Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Zimbabwe Human Rights Association”

Magister Legum - LLM
There has been an ongoing debate on the abolishment of the death penalty in Zimbabwe. The public, non-governmental organisations and human rights activists need clarity as to the effectiveness, justification and purpose, if any, of the retention of the death sentence in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this paper shall give an insight on whether or not the decision to retain the death penalty in Zimbabwe is line with the country’s international and regional mandate of protecting and promoting human rights.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
In this multi-sited ethnographic study, based upon anthropological fieldwork conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe and Musina and Cape Town, South Africa in 2010 and 2011, I use the contemporary political and economic context of Zimbabwe, and the resultant movement of Zimbabweans to South Africa, as a case study through which to explore the ways in which the global framework of human rights is locally interpreted, constituted and contested.

"The judiciary in Zimbabwe used to be viewed as a progressive bench recognised for its activism, particularly its purposive approach in interpreting the Bill of Rights to ensure protection of human rights. It was one of the best Commonwealth judiciaries, which was inspired by international standards in interpreting human rights and at the same time contributed to the origination of normative standards through its decisions. Although Zimbabwe is a dualist system, the judiciary accepted and drew inspiration from international human rights treaties. The Supreme Court (SC) under Chief Justice (CJ) Gubbay (the Gubbay bench) made several progressive pronouncements that favoured the promotion and protection of human rights. In tandem with its tradition of judicial independence, the judiciary interpreted draconian legislation in favour of human rights often striking down the offensive clauses in legislation. Indeed the perception towards the judiciary by the common person was that of a protector of human rights. One landmark human rights decision on the Land Reform Programme (LRP) stated that farm invasions were unlawful and an affront to section 16 of the Constitution. The SC ordered the executive to take necessary measures to ensure that invasions were sanctioned. It further requested the executive to furnish a plan of action for the LRP. The execuitve did not welcome this ruling and the SC judges wre hounded out of office in a clear culmination of judiciary-executive tension. A new bench came in under CJ Chidyausiku (the Chidyausiku bench). This bench made several rulings that took away individual property rights without justification. In a clear shift of jurisprudential ideology, the current bench has not engaged in activism resulting in less, if not no, protection of human rights. The disparity in the jurisprudence is evident in other cases. The current bench seems to have abrogated its mandate to protect human rights. This study is thus prompted to investigate why the different benches in Zimbabwe have produced totally variant jurisprudence, particularly in light of the fact that the judiciary is operating under the same laws and is appointed under the same procedures as before. ... Chapter 1 sets out the focus and content of the study. Chapter 2 gives a national framework for human rights protection in Zimbabwe. This looks at the structure of courts in Zimbabwe. Special emphasis is placed on the SC as the court that has the prime mandate of protecting human rights. Constitutional guarantees for the independence of the judiciary and the Bill of Rights, among others, is analysed. Chapter 3 deals with human rights jurisprudence of the SC benches. The chapter focuses on approach of the benches to human rights protection. It examines the approach to procedural and technicalities that often hinder human rights litigation and protection such as standing, delay, interpretation, compliance with court orders and use of international instruments. Chapter 4 focuses on the experiences from Uganda and analyses the approach of the Ugandan courts. Chapter 5 consists of best practices from the two jurisdictions, conclusion and recommendations for the Zimbabwean judiciary." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor Frederick Jjuuko at Human Rights and Peace Centre, Faculty of Law, Makerere University in Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Transitional justice (TJ) in Zimbabwe can be gleaned as a maze of detached filaments mainly championed by civil society organisations. Though the origins of TJ as a discipline are polemic and debatable, going as far back as Athenian times, TJ was visibilised in the 1990s during the third wave of democratisation, when it developed globally as a self-consolidating field and transdisciplinary concept which focused on outcomes such as prosecution, truth-telling, guarantees for non-recurrence, vetting, and the payment of reparations for victims of conflicts. The traditional focus of TJ was largely template-based or some kind of one-size-fits-all concept which focused on truths and reconciliation concepts. Significantly for victims of violent conflicts, repressive rule and serious human rights abuses, the emerging approach to TJ at the United Nations (UN) and regional institutions such as the African Union (AU) and institutions such as African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) has been to focus on country-specific, localised, and holistic approaches that enhance transformative transitional justice in countries striving to find lasting solutions to deep problems caused by armed conflicts or serious human rights violations. While there is a robust nexus between human rights, democracy, and TJ, the link is weaker for TJ as it remains an elusive concept in Zimbabwe. Besides, TJ efforts yield different considerations and impacts on racialised, ethnicised, politicised, and institutionalised challenges in Zimbabwe. In most cases, the elusive nature of TJ is felt by victims, their family members, community dwellers, community-based organisations, and faith-based organisations than alleged perpetrators. TJ is perceived in this thesis to be a critical concept that should be properly aligned with internationalised and localised responses. This thesis shows that international agencies now recognise and essentialise the important roles that national institutions (formal or informal), can play in preventing the occurrence and/or recurrence of conflicts and can also play in fostering sustainable cultures of human rights. Specifically, the thesis covers examination of how institutional complementarity between two independent institutions supporting democracy in Zimbabwe; the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission (NPRC) and the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (ZHRC) can be innovatively used to enable the Zimbabwean society to formalise transitional or post-conflict justice using the Constitution and international normative frameworks. The overarching research question in this thesis is: what are the main challenges/limitations and opportunities/openings for the ZHRC and the NPRC to advance TJ in Zimbabwe? The specific research questions are 1. What does the international and national TJ normative framework entail and what is its theoretical force? 2. What constitutes a genuinely contextualised and holistic transitional justice in Zimbabwe? 3. How innovative have the NPRC and ZHRC been in making TJ a reality in Zimbabwe? 4. How can the Zimbabwean TJ framework be improved constitutionally, statutorily, and in practice? In this milieu, adherence to the normative principles of domestic constitutionalism, rule of law and human rights is essential to advance TJ and in identifying victims and most affected groups. The NPRC and ZHRC should thus be innovative in utilising international normative frameworks and aligning them with their constitutional mandates that speak to TJ. Sadly though, the NPRC and ZHRC are yet to align their mandates or work to international frameworks. The thesis concludes with an emphasis on the need for a coherent and transformative TJ policy that is informed by the root causes of societal problems in Zimbabwe: racial, ethnic, economic, political, doctrinal, pandemic-induced and so forth. Through constitutionally-established institutional independence, the NPRC, ZHRC and other Chapter 12 institutions supporting democracy in Zimbabwe must thrive on public legitimacy, confidence, and trust to promote dialogic democratisation and democratic consolidation which also recognise that the victim’s voice in TJ initiatives must be prioritised. Lethargic governance, toxic politics and confidence deficits should be addressed from a human rights as well as transformative TJ perspective. Ultimately, the TJ outcomes expected in this thesis should help Zimbabweans fully reconcile, achieve total peace, and move towards permanent healing. A context-sensitive and coherent TJ should be seen as a precious fruit of the normative frameworks espoused by the Constitution and regionalised or globalised TJ frameworks. Keywords Independent institutions, reconciliation, healing, peace, human rights institutions, holistic approaches, context-sensitive transitional justice, transformative justice.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Canon Collins
Centre for Human Rights
PhD
Unrestricted

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-85).
[No title page] This study underscores the need to tackle the escalating HIV /AIDS pandemic in Zimbabwe through a developmental and human rights based approach. In particular it focuses on second generation rights because of their emphasis on the social welfare of individuals. Second generation rights relate to the living conditions of people in society, attempting to ensure that individuals have adequate standard of living. This is achieved through the provision of adequate food, clothing, income, housing, medical care and other essential social services. While acknowledging that behaviour change is an essential element in fighting HIV/AIDS since the virus is spread mostly through sexual contact, the study recognises that it is of limited effect if factors that constrain the ability of individuals to alter their behaviour are not addressed. The study thus recommends the upholding of second-generation rights as an effective compliment to behaviour change strategies. Without mechanisms that facilitate change and build a conducive environment for such a transformation, the HIV/AIDS pandemic will continue to rage on. The research is a qualitative study conducted with a single case study. Zimbabwe is used as a case study as it provides a unique example of a country that has managed to lower its HIV/AIDS prevalence. However, it is now faced with an overwhelming challenge of increasing or at least sustaining this downward trend of the epidemic. Unfortunately, due to an economic and political melt-down the country is suffering a serious humanitarian crisis that has impoverished the community, encouraging risky sexual coping strategies and severely undermined the countries health delivery system, all which work to threaten the success achieved so far in the battle against HIV/AIDS.

This thesis examines and analyses the nature, history and development of the Zimbabwean legal system with special reference to the role and future of customary law and traditional judicial authority. It explores the position of customary law among the other substantive sources of Zimbabwean law - Roman-Dutch law, English law, statutes and judicial decisions - and demonstrates that legal dualism is anachronistic to human rights. The main objective of the thesis is to consider the interrelationship between the indigenous (customary) law with the received (general ) law, the role and importance of customary law and of traditional judicial authority in both the colonial and contemporary Zimbabwean legal systems, and how and why legal dualism gives rise to the infringement of some human rights. In the process the future of customary law, traditional judicial authority and legal system, and of the Zimbabwean legal system is determined. The Zimbabwean legal and judicial system is at present dualistic in nature. This dichotomy has .created conflict between the general law and legal system on the one hand, and the customary law and legal system on the other. This thesis explores ways of reconciling these contradictions with a view to the creation of a common law for Zimbabwe and a monolithic legal system and judicial structure. In this respect it is an attempt to shape the future of the Zimbabwean legal system by creating a new unified system. The possible choices/options lie in abolition of the traditional legal system, incorporation of the traditional legal system into the general legal system, retention of the status quo/dualism, integration of the traditional legal system with the general legal system and harmonisation of the two systems. Harmonisation is recommended as the appropriate and desirable option and method of unifying the Zimbabwean legal system. To test the thesis the following six hypotheses will be explored. First, that it is impossible to suppress customary law successfully. Second, that it is impossible for customary law to remain perpetually uninfluenced by the imported law. Third, that dualism creates and perpetuates conflict. Fourth, that human rights are better served under a unified legal system. Fifth, that coexistence is better than conflict. Sixth, that, consequently, a solution lies in harmonisation and not in conflict. It is intended to propose a draft bill to establish a commission to achieve harmonisation.

