ne-a obișnuit apariția primului volum, Copilărie și parentalitate cu impact, structura celui de față este la fel de coerentă, variată și interesantă cum, nu mă îndoiesc nicio clipă, vor fi și cele ce vor urma. Coordonatoarea volumului și a colecției, doamna conf. univ. dr. Patricia Runcan, un manager cultural excelent și, la rându-i, un om spiritual autentic, nu se dezice, nici de această dată, de stilul ei „nemțesc”, precis, pedant și de chemarea/menirea pe care i-a dat-o Dumnezeu: de a învăța în școală, de a mărturisi în/prin Biserică și de a scrie mesajul divin celor dispuși să-l asculte. Susțin și încurajez, cu tot sufletul, această minunată inițiativă a colecției Autentic și sper să dea roade cât mai bogate și îndelungate! Conf. univ. dr. Eugen Jurca "

Reviews: (a) Vicarion, J. L.; Badia, D.; Carillo, L.; Reyes, E.; Etxebarria, J. Curr. Org. Chem. 2005, 9, 219-235. (b) Mahrwald, R. Ed. In Modern Aldol Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2004; Vol. 1., pp. 1-335 (c) Mahrwald, R. Ed. In Modern Aldol Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2004; Vol. 2., pp. 1-345.(d) Machajewski, T. D.; Wong, C.-H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1352-1375. (e) Carriera, E. M. In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 8: Aldol Reaction: Methodology and Stereochemistry, 227-248. (f) Paterson, I.; Cowden, C. J.; Wallace, D. J. In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 9: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions in the Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products, pp. 249-298. (g) Franklin, A. S.; Paterson, I. Contemp. Org. Synth. 1994, 1 317-338. (h) Heathcock, C. H. In Asymmetric Synthesis; Morrison, J. D., Ed.; Academic Press: Orlando, Fl.; 1984; Vol. 3., Chapter 2: The Aldol Addition Reaction, pp. 111-212. (i) Mukaiyama, T. Org. React. 1982, 28, 203-331. Since the early 1980s, aldol condensations involving boron enolates have gain great importance in asymmetric synthesis, particularly the synthesis of natural products with adjacent stereogenic centers bearing hydroxyl and methyl groups. (Z)-Boron enolates tend to give a high diastereoslectivity preference for the syn-stereochemistry while (E)-boron enolates favor the anti-stereochemistry. Because the B-O and B-C bonds are shorter than other metals with oxygen and carbon, the six membered Zimmerman–Traxler transition state in the aldol condensation tends to be more compact which accentuates steric interactions, thus leading to higher diastereoselectivity. When this feature is coupled with a boron enolate bearing a chiral auxillary, high enantioselectivity is achieved. Boron enolates are generated from a ketone and boron triflate in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine. Reviews: (a) Abiko, A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 387-395. (b) Cowden, C. J. Org. React. 1997, 51, 1-200.

Abstract Arnold, Christopher J.; Davies, Jeffrey L. Roman and early medieval Wales (Stroud: Sutton, 2000), viii, 216p.Davies, R. Rees. ‘Owain Glyn Dŵr a’i apêl’ [Owain Glyn Dwr and his appeal], Y Traethodydd155 (2000), 198–209.Davies, R. Rees. ‘Shakespeare’s Glendower and Owain Glyn Dŵ r’, The Historian[London] 66 (2000), 22–25.Jones, John Gwynfor. ‘Owain Glyndŵr a gwrthryfel y Cymry 1400–1415’ [Owain Glyndwr and the revolt of the Welsh 1400–1415], Taliesin 110 (2000), 24–40.White, Richard. ‘Caernarfon and the origins of the kingdoms of Gwynedd’, Caernarvonshire Historical Society Transactions 61 (2000), 23–39.Wyatt, David. ‘Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Hiberno-Norse world’, Welsh History Review 19:4 (1999), 595–617.

