Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Zoe (Indiens)”

Evaluation of four distinct obturating methods namely endodontic pressure syringe (n=40), reamers (n=40), Lentulo spirals driven through slow-speed handpiece (n=40) and incremental filling technique (n=4) using zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) paste as obturating material in deciduous teeth is of interest to dentist. Hence, we are interested determining the effective obturation methodology using CBCT. Handpiece driven lentuspirals helped in optimum obturation in high percentage of root canals. Low percentage of optimally filled root canals was observed in reamers technique. Moreover, under filled root canals was low in lentuspirals technique of obturation. Thus, overfilled root canals were high in endodontic pressure syringe and reamers obturation technique.

In one of the fragments of the lover’s discourse translated by Timothy Matthews in this volume Barthes considers the figure of Gradiva, from Jensen’s tale, engaging thereby with Freud’s essay on ‘Delusions and Dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva’. Gradiva is a figure of a happy outcome, whereby Zoe Bertgang ‘gently’ eases Norbert Hanold out of the psychotic delusion of his amorous fascination. But these dynamics are not as straightforward as they seem; if, as Barthes suggests, the madness of love is all-encompassing, total, what are we to make of Zoe’s devotion, since she splits herself, between Gradiva and Zoe. This paradoxical tension, between loving and being in love, generates further aporia and tension in the translations enacted across the texts of Barthes, Jensen and Freud. These ‘research notes’ on Gradiva enumerate multiple indices of the ‘Gradiva dossier’, opened by Barthes.

A pragmatic approach to the treatment of infectious diseases with multicausal agents and prevention of the development of resistant isolates is the combination of herbal remedies with the first-line antimicrobial agents to which most of them have become resistant. This study evaluated the interactions between the ethanolic bark extract ofZiziphus mucronatawith known antimicrobial agentsin vitro. In this study, the results showed that varied zones of inhibitions (ZME—chloramphenicol (17–42 mm), ZME—amoxicillin (17–35 mm), ZME—tetracycline (17–36 mm), ZME—ciprofloxacin (20–41 mm), ZME—nalidixic acid (17–34 mm), and ZME—kanamycin (17–38 mm)) were produced by the antibacterial combinations. At the highest combined concentrations, 12 isolates (ZME—ciprofloxacin) > 10 isolates (ZME—chloramphenicol) = (ZME—kanamycin) > 6 isolates (ZME—amoxicillin) = (ZME—nalidixic acid) and 5 isolates (ZME—tetracycline) were inhibited with zones of inhibition greater than20±1.0 mm. Although the agar diffusion assay suggested that the interactions between the ethanolic extract ofZ. mucronataand the antibiotics were both synergistic and additive in nature, the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) showed that the interactions were synergistic (54.17%), additive (27.78%), indifferent (16.67%), and antagonistic (1.39%). While the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for synergism ranged between 0.00391 and 0.5, that of additivity ranged between 0.516 and 1.0, indifferences ranged between 1.062 and 3.0 and antagonistic interaction was 5.0. The synergistic effects implied that the antibacterial combinations would be more effective and useful in the treatment of multicausal and multidrug-resistant bacteria than a single monotherapy of either antibacterial agent.

Abstract Objectives Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables the dynamic measurement of glycemic control. In diabetic cohorts, time in range (TIR), measured by CGM, is discriminatory of future disease development. However, the value of CGM metrics in non-diabetic populations and their relationship with health outcomes is unclear. This research developed ‘optimised’ TIR targets specific to healthy populations and explored their relationship with diet and health. Methods The ZOE PREDICT studies, one (n = 1002, UK), two (n = 987, US) and three (n = 4,500, US) collected demographic information, habitual and free-living diet data, cardiometabolic blood biomarkers and postprandial responses to standardized meals in clinic and free-living settings. TIR was calculated from CGMs (2–4 days free-living) using 1) the American Diabetes Association (ADA); 70–140 mg/dL (TIRADA) and 2) a novel optimised; 70–100 mg/dL (TIRoptimised) target. Habitual diet quality (plant-based diet indices; PDI, healthy-PDI and unhealthy-PDI), and free-living nutrient intakes (% energy) were calculated. Associations (spearman's, adjusted for age, sex and BMI) between TIR and diet were examined, and differences in diet and health outcomes between quintile 1 (Q1) and 5 (Q5) of TIR targets were assessed. Results Mean fasting glucose was 91 ± 10 mg/dL, HbA1c 5.3 ± 0.4%, TIRoptimised 70 ± 17% and TIRADA 91 ± 13% (n = 4805 after exclusions, 78% females, mean age 46 ± 12y). Individuals with better glycemic control (TIRoptimised Q5 vs Q1) were younger (mean ± SD) (45 ± 11 vs 49 ± 12y), had lower HbA1c (5.2 ± 0.4 vs 5.5 ± 0.5) and fasting glucose (91 ± 14 vs 97 ± 23 mg/dL) and higher HDL-cholesterol (1.7 ± 0.4 vs 1.6 ± 0.5mmol/L) (P< 0.001 for all). TIRoptimised (PREDICT 1 n = 868) was associated with a favourable diet (lower unhealthy-PDI and carbohydrate intakes and higher protein intakes) and cardiometabolic risk profile (lower HbA1c and ASCVD) (P < 0.05 for all). However, TIRADA was not associated with diet or health outcomes. Conclusions We demonstrate that an optimised TIR target (70–100 mg/dL) is discriminatory of ASCVD risk despite normal fasting HbA1c. These findings demonstrate the utility of CGM's in non-diabetic populations and highlight the potential application of dietary strategies to improve TIR and subsequent metabolic complications. Funding Sources ZOE Ltd.

Capture fishery is one of the dependable sources of fish protein and livelihood. This study investigated Ichthyofaunal diversity in Zobe reservoir for a period of twelve months (March 2020 to February 2021). Individual fishermen catch was used throughout the study period, where each of the five (5) Landing sites was visited twice monthly for catch assessment survey. Fish samples were randomly collected from 5 canoes/fishermen per sampling unit and catches examined. Thirteen (13) fish species (Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, Schilbe mystus, Synodontis membranaceous, niloticus, Bagrus docmac, Bagrus bayad, Alestes dentex, Tilapia Mozambique, Clarias anguilaris, Momyrus rume, Sarotherodon galileus, Alestes nurse and Tilapia zilli) belonging to eight genera from 7 families were observed. Oreochromis niloticus of the family Cichlidae was the most dominant species constituting 34.7%, 35.6%, 24.8%, 26.99%, and 27.3%, for Raddawa, Tabobi, Gada, Garhi, and Makera respectively, of the total catch in each fishing station of the reservoir. Diversity indices estimated from all the five stations include Shannon’s index of diversity index (H’); with a monthly range of 1.81 to 2.34, Simpson’s dominance index (C); 0.10 to 0.78, Simpson’s index (1-D); 0.10 to 0.78, Species evenness index (E); ranging from 0.596 to 1.00, species richness of Margalef’s index (d); 1.40 to 1.53, and reciprocal of Simpson’s index (D’); 1.29 to 9.96. Fish species are highly diverse with good species richness and evenness. This study validated the fisheries resources for commercial activity and fishery management of the reservoir. Therefore, stakeholders should utilize optimally and commercially the fishery resources for job creations.

The thick–clawed crayfish Pontastacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837) is an endangered, and the least known, crayfish species in Europe. Currently, detailed information regarding the morphology, ecology and reproduction of thick–clawed crayfish is outdated. This study presents, for the first time, detailed photographs of the thick-clawed crayfish, and updated information on distinctive morphological characters and morphometric analysis. New specifications of the carapace and appendage morphological characteristics were established as: 1) the rostrum is long, sharply pointed and has three pairs of distinctive sub-apical lateral spines, 2) two well–developed pairs of post–orbital ridge on the carapace are ended by prominent spine; 3) each finger of chelae ends with a black sharp tip. Among the 18 morphometric indices, carapace width to the total length (CPW/TL), abdomen width to the total length (ABW/TL) and claw height to the claw width (CLH/CLW) clearly differentiate P. pachypus from the other representatives of Astacus genus (A. colchicus and A. astacus) and P. leptodactylus (P<0.05). Comparison of individual indices between P. pachypus and P. leptodactylus revealed that almost all indices differed significantly except head length to the total length (HEL/TL) and rostrum length to the total length (ROL/TL). This study contributes to the identification of the thick–clawed crayfish for the purpose of conservation and protection of its localities.