The Zimbabwean society views persons with disabilities (PWDs) ‘as useless liabilities that have no role to play in society.’ The Zimbabwean Government has also forgotten PWDs since they are not mentioned in all the country’s national budgets. This has led to uncountable barriers faced by PWDs in their bid to be included as equal members of the society. Some of the barriers are constant discrimination, sheer poverty, lack of access to mainstream public services and stigma. Hundreds to thousands of PWDs beg for alms in the streets of every town and city. Zimbabwe then has to be reminded that all PWDs have: a right to enjoy a decent life, as normal and full as possible, a right which lies at the heart of the right to human dignity. This right should be jealously guarded and forcefully protected by all states party to the African Charter in accordance with the well established principle that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Thus, the era of silence when it comes to the realisation of the rights of PWDs in Zimbabwe has to come to an end. All PWDs in Zimbabwe should know that it is by right and not by privilege to be guaranteed full and effective participation, and inclusion in society. It is time for Zimbabwe to embrace all the rights for PWDs without any hesitation. It is time for humanity to celebrate the inherent dignity, individual autonomy, independence and the right not to be discriminated against for all PWDs. Every lawmaker in Zimbabwe has to be reminded to delete from the statute books all laws which view disability as a medical problem and instead, pass laws which are in line with the human rights-based approach which is a more enlightened, realistic and people-centred approach to disability. No time to play but plenty of time to work…!
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

South Africa is a country that in the past has experienced gross human rights violations, and therefore has sought never again to have such violations. The government has sought to protect people's human rights by including them in the country's Constitution. Furthermore, South Africa has engaged with various international human rights bodies to further advocate for good human rights practices. However, the country has encountered some domestic challenges, with inequality and poverty being rife in the country. These challenges have implications for South Africa's economic foreign policy goals. This study explores South Africa's foreign policy with the Chinese government and the Zimbabwean government to explain why the country has chosen countries with poor human rights such as these. The research study will be centred around the period from 2008 to 2017. The offensive realism theory formed the theoretic framework of this research study. The study employed a qualitative research strategy as well as an interpretivist research paradigm. The findings show that when it comes to South Africa's foreign policy agenda, the government's goal is to establish a partnership with another country that will ultimately benefit the economic interests of South Africa, regardless of the country's human rights principles.

One of the responsibilities of every government is to make provisions of basic needs for its citizens. The situation in Omay resembles people living during the dark ages when there was no constitutional government. The government should in accordance with the priorities of its people be seen to be improving the lives of its citizens by providing health, education, roads, communication facilities, and participation in decision making especially on issues that have a bearing on their lives. The human needs theory postulates that one of the most ideal ways of resolving protracted conflicts is by helping people meet their needs. Human needs are not for trading according to conflict scholar John Burton, implying that if one does not meet his or her needs he/she might do anything to strive to meet them. The people of Omay have been deprived of their needs in all facets; first the previous government relocated them to create Lake Kariba for the hydroelectric plant. They were not compensated. They were dumped on very arid, tsetse fly infested mountainous areas adjacent to game reserves and national parks where they have to make do with wildlife; some that destroy their few crops (elephants) and others that kill them or their animals (lions). As a minority group they have been engaged in social unrest and small skirmishes with government and other, bigger ethnic groups as a form of resistance. A deliberate affirmative action to channel funds towards raising their living standards and develop their area so that they meet their needs could be the panacea to the social unrest.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The downward spiral of Zimbabwe under President Robert Gabriel Mugabe and the slide into lawlessness has excited international opinion. Perhaps even more controversial, has been South African President Thabo Mbeki's obvious reticence to condemn Mugabe's increasing authoritarianism and breach of human rights and democratic standards. South Africa's foreign policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has received strong criticism. Whilst both domestic and international audiences expected South Africa to take a stronger stance towards Mugabe because of his increasing violation of human rights and democratic standards, President Mbeki has been notably reticent to publicly criticise Mugabe. Consequently, the South African government has been criticised for condoning Mugabe's behaviour, which in turn has raised questions as to South Africa's commitment to the advocacy of human rights and its attempts to establish a leadership position in Africa. Although both internal and external pressures have given rise to South Africa's strong commitment to the international norm of human rights in 1994, this commitment seemed to weaken as the years passed. The commitment to human rights, that was especially prominent during the Nelson Mandela presidency, has given rise to foreign policy tensions and contradictions within the South African government. South Africa's turn to multilateral mechanisms as the main vehicle for South Africa's principled commitment to human rights has been accompanied by a decline in the priority placed on this principle. This loss of ardour in the commitment to the human rights advocacy, moreover, has seemed to increase during the Mbeki presidency. President Mbeki's desire to playa leadership role in Africa and his vision for African renewal and rebirth have been accompanied by a stronger emphasis on African solidarity as a foreign policy principle. South Africa's commitment to the norm of human rights, however, has thwarted South Africa's attempts to strengthen African solidarity since it required a rejection of the norms of 'state sovereignty' and 'not to speak out against each other'. Since high priority is attached to these norms in Africa, contradictions arose between the norms of human rights advocacy and African solidarity. This study argues that South Africa's policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards Zimbabwe can only be understood by focusing on the role of norms and identity on South Africa's policy. It aims to illustrate how South Africa's aspiration for continental leadership has constrained its commitment to human rights advocacy, as accentuated by the Zimbabwean crisis. This study explores the role of norms and identity in South Africa's foreign policy decisions towards Zimbabwe by drawing on constructivism as a theoretical framework. The international relations theory of constructivism provides a framework for analysing the potential influence of norms in international relations. Constructivism illustrates that South Africa's freedom of action has been determined by the interplay between policy actors and social forces with very different ideological convictions about the country in the world, the pressures incumbent upon it and the extent to which it can influence world affairs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se toenemende ekonomiese en politieke agteruitgang onder die presidentskap van Robert Gabriel Mugabe, asook die geleidelike oorgang na wetteloosheid, het internasionale veroordeling voortgebring. President Thabo Mbeki van Suid-Afrika se ooglopende teensinnigheid om Mugabe se toenemende outoriteit en skending van menseregte en demokratiese standaarde te veroordeel, was selfs meer omstrede. Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor President Mugabe van Zimbabwe het dus sterk kritiek uitgelok. Terwyl beide binnelandse en internasionale sfere van Suid-Afrika verwag het om 'n sterker standpunt teenoor Mugabe in te neem in die lig van Mugabe se toenemende skending van menseregte en demokratiese standaarde, was President Mbeki merkbaar teensinnig om Mugabe openlik te kritiseer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering is gevolglik daarvan beskuldig dat dit Mugabe se gedrag verskoon, wat weer aanleiding gegee het tot die bevraagtekening van Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot die bevordering van menseregte en pogings om 'n leierskapsposisie in Afrika te vestig. Alhoewel beide interne en eksterne druk tot Suid-Afrika se sterk verbintenis tot die internasionale norm van menseregte in 1994 bygedra het, het hierdie verbintenis mettertyd geleidelik vervaag. Hierdie verbintenis tot menseregte was veral prominent gedurende die Mandela presidentskap en het spoedig aanleiding tot spanning en teenstrydighede in Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid gegee. Suid-Afrika se wending tot multilaterale meganismes as voertuig vir die bevordering van menseregte, het dus gepaard gegaan met 'n afname in die prioriteit wat aan hierdie beginsel geheg word. Hierdie afname in Suid-Afrika se dryfkrag in hul verbintenis tot die bevordering van menseregte, het gedurende die Mbeki presidentskap vergroot. President Mbeki se begeerte om 'n leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, asook sy visie vir Afrika hernuwing en herlewing, het dus gepaard gegaan met 'n sterker klem op die belang van Afrika solidariteit as 'n buitelandse beleidsbeginsel. Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot menseregte het egter Suid-Afrika se pogings om Afrika solidariteit te bevorder, verhinder, aangesien 'n verbintenis tot menseregte die verwerping van die norme van 'staatsoewereiniteit' en 'nie teenoor mekaar uit te praat nie' vereis het. Aangesien hierdie twee laasgenoemde norme steeds voorrang geniet in die Afrika konteks, het daar teenstrydighede tussen die norme van menseregte en Afrika solidariteit ontstaan. Hierdie studie argumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor Zimbabwe slegs begryp kan word deur op die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika se beleid te fokus. Daar word gepoog om te illustreer hoe Suid-Afrika se aspirasie om 'n leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, beperk is deur die verbintenis tot die bevordering van menseregte, soos beklemtoon deur die krisis in Zimbabwe. Hierdie studie ondersoek dus die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleidsbesluite teenoor Zimbabwe met behulp van konstruktivisme as 'n teoretiese raamwerk. Die internasionale betrekkinge teorie van konstruktivisme bied 'n raamwerk vir die analise van die potensiële invloed van norme in internasionale betrekkinge. Konstruktivisme illustreer dat Suid-Afrika se vryheid van aksie bepaal word deur die wisselwerking tussen beleidsakteurs en sosiale kragte met verskillende ideologiese oortuigings oor die staat in die wêreld, die druk wat daarop inwerk en die mate waartoe dit wêreld gebeure kan beïnvloed.

"This dissertation will explore the socio-economic and political factors that have prevented the resumption of the human right to land by black Zimbabweans both during the colonial white minority rule and in independent Zimbabwe. It will also point out the international human rights instruments that justify government intervention in land tenure relations in Zimbabwe and conclude with recommendations. Chapter one is the introduction. It outlines the background of the research problem, the prolem itself, research questions, hypotheses, objectives and purpose of the research. It also outlines the theoretical framework, significance and the methodology. Chapter two is about the colonial land tenure relations in Zimbabwe. It discusses the foundations of the inequitable land tenure relations in Zimbabwe, together with the legal and extra-legal responses thereto during the colonial period. Chapter three is about legal responses in post-colonial Zimbabwe to land tenure imbalances. It examines legal responses Zimbabwe embarded upon after independence in 1980, the Lancaster Agreement and its Article 16 and the Land Acquisition Act from 1985-1992. Chapter four deals with the extra-legal resettlement processes in Zimbabwe and focuses on the non-legal resettlement processes including the squatter/war veterans' phenomenon. Chapter five looks at the available international human rights instruments relevant to Zimbabwe's resettlement processes. Chapter six sums up the key issues and illustrations raised in the research in relation to the objectives and hypotheses. It also offers recommendations towards viable policy options available to Zimbabwe." -- Chapter 1.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr. John Kigula, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2001.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Magister Legum - LLM
The Constitution 1995 of the Republic of Uganda is silent on how to admit evidence obtained through human rights violations in Uganda. The decided cases are inconsistent in the way courts have dealt with this evidence. This research establishes how jurisdictions like South Africa, Canada, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Hong Kong deal with evidence obtained as a result of human rights violations. It establishes the position of international law on evidence obtained through human rights violations. The research then employs the comparative study to establish the status of evidence obtained through human rights violations in Uganda. This study helps in the improvement of the practice of evaluating evidence in courts, by providing recommendations to policy makers and judicial officers in the criminal justice system on how to handle evidence at the pretrial stages in order to greatly attempt to contain the consequences of this evidence.

Background. A nationally representative study of psychiatric disorders in South Africa provided an opportunity to study the association between perpetration of human rights violations (HRVs) during apartheid and psychiatric disorder. Prior work has suggested an association between perpetration and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but this remains controversial. Methods. Subjects reported on their perpetration of human rights violations, purposeful injury, accidental injury and domestic violence. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition) disorders were assessed with Version 3.0 of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Socio-demographic characteristics of these groups were calculated. Odds ratios for the association between the major categories of psychiatric disorders and perpetration were assessed. Results. HRV perpetrators were more likely to be male, black and more educated, while perpetrators of domestic violence (DV) were more likely to be female, older, married, less educated and with lower income. HRV perpetration was associated with lifetime and 12-month anxiety and substance use disorders, particularly PTSD. Purposeful and DV perpetration were associated with lifetime and 12-month history of all categories of disorders, whereas accidental perpetration was associated most strongly with mood disorders. Conclusion. Socio-demographic profiles of perpetrators of HRV and DV in South Africa differ. While the causal relationship between perpetration and psychiatric disorders deserves further study, it is possible that some HRV and DV perpetrators were themselves once victims. The association between accidental perpetration and mood disorder also deserves further attention.