Nobuaki Kambe of Osaka University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5644) that with a Ni catalyst, Grignard reagents coupled preferentially with primary alkyl iodides, even in the presence of the usually reactive ketone. Maurice Santelli of the Université d’Aix-Marseille devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5238) a protocol for the conversion of a ketal 4 to the doubly homologated product 6. Brian T. Gregg of AMRI established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3978; Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 7070) a procedure for the homologation of a nitrile 7 to the amine 9. Replacement of the NaBH4 with a second Grignard reagent led to the α-quaternary amine (not shown). Toshiaki Murai of Gifu University independently developed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5703) a protocol for coupling two Grignard reagents with the linchpin reagent 11 to give the amine 12. Laurel L. Schafer of the University of British Columbia demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8361) Ta-catalyzed intramolecular addition of a methyl amine 14 to the terminal alkene 13 to give 15. Jason S. Kingsbury of Boston College extended (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3202) the Roskamp protocol to unstable diazo alkanes such as 17, to give 18. Katsukiyo Miura of Saitama University found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 5066) that Pt catalyzed the branched addition of a terminal alkenyl silane 19 to an aldehyde 16 to give the branched adduct 20. Silanes such as 19 are readily prepared directly from the corresponding terminal alkene. Kálmán J. Szabó of Stockholm University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5695) that the allyl boronate derived from the allylic alcohol 21 could add to the aldehyde 23 to give, depending on the solvent, either the branched product 24 or the linear product 25. The Wittig reaction is a major producer of by-product waste in chemical synthesis. Yong Tang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6628) that Ph3As could serve catalytically in the condensation of 26 with an aldehyde. Christopher J. O’Brien of the University of Texas at Arlington and Gregory A. Chass of the University of Wales described (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6836) a related procedure using a cyclic phosphine.

Powerful methods for catalytic, enantioselective intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions have been developed. Ben L. Feringa and Gerard Roelfes of the University of Groningen have shown (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3647) that a catalyst prepared by combining salmon testes DNA with a Cu complex directed the absolute sense of the addition of 1 to cyclopentadiene 2 . Mukund P. Sibi of North Dakota State University has reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2007, 129 , 395) related work with achiral pyrazolidinone dienophiles and chiral Cu catalysts. Tohru Fukuyama of the University of Tokyo found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2007, 46, 5734) that the MacMillan catalyst 5 was effective at mediating the addition of acrolein 4 to the pyridine-derived diene 3, enabling an enantioselective synthesis of the prominent antiviral (-)-oseltamivir (tamiflu) 7. Hisashi Yamamoto of the University of Chicago has demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2007, 129, 9534 and 9536) that the novel catalyst 10 effected addition of methyl acrylate 9 to the diene 8, leading to an elegant enantioselective synthesis of the tetracycle 12, the key intermediate in the Nicolaou synthesis of platensimycin. New illustrations of the power of the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction have been put forward. Demonstrating the influence of a single subsituent on the tether, William R. Roush of Scripps/Florida found (Organic Lett . 2007, 9, 2243) that cyclization of 13 led to the diastereomer 14, complementary to the result observed with an acyclic triene. Ryo Shintani and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University have extended (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2007, 46, 7277) their studies of chiral diene-based Rh catalysts to the enantioselective cyclization of alkynyl dienes such as 16. Jonathan W. Burton of the University of Oxford and Andrew B. Holmes of the University of Melbourne employed (Chem. Commun . 2007, 3954) the MacMillan catalyst 5 for the cyclization of 18 to 19. It is impressive that ent- 5 catalyzed the cyclization of 18 cleanly into the diastereomer of 19 in which both of the newly-created stereogenic centers were inverted.

In the context of peptidyl ketone synthesis, Troels Skrydstrup of the University of Aarhus developed (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1088) the elegant SmI2-mediated conjugate addition of acyl oxazolidinones such as 1 to acceptors such as 2. Sadagopan Raghavan of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1601) that the addition of a Pummerer intermediate, generated by exposure of 4 to TFAA, to the terminal alkene 5 and SnCl4 led to efficient C-C bond formation, to give the sulfide 6 as a single (unassigned) diastereomer. Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl halides and triflates is a well-established process. Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT has now (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2754) extended this transformation to much less expensive tosylates and mesylates such as 7. β-Amino acids have often been prepared from α-amino acids by Arndt-Eistert homologation. Geoffrey W. Coates of Cornell University has devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3979) a more practical alternative, the direct Co-catalyzed carbonylation of an oxazoline 9 to the 2-oxazine-6-one 10. Eiji Shirakawa and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University also used (Chem. Lett . 2008, 37, 654) a Co catalyst to promote the coupling of aryl and alkenyl Grignard reagents with enol trifl ates such as 11. Alois Fürstner of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim optimized (Chem. Commun. 2008, 2873) promoters for the Pd-catalyzed Stille-Migata coupling of iodo alkenes such as 14 with alkenyl stannanes such as 15 to give 16. It is particularly noteworthy that their system is fluoride free. The stereocontrolled construction of trisubstituted alkenes continues to be challenging. We described (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1605) the facile preparation of the diioide 18 from the inexpensive 2-butyn-1,4-diol 17 . Sequential coupling of 18 with an aryl Grignard followed by CH3 Li delivered 19. Brian S. J. Blagg of the University of Kansas established (Tetrahedron Lett . 2008, 49, 141) that Still-Genari homologation of 20 with 21 gave (E)- 22 with high geometric control. Biao Jiang of the Shangahi Institute of Organic Chemistry reported (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 593) a convenient alternative protocol to give ( Z )-α- bromo unsaturated esters.