The effects of an artificial commercial feed supplementation on larval rearing and crablet production of mud crab Scylla tranquebarica. In mass production of mud crab seeds, only rotifer and Artemia nauplii are usually fed to mud crab larvae rearing until the larvae develop to crablet stage. The supplementation of artificial commercial feed from zoea-3 stage is expected to supply an essential nutrient required for an optimum larval development. The research was aimed to determine the optimum dosage of commercial feed supplementation for a successful larval rearing to produce crablet in hatchery. Newly hatched larvae of mud crab were stocked at a density of 100 ind./L. The larvae were fed with rotifer and Artemia nauplii. Microbound artificial commercial feed sized <100 microns (protein 52%, fat 14,5%, fiber 3% and water content 10%) was supplemented to the larvae from zoea-3 to megalopa stage at different dosages namely: a). 0.5 mg/L/2 days; b). 0.75 mg/L/2 days; c). 1.0 mg/L/2 days; d). 1.25 mg/L/2 days. Larval population, larval development indices (LDI), megalopa occurrence index (MOI) and crablet production were observed and measured. Water quality (ammonium, nitrite, Total Organic Matter (TOM), and total Vibrio sp. count were also monitored. The LDI, MOI, and crablet production from each treatment were compared and tested using one way-ANOVA. The results showed that the survival rate of larvae at zoea-5 ranged between 29-33%. The LDI was not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatments. However, the MOI of treatment A and B at day 21 ph was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with treatment C and D. In addition, the crablet production in treatment B, C and D were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with treatment A. It was concluded that the supplementation of artificial commercial feed in larval rearing of S. tranquebarica could be applied at the dosage range of 0.75-1.25 mg/L/2-days from zoea-3 until crablet (C-7) stage.

Abstract The MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region has long been a site of Hindi film consumption and circulation, with Dubai emerging in recent years as a potent hub for Bollywood’s overseas distribution and marketing. Though the role of the “Gulf” in articulating immigrant experiences and regional identity among Malayali Indians is well documented (Radhakrishnan 2009), Hindi cinema’s popularity in the region has rarely received any scholarly attention. In the past decade, UAE has witnessed the launch of three cable and satellite television channels—Zee Aflam (2009), Zee Alwan (2012) and MBC Bollywood (2013)—with dedicated Bollywood content, much of which is dubbed in Arabic and targeted primarily at the local Emirati audience. This paper examines the consumption and dissemination of this dubbed Indian content, which includes Bollywood films as well as Hindi television series, among the Arabic-speaking audience. As I argue, the current popularity of “Bollywood in Arabic” can be historicized and traced back to popular Hindi cinema’s consumption in the Gulf during the sixties and seventies, particularly among the local Emirati audience. In doing so, I not only extend the scope of Hindi film scholarship beyond the hegemonic parameters of the nation and its citizens, but also, interrogate the role of Dubai and the “Gulf” as a cultural capital of transnational media economics.

The large degree of morphological variations, particularly amongst juveniles, has led to inconsistencies in the literature regarding the taxonomic status of Amphithrax aculeatus (Herbst, 1790) and Amphithrax verrucosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1832). As a result of recent biodiversity sampling initiatives in Barbados, West Indies, multiple specimens of Amphithrax aculeatus and A. verrucosus have been collected. This has prompted us to undertake a thorough reassessment of their morphological and molecular characteristics. Moreover, morphological differences in the carapace, antennae, chelipeds, pereopods and the male first gonopod (G1) supports A. aculeatus and A. verrucosus as separate species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on newly-generated sequences of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS-1 genes also shows that A. verrucosus is a separate species and sister taxa to A. aculeatus. The total number of species within the genus Amphithrax is now brought to eleven. However, our molecular analysis also shows that the taxonomic placement of Amphithrax armatus (Saussure, 1853) within Amphithrax is questionable.

UTILIZATION OF ENSILAGE KEPOK BANANA PEELS REPLACING PART OF CORN IN THE DIET ON CARCASSES AND VISCERA INDICES OF BROILER. The purpose of the present research was to determine the substitution of corn with ensilage kepok banana peels (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) in the diet on carcasses and viscera indices of broiler. Trial was arranged using an experimental study. Sixty unsexed Cobb day old Chicks (DOC) were used in a Completely Randomized Design arrangement, with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0 = 50% yellow corn + 0% ensilage kepok banana peels, R1 = 42,5% yellow corn + 7,5% ensilage kepok banana peels, R2 = 35% yellow corn + 15% ensilage kepok banana peels, R3 = 27,5% yellow corn + 22.5% ensilage kepok banana peels. Parameters measured were: carcass weight (g), abdominal fat (%), liver weight (%), and gizzard weight (%). Research results showed that, the subtitution of yellow corn with ensilage kepok banana peels gave a significant different (P<0,05) effect on carcass weight, abdominal fat percentage, liver weight percentage, and gizzard weight percentage. The higher the ensilage kepok banana peels replacing corn in the diets, the lower the carcass weight and abdominal fat percentage, whereas liver weight percentage and gizzard weight percentage both decreased as the subtitution of ensilage kepok banana peels increased. Carcass percentage was the only parameter that was not affected (P>0,05) by treatments. It can be concluded that the utilization of ensilage kepok banana peels up to 30% or 15% can still substitute yellow corn in broiler diets. Keywords : Broiler, Kepok Banana Peels, Carcasses, Viscera

Abstract Objectives The human gut microbiome has been linked to risk and severity of a multitude of chronic diseases, but large-scale, high-resolution studies linking it to host diet are lacking. The PREDICT 1 study (NCT03479866) enrolled 1,102 healthy US and UK adults to examine the genetic, metabolic, microbial, and meal composition/context contributions to metabolic responses to food. Here, we identify microbial features (species, genes, pathways) linked with diet and assess their potential to predict personalized food responses. Methods Dietary intake was assessed using validated EPIC (UK) and Harvard (US) semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) to capture habitual intake (1 yr). Nutrient and food consumption (adjusted for energy intake) were calculated, and dietary patterns and diversity of intake were estimated. Shotgun metagenomic profiling was performed on fecal samples collected at baseline from 1,001 UK and 97 US individuals. Results We observed strong associations between overall microbial structure, as well as feature-level associations with nutrients, foods, food groups, and established dietary indices. Strongest associations were with daily intake of coffee, meat, and dairy foods, and saturated fatty acids; Spearman's r = 0.45, 0.29, 0.27 and 0.46, respectively. The Healthy Food Diversity Index and the Plant Dietary Index (PDI; comprised of healthy vs. unhealthy PDI, h-PDI, u-PDI) were strongly associated with community structure (r = 0.36, 0.34, and 0.34), highlighting the synergistic impact of dietary diversity, food quality, and microbial outcomes. We identified two clusters of microbial species with consistent, opposed correlations with ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ nutrients, food groups, and dietary indices with clear segregation between the h-PDI vs. u-PDI. These clusters were also coupled to cardiometabolic biomarkers. The associations observed in the UK cohort were reproducible in the independent US cohort. Conclusions The relationship between a healthy diet, resultant microbial signatures, and cardiometabolic outcomes strongly support the interactions between the foods we eat, the bacteria they enrich, and chronic disease outcomes, highlighting the importance of diet quality and diversity in personalized precision nutrition. Funding Sources NIHR, Wellcome Trust, Zoe Global Ltd.

Sida cordifolia is an important medicinal plant of the Indian Thar desert. The present study deal s with the eval uation of seed germination and seedling growth behaviours of S. coedifolia under controlled (in-vitro) and natural (in-vivo) conditions. Results revealed that seeds require a scarification pretreatment of 30 minutes with concentrated H2SO4 to obtain maximum germination. Maximum seedling quality index (SQI) values were obtained when seeds were sown at 0.5 cm depth in 2:2:1 soil mixture ratio of sand: clay: FYM.

CARCASS PERCENTAGE AND ABDOMINAL FAT OF BROILER CHICKEN CONSUMING DIETS PARTLY REPLACED WITH FRESHMULBERRY (Morus alba) LEAVES. An experiment was conducted to elaborate carcass percentage and abdominal fat of broiler chicken consuming diets partly replaced with fresh Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves. The present study was conducted for 3 weeks using 60 day old chicks (DOC) CP 707 broiler chicks. Birds were placed in battery cages and were assigned to each dietary treatment (4 treatments) which was replicated five times in a completely randomized design (CRD) arrangement and data were all submitted to the ANOVA procedure.Treatment diets were formulated as follow: R0 = basal diet + 0% fresh Mulberry leaves; R1 = 98% basal diet + 2.0% fresh Mulberry leaves; R2= 96.0% basal diet + 4.0% fresh Mulberry leaves; and R3 = 94.0% basal diet + 6.0% fresh Mulberry leaves. Variables measured were carcass percentage and abdominal fat. Research results showed that treatments gave a non-significant different (P>0.05) on carcass percentage; where as treatments significantly (P<0,05) affected abdominal fat. R0 (basal diet + 0% fresh Mulberry leaves) gave a significantly (P < 0.05) higher abdominal fat compared with R1, R2, and R3 treatments; while among R1, R2, and R3 treatments gave a non-significant difference on abdominal fat indices. It can be concluded that fresh Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves can be used up to 6.0% as a replacement of basal diet of broiler chicken in this study. Key words: Broiler chicken, Mulberry leaves,carcass percentage, abdominal fat.