"In Zimbabwe the sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child remains high. Recently the state has acknowledged the problem of sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child and has indicated the willingness to step up campaigns against it. This campaign, however, targets school children in primary and secondary schools. There has also been an increase of sexual abuse of children in schools by the teachers and other staff members. The family as an institution has facilitated child abuse and exploitation in Zimbabwe through cultural practices and customs as a survival tactic. Some commentators have directly linked the revival of these cultural practices to the economic crisis that has resulted in food shortages around the country. These traditional practices include the marriages of the child to older men in exchange for food or money known as kuzvarira, kuripa ngozi, or pledging a girl into marriage and virginity testing. Some of the practices are, however, not directly linked to the prevailing economic crisis, but are just practiced as a tradition like chiramu. These practices have become more common amongst the Shona, the largest tribe constituting at least 76% of the population, and predominantly patriarchal. Theorists of patriarchy have directed their attention to the subordinate status of women and found their explanation in the male need to dominate the female. Although Zimbabwe as a state has shown a commitment to protecting children against sexual abuse by enactment of laws criminalising involvement of the girl child in prostitution, incest and rape of girls, little has been done to ensure that forced and early marriages of the girl child are curtailed. Virginity testing is not criminalised and is also currently being practised in rural parts of the country on a wide scale. ... Chapter one introduces the problem of child sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child as a universal problem and gives a structure of the study. Chapter two discusses the concept of a child, sexual abuse and exploitation as a human rights problem. It analyses the protection of children under international human rights law. Chapter three gives a broad overview of the relationship between culture and children's rights. The role of the family will also be discussed as articulated in the human rights instruments. Chapter four highlights and discusses the cultural practices that result in sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child in Zimbabwe. The legal framework protecting children from sexual abuse and exploitation and the shortcomings will be highlighted. The impact of such sexual abuse and exploitation on the overall development of the child will also be discussed. Chapter five makes recommendations by looking at the developments from other countries on the rights of the girl child and cultural practises that result in sexual abuse." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. B. Twinomugisha, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation seeks to answer the following research questions: Whether there exist legal and institutional gaps that need to be filled by the establishment of a National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) in Botswana? How will the establishment of a NHRI fill gaps in Botswana’s existing legal and institutional framework? What are the minimum standards, guidelines and principles which must be adhered to in order to establish an effective NHRI ? What lessons can Botswana learn from South Africa and Zimbabwe in order to establish a NHRI Botswana’s which complies with the Paris Principles?

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The primary basis of this construction is that one of the roles of the judiciary is that of enhancing and protecting human rights. This is an important function which is best implemented through judicial independence. Across Africa and most notably in Zimbabwe, political interference has been noted as a factor that limits judicial independence. The judiciary‘s lack of independence has made it impossible for it to protect human rights in Zimbabwe. This signifies that a new approach to judicial protection of human rights in the country is required. Constitutional reform could be the appropriate legal tool to achieve this objective. Zimbabwe has undertaken constitutional reforms which may help in addressing the human rights situation in the country. These reforms have captured legal principles which will ensure an improvement in the human rights situation. Key to the reforms, has been the independence of the judiciary. The Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Despite such guarantees there are a number of challenges with regards to this independence. The aim of this research is to show what measures need to be taken for the judiciary to adequately protect human rights and to establish other measures that can be taken to address the human rights issues in Zimbabwe

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Amid notable and ongoing research about housing, structural hurdles crippling state efforts to guarantee the right to adequate housing have been extensively analysed and widely recognised. Albeit study after study demonstrates bureaucratic lethargy, the housing challenge is much complex. Harare increasingly appears to be a city in a housing crisis. The depredations of politics have repeatedly frustrated orderly urbanisation. Comparatively little on the politics of housing has been written or studied. Consequently, the realisation of the right to housing is under constant threat with the city spiralling into endemic disorder. The turbulent policy landscape since 2000 plunged housing into a chaotic and unstable milieu

Magister Legum - LLM
The Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) provides that „everyone has the right to nationality.‟1 Nationality2 refers to the legal relationship between a State and an individual.3 The consequences are that this legal relationship gives rise to obligations and rights conferred by the State on these individuals. Statelessness occurs when an individual has no nationality of any country; a stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its laws.

When South Africa made the transition to democracy in 1994, led by the charismatic Nelson Mandela, it proclaimed that it would make human rights a centrepiece of its foreign policy. The international community also expected South Africa to play a leading role in promoting human rights around the world, not least due to the country's own history of gross human rights violations during apartheid. However, in the last 20 years, South Africa's track record in protecting human rights has come under scrutiny. Scholars have accused South Africa of turning a blind eye to gross human rights violations, contradicting its stated commitment to human rights. South Africa's responses to gross human rights violations in Libya, Sudan and Zimbabwe have been particularly criticised. This dissertation analyses the scholarly explanations of South Africa's contradictory behaviour in order to identify the strongest explanations on a bilateral level and a multilateral level in the context of South Africa's membership of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). Delving into the literature on South Africa's foreign policy behaviour, I argue that South Africa has indeed failed to live up its promise of standing up for human rights. The emphasis on human rights in the country's foreign policy has also diminished over time. Most importantly, I argue that the major explanations of South Africa's contradictory behaviour are solidarity with African, developing and anti-apartheid allies; deterioration of domestic human rights regime which inevitably affects human rights promotion abroad; and South Africa's desire to be a leading conflict mediator that precludes it from criticising gross human rights violators, although there remain questions over South Africa's neutrality as a mediator.

This thesis is a critical analysis of the incorporation and role of international human rights law in the municipal laws of Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. It adopts a comparative approach. This approach is predicated on the following similarities between the three countries. These countries have inherited the same Roman-Dutch common law from the erstwhile colonial Powers, they have entrenched Bills of Rights in their respective national Constitutions and there is an emerging judicial practice of invoking and relying upon international human rights law in interpreting national law. The areas examined are: the dominant theories on the relationship between international law and national law, colonial legal legacy, the reception and status of international human rights law in the pre-independence era, the domestic status of international law at independence and new departures, if any, from the colonial legacy, and the practice of each of these counties in relation to these theories in the post-independence legal order. As regards the latter, the study examines the extent to which Namibian monist theory adopted at independence and the monist-dualist inherited legacy of Botswana and Zimbabwe have been applied since independence in national law particularly by the judiciary in the enforcement of human rights law. A comparison is made between the countries in question in order to assess the relevance of classical monism and dualism in the domestic application of international human rights law. In particular, the thesis examines the extent to which the common theoretical approach inherited by these countries towards international law, customary and conventional, has been retained or departed from in the enforcement of national human rights law.

This study argues that the right to form political parties remains elusive in Swaziland in spite of the country’s claim that it is democratic. Discusses the following issues: (1) Whether political pluralism is the only means of actualising the right to freedom of association, and (2) whether the limitation imposed on the right to freedom of association by section 79 of the Constitution of Swaziland is justifiable
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Henry Ojambo, Faculty of Law, Makarere University, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Thesis (M.A. (International Politics)) --University of Limpopo, 2014
Debate on GNU centres around whether or not as a tool/plan/strategy it promotes, cultivates and fosters democracy in situations where there is lack there-of. In other words does a GNU create the conditions or environment necessary for the establishment of democracy? Various studies have shown that GNU is popular as a conflict-resolution tool and that in countries where it has been employed, it has resulted in the successful cessation of violent conflict. This study explores GNU to find out how successful it was in democratic entrenchment in Zimbabwe. It revealed through interviews and secondary sources that in Zimbabwe GNU managed to bring together antagonistic political contenders to work together for the restoration of peace and democracy and nation-building. GNU did not however, guarantee permanent solution of the crisis. In other words there were other significant issues which could not simply be resolved through a GNU. Finally the study further explored the different reasons for GNU inability to resolve those issues in Zimbabwe.

A broad and continuously growing range of situations have been determined by the United Nations Security Council as threatening or breaching international peace and security, thereby favouring the use of sanctions. The Security Council, while occasionally authorizing the use of military force has changed its strategy to employ non-military measures in order to enforce compliance with its decisions. The rationale often cited for imposing sanctions is the hope to resolve a conflict without mass suffering and other negative consequences associated with war. This study puts this assumption into context by using Zimbabwe and Iran as case studies to examine whether the use of sanctions is a plausible way to achieve international peace and security or if it is actually problematic to resolving the issues that lead to sanctions. It concludes that our present world system requires an overhaul, where violent mechanisms will be substituted with selfless diplomacy and the moral imagination of peace.

The major aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Turkish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey regarding the characteristics defined by the classical pluralist theories, starting with the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville, and by contemporary pluralist approaches to civil society. To that end, characteristics of two examples, iHD and KiH-YÇ
V will be examined using three dimensions: effectiveness, enhancing solidarity and responsibility, and the dimension of inner democracy. As the methodology of the case study, in-depth interview techniques were adapted for capturing the qualities of the organizations in a detailed way. At that level, in-depth interviews from each organization were conducted with members having different positions. In addition to this, all written documents obtained from the organizations were scanned and the relevant ones have been examined for the sake of the study. Since the aim of the study is to understand what part Turkish NGOs play in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey considering the assumptions of classical and contemporary pluralist school in their analysis of voluntary associations and interest groups, this study espoused an associational concept of democracy as the method of work, which is a contemporary concept that underlines the democratic role of free and voluntary associations. In this context, this study tries to discuss the following questions: To what extent are Turkish NGOs independent from the state? To what extent can they have leverage on governmental policies? Do they mitigate conflict through overlapping interests? Do they enhance social trust, tolerance, compromise and a sense of solidarity in society and within their organization? To what extent are they democratic, pluralist and horizontally structured inside their organization and to what extent they are democratic regarding their decision making process? Are they open and inclusive enough in their membership recruitment techniques?