Unsaturated half acid esters such as 1 are readily prepared by Stobbe condensation between dialkyl succinate and an aldehyde. Johannes G. de Vries of DSM and Floris P. J. T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen observed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 85) that these acids were excellent substrates for enantioselective hydrogenation. Kazuaki Kudo of the University of Tokyo designed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2035) a resin bound peptide catalyst for the transfer reduction of unsaturated aldehydes such as 3 , using 4 as the net H2 donor. Note that 5 was produced with high enantiocontrol from 3 that was a ~ 2:1 mixture of geometric isomers. Motomu Kanai and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6072) a chiral Gd catalyst that mediated the conjugate cyanation of enones such as 6 with high ee. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1762) a dimeric Al salen catalyst that showed improved activity over the monomeric catalysts. Even congested imides such as 8 could be cyanated efficiently, delivering alkylated quaternary stereogenic centers. Takahiro Nishimura and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1576) the Rh*-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of silyl acetylenes to enones such as 10, to give 12. Adriaan J. Minnaard and Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 398) conditions for the enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of alkyl Grignard reagents to diene esters such as the inexpensive ethyl sorbate 14. The product 16 incorporated, in addition to the newly formed stereogenic center, a geometrically defined E alkene. William S. Bechara and André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal found (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2315) that alkyl Grignard reagents could be induced to add with high enantioselectivity to pyridyl sulfones such as 17. In a different approach, Gregory C. Fu of MIT developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3302; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2756) conditions for the enantioselective alkenylation of racemic bromo esters such as 19, The latter reference is to the analogous enantioselective coupling of organozinc bromides with racemic allylic chlorides.

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets are defined in 1983 by Atanassov as a generalization of some existing models like fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets and L-fuzzy sets. From applicability point of view, the intuitionistic fuzzy modelling provided new vistas in artificial intelligence, expert systems, neural networks, data bases, and decision making, to mention only the main tracks. The usage of intuitionistic fuzzy models in Learning (levels of learning evaluation [1, 7], e-Learning quality evaluation [4, 6], machine learning algorithms [3, 5, 6], quality evaluation [2], etc.) has begun recently. This paper describes the usage of intuitionistic-fuzzy way of thinking and modelling to investigate the Bloom's educational objectives. The first section establishes the aim of the paper and outlines the most important aspects of intuitionistic-fuzzy modelling: state of the art, intuitionistic-fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy numbers and operators, and applicability. The second section considers the cognitive domain and presents the usage of intuitionistic-fuzzy approach on Bloom's categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Applicability, Analysis and Synthesis, and Evaluation. The third section is dedicated to the usage of intuitionistic fuzzy machine learning from machine architectures (in general neuro-intuitionistic-fuzzy structures) to their performance evaluation. Finally, concluding remarks on the power of intuitionistic fuzzy approaches to enable creative ways of thinking in research and development are provided. Keywords: Levels of Learning, Machine Learning, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Models and Strategies, e-Learning Selected references [1] Hosseini R., Kardan A., Intuitionistic Fuzzy-Based Method for Assessing the Learner's Knowledge Level and Personalization of Learning Path, Proceedings of ICVL 2011, pp. 441-447, 2011. [2] Hristova M., Sotirova E., Multifactor method of teaching quality estimation at universities with intuitionistic fuzzy evaluation, Twelfth Int. Conf. on IFSs, Sofia, 17-18 May 2008, NIFS Vol. 14(2), pp. 80-83, 2008. [3] Kazakov A. D., On Intuitionistic fuzzy machine learning, 2005, http://www.dmitry- kazakov.de/fuzzy_ai/on_fuzzy_machine_learning.htm [4] Melo-Pinto, P., T. Kim, K. Atanassov, E. Sotirova, A. Shannon and M. Krawczak, Generalized net model of e-learning evaluation with intuitionistic fuzzy estimations, Issues in the Representation and Processing of Uncertain and Imprecise Information, Warszawa, pp. 241-249, 2005. [5] Sotirov S., Atanassov K., Intuitionistic Fuzzy Feed Forward Neural Network, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 9(2), pp. 62-68, 2009. [6] Sotirov, S., D. Orozova, E. Sotirova, Neural network for defining intuitionistic fuzzy sets in e-learning, Proc. of 13th Int. Conf. on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Sofia, NIFS Vol. 15(2), pp. 33-36, 2009. [7] Sotirova E., Classification of the students' intuitionistic fuzzy estimations by a 3-dimensional self organizing map, 7th IWIFS, 2011, Conference proceedings, "Notes on IFS", 17(4), pp. 39-44, 2011.

Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Wes. is one of the most significant diseases constraint to winter wheat production in the world. Since 2011 in Europe have appeared distinct new races – Warrior, Kranich, Warrior (-) that have caused wide epidemics on different cultivars of wheat. Grain yield losses can be prevented by using a combination of varietal resistance and fungicides. Information on wheat variety susceptibility to local yellow (stripe) rust Puccinia striiformis Wes. races can help to reduce the risk of yield losses in high disease pressure situations. Field trials with eight most popular and perspective winter wheat varieties in Latvia were established in the North-Western part of Latvia (Stende Research Centre) in autumn of 2016. The trial was designed as two randomized complete blocks (treated and untreated) and data were statistically interpreted. Two applications of fungicides at BBCH 29-32 by T1 (prothioconazol 53 g L-1, spiroxamin 224 g L-1, tebucanazole 148 g L-1) and at BBCH 37-39 - T2 (bixafen 65 g L-1, prothioconazol 130 g L-1, fluopyram 65 g L-1- 1.5 L ha-1) were used to control the YR. Yield and 1000 kernel weight (TKW) were determined. Preliminary results indicated the difference between genotypes resistance/susceptibility to YR. The severity of infection level was 1- 80% depending on genotype resistance. Application of fungicides increased grain yield by 2.9 % to 33.0% and TKW by 3.4% - 33.2 % depending on variety. Observations showed the difference in the occurrence of symptoms on YR in different varieties of winter wheat under conditions of 2017 in Stende.

Background: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitalized patients and is associated with several unfavorable outcomes, as it promotes cerebral edema and consequent intracranial hypertension. As isn’t clear if there is a causal relationship or if it is only a marker of severity, we described and analyzed the association between sodium disorders, especially hyponatremia, with the severity level of the stroke and the functional condition of discharge of these patients. Methods: We did a cross-sectional study with patients admitted to a stroke unit of a reference hospital in Salvador-Ba between 11/2017 and 03/2020 included in the DISPASS cohort. We classify hyponatremia as serum sodium 145mEq / L. To analyze the association between the variables, Fisher’s exact test was performed. Results: We analyzed 399 patients whose mean age was 62. The mean sodium on admission was 138.2 mEq / L, with 56 patients (14%) with hyponatremia and 11 (3%) with hypernatremia. Among those who had sodium disorders at admission (67), 32 had moderate NIHSS, 24 severe / very severe NIHSS and 11 had mild NIHSS. X² = 2.48, p = 0.443. In addition, of these 67 patients, 13 were discharged and still needed help in daily activities and to walk (mRs 4), 15 were discharged restricted to bed (mRs 5) and 6 died during hospitalization (mRs 6). Therefore, of the 17% who had sodium disorder at admission, more than half had a poor functional outcome. Among those who had hyponatremia (56), 35.7% (20) had severe / very severe stroke, 46.4% (26) had a moderate degree, while only 10 had a mild degree. X² = 1.91, p = 0.53. Conclusions: Although the Fisher Test did not show a significant association (p> 0.05), the frequencies of patients with sodium disorders at admission and classified as having high stroke severity were presented with relevant values, so it is important to carry out further studies to investigate the relationship of these variables.