The goal of the study was to compare the dynamic changes in individual biometric indices of Scots pine in different natural zones of Ukraine, Polissya and Steppe. Scots pine stands were mainly concentrated in the Polissya zone, and their area was 3.6 times larger than that of forests in the Steppe zone, and the total wood stock by 4.6 times. The regression equations for biometric indices of artificial modal stands were developed. A comparison of the average height, diameter, and wood stock for pine stands of site index І^а, I, and II growing in Polissya and Steppe was made. It was found that the average differences in the average height (from 1.9 to 2.6 m) are observed at the age of 15–20 years. For the average diameter, the difference increases with age and the growth of the site index. The difference in the average stock is constantly increasing with age. At the age of 20 years this difference is 20–30 m³, and at the age of 120 years from 100 to 120 m³ depending on the site index. The developed growth models can be used in planning and prioritizing appropriate forestry activities for pine stands growing in specific regional conditions.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of forest road as a corridor on local biodiversity. For this purpose, 10 segments in a 10 year-old road were selected in Neka-Zalemrood forest in Hyrcanian zone. At each of the segments, we established two 100-m transects perpendicular to the road centre line, within which we sampled three macroplots of an area 400 m². In each macroplot, nine quadrant microplots 2 &times; 2 m in size were set up for regenerated tree species and herbaceous plant survey. Chemical and physical parameters of soil were measured in laboratory. Results indicated that thirty-six herbaceous species and 13 regenerated tree species were recorded within the area of 100 m from the road verge. At the different distances from the road verge and both down and up-slope, the ground cover of Carex sylvatica and Rubus caesius L. as well as regeneration density of Carpinus betulus L. were higher compared to other species. Menhenick, Margalef, Shannon and Simpson indices were higher at the distance of 0&ndash;20 m than at the distances of 40&ndash;60 m and 80&ndash;100 m. Camargo and Smith-Wilson indices decreased when increasing distance to the road. These results are expected to provide critical information for decision makers and land managers for managing plant species and maintaining the integrity of biological communities. &nbsp;

In the autumn of 2008, a new bacterial disease of rice was noted in paddy fields near Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The disease caused severe discoloration of rice grains on cv. Zhong-zhe-you 1 (Oryza sativa L.). It often occurred at early flowering of hybrid rice. Initially, light, rusty, water-soaked lesions appeared on the lemma or palea and then turned brown. More immature and lighter grains were observed on panicles at harvest. No bacterial ooze was observed. Ten bacterial isolates were recovered from eight samples of discolored rice grains (1). Six isolates were selected for identification. They were similar to those of the reference strain of Pantoea ananatis (Serrano, synonym Erwinia uredovora) LMG 2665T (ATCC 33244) from Belgium in phenotypic tests based on the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc, Newark, DE) with the aerobic bacterial library (TAB 5.0), and electron microscopy (TEM,KYKY-1000B, Japan). All isolates were facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods that measured 1.6 to 2.5 × 0.5 to 0.7 μm and had three to six peritrichous flagella. Colonies on nutrient agar were yellow and raised with smooth margins. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum cv. Benshi) 24 h after inoculation. All isolates were identified as P. ananatis with Biolog similarity indices of 0.716 to 0.852 and FAME similarity indices of 0.783 to 0.903. Further identification as P. ananatis was done by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Amplicons were produced from three strains using the universal primers (3) fD2: 5′-AGA GTT TGA TCA TGG CTC AG-3′ forward primer and rP1: 5′-ACG GTT ACC TTG TTA CGA CTT-3′ reverse primer and then sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. GU324769, GU324770, and GU338399). A BlastN search of GenBank revealed that they had 97 to 98% nt identity with P. ananatis strain 3Pe76 (GenBank Accession No. EF178449). Koch's postulates were completed by spray inoculating panicles of rice cv. Zhong-zhe-you 1 at booting stage, grown in pots, with cell suspensions containing 108 CFU/ml of the six strains at 25 to 29°C. Three plants were inoculated with each strain, controls were sprayed with water, and the experiment was repeated once. Three weeks after inoculation, all strains produced symptoms on panicles similar to those observed in the field. Yellow pigmented bacteria were reisolated from symptomatic panicles and their identity was confirmed by FAMEs. These results indicate that the pathogen is P. ananatis (2), which also causes leaf blight and bulb decay of onion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rice grain discoloration caused by P. ananatis in China. The disease cycle on rice and the control strategies in the regions are being further studied. References: (1) J. Y. Luo et al. Plant Dis. 91:1363, 2007. (2) H. G. Truper and L. de Clari. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:908, 1997. (3) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

The present study illustrates zooplankton dynamics in relation to environmental factors from the surrounding area of Tiaowei Island based on ten seasonal sampling cruises over three years. A total of 116 species of zooplankton were collected with a predominance of Copepoda (mainly consisting of Centropagidae, Oithonidae, Acartia, Labidocera and Paracalanus), accounting for 31.6 % of the total number of species. The diversity indices indicated a relatively high richness, abundance and evenness of zooplankton ranging from 2.794 to 4.012 on the Shannon–Wiener index for each cruise. More than 20 species of Cnidaria medusae are found as gelatinous organisms, which not only compete with fish but also potentially cause disasters. Significant seasonal variations were detected in both the zooplankton structure and environmental variables. NMDS illustrated a highly overlapping community structure in spring, autumn and winter, while the zooplankton composition in the summer was different from that of the other three seasons with a higher diversity index. Meanwhile, out of thirteen environmental parameters, eight varied significantly among seasons but there were no significant variations among stations. The biota–environmental relationship following a redundancy analysis revealed that water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and suspended particulate composition were the main environmental parameters, seasonally impacting the zooplankton communities. Planktonic larvae (such as nauplius larvae and branchyura zoea) and some zooplankton (including Corophium sinensis and Oithonasimilis) were significantly vulnerable to the dynamics of suspended particulate composition and water temperature.

Background: India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2013, HIV prevalence in India was an estimated 0.3%, an estimated 130,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses. Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down, with a 19% decline in new HIV infections (130,000 in 2013), and a 38% decline in AIDS-related deaths between 2005 and 2013. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of HIV infection has improved steadily since the advent of potent combination therapy in 1996. ART has dramatically reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to see the change in CD4+ count in patient taking various combination of HAART (Highly active anti-retroviral treatment).Methods: A total of 215 patients were included in this study that came to the rims art centre for regular follow up and there cd4+ count at 6 monthly interval upto 18 months was taken and analysed.Results: The patients were evaluated for their change in CD4+ cell count. Mean of CD4+ count at 6 monthly interval was taken in this study which showed that haart combination causes significant improvement in cd4+ count in each group (1) stavudine, lamivudine, nevirapine (2)stavudine, lamivudine, efavirenz (3) zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine (4) zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, (5) tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz.Conclusions: SLN combination was found most effective in increasing the CD4+ Cell count in comparision to the other combination. Other drugs combinations in decreasing order are as follows- SLE, ZLE, TLE, ZLN.

La question de sauvegarde des ressources ligneuses et la nécessité de satisfaire les besoins en produits vivriers d’une population en pleine croissance ont imposé à l’humanité la pratique de l’agroforesterie. La présente étude vise à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes agroforestiers de la zone soudanienne du Togo face à une pression agrodémographique et climatique sans cesse croissante. Des inventaires floristiques, forestiers et écologiques ont été réalisés au sein de 346 placettes de 50 m x 50 m installées dans les agrosystèmes inventoriés via un échantillonnage stratifié suivant les 3 axes routiers les plus empruntés dans chaque localité choisie. Les analyses statistiques ont permis de discriminer, sur la base des gradients topographique et éco-floristique, dix types de systèmes agroforestiers caractérisant le paysage agraire de la zone soudanienne du Togo et organisés spatialement en auréoles plus ou moins concentriques autour des habitations. La structure en diamètre est en « L » tandis que la structure en hauteur est en cloche dissymétrique variée avec un coefficient de forme « c » compris entre 1 et 3,5 traduisant une abondance relative des individus de faibles diamètres et de hauteurs (moyennes et élevées). Au total 105 espèces réparties en 79 genres et 31 familles dont les plus représentées sont les Leguminosae-Mimosoideae, les Anacardiaceae, les Combretaceae, etc. P. biglobosa, V. paradoxa, B. aethiopum et A. digitata ont les indices de valeur d’importance les plus élevés avec respectivement 65,63% ; 59,12% ; 14,33% et 12.79%. La conjonction de facteurs anthropiques et environnementaux justifie la diversité des systèmes agroforestiers dans ladite zone. Il devient impérieux de mieux aménager et diversifier ces agrosystèmes via l’introduction des espèces résilientes, à usages multiples et fertilitaires aux fins de leur adoption à plus grande échelle et de leur contribution accrue tant à la durabilité qu’à la sécurité alimentaire.