Over the last three decades, Oman has emerged as a center of political and economic stability in the Arab world, a stability which is an essential ingredient for any country to develop and flourish. Whereas democracy and public freedoms are at the core of stability in other parts of the world, the case in Oman is different. It is not a democratic state and it did not adopt the modern concepts of human rights and public freedoms into its legal-political system until 1996 when the Basic Statute of the State was promulgated. The purpose of this study is to provide a general view of the current status of Human Rights under the Omani Basic Statute of the State with a specific focus on some civil and political rights. It illustrates the situation of human rights by assessing the implementation of the constitutional and legal safeguards into practice and finding out what hinders them. It aims to evaluate the importance of the constitution in Oman, and the extent to which it has succeeded in incorporating international human rights’ standards while walking the tightrope of reconciling this with core traditional social customs and Islamic values. It analyses the compatibility of constitutional and national laws and practice with international human rights standards and assesses current trends and policies. Three case studies for different rights and freedoms are conducted to explore the guarantees and weaknesses of different rights in practice. These are the areas of nationality 'as individual right' which is very important under the Oman system as it is the direct link to enjoyment of other rights and freedoms. The Shura is the second case study as a political right or a collective right which represents public participation in Oman. Finally, the Freedom of Association, as an example for the freedom of expression and opinion, which represents individual and group rights together. This research evaluation analyses in detail the developments since the promulgation of the Basic Statute in December 1996 but stretches to encompass developments till the developments to the end of July 2011.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The deteriorating human rights situations in Myanmar and Zimbabwe have drawn concerns from the international community. Mainly Western states and NGOs have criticised both governments and urged strong action from the regional organisations, namely ASEAN and SADC. However, because of the deeply rooted non-intervention norm in these regions, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, the human rights situation in both states long remained serious. Recently however, ASEAN has taken up a strong stance towards Myanmar. On the contrary, SADC has showed reluctance to respond to the human rights violations in Zimbabwe. The question arises why these two regional organisations have showed different responses? In other words, the ASEAN member states have become relaxed and accepted the new human rights norm, discarding the traditional non-intervention norm, while the SADC member states still stick to the norm of non-intervention. In order to find answers, the focus in this thesis is on the process of socialisation which means that the actors adopt new norms which are also accepted by society as a whole. Three mechanisms which lead to socialisation, namely strategic calculation, role-playing and normative suasion, are discussed. The conclusion reached is that regional organisation can play a role in inducing the member states to accept the new norm, in the process the regional organisation is also socialised through interaction with other international organisations and actors. Here, historical background, and particularly the process of gaining independence in SADC heavily influenced the socialisation process in this region. SADC member states‘ liberation struggle against colonialism and apartheid led to the formation of strong bonds among member states that has made it difficult for respective state leaders to criticise each other. Such strong bonds do not exist in Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, member states interact actively with external actors such as the EU and NGOs. Thus they become receptive to human rights norms; in turn, the regional organisation itself has been socialised and has become relaxed enough to discard the non-intervention norm. Also an increasingly large middle class has become interested in the human rights situation in its neighbouring countries. These are the factors which have led to the differing responses from ASEAN and SADC to human rights abuses in their regions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nadat hulle onafhanklikheid gekry het, het die menseregte situasie in Myanmar en Zimbabwe agteruitgegaan. Die internasionale gemeenskap, meestal Westerse state en nie-regerings organisasies het albei regerings gekritiseer en die streeksorganisasies, naamlik ASEAN en SADC, dringend versoek om streng op te tree. Weens die diep-gewortelde nie-intervensie norm in beide Suidoos-Asië en Suider-Afrika het die menseregte situasie egter lank ernstig gebly. ASEAN het egter meer onlangs sterk standpunt ingeneem teenoor Myanmar. Maar SADC is nog steeds onwillig om te reageer op die menseregte vergrype in Zimbabwe. Die vraag is nou waarom hierdie twee streeksorganisasies so verskillend opgetree het. Die lidstate van ASEAN het ontspanne geraak en die nuwe menseregte norme aanvaar en die tradisionele nie-intervensie norm laat vaar, terwyl SADC lidstate nog hou by die nie-intervensie norm . In die soek na antwoorde, is die fokus van hierdie tesis op die proses van sosialisering wat beteken dat die akteurs nuwe norme wat deur die internasionale gemeenskap as geheel aanvaar word, aanneem. Die drie meganismes wat lei tot sosialisering, naamlik strategiese berekening, rol-speling en normatiewe oorreding, word bespreek. Die slotsom waartoe gekom word is dat streeksorganisasies ‘n rol kan speel in die oorreding van lidstate om die nuwe norm te aanvaar en dat die streeksorganisasies in die proses deur interaksie met ander internasionale organisasies en akteurs, self gesosialiseer word. Historiese agtergrond en veral die proses waardeur onafhanklikheid in die lande van Suider-Afrika verkry is, het die sosialisasie proses in die area beïnvloed. SADC lidstate se vryheidstryd teen kolonialisme en apartheid het sterk bande tussen lidstate gesmee en dit moeilik gemaak vir die leiers van die state om mekaar te kritiseer. Daar bestaan nie sulke sterk bande in Suidoos-Asië nie. Verder is daar in Suidoos-Asië aktiewe interaksie met ander organisasies soos die Europese Unie en met nie-regerings organisasies. Dus is hulle meer ontvanklik vir menseregte norms. Op hulle beurt is die streeksorganisasies ook gesosialiseer en het hulle ontspanne genoeg geraak om af te sien van die nie-intervensie norm. Die groeiende middelklas het ook geïnteresseerd geraak in die menseregte situasie in hulle eie en in die buurlande. Dit is die faktore wat gelei het tot die verskillende reaksies van ASEAN en SADC tot die menseregte vergrype in hulle onderskeie streke.

ABSTRACT The Revolutionary Association of Women in Afghanistan is an organisation that provides a fascinating insight into understandings of gender, national identity and universal human rights. In its construction of a universal human rights message for women in Afghanistan the group responds to the philosophical debate surrounding universal rights and cultural relativism, and the support and criticism coming from the international feminist movement. In order to understand the way that RAWA has framed itself and its message, it is imperative to examine the ways RAWA has responded both to the international principles of universalism and feminism, but also to the national history and culture they operate in. RAWA’s firm local grounding and sense of unique history mean that they control, rather than are controlled by, international principles.
N/A
Department of Government and International Relations

The objective of this study is to provide a novel working mechanism for the supervision of elections that would no longer be municipal based but rather the subject of a supranational body that is not answerable to municipal authorities. In essence, this study will consider the possibility of a new African Union body responsible for African elections. Rather than just mooting an idea, this study will attempt to justify the need for such a body, as well as answer the practical questions that may hamper the establishment of such a body and also provide for some of the modalities regarding how such a body may work. To enhance the objectives, the study will necessarily commence with a theoretical background of the rationale for having elections. The study will also emphasise on the human rights aspect of elections, namely the right to self determination and the right to participate in public affairs as provided in various human rights instruments. By analysing recent African elections, this study intends to show that the current strategy of wholly relying on municipal electoral authorities is subject to manipulation and can result in humanitarian catastrophes and illegitimate governments. By so doing a justification of introducing a new AU body responsible for supervising African election is made perspicuous
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor E.K. EK Quashigah, of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana-Legon, Ghana
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)
This is a study of Zimbabwe's National Peace and Reconciliation Commission Bill (hereafter NPRC Bill). The NPRC Bill seeks to bring the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter NPRC) of Zimbabwe into operation. The NPRC is a truth commission set to promote post-conflict justice, national peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe. The study discusses the prospects of establishing an effective NPRC in Zimbabwe by examining the provisions of the NPRC Bill. The view of the paper is that, without proper guidance from a comprehensive law, the NPRC is bound to be a victim of its own failure.

On Constate aujourd’hui une avancée significative du processus de démocratisation au Togo et au Zimbabwe grâce à la politique de la conditionnalité démocratique de l’aide européenne au développement et aux sanctions financières édictées contre ces pays. C’est la synergie des forces externes et internes qui a contribué au changement de politique au Togo et au Zimbabwe. La mobilisation de la société civile a également été utile. Cependant, le système politique produit par la politique de la conditionnalité n’est que de façade car les résultats obtenus ne sont pas à la hauteur des attentes. Le bilan est mitigé. Les réformes entreprises au Togo et au Zimbabwe ne sont qu’apparentes. La dépendance de l’aide a engendré la corruption, les dettes, et a sapé les investissements. Tant que des solutions appropriées n’auront pas été trouvées à l’aspiration démocratique des peuples africains en tenant compte de leurs réalités sociales, culturelles, économiques et politiques ; les crises sociopolitiques risquent de perdurer sur le continent. L’Afrique a besoin aujourd’hui d’une institution forte capable de concilier la démocratie et le développement. Elle a aussi besoin de l’indépendance budgétaire et monétaire
Today there is a significant advance in the democratization process in Togo and Zimbabwe because of the political democratic conditionality for EU development aid and financial sanctions imposed against the country. It is the synergy of internal and external forces that contributed to the change in policy in Togo and Zimbabwe. The mobilization of civil society has been helpful. However, the political system produced by policy conditionality is only façade since the results are not up to what was expected. The results are mixed. The reforms undertaken in Togo and Zimbabwe are only apparent. In addition, aid dependence has fostered corruption, debt, and undermined investment. Unless appropriate solutions can be found to the democratic aspirations of the African peoples, taking into account their social, cultural, economic and political realities; sociopolitical crises are likely to persist on the continent. Africa today needs a strong institution capable of reconciling democracy and development. It also needs fiscal and monetary independence

La naissance du régionalisme asiatique des droits humains n’est pas un mythe. Il est vrai que l’Asie se distingue par l’absence d’un mécanisme régional officiel. Pourtant, malgré des contextes diversifiés et complexes, émane de la plupart des États asiatiques une reconnaissance au moins formelle des droits humains fondamentaux. Les proclamations dans les constitutions, la création –pas encore généralisée– d’institutions nationales des droits humains en témoignent, ainsi que l’acclimatation à l’examen périodique universel, même si ce dernier semble être préféré aux procédés plus intrusifs des comités onusiens… et même si des violations massives de droits humains ont encore lieu. En fait, les éléments d’un régionalisme des droits humains apparaissent en Asie. À l’intérêt croissant que portent à ces droits les associations d’États à vocation économique, notamment l’ASEAN – dont l’attractivité s’élargit –, s’ajoute la transnationalisation des mouvements de la société civile. L’expérience grandissante de la Commission intergouvernementale de l’ASEAN et l’interaction des facteurs interétatiques avec les facteurs transnationaux de changement créent une dynamique, qui fait que la mise en place d’une cour asiatique des droits humains semble n’être plus aujourd’hui qu’une question de temps
The birth of human rights regionalism in Asia is not a myth. Although Asia distinguished itself with the absence of a formal regional mechanism for the protection of human rights, its relevance shall not to be questioned. Evolving within various challenging contexts, most Asian States formally recognise fundamental human rights while tolerating domestic and international enforcement mechanisms. Thus, a preference is given to constitutions and their courts, NHRIs and UPR against most intrusive mechanisms such as the UN committees. Nevertheless, elements of a human rights regionalism are rising upon Asia’s economic associations increasing interest in human rights – such as the ASEAN – and the civil society broadening interest for transnational movements. A comparative analysis into the Asian States relationships with these mechanisms will reveal worrying signs of massive human rights violations. However, acknowledging the continuous recognition of human rights as well as the growing experience of the ASEAN Intergovernmental commission, it is believed the enactment of an Asian human rights court is now only a matter of time