Introdução: A síndrome de Mauriac (SM) é uma forma de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) rara, que se caracteriza pela tríplice sintomalogia de hepatomegalia, retardo do crescimento, diabetes mal controlado de evolução prolongada. Além dos demais sintomas como dislipidemia, elevação de transaminases e redução de IGF-1 (fator de crescimento insulínico). É uma patologia crônica pouco comum, acometendo principalmente crianças e adolescentes portadores da doença, com controle glicêmico difícil. As repercussões sobre o desenvolvimento do indivíduo com SM e o mecanismo exato dessa síndrome ainda não estão bem estabelecidos, e a real incidência da SM não foi bem delimitada, devido ao reduzido número de casos descritos na literatura mundial. Objetivos: Descrever a sintomatologia que caracteriza a Síndrome de Mauriac. Metodologia: O presente estudo está estruturado como uma revisão de literatura. Foram adotados trabalhos que estavam de acordo com a temática da Síndrome de Mauriac, pesquisados em banco de dados como SciELO e LiLACS, disponíveis em língua portuguesa ou inglesa entre os anos 2002 e 2021. Trabalhos publicados fora deste intervalo temporal e que não estavam disponíveis em sua completude não foram selecionados. Resultados: A Síndrome de Mauriac é debatida majoritariamente na literatura sob a óptica de casos clínicos, de forma que cada grupo de pesquisa compara os achados clássicos com os elementos perceptíveis nos pacientes em questão. Os achados recorrentes resumem-se em: alteração de hemoglobina glicada (8,5 - 14,94%), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) (18 - 1625 UI/L), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) (14 - 961 UI/L), colesterol total (143 - 394 mg/dL) e triglicerídeos (76 - 1017 mg/dL). Pôde-se observar que os índices se encontram mais elevados em pacientes do sexo feminino, e para complementação diagnóstica, costuma-se realizar dosagem de hormonal, glicemia em jejum e vitaminas. Além disso, a presente síndrome está atrelada ao desenvolvimento de hepatomegalias. Conclusão: Entende-se que a SM apresenta complicações crônica ligada ao DM 1, que por sua vez a doença metabólica glicídica contribui para diversas alterações bioquímicas, concomitante a SM os pacientes desenvolvem distúrbios em demais sistemas, comprometendo função hepática, dislipidemias, baixo crescimento e obesidade.

Protein determination by composition consious amino acid analysis (CCAAA) is generally applicable to polypeptides with known amino acid composition.Traditionally, in protein determination by AAA the mass of protein substance in a preparation is quantitated by simple summation of the mass of all amino acid residues found, although some amino acids e.g. Trp, Ser, Thr, Cys are unsatisfactorily determined. In this study we have explored the, possibility of improving protein determination by AAA in cases where the amino acid composition of the preparation is precisely known from sequence data. In CCAAA protein determination the molar amounts of amino acids that are known to be quantitatively recovered are divided by the number of residues known to be present in the polypeptide. The mean of these values is identified as the molar quantity of polypeptide in the sample. In addition, the standard deviation of the mean serves as identification and homogeneity control. In this study the accuracy of the method was checked gravimetrically.CCAAA was applied on t-PA prepared from cultured Bowes melanoma cells by immunopurification on PAMl-Sepharose 6BFF and subsequent gelfiltration in 1 mol/L NH4HCO3 on Sephacryl SA-200. About 2 pg of lyophilized protein was hydrolysed in 6 mol/L HC1 under vacuum for 24 hours at 110°C and amino acid analysed. Amino acids selected for calculation of the molar quantity were (number of residues within parentheses) Asp+Asn(50), Glu+Gln(52), Pro(29), Ala(32.5), Val(25), Leu(39), His(16), Lys(21) and Arg(35.5). To obtain the gravimetric quantity the molar quantity was multiplied with the theoretical molecular weight as calculated from the sequence and with the carbohydrate content taken into account.For t-PA the standard deviation of the mean molar quantity typically was less than 5%. The result from CCAAA was about 10% higher than that obtained from conventional AAA. The result from CCAAA was within 10% of that found gravimetrically. The absorbtivity of t-PA was estimated to 1.75 (g/L)-1cm-1.In summary, composition consious amino acid analysis (CCAAA) is recommended as reference method for protein determination of well defined protein preparations where the amino acid composition is known.