L’agroécologie est de plus en plus présentée comme une solution crédible pour faire face aux défis économiques, environnementaux, sociaux et sanitaires soulevés par le système de production conventionnel. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité technique des exploitations en transition agroécologique en zone coton-nière. Une enquête a été conduite auprès de 240 producteurs de coton. La méthode basée sur les frontières stochastiques de production de type Cobb-Douglas a été utilisée pour l’analyse des données recueillies sur les efficacités et le modèle Tobit pour estimer les déterminants. Les résultats montrent que les facteurs tels que la quantité d’engrais (NPK et urée), de matière organique, et de main d’œuvre influencent posi-tivement et significativement le rendement des exploitations cotonnières au seuil de 5 % et par conséquent leur efficacité technique. Les moyennes des indices d’efficacité technique des exploitations non agroécologiques et des exploitations en transition agroécologiques sont respectivement de 69,88 % et 74,65 % avec une moyenne 70,73 %. Cette différence est significative au seuil de 1 %. Les facteurs qui influencent cette efficacité technique sont l’âge, la visite des encadreurs, le recyclage des cultures, la synergie des producteurs pour les exploitations non agroécologiques. Pour les exploitations en transition agroécologique, les facteurs sont le sexe, l’alphabétisation, l’éducation secondaire et la formation en technique de production. Pour une stabilisation durable de ces efficacités, les politiques doivent viser prioritairement une utilisation rationnelle des facteurs de production tels que les herbicides, les engrais NPK et urées spécifiques de production utilisée au détriment de la matière organique de fertilisation (fumure le compost, etc.). Il faudrait aussi le renforcement des capacités des exploitants agricoles à travers la formation et l’encadrement sur l’agriculture durable ainsi que sur l’inclusion financière.

-Swithin Wilmot, Rupert Charles Lewis, Walter Rodney's intellectual and political thought. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988. xvii + 298 pp.-Peter Wade, Robin D. Moore, Nationalizing blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic revolution in Havana, 1920-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. xiii + 322 pp.-Matt D. Childs, Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, nation, and revolution, 1868-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xiii + 273 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Joan Casanovas, Bread, or bullets! Urban labor and Spanish colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1898. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,1998. xiii + 320 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Oscar Zanetti ,Sugar and railroads: A Cuban history, 1837-1959. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xxviii + 496 pp., Alejandro García (eds)-Kelvin Santiago-Valles, Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Shaping the discourse on space: Charity and its wards in nineteenth-century San Juan, Puerto Rico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. xv + 234 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, slavery, and Indian indentured labor migration in the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 236 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Jean Benoist, Hindouismes créoles - Mascareignes, Antilles. Paris: Éditions du CTHS, 1998. 303 pp.-Christine Ho, Walton Look Lai, The Chinese in the West Indies 1806-1995: A documentary history. The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xxxii + 338 pp.-James Walvin, Roger Norman Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies: Society and the military in the revolutionary age. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. 464 pp.-Rosanne M. Adderley, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas from slavery to servitude, 1783-1933. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xviii + 218 pp.-Mary Turner, Shirley C. Gordon, Our cause for his glory: Christianisation and emancipation in Jamaica. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xviii + 152 pp.-Kris Lane, Hans Turley, Rum, sodomy, and the lash: Piracy, sexuality, and masculine identity. New York: New York University Press, 1999. lx + 199 pp.-Jonathan Schorsch, Eli Faber, Jews, slaves, and the slave trade: Setting the record straight. New York: New York University Press, 1998. xvii + 367 pp.-Bonham C. Richardson, Bridget Brereton ,The Colonial Caribbean in transition: Essays on postemancipation social and cultural history. Barbados: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xxiii + 319 pp., Kevin A. Yelvington (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Thomas Klak, Globalization and neoliberalism: The Caribbean context. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. xxiv + 319 pp.-Susan Saegert, Robert B. Potter ,Self-help housing, the poor, and the state in the Caribbean. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. xiv + 299 pp., Dennis Conway (eds)-Peter Redfield, Michèle-Baj Strobel, Les gens de l'or: Mémoire des orpailleurs créoles du Maroni. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 1998. 400 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Louis Regis, The political calypso: True opposition in Trinidad and Tobago 1962-1987. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xv + 277 pp.-A. James Arnold, Christiane P. Makward, Mayotte Capécia ou l'aliénation selon Fanon. Paris: Karthala, 1999. 230 pp.-Chris Bongie, Celia M. Britton, Edouard Glissant and postcolonial theory: Strategies of language and resistance. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. xiv + 224 pp.-Chris Bongie, Anne Malena, The negotiated self: The dynamics of identity in Francophone Caribbean narrative. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. x + 192 pp.-Catherine A. John, Kathleen M. Balutansky ,Caribbean creolization: Reflections on the cultural dynamics of language, literature, and identity., Marie-Agnès Sourieau (eds)-Leland Ferguson, Jay B. Haviser, African sites archaeology in the Caribbean. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1999. xiii + 364 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Peter Meel, Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid: Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954-1961. Leiden NL: KITLV Press, 1999. xiv + 450 pp.-Edo Haan, Theo E. Korthals Altes, Koninkrijk aan zee: De lange vlucht van liefde in het Caribisch-Nederlandse bestuur. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. 208 pp.-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel ,The rights of indigenous people and Maroons in Suriname. Copenhagen: International work group for indigenous affairs; Moreton-in-Marsh, U.K.: The Forest Peoples Programme, 1999. 206 pp., Fergus Mackay (eds)

Trachysalambria curvirostris occurs widely along the south and west coasts of Korea with a range extending from Kanghwado in the north-west, down to Sarangdo in the south-east. With seasonal warming of the waters starting in April, the shrimps begin to migrate from deep waters to the coastal area. Zoea and mysis larvae occurred from June to August. Sex ratio showed seasonal variations, with a mean value of 56·7% for the females. The species produces one cohort a year, with the ovaries ripening from June to July. Insemination appeared to take place from June to August, as more than half of the females sampled in the study over 15–16 mm carapace length were inseminated. Mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) reached a maximum between June and July. The smallest mature female found was 15 mm carapace length (CL). Size at 50% sexual maturity (CL50), determined from both mature females and inseminated females, was 15·37 mm and 16·49 mm CL, respectively. Fecundity was directly proportional to the size of the female, with clutch sizes varying from 16,380 eggs in the smallest female to 114,621 eggs in the largest, and the eggs ranged from 230 μm to 340 μm in diameter. The life span of females appeared to be 14–15 months according to size frequency distributions, while that of the male was 13–14 months. Population growth was estimated by the modified von Bertalanffy growth function incorporating seasonal variation in growth. Based on the growth parameters (K=2·00 y−1 and L∞=24·64 mm CL for females, and K=2·00 y−1 and L∞=19·00 mm CL for males) growth curves showed that females grew faster and reached a larger size at age than males. This result is supported by differences in growth performance indices (ϕ′).

Background: undernutrition is a major public health problem worldwide and can impair the intellectual development of a child. Stunting is the commonest nutritional public heath significant disorder among children, especially in developing countries including Ethiopia. Even if the cause is multifactorial, inadequate intake of nutrients and infection is the immediate causes of under nutrition. All these problems were more severe among children’s in the productive safety net program beneficiaries of the rural community due to low agricultural productivity and/or low socioeconomic status. So, this study aims to determine the level of stunting and its associated factors among under-five children from rural communities with productive SafetyNet program in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed. By using simple random sampling, 769 children paired with their mother or caregivers were included into this study. The data were collected using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were built to determine height for age Z score. AnthroPlus and Epi info version 7.0 software’s were used for data entry and finally, the entered data were exported to SPPS version 20.0 software to carry out the further statistical analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore significant variables. Finally, a P-Value ≤ 0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance of the variables. Results: In this study, the magnitude stunting was 44.2% (95% CI (40.9%, 47.7%)). Stunted children from productive Safety Net households were 50.3%. Factors associated with the development of stunting were a birth interval (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI (1.15, 2.26)), ANC follow-up (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI (0.26, 0.87)), hand washing practice (AOR: 1.96, 95% CI (1.16, 3.31)), and family size (AOR: 4.40, 95% CI (3.20, 6.07)). Conclusion: Stunting is a severe public health problem. And, appropriate counselling regarding birth spacing, to have antenatal care follow up, and limiting the number of children is very important for women in the reproductive age group by integrating with all other services to reduce the magnitude and burden of stunting.