Les arrangements régionaux jouent un rôle essentiel dans la protection et la promotion des droits de l’homme. Compte tenu du fait qu’il y a beaucoup de similitudes sociales, politiques, économiques et historiques entre les gens qui vivent dans une région spécifique, la création de mécanismes régionaux de protection des droits de l’homme doit, en principe, être plus facile que celle des mécanismes universels. De même, des mécanismes régionaux sont plus efficaces que ceux universels. Les systèmes de droits de l’homme établis en Europe et en Amérique fournissent des exemples réussis de systèmes régionaux. L’Asie, le plus grand et le plus peuplé continent du monde, est la seule région qui ne dispose pas d’un mécanisme développé et bien établi de droits de l’homme. Cependant, des efforts ont récemment été faits pour créer un mécanisme des droits de l’homme dans le cadre de l’ASEAN. La présente recherche tente d’étudier la situation juridique de la protection régional des droits de l’homme en Asie du Sud et, à cet effet, les matériaux ont été divisés en deux Parties. La première Partie analyse les organes existants relatifs aux droits de l’homme et des instruments dans la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est, et la deuxième Partie examine les raisons pour lesquelles un véritable ménanisme en matière de droits de l’homme n’a pas encore vu le jour dans la région
Undoubtedly, regional arrangements play an essential role in the protection and promotion of human rights. Given the fact that there are many social, political, economic and historical similarities among people who live in a specific region, the creation of regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights should, in principle, be much easier than that of universal mechanisms. By the same token, regional mechanisms are more efficient than universal ones. The human rights systems established in Europe and America provide successful examples of regional systems. Asia, as the world's largest and most populous continent, is the only region which does not have a developed and well-established human rights mechanism. However, efforts have been recently made to create a human rights machinery within the framework of ASEAN. The present study attempts to present a comprehensive picture of legal situation for the regional protection of human rights in the Southeast Asia and, for this purpose, materials have been divided in two Parts. Part I analyse the existing human rights bodies and instruments in the Southeast Asia, and Part II tries to identify the reasons why a developed system has not yet come into existence in the region

O presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar de que forma o direito de liberdade de associação vem sendo aplicado com relação às organizações da sociedade civil no Brasil. A partir da análise das diferentes dimensões da liberdade de associação e das normas que tratam das organizações da sociedade civil no Brasil pós Constituição Federal de 1988, apresentamos os principais desafios a serem superados para que as organizações da sociedade civil sejam tratadas de forma a melhor garantir o direito de liberdade de associação e um marco regulatório mais adequado ao seu desenvolvimento.
The present study aims to identify how the right to freedom of association has been applied with respect to civil society organizations in Brazil. From the analysis of the different dimensions of freedom of association and rules dealing with civil society organizations in Brazil, after the Federal Constitution of 1988, we present the main challenges to be overcome so that civil society organizations can be treated to ensure right to freedom of association and a legal framework best suited to their development.

L’accord d’association Algérie-Union Européenne, paraphé à Bruxelles le 19 décembre 2001 et entré en vigueur le 1er septembre 2005, fonde un partenariat en matière des droits de l’homme. Déclenché par la Déclaration de Barcelone du 27 et 28 novembre 1995, il fournit aujourd’hui le modèle le plus complet pour une meilleure mise en œuvre réelle et effective des droits de l’homme dans le cadre des accords d’associations. Inspiré, d’une politique euro-méditerranéenne qui a pour objectif la promotion et la protection des droits de l’homme, tel qu’énoncée dans la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, inspire les politiques internes et internationales des parties et constitue un élément essentiel pour la mise en œuvre de l’accord d’association Algérie-UE. Y’a-t-il une réelle mise en œuvre de l’accord d’association Algérie-Union Européenne dans les perspectives du respect des droits de l’homme ? Et quels sont les moyens mis en place?
The Algerian-European association, signed on 19 December 2001 in Brussels and enforced on 1 September 2005, represents a partnership in terms of human rights. Sett off by the Barcelona Declaration of 27 & 28 November 1995, it nowadays serves as the best model for a genuine implementation of human rights in the field of assocation agreements. Inspired by Euro-Mediterranean policy whose objective is the promotion as well as protection of human rights, as stated in the universal declaration of human rights, it affects the parties, domestic and international policies and represents and essential element in the implementation of the Algerian-European association agreement. Is there a genuine implementation of the Algerian-European association agreement in the perspective of the respect of human rights? And what are the means used for that propose?

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A Mutilação Genital Feminina/Corte é uma prática tradicional prejudicial, assente na desigualdade de género, e que afeta cerca de 200 milhões de meninas e mulheres em vários países ao redor do mundo. Esta prática é reconhecida como uma forma de violência e de discriminação baseada no género, que traz efeitos negativos para a saúde física, psicológica, sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres, além de ser um desafio à nível mundial no que diz respeito ao usufruto dos direitos humanos das mulheres na sua totalidade. A eliminação da Mutilação Genital Feminina/Corte é uma questão importante para a Igualdade de Género e para o Desenvolvimento, e a erradicação desta prática traria efeitos positivos na saúde, dignidade, educação e condição econômica de meninas e mulheres. O presente relatório de estágio pretende explorar as diferentes dimensões da Mutilação Genital Feminina/Corte, fenômeno complexo nas suas justificativas e consequências, bem como enquadrar atividades desenvolvidas na Associação para o Planeamento da Família, decorrido em Lisboa, durante os meses de fevereiro a junho de 2020, com o foco no combate à esta prática prejudicial.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is a harmful traditional practice, based on gender inequality, that affects nearly 200 million girls and women in several countries around the world. This practice is recognized as a form of violence and discrimination based on gender, which has negative effects on the physical, psychological, sexual and reproductive health of women, in addition to being a challenge worldwide with regard to the full enjoyment of human rights of women. The elimination of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is an important issue for Gender Equality and for Development, and the eradication of this practice would have positive effects on the health, education, dignity, education and economic condition of girls and women. This internship report aims to explore the different dimensions of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, a complex phenomenon in its justifications and consequences, as well as to provide a framework for the activities developed at the Portuguese Family Planning Association (APF), held in Lisbon, from February to June 2020, with focus on combating this harmful practice.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper discusses if Margin of Appreciation is compatible with the idea of universal human rights. Through the case of Negative freedom of association in Sweden, it studies the phenomenon that Giorgio Agamben has called the State of exception. The questions that are discussed and answered are 1) How does the rights theories of Jack Donnelly and Ronald Dworkin relate to Margin of appreciation, and 2) How has Margin of appreciation been applied in cases concerning the negative freedom of association in Sweden, in the European court for human rights. These questions and answers are then used in the discussion on how Margin of appreciation affects the concept of universal human rights.
Denna uppsats diskuterar frågan om Margin of Appreciation är förenligt med tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter. Genom studier av den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige, så undersöks doktrinen Margin of appreciation och hur den förhåller sig till tanken om universella rättigheter. Frågorna som diskuteras och besvaras är 1) hur förhåller sig Jack Donnellys respektive Ronald Dworkins rättighetsteorier till Margin of appreciation, samt 2) Hur har Margin of appreciation tolkats i europadomstolens i fall gällande den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige. Dessa frågor tas till hjälp i diskussionen kring hur Margin of appreciation påverkar tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter.

The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of antiracism and explore what characterizes the kind of antiracism that the empirical examples presented in this study represent. The empirical examples are instances of what I call antiracist actors. They are rooted in civil society, but also have strong connections with the government through government funding. The empirical data has been gathered through both qualitative and quantitative methods, mainly in the form of a survey and interviews. In order to explore the antiracist actors I have focused on three themes: (1) the shapes and forms of racism, (2) antiracism as a phenomenon, and (3) antiracism as a social arena. Through these themes I have gathered information about how the antiracist actors interpret their activities and the context in which they are working.

On the subject of the shapes and forms of racism, I establish that racism is a concept that is hard to define. The antiracist actors lack a common language regarding racism, which affects the antiracist rhetoric. Regarding antiracism as a phenomenon, I conclude that the antiracist strategies mainly consist of three components: (1) knowledge is used as a strategic instrument internally to strengthen the volunteers, (2) knowledge is spread externally to increase awareness of racism, and (3) the antiracist actors deconstruct racist beliefs when opposing racist opinions. Finally, I research antiracism as a social arena and study civil society and theories about social movements in order to explore organizational aspects of the antiracist actors. Using Alberto Meluccis’ social movement theories, there is some evidence to support the thesis that the antiracist actors could be defined as part of an antiracist movement. However, overall there are stronger arguments to suggest the opposite, mainly since the antiracist actors are not in opposition to one or more adversaries. Instead they work with target groups, sometimes targeting the general public, sometimes specific groups like children in a certain school.

The main conclusion from my study in this respect is that the antiracist actors are part of what I call association-driven antiracism. The associationdriven antiracism is characterized by non-violent methods and the antiracist actors do not focus on racist adversaries, instead they work with target groups trying to influence them in an antiracist way. The association-driven antiracism secures its continuity through networks, since many activities are project-based and only last for a limited period of time. Also, the antiracist actors are not representatives of particular political parties, instead they gather around the question at hand, antiracism. The antiracist actors within the association-driven antiracism are in close collaboration with the government and partly finance their activities with government funding. This collaboration can be explained as a positive steering process, the rulers (the government) and those who are ruled (the antiracist actors) agree on an antiracist ideology and work in the same direction.

On peut considérer que le démarrage du processus de démocratisation en Namibie a lieu en 1989 et au Congo Brazzaville en 1990 : pour le premier il s’agit, de la libération du joug sud-africain avec l’accession à l’indépendance et la mise en place d’un régime démocratique, pour le second la chute d’un régime de parti unique et l’instauration du multipartisme puis de la démocratie. Cette phase de bouleversement a été rendue possible par la mobilisation des forces sociales, notamment les organisations syndicales.La recherche consiste ici à considérer le rôle de ces forces sociales dans ce processus et à s’interroger sur leur nature, en particulier pour déterminer si elles constituent une société civile. Ainsi les Eglises jouent un rôle déterminant, et ce dans les deux pays. Au moment de l’ouverture démocratique, les associations se multiplient. La mise en place des premières institutions est marquée par une course au pouvoir, et se révèle la plus critique pour la société civile, dont le positionnement même est mis à mal ; les organisations sont soumises à rude épreuve. Certains meneurs des mouvements de contestations se retrouvent à la tête de partis politiques, dans un environnement à haut risque. Les rivalités ethniques ou tribales et le régionalisme s’enracinent dans la conscience populaire.Si la Namibie va poursuivre son chemin vers la démocratie, malgré la faiblesse de la société civile et les blessures du passé, le Congo va sombrer d’abord dans une guerre civile avant de chercher le chemin de la paix. La société civile anéantie au moment du conflit revient sur le devant de la scène à travers le Conseil œcuménique des Eglises mais échoue à consolider la démocratie
One can acknowledge that the democratisation process in Namibia started in 1989 and in Congo Brazzaville in 1990: for the first one it meant freeing itself from the South African rule as the country conquered its independence and established a democratic regime, for the second one, it meant the fall of a one-party rule and installing a multiparty system in a move to democracy. This upheaval phase was made possible through social forces mobilisation, especially trade unions. Our research consists in looking into the role played by these social forces in the process and in questioning their nature, particularly in order to determine whether they form some civil society. In both countries, churches are instrumental in the process. When democracy is introduced, associations flourish. As the first institutions are set, a struggle for power is engaged that soon proves to be critical for civil society, as even their position is challenged ; organisations are under deep stress. Some leaders of these social movements join or head political parties, in a high-risk context. Ethnic or tribal rivalries, as well as regionalism roots in the people's consciousness. If Namibia continues its path to democracy, despite the weakness of civil society and the wounds from the past, the Congo will first fall into civil war before searching for a way towards peace. Civil society, which has collapsed during the conflict, comes back to front stage through the Ecumenical Council of Churches but fails to consolidate democracy