The oil crisis of the last decades of the twentieth century has led researchers to turn their attention to alternative sources of energy, the so-called green energy. One of the genres intensively studied for bi-omass production was the genus Salix. In Europe, in Sweden, were made the first Salix hybrids for short-rotation crops (SRC). Willows are used for wood plantation, cellulose and paper production, in pharma-ceutical industry, for soil phytoremediation, like pioneer species by their role in ecosystem restoration, increasing biodiversity and for biomass production (Berg, 2002). In Romania, willow SRC for biomass production started after 2005. There are about 1500 ha of willow SRC, 400 ha of them are in Banat area. All of these cultures were established with Swedish clones, especially clone Inger. Swedish clones and hybrids registered good results in Sweden and North-West Europe countries with cool, wet climate, but in Romania they have not achieved spectacular results in some areas, such as North-Est Timis county and Oltenia area, the crops being compromised in the first years. In the view of the extension of cultivated areas unsuitable for agriculture, with forestry and energy crops, there are necessary comprehensive studies to find optimal solutions - selection of genotypes to their potential production, but also to be adapted at temperatures over 35ºC and severe drought. A willow breeding program for the biomass production has to be started and a potential genitors collection (local germplasm) sets the stage for the beginning of a science-based breeding program. The collection of potential genitors (39 genotypes, 12 species) was established in the spring of 2015 on the territory of the Experimental Didactical Station belonging to Banat’s University of Agricul-tural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara. The biological material (46 cuttings for each genotype) was planted in double rows 75 cm apart with double rows spaced at 150 cm and an 80 cm in-row spacing. During the growing season was made chemical and mechanical weed control. There were not applied phytosanitary treatments, in order to test the natural resistance of the genotypes. The sprouting capacity and biometric observations were made in an experimental trial with uncut and cutback shoots and biomass was estimated. Following the biometric observations performed biannually and the evaluation of tolerance / re-sistance to diseases and pests, a wide variability was noticed, both interspecific and intraspecific. The quantitative traits varied significantly with genotype and management practice. Large variability was ob-served in terms of survival rate but also in sprouting capacity, maximum height, and diameter. The field trial recommends some genotypes with particularly high production, clone 30 Salix pentandra L. and clone 31 S. triandra L. for crops with short rotation cycle, both in normal soil and climatic conditions and on degraded lands. The most tolerant genotypes both to pests and diseases were belonging to S. rosmarinifolia and S. pentandra. The most sensitive species include genitors from S. fragilis, S.alba and S.purpurea. Tolerance to pests and diseases was dependent on species and origin.

In order to apply the PEFC power generation system in near future, ITRI is cooperating with Taiwanese local electrical company to develop a compact methanol reformer. This methanol reformer can simultaneously catalyze autothermal and steam reforming reactions, depending on the application. Except the catalyst for methanol steam reforming and low temperature water gas shift reactions, ITRI has developed several catalysts for autothermal reforming, high temperature water-gas shift, and CO preferential oxidation reactions. We have integrated these catalysts to assemble a methanol reformer prototype. The characteristics of this methanol reformer operated at steady state are the maximum flow rate of hydrogen being 39 L/min (corresponding to 2.4 kWe), H2 concentration being 45∼65%, CO concentration less than 50 ppm, and the cold startup time less than 35 minutes. In addition, we have been developing a catalyst for methanation reaction. We hope to shorten the start-up time to less than 20 minutes and the volume of the reformer being reduced in half by integrating a good methanation catalyst into my next generation methanol reformer.