This study was conducted in the year 2016 to determine the heavy metal concentrations in whole fish (Clarias gariepinus) samples and water obtained from some selected Dams (Ajiwa, Zobe and Dannakola) in Katsina state Nigeria. The objectives were mainly to detect the presence of heavy metals in whole fish and water from some selected Dams in the study area, compare the concentration of heavy metals in samples from the selected Dams concerning the permissible limits specified by WHO/FAO and USEPA Standards. Eight (8) water samples were collected at 8 random points within approximately 1000 meters on each extremity and median parts of the selected dams. Fish (Clarias gariepinus) was sampled using standard methods (AOAC, 1990). The fish and water samples were collected from Ajiwa, Zobe and Dannakola Dams of Katsina state Nigeria. Nine adult fish samples, three each from Ajiwa Dam, and Dannakola were procured from fishermen. Analysis of the concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. The results showed wide mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the selected dams water; iron recorded the highest level (range 0.4596 μg / g - 2.9510 μg / g) and lead (range 0.0031 μg / g -0.0323 μg / g) recorded the lowest level, for the fish samples the mean concentrations of the same heavy metals showed iron recording the highest level (range 1.8847 μg / g -10.0474 μg / g) and cadmium (0.0130 μg / g -0.0138 μg / g) recording the lowest level. Results from this study indicate that with the exception of the heavy metals Cd, Fe and Pb (from Zobe dam sample) values of Mn, Pb (Ajiwa and Dannakola dams samples) and Zn in the water samples were generally lower than the USEPA, WHO/FAO maximum permissive limits while Ni was below the detection level (BDL) in all the samples. the results of this study showed that apart from Mn (PI range = 0.02-0.09), Zn (PI range = 0.01-0.03) and Pb for sampled water from Dannakola dam (PI= 0.77) which have no effect on the water quality, all the other heavy metals have pollution indices which suggest slightly, to moderate and strong effect on the selected dams water quality consideration for human and aquatic health. The metal indices also showed that all the heavy metals are at the threshold level (MI > 1) except for the heavy metals Mn and Zn in sampled waters from all the selected dams, Pb for water samples from Ajiwa and Dannakola dams and Cr for Zobe dam water sample. With the exception of the heavy metals Pb, Ni and Cr that were BDL in the fish samples the levels of the heavy metals all fall below the USEPA, WHO/FAO permissible limit for fish. The results from the present study suggests that the selected dams water quality is threatened by heavy metals pollution and may have adverse implication for drinking and aquatic health, in the fish samples the concentration levels of the heavy metals all fall below the USEPA, WHO/FAO permissible limit for fish. However, the fish’s bio-accumulation factors of the metals suggest that they have high potentials to bio-accumulate some of the heavy metals to high levels and this may have adverse implication for human consumption.

AbstractThe topological phases of non-interacting fermions have been classified by their symmetries, culminating in a modern electronic band theory where wavefunction topology can be obtained from momentum space. Recently, Real Space Invariants (RSIs) have provided a spatially local description of the global momentum space indices. The present work generalizes this real space classification to interacting 2D states. We construct many-body local RSIs as the quantum numbers of a set of symmetry operators on open boundaries, but which are independent of the choice of boundary. Using the U(1) particle number, they yield many-body fragile topological indices, which we use to identify which single-particle fragile states are many-body topological or trivial at weak coupling. To this end, we construct an exactly solvable Hamiltonian with single-particle fragile topology that is adiabatically connected to a trivial state through strong coupling. We then define global many-body RSIs on periodic boundary conditions. They reduce to Chern numbers in the band theory limit, but also identify strongly correlated stable topological phases with no single-particle counterpart. Finally, we show that the many-body local RSIs appear as quantized coefficients of Wen-Zee terms in the topological quantum field theory describing the phase.

Zooplankton samples collected from ten stations covering the entire stretch of the Kadalundi-Vallikunnu CommunityReserve, Kerala, south India, for a period from July 2018 to June 2019 were studied. Twenty eight groups of zooplankton viz. copepods, foraminifera, medusae, chaetognaths, siphonophores, ctenophores, ostracods, cladocera, Lucifer sp., amphipods, isopods, appendicularia, Balanus nauplii, cyphonautes larvae, polychaete larvae, echinoderm larvae, ephyra larvae, brachiopod larvae, alima larvae of squilla, aquatic insect larvae, prawn larvae, crab zoea, crab megalopa larvae, bivalve larvae, pteropods, gastropod larvae, fish eggs and fish larvae were recorded. Among these, copepods formed the major portion of 43%. An average of 18330 nos. per 100 m3 was noticed from the study area. The maximum and minimum density of zooplankton was observed at Station 1 and 10 respectively and a decreasing trend in abundance was recorded from barmouth towards upstream stations. Seasonal studies indicated a maximum of 52% during pre-monsoon, followed by 36% during post-monsoon and a minimum of 12% during monsoon. Different indices of diversity, dominance plot, dendrogram and Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) plot are presented and discussed. Keywords: Biodiversity, Estuary, PRIMER, Primary consumers, Seasonality

Gedrag & Organisatie start een nieuwe reeks, waarvoor we auteurs uitnodigen een bijdrage te schrijven. Deze reeks gaat over mythes en hypes in de A&O psychologie.Volgens Van Dale is een mythe een gangbare, als onaantastbaar beschouwde, maar ongegronde opvatting. Binnen de A&O psychologie kan dit bijvoorbeeld gaan over een populaire (maar gefalsificeerde) theorie, een populair (maar invalide) meetinstrument of een populair (maar betekenisloos) concept. Een voorbeeld van een mythe zou de behoeftepiramide van Maslow (1943) kunnen zijn. De behoeftepiramide is nog altijd populair in cursussen en trainingen, terwijl er tot nu toe weinig bewijs is voor de centrale veronderstellingen van de theorie (zie Wahba & Bridwell, 1976). Een artikel binnen de reeks zou dus over de behoeftepiramide van Maslow kunnen gaan. Het zou ook kunnen gaan over populaire opvattingen, zoals ‘diversiteit is goed voor innovatie’, ‘ongestructureerde interviews zijn een goede manier om personeel te selecteren’ of ‘teambuilding verhoogt teamprestaties’. Ook populaire meetinstrumenten, zoals de Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers & McCaully, 1985) of de Belbin Team Role Inventory (1981) zouden onderwerp van een artikel kunnen zijn.Een hype wordt door Van Dale gedefinieerd als iets nieuws dat tijdelijk sterk de aandacht trekt, maar weinig voorstelt. Te denken is aan een term, theorie, benadering of manier van werken die opeens zeer populair wordt, maar waarvan die populariteit ongegrond lijkt te zijn (zie Abrahamson, 1996). Een mooi voorbeeld van een hype – in de zin van een plotselinge populariteit – is het begrip emotionele intelligentie. Het begrip werd in 1983 geïntroduceerd door Payne (al zijn lang voor die tijd al soortgelijke constructen gesuggereerd), en werd in 1996 opeens zeer populair na het verschijnen van het boek Emotional intelligence van Daniel Goleman. Op dat moment ontbrak een empirische validatie van het concept grotendeels. Inmiddels zijn echter een aantal meetinstrumenten ontwikkeld en is er veel onderzoek verricht naar de houdbaarheid van de theorie. Een bijdrage in de reeks zou dus bijvoorbeeld kunnen gaan over emotionele intelligentie. Andere voorbeelden zijn ‘Het Nieuwe Werken’, ‘Mindfulness’ of ‘Talent Management’.De termen mythe en hype hebben een negatieve lading, en we gebruiken deze woorden bewust om wetenschappers en practitioners te prikkelen. Daarmee willen we niet suggereren dat alle ideeën, theorieën, benaderingen of meetinstrumenten die populair zijn, ook onzin zijn. De conclusie van een artikel kan dan ook zijn dat iets een mythe of hype lijkt, maar dat het idee wel degelijk hout snijdt.In een nieuwe reeks van Gedrag & Organisatie nodigen we auteurs uit om een bijdrage te schrijven over een bepaalde theorie, benadering, overtuiging of meetschaal die populair is in de praktijk of in de wetenschap. In de bijdrage gaat de auteur in op het betreffende concept, de theorie erachter en de meetinstrumenten die worden gebruikt (indien van toepassing). De auteur bespreekt deze zaken kritisch op basis van de wetenschappelijke evidentie. Het gaat dus uitdrukkelijk niet (alleen) om de mening van een auteur, maar vooral over de houdbaarheid in het licht van wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Uiteindelijk resulteert dit in een conclusie over de wetenschappelijke houdbaarheid en bruikbaarheid in de praktijk van de A&O psychologie.De bijdragen mogen relatief kort zijn (ongeveer 1000 woorden), maar langere bijdragen zijn eveneens welkom. Iedere bijdrage ondergaat de normale review-procedure, waarbij experts hun oordeel geven over de geschiktheid van de bijdrage voor publicatie in GenO.De redactie bestaat uit Bernard Nijstad, Reinout de Vries en Annet de Lange. Bijdragen kunnen rechtstreeks worden gestuurd naar de redactie van de reeks: b.a.nijstad@rug.nl