En empruntant une démarche prospective, l’objectif de cette contribution est de mettre en lumière l’existence d’une évolution de la condition juridique des personnes privées de liberté du fait d’une décision administrative. Si pendant longtemps l’obligation de préserver l’ordre public a été présentée comme conférant de nombreuses prérogatives à l’administration, elle doit désormais être décrite comme une mission de service public devant s’accomplir conformément à un modèle de comportement, sans toutefois que l’on puisse aujourd’hui évoquer l’existence de véritables sujétions à la charge de l’administration. Si cette évolution a été rendue possible, c’est en grande partie grâce à de «nouveaux contre-pouvoirs» qui ont contribué au renforcement de leur protection en participant plus ou moins directement à l’identification des obligations que toute administration qui prend en charge une personne privée de liberté devrait respecter et en concourant à leur défense
By taking a prospective approach, the main of this work is to highlight the existence of an evolution of the legal status of persons deprived of their liberty for an administrative decision. Though the obligation to preserve public order has long been introduced as granting the administration many prerogatives, it must from now on to be equally described as a public-service mission that should be accomplished in accordance with a particular behavior model, without however, always mentioning the presence of actual constraints at the expense of the administration because of the numerous shortcomings currently affecting the protection system. Presumably, if this improvement has been made possible, it is in mainly due to “this new opposing-force concept” that has contributed to strengthening theirs protection especially by participating in the identification of the obligations that should be respected by all administrations which have to take care of a person deprived of liberty

Die Zeit­schrift für Recht und Islam (ZRI) (vor­mals GAIR-Mitteilungen) ist die Ver­eins­zeit­schrift der Gesell­schaft für Ara­bi­sches und Isla­mi­sches Recht e.V. Neben Nach­rich­ten aus dem Ver­ein befasst sich die ZRI vor allem mit neuen Ent­wick­lun­gen zum und im Recht isla­misch gepräg­ter Staa­ten, gibt einen Über­blick über die Gesetz­ge­bung im In– und Aus­land, berich­tet über aktu­elle Recht­spre­chung und Fatawa, sich­tet jüngst erschie­nene Lite­ra­tur und ent­hält Rezen­sio­nen, Tagungs­be­richte und Auf­sätze.

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden.:Editorial (5–6) Zur Rechtsprechung: KG, Beschluss vom 7. 4. 2015 – Verfahrenskostenhilfe für Antrag auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe von Peter Scholz (7–9) AG Baden-Baden, Beschluss vom 11. 9. 2015, in Fortführung von AG Darmstadt, Beschluss vom 15. 5. 2014 – Sittenwidrigkeit der Vereinbarung auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe für den Ehevollzug von Peter Scholz (11–14) Artikel: Religionsfreiheit im Lichte der Neutralität. Zu den Entscheidungen des Bundes-verfassungsgerichts, des Landesarbeitsgerichts Berlin-Brandenburg, des Verwaltungsgerichts Augsburg und des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Musliminnen mit Kopftuch am Arbeitsplatz von Kirsten Wiese (15–41) Kopftuchverbote für Lehrerinnen im Rückblick von Sabine Berghahn (43–67) Gerechtigkeit und gutes Leben in der Kopftuchdebatte von Felix Ekardt (69–83) Zwischen Logozentrismus und Dekonstruktion. Zur Rolle des istiḥsān im System der uṣūl al-fiqh von Rike Sinder (85–105) Textautorität und Dekanonisierung — Zeitgenössische muslimische Zugänge zum säkularen Topos Menschenwürde im Horizont einer historisch sensibilisierten Exegese des Qurʾān von Rüdiger Braun (107–119) Das islamrechtliche Genre der themenspezifischen Rechtsliteratur Themenspezifische Rechtsliteratur als gegenwärtiges Phänomen von Noha Abdel-Hady (121–140) The Approach to Homosexuality in Contemporary Fatāwā: Sexual Practices or Sexual Orientation? von Serena Tolino (141–158) Die Debatte über weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in ägyptischen Fatwas des 20. Jahrhunderts von Elisabeth Trepesch (159–180) Rechtswissenschaftliche Argumentationsstrukturen und propagandistische Rhetorik in ʿAbdullāh ʿAzzāms Rechtsgutachten „Die Verteidigung der muslimischen Gebiete ist die oberste individuelle Pflicht“ von Petra Nendwich (181–196) How Islamic Is the West? Recent Approaches to Determining the “Islamicity” and “šarī ʿa Compliance” of Modern States* von Sarah Albrecht (197–223) “Paralleljustiz” in Berlin’s Mḥallamī Community in View of Predominately Customary Mechanisms von Mahmoud Jaraba (225–237) Legal Framework of Doing Business with Iran von Tannaz Jourabchi-Eisenhut (239–249) Product Liability in the Near and Middle East. A Comparative Study of Egyptian, Qatari and Iranian Law von Nicolas Bremer (251–274) Liability of Managers and Directors under the Law of the GCC Countries: A Comparative Study of the Liability Regimes Existing in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region Illustrated at the Example of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates von Nicolas Bremer (275–303) Buchbesprechungen: Hans-Georg Ebert / Julia Heilen: Islamisches Recht. Ein Lehrbuch von Peter Scholz (305–307) Hatem Elliesie / Thilo Marauhn (eds.): Legal Transformation in Northern Africa and South Sudan von Matthias Hartwig (309–314) Bruno Menhofer / Dirk Otto (Hgg.): Recht nach dem Arabischen Frühling, Beiträge zum islamischen Recht IX von Katrin Seidel (315–321) Hans-Georg Ebert (Hg.): Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht X von Aouni Shahoud Almousa (323–329) Mahmoud Bassiouni: Menschenrechte zwischen Universalität und islamischer Legitimität von Assem Hefny (331–333) Ghassem Ghassemi: Criminal Policy in Iran Following the Revolution of 1979 – A Comparative Analysis of Criminal Punishment and Sentencing in Iran and Germany von Silvia Tellenbach (335–337) Tagungsberichte: Tagungsbericht „Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legal Pluralism in Muslim Context“ (6.–7. 10. 2016), Institut für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft und Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik“, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster von Ulrike Qubaja & Yvonne Prief (339–344) Tagungsbericht Workshop „Islamisches Recht: Methoden und Kontexte“ (14. / 15. 4. 2016), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt von Hakkı Arslan (345–351) Tagungsbericht: „Zakāt in Deutschland? Ansätze, Ideen und Perspektiven“ (21.–22. 9. 2015), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Souheil Thabti (353–355) Konferenzbericht: „The Reform of Islamic Law“ (9. / 10. 10. 2015), Zentrum für Islamische Theologie (ZITh), Universität Tübingen vonDebora Müller (357–361) Konferenzbericht: „Bioethik im Islam – Theologische, kulturelle und juristische Perspektiven“ (9.–11. 5. 2016), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Samet Balci (363–371) Conference Report: 2015 Gingko Library – British Institute of Persian Studies Conference: Iran’s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 and the Narratives of the Enlightenment (14.–16. 9. 2015), British Academy, London, UK von Victor Rohm (373–383) Call for Papers (385–388) Impressum (389–390)

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 5 RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE 9 Anerkennung und Wirksamkeit islamisch geprägter Eheauflösungen in Europa: Anmerkungen zu OLG München, Beschluss vom 13. 03. 2018 - 34 Wx 146/14, den Schlussanträgen des EuGH-Generalanwalts Saugmandsgaard Øe vom 14. 09. 2017 und EuGH, Urteil vom 20. 12. 2017 - C-372/16 (Soha Sahyouni ./. Raja Mamisch) (Lena-Maria Möller) 9 High Court of England & Wales, Commercial Court: A Ṣukūk-al-muḍāraba Structured to Provide a Fixed Return and Alleged to Be Illegal under UAE Law Will not Be Unwound for Illegality. Dana Gas PJSC v Dana Gas Sukuk Limited and others [2017] EWHC 2928 (Comm) (Kai Kreutzberger & Abir Haddad) 17 Supremacy of Parliament in Pakistan (Zia Ullah Ranjah) 35 Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Hamm, 22. 4. 2016 – II 3 UF 262/15 (Bruno Menhofer) 39 Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Bamberg, 12.5.2016 – 2 UF 58/16 (Bruno Menhofer) 43 ARTIKEL 51 Scharia – Lost in Translation. Die Merkmale der Scharia im Licht einer soziologischen Theorie des Rechts und der normativen Ordnung (Reik Kirchhof) 51 Creating Meanings: The Constructivist Concept of Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory from the 4th Century Onwards (Serdar Kurnaz) 83 Scharia-Normen im Wandel: Zum Konzept der Fatwa-Wandelbarkeit zwischen Tradition und Moderne (Mahmud El-Wereny) 101 Zum Stand der maqāṣid aš-šarīʿa in den rechtsmethodologischen Überlegungen vor aš-Šāṭibī (gest. 1388) (Ahmed Abdelemam A. Ali) 123 Zur Mitwirkung von Frauen an den Fiqh-Institutionen (Ahmed Gad Makhlouf) 135 „Menschenwürde/Karāma(t)“: Zur Frage eines möglichen Konsenses in der Menschenrechtsdebatte am Beispiel der Islamischen Republik Iran (Anja Pistor-Hata & Kerstin von der Decken) 155 Walking a Tightrope: Balancing Law, Religion and Gender Equality in the Aftermath of the Indian Supreme Court’s Triple ṭalāq Ban (Tanja Herklotz) 179 Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in Ägypten – Kann der Einsatz für mehr Kinderrechte dieser Praxis entgegenwirken? (Sylvia Riewendt) 205 Außergerichtliche und informelle Eheschließungen zwischen Syrern – die sogenannte Barrānī-Ehe (Fatma El cheikh Hassan) 215 Zum iranischen Verfassungs- und öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrecht: Auslegung und Umsetzung von Artikel 44 der Verfassung (Lara-Lauren Goudarzi-Gereke) 225 Ein Gericht im Ausnahmezustand: das Türkische Verfassungsgericht nach dem Putschversuch (Maria Haimerl) 247 REZENSIONEN 265 Neue Werke zum Recht des Islamischen Finanzwesens (Kai Kreutzberger) 265 Le Code Marocain de la Famille en Europe. Bilan comparé de dix ans d’application. Sous la direction de Marie-Claire Foblets (2016) (Hans-Georg Ebert) 273 Hakki Arslan: Juridische Hermeneutik (uṣūl al-fiqh) der ḥanafitischen Rechtsschule am Beispiel des uṣūl al-fiqh-Werks Mirqāt al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl von Mulla Ḫusraw (gest. 885/1480). Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien Band 25 (2016) (Serdar Kurnaz) 277 Norbert Oberauer: Islamisches Wirtschafts- und Vertragsrecht. Eine Einführung (2017) (Kilian Bälz) 289 Philipp Stompfe: Die Gestaltung und Sicherung internationaler Investor-Staat-Verträge in der arabischen Welt am Beispiel Libyens und Katars, Studies in International Investment Law 22 (2017) (Achim-Rüdiger Börner) 293 Sina Fontana: Universelle Frauenrechte und islamisches Recht (2017) (Irene Schneider) 297 TAGUNGSBERICHTE 309 Conference Report: The Ibāḍiyya in the Context of Early Islamic Theology and Law. International Workshop, Orient-Institut Beirut (27. 1. 2017) (Astrid Meier & Hans-Peter Pökel) 309 Tagungsbericht: Konferenz: Scharia und Grundgesetz, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main (5. Mai 2017) (Katja Rieck) 313 Conference Report: Workshop Muslim Secularities: Explorations into Concepts of Distinction and Practice of Differentiation, Leipzig University, Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Kolleg-Forschergruppe, KFG) Multiple Secularities – Beyond the West, Beyond Modernities (18–20 June 2017) (Julia Heilen & Mohammad Magout) 325 Conference Report: Gender and Sharīʿah in Muslim Legal Theory and Practice, Göttingen University (12–14 October 2017) (Nijmi Edres) 331 Bericht zur Tagung Wirtschaftsrecht MENA – Aktuell organisiert vom Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) in Heidelberg (17. November 2017) (Peter Göpfrich) 335 SONSTIGE BERICHTE 345 Understanding Sharia: Past Perfect/Imperfect Present Project Report (Nijmi Edres) 345 Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) (Peter Göpfrich) 353 CALL FOR PAPERS. AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN FÜR DIE ZR&I 357 IMPRESSUM 361