The competitive environment is in turbulence and businesses are in a rapid digital and sustainable transition. This means challenges for organizations and the leadership of teams. Leadership is under uncertainties and pressure coming from inside and outside the team. Also, project team members face many stressful situations that cause uncertainty. Uncertainty stemming from the pressure of project work can be managed through social support. Projects are characterized by being time-limited and goal-oriented. For this reason, project teams face tough time pressures, which increase the workload of their members.Additionally, project teams are put together for a specific task, so their members may not have worked with each other before. A project team and even individual team members may work independently through self-organized tasks while having the same team objective. The basic nature of project work means that project team members are in a position from the beginning of a project where they can face quite a lot of uncertainty and stressful situations. In this work, social support refers to the means of interaction that alleviate the feelings of uncertainty that arise in stressful situations (Mikkola 2020). A project team tends to pay more attention to task-oriented processes, leaving less attention to relationship-centered interaction processes (DePoel et al. 2014), which include social support. Social support is known to have several positive effects in working life (Reinardy 2009).The goal of this research is to describe the perceptions and experiences of team members about social support. The following aspects of social support were analyzed: How is social support and its relevance understood? What factors promote and hinder social support?In this article social support is described from the perspective of project team members in working life. Because social support is constructed and mediated through interaction between project team members, it was essential to look at it through its manifestation.The research setting in this research is qualitative because it describes the team members’ perceptions and experiences. The goal of this research was to collect genuine opinions on this topic, so thematic individual interviews were conducted. A semi-structured thematic interview was chosen to hear people’s perceptions, which enabled a more in-depth treatment of the phenomenon. Social support’s manifestation in the project team was analyzed according to the perceptions and experiences of interviewees.The results of this research help to understand the importance of social support for project teams. The results increase understanding of how social support manifests itself in team interaction and what factors promote and hinder its delivery and application. In addition, they deepen the understanding of what social support is needed for and what implications it is seen to have from the perspective of team members.Ref.De Poel, F., Stoker, J., Van der Zee, K. 2014. Leadership and organizational tenure asymmetry as determinants of project team effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 39 (1), 532–560.Mikkola, L. 2020. Supportive communication in the workplace. Mikkola, L. & Valo, M. (toim.) Workplace communication. New York: Routledge.Reinardy, S. 2009. Beyond Satisfaction: Journalists doubt career intentions as organizational support diminishes and job satisfaction declines. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17 (3), 126–139.

Abstract Geothermal energy is one of the more efficient renewable energy sources. It uses heat from the Earth's interior to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. In binary cycle power plants, geothermal water can often be produced naturally from high-pressure wells. But when reservoir pressure drops, these power plants need to add artificial lift to continue to produce needed quantities of hot water. The geothermal industry is looking at electrical submersible pumping (ESP) systems as a way to improve geothermal fluid production. But ESPs were designed for the conditions in oil wells and are subject to severe complicating factors in geothermal conditions that significantly reduce runlife, such as temperatures up to 200°C (390°F), highly corrosive fluid, and salt deposition (scale). At the same time, production rates need to be higher than those typical of oil production. The most commonly used geothermal pumps are driven by a transmission shaft and drive on the surface, or they use a submersible asynchronous induction motor. Surface-driven pumps, commonly called line-shaft pumps, have significant depth limitations. Submersible asynchronous induction motors cannot provide a sufficient volume of fluid supply and tend to overheat in high-temperature conditions. To compensate for the heat, induction motors must operate underloaded. Even so, they are subject to frequent premature failures with operating times of between 30 and 100 days. To solve the problem of cost-effective exploitation of geothermal fields, Novomet used its expertise with permanent magnet motors and high-speed pumps to develop an electrical submersible pumping system that would offer more reliability and runlife in geothermal conditions. A 254-mm (10-in.) geothermal submersible pumping (GSP) system was designed, manufactured, and tested with a production output of up to 12,000 m3/d (75,477 bbl/d, 139 l/s, 2201 gpm,). It featured new generation, high-efficiency pump stages and a permanent magnet motor with a capacity of up to 1.5 MW. The GSP system design was field tested in Turkey. Improvements to early system designs include the use of a heat-conducting filler in the materials used to compound the permanent magnet motor, the adoption of various high-temperature-rated components (AFLAS rubber elements, RYTON motor terminals, and heat-resistant motor oil), and the development of metal-to-metal sealing in the motor lead extension. One of the early GSP systems installed in the field performed reliably for 470 days at a frequency of 90 Hz, significantly exceeding the target runtime. More than thirty units with a total flow rate of 190,000 m3/d (1,195,000 bbl/d, 2199 l/s, 34,856 gpm) are currently in operation in Turkey. The electrical consumption savings average 25% for each GSP system with a permanent magnet motor compared to systems using asynchronous induction motors. While designed for geothermal applications, GSPs can also be used in oil and gas operations.