Purpose. The aim of the study consists in identifying the spatial-temporal features of interannual changes in the surface air temperature Ta, the sea surface temperature (SST) and the upper 1000-meter water layer temperature Tw in the extratropical zone of the South Pacific Ocean over the past four decades, which are manifested as a result of the planetary changes and a shift in the climatic regime at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. Besides, the revealed features’ trends and their possible cause-and-effect relationships with the processes in the atmosphere and on the ocean surface are planned to be assessed. Methods and Results. Based on the Global Meteorological Network and Reanalysis data (NOAA), regional features and trends of the water and air temperature interannual fluctuations, and their relation to variations in the pressure and wind fields, intensity of the atmosphere action centers (AAC) and climatic indices (CI) over the past 4 decades have been determined. Applied were the methods of the cluster, correlation and regression analysis, as well as the apparatus of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). The positive trends in changes of the Ta and SST fields are manifested mainly in the northwestern part of the region, where they are statistically significant and reach their maximum 0.4–0.6°C over 10 years in the Tasman Sea region and to the northeast of New Zealand. The water areas with minimal, negative or insignificant values of the air and water temperature trends are located on the southern and eastern peripheries of the water area under study – in the areas of influence of cold currents. Over the entire investigated water area, the trends in the mean annual SST and Ta were ~ 0.04–0.06°C/10 years that are 2–3 times less than those in the subarctic region of the North Pacific Ocean. The features of spatial-temporal variability of the water temperature trends at different horizons differ significantly from the characteristics of the SST trends. The trends’ spatial distribution is already transformed within the upper 200-m layer; and deeper, maximums of this value are observed in the southeastern part of the water area. Conclusions. The results obtained made it possible to characterize the degree of heterogeneity of response of the atmosphere surface layer, SST and vertical distribution of Tw in the extratropical zone of the South Pacific to the ongoing global changes, to identify the isolated areas, to estimate quantitatively the warming rate in these water areas, and to compare these estimates with those of the other regions in the Pacific Ocean. It is shown that the individual phases of alternation of the warm and cold periods in the interannual temperature variation are consistent with the changes of the regional CI and the AAC state; this fact emphasizes the inhomogeneous nature of these processes in space and time.

The objective of this article is to present climate projections for the 2020–2050 period for several climate variables for the State of São Paulo, considering two scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. These projections were based on four climate models (HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, CanESM2, and BESM) with downscaling of 20 km improved by the CPTEC/INPE Eta Regional Climate Model. Nine variables related to air temperature and rainfall were selected, and the deviation between the observed period (1961–1990) and the projected period (2020–2050) was calculated for the two RCP scenarios for each model and selected variable. Then, the highest and lowest values of the deviations were selected, which represent the maximum and minimum deviations projected for each cell. With this, we obtained the widest range between the possible trends of the four models compared for each variable analyzed in the state of São Paulo. The models used for the two RCP scenarios show the warming of the atmosphere, which tends to be less intense on the shoreline due to the control exerted by the ocean, and greater in the northwest region of the state, furthest from the Atlantic. A reduction in the Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) and an increase in the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) is projected, with these trends increasing from south to north of the state. Considering the precipitation, no consensus between the trends of the models used in this study was found, with projections of both increase and decrease in annual total variables and in related extreme indices. Among the different projected trends, the reduction in precipitation is the worst scenario to be faced, given the essential aspect of water. The indicators related to intense precipitation (R95p and RX5day) showed a wide range between the maximum and minimum values projected in the analyzed scenarios, and the increase of these indicators deserves particular attention, since the increase in intense precipitation is a potential trigger of disasters, such as landslides, floods, and accelerated erosion. The results, given their relevance, were applied to the Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEE) of the State of São Paulo, a technical and political planning instrument that establishes guidelines for land use and management, considering the environmental characteristics and socioeconomic dynamics of different regions of the state.

Midden jaren tachtig van de vorige eeuw was er grote aandacht voor flexibele arbeidsrelaties in Nederland. Dat was kort na de heftige economische crisis van 1980 tot ongeveer 1984 en de daarmee gepaard gaande explosie van de werkloosheid (pas rond 2000 daalde de werkloosheid tot het percentage van voor de crisis). Het ministerie van SZW stelde de Werkgroep Flexibele Arbeidsrelaties in en er werden grote studies uitgevoerd naar het verschijnsel: door Berenschot vanuit de optiek van werkgevers (Bolweg et al.,1986) en door Regioplan vanuit de optiek van werknemers (Van Geuns et al.,1988). Ook het aantal deeltijdbanen groeide. De toenmalige minister Jan de Koning meende in 1988 dat het aantal deeltijdbanen zeker nog zou groeien en dat er zeker belangstelling voor zou zijn van de kant van geregistreerde werklozen en herintredende vrouwen (Mok, 1990, p. 156). Flexibilisering van de arbeidsmarkt en werkloosheid gaan dus samen: in tijden van tekorten aan werk groeit het aantal flexibele banen. Het bestaan daarvan wordt als mogelijkheid gezien om aan werkloosheid te ontsnappen en meer mensen een kans op werk te bieden. Dat is bijna drie decennia later niet anders. Niet alleen het aandeel flexibele banen is sterk toegenomen in de loop van de tijd, maar ook het aandeel deeltijd- en kleine banen (minder dan 12 uur). Er heeft dus niet alleen een externe, maar ook een (numerieke) interne flexibilisering plaatsgevonden. Net zo min als het uit dezelfde periode daterende beleidsinstrument arbeidstijdverkorting tot grote effecten op de omvang van de werkloosheid heeft geleid, kan ook niet beweerd worden dat de flexibilisering van de arbeidsmarkt het werkloosheidsprobleem heeft opgelost. Groei van potentiële beroepsbevolking en arbeidsparticipatie vormen daarvoor in elk geval deels een verklaring. Er is echter meer aan de hand. Flexibele arbeidsrelaties zijn aanvankelijk vooral in verband gebracht met pieken in de arbeidsvraag en met de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt. Tegenwoordig is moeilijk vol te houden dat flexibele banen alleen bezet worden door degenen met de zwakste arbeidsmarktposities. Alleen al het feit dat van de ongeveer 1 miljoen zzp'ers er velen in economisch goede tijden zelf hebben gekozen voor het zzp-schap en een groot deel ook hoger opgeleid is, spreekt dit tegen. Flexibilisering van de arbeidsmarkt was en is in beginsel geen beleidsmaatregel om de werkloosheid terug te dringen. Het is een maatregel die binnen arbeidsorganisaties genomen wordt om de arbeidsinzet efficiënter te kunnen maken. Daartoe wordt men geprikkeld door de markt. Dat is niet alleen de concurrent ‘om de hoek’, ook en vooral de concurrentie uit landen met lagere arbeidskosten. Zelfs de overheid ontkomt er niet aan. Ooit het domein van ‘De Ambtenaar’ zoekt ook de overheid naar manieren om haar arbeidsinzet goedkoper, effectiever en meer afgestemd op de wensen van de klant te maken (zie Mevissen et al., 2013). Dat leidt er zelfs toe dat de overheid door de rechter teruggefloten moet worden wat betreft het gebruik van payrolling. Flexibilisering heeft een economische achtergrond en niet een beleidsmatige, en het is daarom ook niet een ‘instrument’ om de werkloosheid op te lossen. Net zo min is het aantrekken van werkgelegenheid een middel om de werkloosheid te lenigen. Veel wethouders in Nederland denken echter van wel. De gedachte is: als we de werkgelegenheid in onze regio of gemeente genoeg stimuleren, komen onze werklozen aan het werk. Daar zijn echter wel kanttekeningen bij te plaatsen. Ik geef er drie. Ten eerste wil men werkgelegenheid vaak vergroten via vestigingsplaatsbeleid. Daarmee concurreert men met andere gemeenten. Bij succes leidt dit tot een bedrijfsverplaatsing en wordt dus in andere gemeenten werkgelegenheid weggehaald en de werkloosheid vergroot. Ten tweede wil men vooral ‘aantrekkelijke’ werkgelegenheid creëren. Dat betekent schone sectoren, liefst in de diensten- of overheidssectoren. Dat soort bedrijvigheid leidt echter maar mondjesmaat tot extra instroomkansen voor de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt (on- en laaggeschoold werk). Om ‘hun’ on- en laaggeschoolden aan werk te helpen via het aantrekken van bedrijven in de tertiaire en quartaire sector moeten gemeenten hun huidige werkgelegenheid misschien wel verdubbelen. Tot slot zet het topsectorenbeleid, maar ook regionale initiatieven, in op verbindingen tussen bedrijven en wetenschap. Op die manier moet hoogwaardige en moderne werkgelegenheid worden gecreëerd. Dit beleid wordt niet ingegeven door de actuele situatie op de arbeidsmarkt, maar veeleer door overwegingen van internationale concurrentiekracht. Indien succesvol leidt het tot een vraag naar zeer specifiek en hoog opgeleide werknemers die regionaal niet of niet voldoende beschikbaar zijn. Arbeidsvraag en beschikbaar arbeidsaanbod in de regio lopen op die manier sterk uiteen. Het gevolg kan zomaar zijn: groeiende instroom van buiten (bijvoorbeeld expats) en inkomende pendel naast hardnekkige of toenemende regionale werkloosheid.