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bietet die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE Kilian Bälz: Kuwait’s Court of Cassation Upholds Arbitration Clause in Distribution Agreement (7) Mehmet Osman Gülyesil: Zur Legitimation eines Kopftuchverbots für eine Beamtin in der Kommunalverwaltung. Besprechung von Verwaltungsgericht Kassel, Urteil vom 28. 02. 2018 – 1 K 2514/17.KS (9) ARTIKEL Esnaf Begić: Vom staatsrechtlichen Normativ zum sozialethischen Korrektiv. Die Entwicklung der šarīʿa in Bosnien (15) Katarzyna Brataniec: Constitutional Reforms in Morocco and Jordan in the Context of the Arab Spring (35) Christoph Zehetgruber: Islamisches Strafrecht in Deutschland? Betrachtungen aus grund-, menschen- und strafrechtlicher Sicht (51) Naomi Roth: „the gay self is archipelagic“. Zur Intersektionalität von Nation, Sexualität und Religion in Indonesien und ihrer Wirkung auf homosexuelle Männlichkeiten (63) Scott Morrison: Some Characteristics of Money in English and Islamic Law (73) Ruben Kühl: Modernes Sklaventum? Die Rechtsstellung des Gastarbeiters in den Golfstaaten (95) Constantin Frank-Fahle: German Investments in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the German Foreign Tax Act (113) TAGUNGSBERICHTE Ahmed M. F. Abd-Elsalam: Bericht zum V. Symposium des Deutschen Forums für Islamisches Recht: Angewandtes Islamisches Recht. Scharia und Gesellschaft, 22. und 23. September 2017, Zentrum für Islamische Theologie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster (129) Ibtisam Sadegh & Julie McBrien: Conference Report: Religious Marriages in the Mediterranean, 21–22 March 2018, Malta (139) Serena Tolino: Conference Report: IX International Conference of Islamic Legal Studies, 6–9 June 2018, Universities of Helsinki & Tampere, Finland (149) Abdelghafar Salim & Maria G. Nikolova: Conference Report: Law, Islam and Anthropology, organized jointly by the Department Law & Anthropology of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (MPI), the Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht (GAIR), and the Vereniging tot bestudering van het Recht van de Islam en het Midden Oosten (RIMO) 9–10 November 2018, Halle/Saale (157) REZENSIONEN Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Carlo Pohlhausen, Unternehmensfinanzierung am Kapitalmarkt in den arabischen Staaten. Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse von Aktien-, Anleihe und Hybridemissionen am Beispiel Ägyptens, der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, Saudi-Arabiens und Jordaniens, Tübingen 2014 (165) Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Andrea Issad: Islamisch inspirierte Testamente, Tübingen 2019 (167) CALL FOR PAPERS (AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN) (169) IMPRESSUM Herausgeber der ZR&I: Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam – Journal for Law & Islam / Redaktionssekretariat der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Redaktionsmitglieder der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Fachgutachter der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam 10 (2018) / Erscheinungsweise / Inhaltliche Verantwortung / Manuskripteinreichung / Transkription / Zitiervorschlag(173)