The cultivation of grain legumes is an important reserve for increase of high protein feeds production. The narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is one of the most cultivated species in agriculture. The modern forage varieties are early ripening, tolerate to anthracnose and have high seed protein content and low alkaloid content. The trends in breeding of universal and forage narrow-leafed lupin varieties are drought resistance increase and reduction of seed coat proportion. In early stages of growth and development the estimation of seed ability to grow in sucrose solution under high osmotic pressure is one of the oblique methods for drought resistance determination. These solutions simulate the conditions of physiological soil dryness. Under laboratory conditions 23 narrow-leafed lupin varieties and breeding lines developed in the All-Russian Lupin Research Institute were tested. The variety Vityaz was used as reference; it is listed in the State List of the Russian Federation. The var. Belorozovy 144 and some breeding lines made the first group for high drought resistance level (81–94%). The BL 39-20 has high grain and green mass yield. Eleven varieties and breeding lines included the reference made the second group with the moderate drought resistance level. Lupin has the thick seed coat compared to other legumes; it increases the fiber content and results in digestibility reduction. If the proportion of coat weight and seed weight will be lower, it is possible to hope for the highest nutritive value of grain forage. Among tested varieties and breeding lines the zoned var. Belorozovy 144 has the lowest seed coat content (18.9%). The seed coat content of the breeding lines Uzkolistny 37-12, CmW 62-17 etc. is about 20.5-20.8% among new breeding lines. The breeding line CmW 62-17 stood put for large seeds, this index made 157 g. It overcame the reference by 27 g or by 20.7%.

Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.

The overall objective of the whole research was to elucidate the mechanisms by which LAB silage inoculants enhance ruminant performance. The results generated will permit the development of better silage inoculants that maximize both silage preservation and animal performance. For this one-year BARD feasibility study, the objectives were to: 1. determine whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF) 2.select the inoculants that survived best, and 3. test whether LAB silage inoculants produce bacteriocins-like substances. The most promising strains will be used in the next steps of the research. Silage inoculants containing LAB are used in order to improve forage preservation efficiency. In addition, silage inoculants enhance animal performance in many cases. This includes improvements in feed intake, liveweight gain and milk production in 25-40% of studies reviewed. The cause for the improvement in animal performance is not clear but appears to be other than direct effect of LAB inoculants on silage fermentation. Results from various studies suggest a possible probiotic effect. Our hypothesis is that specific LAB strains interact with rumen microorganisms which results in enhanced rumen functionality and animal performance. The first step of the research is to determine whether LAB of silage inoculants survive in RF. Silage inoculants (12 in the U.S. and 10 in Israel) were added to clarified and strained RF. Inoculation rate was 10 ⁶ (clarified RF), 10⁷ (strained RF) (in the U.S.) and 10⁷, 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ in Israel (strained RF). The inoculated RF was incubated for 72 and 96 h at 39°C, with and without 5 g 1⁻¹ glucose. Changes in pH, LAB numbers and fermentation products were monitored throughout the incubation period. The results indicated that LAB silage inoculants can survive in RF. The inoculants with the highest counts after 72 h incubation in rumen fluid were Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 and a L. plantarum/P. cerevisiae mixture (USA) and Enterococcus faecium strains and Lactobacillus buchneri (Israel). Incubation of rumen fluid with silage LAB inoculants resulted in higher pH values in most cases as compared with that of un-inoculated controls. The magnitude of the effect varied among inoculants and typically was enhanced with the inoculants that survived best. This might suggest the mode of action of LAB silage inoculants in the rumen as higher pH enhances fibrolytic microorganisms in the rumen. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the inoculated RF tended to be lower than in the control RF after incubation. However, L. plalltarull1 MTDI resulted in the highest concentrations of VFA in the RF relative to other inoculants. The implication of this result is not as yet clear. In previous research by others, feeding silages which were inoculated with this strain consistently enhanced animal performance. These finding were recently published in Weinberg et.al.. (2003), J. of Applied Microbiology 94:1066-1071 and in Weinberg et al.. (2003), Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (accepted). In addition, some strains in our studies have shown bacteriocins like activity. These included Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum Mill 1. These results will enable us to continue the research with the LAB strains that survived best in the rumen fluid and have the highest potential to affect the rumen environment.