Since the late 1990s, W. G. Sebald’s innovative contribution to the genre of prose fiction has been the source of much academic scrutiny. His books Vertigo, The Rings of Saturn, The Emigrants and Austerlitz have provoked interest from diverse fields of inquiry: visual communication (Kilbourn; Patt; Zadokerski), trauma studies (Denham and McCulloh; Schmitz), and travel writing (Blackler; Zisselsberger). His work is also claimed to be a bastion for both modernist and postmodernist approaches to literature and history writing (Bere; Fuchs and Long; Long). This is in addition to numerous “guide to” type books, such as Mark McCulloh’s Understanding Sebald, Long and Whitehead’s W. G. Sebald—A Critical Companion, and the comprehensive Saturn’s Moons: A W. G. Sebald Handbook. Here I have only mentioned works available in English. I should point out that Sebald wrote in German, the country of his birth, and as one would expect much scholarship dealing with his work is confined to this language. In this article I focus on what is perhaps Sebald’s prototypical work, The Rings of Saturn. Of all Sebald’s prose fictional works The Rings of Saturn seems the example that best exhibits his innovative literary forms, including the use of lists. This book is the work of an author who is purposefully and imaginatively concerned with the nature of his vocation: what is it to be a writer? Crucially, he addresses this question not only from the perspective of a subject facing an existential crisis, but from the perspective of the documents created by writers. His works demonstrate a concern with the enabling role documents play in the thinking and writing process; how, for example, pen and paper are looped in with our capacity to reason in certain ways. Despite taking the form of fictional narratives, his books are as much motivated by a historical interest in how ideas and forms of organisation are transmitted, and how they evolve as part of an ecology; how humans become articulate within their surrounds, according to the contingencies of specific epochs and places. The Sebald critic J. J. Long accounts for this in some part in his description “archival consciousness,” which recommends that conscious experience is not simply located in the mind of a knowing, human subject, but is rather distributed between the subject and different technologies (among which writing and archives are exemplary).The most notable peculiarity of Sebald’s books lies in their abundant use of “non-syntactical” kinds of writing or inscription. My use of the term “non-syntactical” has its origins in the anthropological work of Jack Goody, who emphasises the importance of list making and tabulation in pre-literate or barely literate cultures. In Sebald’s texts, kinds of non-syntactical writing include lists, photographic images, tables, signatures, diagrams, maps, stamps, dockets and sketches. As I stress throughout this article, Sebald’s shifts between syntactical and non-syntactical forms of writing allows him to build up highly complex schemes of internal reference. Massimo Leone identifies something similar, when he notes that Sebald “orchestrates a multiplicity of voices and text-types in order to produce his own coherent discourse” (91). The play between multiplicity and coherence is at once a thematic and poetic concern for Sebald. This is to say, his texts are formal experiments with these contrasting tendencies, in addition to discussing specific historical situations in which they feature. The list is perhaps Sebald’s most widely used and variable form of non-syntactical writing, a key part of his formal and stylistic peculiarity. His lengthy sentences frequently spill over into catalogues and inventories, and the entire structure of his narratives is list-like. Discrete episodes accumulate alongside each other, rather than following a narrative arc where episodes of suspenseful gravity overshadow the significance of minor events. The Rings of Saturn details the travels of Sebald’s trademark, nameless, first person narrator, who recounts his trek along the Suffolk coastline, from Lowestoft to Ditchingham, about two years after the event. From the beginning, the narrative is framed as an effort to organise a period of time that lacks a coherent and durable form, a period of time that is in pieces, fading from the narrator’s memory. However, the movement from the chaos of forgetting to the comparatively distinct and stable details of the remembered present does not follow a continuum. Rather, the past and present are both constituted by the force of memory, which is continually crystallising and dissolving. Each event operates according to its own specific arrangement of emphasis and forgetting. Our experience of memory in the present, or recollective memory, is only one kind of memory. Sebald is concerned with a more pervasive kind of remembering, which includes the vectorial existence of non-conscious, non-human perceptual events; memory as expressed by crystals, tree roots, glaciers, and the nested relationship of fuel, fire, smoke, and ash. The Rings of Saturn is composed of ten chapters, each of which is outlined in table form at the book’s beginning. The first chapter appears as: “In hospital—Obituary—Odyssey of Thomas Browne’s skull—Anatomy lecture—Levitation—Quincunx—Fabled creatures—Urn burial.” The Rings of Saturn is of course hardly exceptional in its use of this device. Rather, it is exemplary concerning the repeated emphasis on the tension between syntactical and non-syntactical forms of writing, among which this chapter breakdown is included. Sebald continually uses the conventions of bookmaking in subtle though innovative ways. Each of these horizontally linked and divided indices might put the reader in mind of Thomas Browne’s urns, time capsules from the past, the unearthing of which is discussed in the book’s first chapter (25). The chapter outlines (and the urns) are containers that preserve a fragmentary and suggestive history. Each is a perspective on the narrator’s travels that abstracts, arranges, and uniquely refers to the narrative elaborations to come.As I have already stressed, Sebald is a writer concerned with forms of organisation. His works account for a diverse range of organisational forms, some of which instance an overt, chronological, geometric, or metrical manipulation of space and time, such as grids, star shapes, and Greenwich Mean Time. This contrasts with comparatively suggestive, insubstantial, mutable forms, including various meteorological phenomena such as cloudbanks and fog, dust and sand, and as exemplified in narrative form by the haphazard, distracted assemblage of events featured in dreams or dream logic. The relationship between these supposedly opposing tendencies is, however, more complex and paradoxical than might at first glance appear. As Sebald warily reminds us in his essay “A Little Excursion to Ajaccio,” despite our wishes to inhabit periods of complete freedom, where we follow our distractions to the fullest possible extent, we nonetheless “must all have some more or less significant design in view” (Sebald, Campo 4). It is not so much that we must choose, absolutely, between form and formlessness. Rather, the point is to understand that some seemingly inevitable forms are in fact subject to contingencies, which certain uses deliberately or ignorantly mask, and that simplicity and intricacy are often co-dependent. Richard T. Gray is a Sebald critic who has picked up on the element in Sebald’s work that suggests a tension between different forms of organisation. In his article “Writing at the Roche Limit,” Gray notes that Sebald’s tendency to emphasise the decadent aspects of human and natural history “is continually counterbalanced by an insistence on order and by often extremely subtle forms of organization” (40). Rather than advancing the thesis that Sebald is exclusively against the idea of systematisation or order, Gray argues that The Rings of Saturn models in its own textual make-up an alternative approach to the cognitive order(ing) of things, one that seeks to counter the natural tendency toward entropic decline and a fall into chaos by introducing constructive forces that inject a modicum of balance and equilibrium into the system as a whole. (Gray 41)Sebald’s concern with the contrasting energies exemplified by different forms extends to his play with syntactical and non-syntactical forms of writing. He uses lists to add contrast to his flowing, syntactically intricate sentences. The achievement of his work is not the exclusive privileging of either the list form or the well-composed sentence, but in providing contexts whereby the reader can appreciate subtle modulations between the two, thus experiencing a more dynamic and complex kind of narrative time. His works exhibit an astute awareness of the fact that different textual devices command different experiences of temporality, and our experience of temporality in good part determines our metaphysics. Here I consider two lists featured in The Rings of Saturn, one from the first chapter, and one from the last. Each shows contrasting tendencies concerning systems of organisation. Both are attributable to the work of Thomas Browne, “who practiced as a doctor in Norwich in the seventeenth century and had left a number of writings that defy all comparison” (Sebald, Rings 9). The Rings of Saturn is in part a dialogue across epochs with the sentiments expressed in Browne’s works, which, according to Bianca Theisen, preserve a kind of reasoning that is lost in “the rationalist and scientific embrace of a devalued world of facts” (Theisen 563).The first list names the varied “animate and inanimate matter” in which Browne identifies the quincuncial structure, a lattice like arrangement of five points and intersecting lines. The following phenomena are enumerated in the text:certain crystalline forms, in starfish and sea urchins, in the vertebrae of mammals and the backbones of birds and fish, in the skins of various species of snake, in the crosswise prints left by quadrupeds, in the physical shapes of caterpillars, butterflies, silkworms and moths, in the root of the water fern, in the seed husks of the sunflower and the Caledonian pine, within young oak shoots or the stem of the horse tail; and in the creations of mankind, in the pyramids of Egypt and the mausoleum of Augustus as in the garden of King Solomon, which was planted with mathematical precision with pomegranate trees and white lilies. (Sebald, Rings 20-21)Ostensibly quoting from Browne, Sebald begins the next sentence, “Examples might be multiplied without end” (21). The compulsion to list, or the compulsiveness expressed by listing, is expressed here in a relationship of dual utility with another, dominant