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 2 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN 7 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl) 7 1.1.1. Inland 7 1.1.2. Ausland 7 • Neues Zivilprozess- und Verfahrensrecht in Algerien von Hilmar Krüger 7 • Anerkennung ausländischer Gerichtsentscheidungen in Kuwait von Hilmar Krüger 7 • Neuregelung des internationalen Schiedsrechts in Marokko von Hilmar Krüger 8 • Reform des saudi-arabischen Gerichtsverfassungsrechts von Hilmar Krüger 9 • Neues Schiedsgesetz in Syrien von Hilmar Krüger 10 • Internationalrechtliches im neuen syrischen Handelsvertreterrecht von Hilmar Krüger 12 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl) 13 1.2.1. Inland 13 • OLG Hamm vom 22.02.2008 – Zur Verbürgung der Gegenseitigkeit im Verhältnis Deutschland / Syrien (§ 328 I Nr. 5 ZPO) von Hilmar Krüger 13 • Arbeitsgericht Köln vom 12.08.2008 – Verstoß gegen AGG durch Kündigung nach Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka von Mathias Rohe 14 • OLG Stuttgart vom 02.11.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit einer Brautgabevereinbarung nach iranischem Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz 14 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 18.12.2008 – Schuldanerkenntnis eines türkischen Schwiegervaters gegenüber Braut bei Ehescheidung von Mathias Rohe 15 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 19.12.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit der erbrechtlichen Schlechterstellung der Frau im iranischen Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz 16 • LG Hamburg vom 13.02.2oo9 – Zum Mordmerkmal des niedrigen Beweggrundes beim sog. Ehrenmord von Peter Scholz 19 • OVG Nordrhein-Westfalen vom 06.01.2009 – Polygame Zweitehen nicht im Schutzbereich von Art. 6 Abs. 1 GG von Mathias Rohe 19 • OVG Münster vom 20.05.2oo9, VG Gelsenkirchen vom 11.08.2008; VG Augsburg vom 17.12.2008; VG Düsseldorf vom 07.05.2008 – Zur Befreiung muslimischer Schülerinnen vom koedukativen Schwimmunterricht von Peter Scholz 20 • Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof vom 26.05.2009 und VG Gießen vom 25.02.2009 – Muslimischer Metzger darf nicht schächten von Mathias Rohe 22 1.2.2. Ausland 22 • Zur Fatwā von Großayatollah Montazerī vom 10.07.2009 (19. Tīr 1388) von Sabine Tellenbach 22 1.3. REZENSIONEN 24 • Harnischfeger, Johannes: Democratization and Islamic Law: the Sharia conflict in Nigeria Rezension von Stephan Kokew 24 • Lohlker, Rüdiger: Islamisches Völkerrecht: Studien am Beispiel Granada Rezension von Ebrahim Afsah 25 • Rohe, Mathias: Das islamische Recht: Geschichte und Gegenwart Rezension von Peter Scholz 25 • Scheel, Holger: Die Religionsfreiheit im Blickwinkel des Völkerrechts, des islamischen Rechts und ägyptischen Rechts Rezension von Hatem Elliesie 28 1.4. BERICHTE 29 • Bericht über die Tagung “International Commercial Arbitration and ADR in a Challenging World … Cross Cultural Perspectives“ (Kairo 29./30. März 2009) von Omaia Elwan 29 • Ergebnisse der Deutschen Islam Konferenz von Mathias Rohe 30 1.5. AUFSÄTZE 32 • Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Dubai von Sabine Grapentin 32 • Zivilgerichtsbarkeit in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten von Jörg Seifert 33 • Im Namen des Staatsrechts: Staatenbund als denkbares Lösungskonzept für den Nahostkonflikt von Hatem Elliesie / Naseef Naeem 36 • Zum Verhältnis von Legalität und Legitimität in „islamisch“ geprägten Staaten: Anmerkung zu den Thesen des Verfassungsrechtlers Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‛im von Naseef Naeem 37 • Das Zinsverbot im Islam von Assem Hefny 39 • Ist das islamische Erbrecht reformierbar? von Hans-Georg Ebert 42 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS 52 2.1. ALLGEMEINES 52 2.2. PERSONALIA 52 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE 53 2.3.1. Mitgliederversammlung 2008 53 • Protokoll der Mitgliederversammlung der Gesellschaft für arabisches und islamisches Recht am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln 53 2.3.2. Vorstandssitzung 2008 54 • Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung der GAIR e.V. am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln 54 2.3.3. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet 2009 54 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet am 31. Januar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz) 54 2.3.4. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter 2009 58 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter am 07. Februar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz) 58 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE 62 2.4.1. Intern 62 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 25. und 26. September 2009 in Hamburg und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg 62 • Programm der Jahrestagung der GAIR e.V. am 25. und 26. September 2009 (gemeinsam mit der Deutsch-Iranischen Juristenvereinigung e.V.) im Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Hamburg 63 2.4.2. Extern 64 • Conference \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Re-Imagining the Shari‛a: Theory, Practice and Muslims Pluralism at Play\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", Venedig, 13.-16. September 2009 64 • World Religions and their Influence on Legal Systems / Der Einfluss der Weltreligionen auf die Rechtssysteme der Länder, Rechtsanwaltskammer Frankfurt a.M., Frankfurt a.M. 29.-31. Oktober 2009 64 • The Sixth Biennial Conference on the Qur’an: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"The Qur’an: Text, History & Culture\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", SOAS, University of London, 12.–14. November 2009 64 • Eighth Iranian Studies Biennial Conference, University of California in Los Angeles, 28.-30. Mai 2010 65 • Third World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies (WOCMES-3). Barcelona, 19.- 24 . Juli 2010 65 3. IMPRESSUM 66 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter 66 • Mitwirkende Mitglieder des AK-Newsletters der GAIR 66 • Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN 8 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl) 8 1.1.1. Inland 8 • Zur religiös begründeten Zwangsehe: Folgerungen zur Personenstandsgesetzesänderung 2009 von Mohamed Fadlalla 8 1.1.2. Ausland 11 • Neuere Entwicklungen im Vertriebsrecht der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate – Abkehr von der Reform des Vertriebsrechts aus dem Jahre 2006 von Ulf-Gregor Schulz 11 • Abruptio graviditatis im Rechtsvergleich: § 218 StGB und die Rechtsentwicklung nach ägyptischem Strafrecht im Kontext islamischer Rechtsvorstellung von Mohamed Fadlalla 22 • Das Gesetz der Kommission des Gebietens, was recht ist und Verbietens, was verwerflich ist – Nizām hai’at al-amr bil-ma‘rūf wan-nahy ‘an al-munkar von Alexander Preibisch 26 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl) 74 1.2.1. Inland 74 • BGH (12. Zivilsenat) vom 09.12.2009 – zur Qualifikation der Brautgabe von Peter Scholz 74 • OVG Berlin-Brandenburg (2. Senat) vom 27.05.2010 – zum rituellen islamischen Gebet in der Schule von Peter Scholz 76 1.2.2. Ausland 79 • Supreme Constitutional Court Egypt: A Commented Translation of Egypt’s Supreme Constitutional Decision in Case No. 125 of Judicial Year 27 on Child Custody von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif / Firdavs Kutliev 79 • Federal Supreme Court Abu Dhabi vom 14.07.2010: VAE – Ein Rechtsstaat? von Hilmar Krüger 94 1.3. REZENSIONEN 94 • Hatem Elliesie (Hrsg./ed.), Islam und Menschenrechte / Islam and Human Rights / وحقوق الإنسان الإسلام (Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht – VII. Leipziger Beiträge zur Orientforschung, Band 26) Rezension von Stephan Kokew / Osman Sacarcelik 94 1.4. BERICHTE 104 • In Memoriam: Al-Azhar Großscheich Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy – Kritische Rückblicke und Ausblicke einer Amtszeit von Assem Hefny 104 • Erlanger Zentrum für Islam und Recht in Europa EZIRE neu gegründet von Jörn Thielmann 107 • Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Legal Studies, Law Faculty, University of Zurich von Andrea Büchler / Firdavs Kutliev 108 • Law Summer School (LSS) Cairo von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif 110 • Deutsch-Arabisch-Iranischer Hochschuldialog – Summerschool „Zivilgesellschaft in Marokko, Deutschland und Iran“ vom 21.6.2009- 28.6.2009 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von Kathrin Zeiß 111 • Die “Vienna International Christian-Islamic Summer University” – Miteinander und voneinander lernen. Christen und Muslime leben und lernen drei Wochen lang gemeinsam im Kloster von Stift Altenburg in Niederösterreich von Irmgard Marboe 112 1.5. AUFSÄTZE 115 • Islamic Finance in Crisis? – The financial Crisis and the Quest for Islamic Business Ethics von Kilian Bälz 115 • Some Legal Aspects of Investment in Iraq von Achim-R. Börner 120 • Rule of Law: ein Brückenbegriff im Spiegel unterschiedlicher Rechtsverständnisse von Matthias Kötter 130 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS 133 2.1. ALLGEMEINES 133 2.2. PERSONALIA 133 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE 134 2.3.1. Mitgliedersammlung 2009 134 • Protokollzusammenfassung der GAIR-Mitgliederversammlung am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg 134 2.3.2 Arbeitskreis Newsletter 2009 136 • Protokoll zur Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter (AK Newsletter) am 25. November 2009 in Berlin (Telephonkonferenz) 136 2.3.3. Gemeinsame Sitzung des Vorstandes und des Kuratoriums 2010 137 • Protokollzusammenfassung der gemeinsamen Sitzung von Vorstand und Kuratorium der GAIR am 12. Februar 2010 in Frankfurt a.M. 137 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE 139 2.4.1. Intern 139 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig 139 • Programm der Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) im Orientalisches Institut der Universität Leipzig, Schillerstraße 6, 04109 Leipzig 140 2.4.2. Extern 141 • Internationales Symposium \"Religionen und Weltfrieden. Zum Friedens- und Konfliktlösungspotenzial von Religionsgemeinschaften“, Osnabrück, 20. bis 23. Oktober 2010 141 • „Formelles / Informelles Recht und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Afrika“, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Leipzig, 05.-06. Novemver 2010 141 • Workshop und wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: „Islamic Law in Theory and Practice: Pakistan and England“, initiiert von Prof. Dr. Irene Schneider, Seminar für Arabistik / Islamwissenschaften (Assoziierte 2010/11), Historische Sternwarte der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen / Lichtenberg-Kolleg Göttingen, 10. November 2010 142 • Second Islam Graduate Research School: „Islam and Muslims in a Plural World: the Local and the Global in the Middle East, Europe and North America“, Damaskus, 4.-15. April 2011 143 • Internationale Konferenz: \"Nach staatlicher Repression und kollektiver Gewalt: Vom Umgang mit der Vergangenheit in Irak, Marokko, Libanon und DDR\", Marburg, 7.-9. Juli 2011 144 3. IMPRESSUM 146 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter 146 • Autorinnen und Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL..................................................................................................................................2 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN......................7 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl)...................................................................................................7 1.1.1. Inland...................................................................................................................................7 1.1.2. Ausland.................................................................................................................................7 • Neues Zivilprozess- und Verfahrensrecht in Algerien von Hilmar Krüger........................................................................................................7 • Anerkennung ausländischer Gerichtsentscheidungen in Kuwait von Hilmar Krüger........................................................................................................7 • Neuregelung des internationalen Schiedsrechts in Marokko von Hilmar Krüger........................................................................................................8 • Reform des saudi-arabischen Gerichtsverfassungsrechts von Hilmar Krüger........................................................................................................9 • Neues Schiedsgesetz in Syrien von Hilmar Krüger......................................................................................................10 • Internationalrechtliches im neuen syrischen Handelsvertreterrecht von Hilmar Krüger.......................................................................................................12 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl)........................................................................13 1.2.1. Inland..................................................................................................................................13 • OLG Hamm vom 22.02.2008 – Zur Verbürgung der Gegenseitigkeit im Verhältnis Deutschland / Syrien (§ 328 I Nr. 5 ZPO) von Hilmar Krüger.......................................................................................................13 • Arbeitsgericht Köln vom 12.08.2008 – Verstoß gegen AGG durch Kündigung nach Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka von Mathias Rohe.........................................................................................................14 • OLG Stuttgart vom 02.11.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit einer Brautgabevereinbarung nach iranischem Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz...........................................................................................................14 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 18.12.2008 – Schuldanerkenntnis eines türkischen Schwiegervaters gegenüber Braut bei Ehescheidung von Mathias Rohe.........................................................................................................15 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 19.12.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit der erbrechtlichen Schlechterstellung der Frau im iranischen Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz...........................................................................................................16 • LG Hamburg vom 13.02.2oo9 – Zum Mordmerkmal des niedrigen Beweggrundes beim sog. Ehrenmord von Peter Scholz...........................................................................................................19 • OVG Nordrhein-Westfalen vom 06.01.2009 – Polygame Zweitehen nicht im Schutzbereich von Art. 6 Abs. 1 GG von Mathias Rohe.........................................................................................................19 • OVG Münster vom 20.05.2oo9, VG Gelsenkirchen vom 11.08.2008; VG Augsburg vom 17.12.2008; VG Düsseldorf vom 07.05.2008 – Zur Befreiung muslimischer Schülerinnen vom koedukativen Schwimmunterricht von Peter Scholz..........................................................................................................20 • Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof vom 26.05.2009 und VG Gießen vom 25.02.2009 – Muslimischer Metzger darf nicht schächten von Mathias Rohe........................................................................................................22 1.2.2. Ausland...............................................................................................................................22 • Zur Fatwā von Großayatollah Montazerī vom 10.07.2009 (19. Tīr 1388) von Sabine Tellenbach.................................................................................................22 1.3. REZENSIONEN......................................................................................................................23 • Harnischfeger, Johannes: Democratization and Islamic Law: the Sharia conflict in Nigeria Rezension von Stephan Kokew......................................................................................24 • Lohlker, Rüdiger: Islamisches Völkerrecht: Studien am Beispiel Granada Rezension von Ebrahim Afsah.......................................................................................25 • Rohe, Mathias: Das islamische Recht: Geschichte und Gegenwart Rezension von Peter Scholz...........................................................................................25 • Scheel, Holger: Die Religionsfreiheit im Blickwinkel des Völkerrechts, des islamischen Rechts und ägyptischen Rechts Rezension von Hatem Elliesie .......................................................................................28 1.4. BERICHTE.............................................................................................................................29 • Bericht über die Tagung “International Commercial Arbitration and ADR in a Challenging World … Cross Cultural Perspectives“ (Kairo 29./30. März 2009) von Omaia Elwan........................................................................................................29 • Ergebnisse der Deutschen Islam Konferenz von Mathias Rohe........................................................................................................30 1.5. AUFSÄTZE............................................................................................................................32 • Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Dubai von Sabine Grapentin..................................................................................................32 • Zivilgerichtsbarkeit in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten von Jörg Seifert...........................................................................................................33 • Im Namen des Staatsrechts: Staatenbund als denkbares Lösungskonzept für den Nahostkonflikt von Hatem Elliesie / Naseef Naeem................................................................................36 • Zum Verhältnis von Legalität und Legitimität in „islamisch“ geprägten Staaten: Anmerkung zu den Thesen des Verfassungsrechtlers Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‛im von Naseef Naeem.......................................................................................................37 • Das Zinsverbot im Islam von Assem Hefny........................................................................................................39 • Ist das islamische Erbrecht reformierbar? von Hans-Georg Ebert.................................................................................................42 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS...............................................................................................52 2.1. ALLGEMEINES......................................................................................................................52 2.2. PERSONALIA.........................................................................................................................52 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE.........................................................................................................53 2.3.1. Mitgliederversammlung 2008..........................................................................................53 • Protokoll der Mitgliederversammlung der Gesellschaft für arabisches und islamisches Recht am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln......................................53 2.3.2. Vorstandssitzung 2008.....................................................................................................54 • Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung der GAIR e.V. am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln....................................................................................................................54 2.3.3. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet 2009............................................54 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet am 31. Januar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz)..........................................................54 2.3.4. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter 2009........................................58 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter am 07. Februar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz)............................................58 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE................................................................................................62 2.4.1. Intern..................................................................................................................................62 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 25. und 26. September 2009 in Hamburg und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg..................................................................................................62 • Programm der Jahrestagung der GAIR e.V. am 25. und 26. September 2009 (gemeinsam mit der Deutsch-Iranischen Juristenvereinigung e.V.) im Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Hamburg............................................................................................63 2.4.2. Extern.................................................................................................................................64 • Conference \\\"Re-Imagining the Shari‛a: Theory, Practice and Muslims Pluralism at Play\\\", Venedig, 13.-16. September 2009..........................................64 • World Religions and their Influence on Legal Systems / Der Einfluss der Weltreligionen auf die Rechtssysteme der Länder, Rechtsanwaltskammer Frankfurt a.M., Frankfurt a.M. 29.-31. Oktober 2009.........................................64 • The Sixth Biennial Conference on the Qur’an: \\\"The Qur’an: Text, History & Culture\\\", SOAS, University of London, 12.–14. November 2009........................64 • Eighth Iranian Studies Biennial Conference, University of California in Los Angeles, 28.-30. Mai 2010..............................................................................65 • Third World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies (WOCMES-3). Barcelona, 19.- 24 . Juli 2010................................................................................65 3. IMPRESSUM..........................................................................................................................66 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen...................................................................66 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen........................................66 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter.........................................................66 • Mitwirkende Mitglieder des AK-Newsletters der GAIR......................................66 • Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen.................................................66