or overt, kind of organisational form: the quincunx. It is not the utility or expressiveness of the list itself that is at issue—at least in the version of Browne’s work preserved here by Sebald. In W. G. Sebald: Image, Archive, Modernity, Long notes the historical correspondences and divergences between Sebald and Michel Foucault (2007). Long interprets Browne’s quincunx as exemplifying a “hermeneutics of resemblance,” whereby similarities among diverse phenomena are seen as providing proof of “the universal oneness of all things” (33). This contrasts with the idea of a “pathological nature, autonomous from God,” which, according to Long, informs Sebald’s transformation of Browne into “an avatar of distinctly modern epistemology” (38). Long follows Foucault in noting the distinction between Renaissance and modern epistemology, a distinction in good part due to the experimental, inductive method, the availability of statistical data, and probabilistic reasoning championed in the latter epoch (Whitehead; Hacking). In the book’s final chapter, Sebald includes a list from Browne’s imaginary library, the “Musæum Clausium.” In contrast to the above list, here Sebald seems to deliberately problematise any efforts to suggest an abstract uniting principle. There is no evident reason for the togetherness of the discrete things, beyond the mere fact that they happen to be gathered, hypothetically, in the text (Sebald, Rings 271-273). Among the library’s supposed contents are:an account by the ancient traveller Pytheas of Marseilles, referred to in Strabo, according to which all the air beyond thule is thick, condensed and gellied, looking just like sea lungs […] a dream image showing a prairie or sea meadow at the bottom of the Mediterranean, off the coat of Provence […] and a glass of spirits made of æthereal salt, hermetically sealed up, of so volatile a nature that it will not endure by daylight, and therefore shown only in winter or by the light of a carbuncle or Bononian stone. (Sebald, Rings 272-73)Unlike the previous example attributed to Browne, here the list coheres according to the tensions of its own coincidences. Sebald uses the list to create spontaneous organisations in which history is exhibited as a complex mix of fact and fantasy. More important than the distinction between the imaginary and the real is the effort to account for the way things uniquely incorporate aspects of the world in order to be what they are. Human knowledge is a perspective that is implicated in, rather than excluded from, this process.Lists move us to puzzle over the criteria that their togetherness implies. They might be used inthe service of a specific paradigm, or they might suggest an imaginable but as yet unknown kind of systematisation; a specific kind of relationship, or simply the possibility of a relationship. Take, for example, the list-like accumulation of architectural details in the following description of the decadent Sommerleyton Hall, featured in chapter II: There were drawing rooms and winter gardens, spacious halls and verandas. A corridor might end in a ferny grotto where fountains ceaselessly plashed, and bowered passages criss-crossed beneath the dome of a fantastic mosque. Windows could be lowered to open the interior onto the outside, and inside the landscape was replicated on the mirror walls. Palm houses and orangeries, the lawn like green velvet, the baize on the billiard tables, the bouquets of flowers in the morning and retiring rooms and in the majolica vases on the terrace, the birds of paradise and the golden peasants on the silken tapestries, the goldfinches in the aviaries and the nightingales in the garden, the arabesques in the carpets and the box-edged flower beds—all of it interacted in such a way that one had the illusion of complete harmony between the natural and the manufactured. (Sebald, Rings 33-34)This list shifts emphasis away from preconceived distinctions between the natural and the manufactured through the creation of its own unlikely harmony. It tells us something important about the way perception and knowledge is ordered in Sebald’s prose. Each encounter, or historically specific situation, is considered as though it were its own microworld, its own discrete, synecdochic realisation of history. Rather than starting from the universal or the meta-level and scaling down to the local, Sebald arranges historically peculiar examples that suggest a variable, contrasting and dynamic metaphysics, a motley arrangement of ordering systems that each aspire to but do not command universal applicability. In a comparable sense, Browne’s sepulchral urns of his 1658 work Urn Burial, which feature in chapter I, are time capsules that seem to create their own internally specific kind of organisation:The cremated remains in the urns are examined closely: the ash, the loose teeth, some long roots of quitch, or dog’s grass wreathed about the bones, and the coin intended for the Elysian ferryman. Browne records other objects known to have been placed with the dead, whether as ornament or utensil. His catalogue includes a variety of curiosities: the circumcision knives of Joshua, the ring which belonged to the mistress of Propertius, an ape of agate, a grasshopper, three-hundred golden bees, a blue opal, silver belt buckles and clasps, combs, iron pins, brass plates and brazen nippers to pull away hair, and a brass Jews harp that last sounded on the crossing over black water. (Sebald, Rings 25-26)Regardless of our beliefs concerning the afterlife, these items, preserved across epochs, solicit a sense of wonder as we consider what we might choose for company on our “last journey” (25). In death, the human body is reduced to a condition of an object or thing, while the objects that accompany the corpse seem to acquire a degree of potency as remnants that transcend living time. Life is no longer the paradigm through which to understand purpose. In their very difference from living things these objects command our fascination. Eric Santner coins the term “undeadness” to name the significance of this non-living agency in Sebald’s prose (Santner xx). Santner’s study places Sebald in a linage of German-Jewish writers, including Walter Benjamin, Franz Kafka, and Paul Celan, whose understanding of “the human” depends crucially on the concept of “the creature” or “creatureliness” (Santner 38-41). Like the list of items contained within Sommerleyton Hall, the above list accounts for a context in which ornament and utensil, nature and culture, are read according to their differentiated togetherness, rather than opposition. Death, it seems, is a universal leveller, or at least a different dimension in which symbol and function appear to coincide. Perhaps it is the unassuming and convenient nature of lists that make them enduring objects of historical interest. Lists are a form of writing to which we appeal for immediate mnemonic assistance. They lack the artifice of a sentence. While perhaps not as interesting in the present that is contemporary with their usefulness (a trip to the supermarket), with time lists acquire credibility due to the intimacy they share with mundane, diurnal concerns—due to the fact that they were, once upon a time, so useful. The significance of lists arrives anachronistically, when we look back and wonder what people were really up to, or what our own concerns were, relatively free from fanciful, stylistic adornment. Sebald’s democratic approach to different forms of writing means that lists sit alongside the esteemed poetic and literary efforts of Joseph Conrad, Algernon Swinburne, Edward Fitzgerald, and François René de Chateaubriand, all of whom feature in The Rings of Saturn. His books make the exclusive differences between literary and non-literary kinds of writing less important than the sense of dynamism that is elicited through a play of contrasting kinds of syntactical and non-syntactical writing. The book’s closing chapter includes a revealing example that expresses these sentiments. After tracing over a natural history of silk, with a particular focus on human greed and naivety, the narrative arrives at a “pattern book” that features strips of colourful silk kept in “the small museum of Strangers Hall” (Sebald, Rings 283). The narrator notes that the silks arranged in this book “were of a truly fabulous variety, and of an iridescent, quite indescribable beauty as if they had been produced by Nature itself, like the plumage of birds” (283). This effervescent declamation continues after a double page photograph of the pattern book, which is described as a “catalogue of samples” and “leaves from the only true book which none of our textual and pictorial works can even begin to rival” (286). Here we witness Sebald’s inclusive and variable understanding as to the kinds of thing a book, and writing, can be. The fraying strips of silk featured in the photograph are arranged one below the other, in the form of a list. They are surrounded by ornate handwriting that, like the strips of silk, seems to fray at the edges, suggesting the specific gestural event that occasioned the moment of their inscription—something which tends to be excluded in printed prose. Sebald’s remarks here are not without a characteristic irony (“the only true book”). However, in the greatercontext of the narrative, this comment suggests an important inclination. Namely, that there is much scope yet for innovative literary forms that capture the nuances and complexity of collective and individual histories. And that writing always includes, though to varying degrees obscures, contrasting tensions shared among syntactical and non-syntactical elements, including material and gestural contingencies. Sebald’s works remind us of what potentials might lay ahead for books if the question of what writing can be is asked continually as part of a writer’s enterprise.ReferencesBere, Carol. “The Book of Memory: W. G. Sebald’s The Emigrants and Austerlitz.” Literary Review, 46.1 (2002): 184-92.Blackler, Deane. Reading W. G. Sebald: Adventure and Disobedience. Rochester, New York: Camden House, 2007. Catling Jo, and Richard Hibbitt, eds. Saturn’s Moons: A W. G. Sebald Handbook. Oxford: Legenda, 2011.Denham, Scott and Mark McCulloh, eds. W. G. Sebald: History, Memory, Trauma. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006. Fuchs, Anne and J. J. Long, eds. W. G. Sebald and the Writing of History. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007. Goody, Jack. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. Gray, Richard T. “Writing at the Roche Limit: Order and Entropy in W. G. Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn.” The German Quarterly 83.1 (2010): 38-57. Hacking, Ian. 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