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1
Farietta, Thalia Paola. "Trends in US Youth Tobacco Use, Access and Media Exposure from 2004 to 2011". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374069945.
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Veeranki, Sreenivas Phanikumar. "Advancing Global Tobacco Control: Exploring Worldwide Youth Attitudes and Behaviors toward Tobacco Use and Control". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1223.
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Tobacco use continues to be the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The disproportionate increase in tobacco use in low- and middle-income countries needs immediate attention. Many smokers begin smoking as adolescents and are most likely to become permanent smokers. Moreover, youth are highly targeted by tobacco industry strategies. However, a gap exists in literature to understand worldwide youth tobacco use and control. The purpose of this study is to 1) identify factors that influence never-smoking youths‟ smoking susceptibility, 2) explore characteristics that influence youth exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and 3) to delineate key determinants of youth support for smoke-free policies (SFPs).
Data related to worldwide youth tobacco use was obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey for the years 1999-2008. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted, after the sample was weighted for design effect, nonresponse patterns and poststratification. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios along with 95% confidence intervals were reported.
Around 14% of never-smoking youth were susceptible to smoking worldwide. Around 40% and 50% youth were exposed to ETS inside and outside the home respectively, and 78% supported SPFs globally. Parental and peer smoking was strongly associated with smoking susceptibility in never-smoking youth [AOR 2.63, 95% CI 2.43 to 2.84], and youth exposure to ETS inside [AOR 5.09, 95% CI 4.84 to 5.35] and outside [AOR 2.51, 95% CI 2.39 to 2.63] the home, while anti-smoking school education was negatively associated. Youth having knowledge about smoking harm [AOR 2.37, 95% CI 2.22 to 2.54] supported SFPs, while youth exposed to tobacco industry promotion [AOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.89] did not support.
The study highlighted a number of modifiable factors that can be used for augmenting global tobacco control in youth. Well-executed anti-smoking campaigns, parental and peer education, inclusion of anti-tobacco education in school curricula, comprehensive SFPs, and comprehensive ban on tobacco industry strategies are important approaches to prevent tobacco use and advance global tobacco control in youth.
3
Osibogun, Olatokunbo. "Poly-tobacco Use Among Youth and Adults in the United States". FIU Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3968.
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This dissertation 1) described prevalence and correlates of poly-tobacco use among US youth and young adults; 2) addressed positive and negative transitions of e-cigarettes among US youth and adults and 3) examined the 2-year transition of dual e-cigarette/cigarette use among US adults in relation to nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms, interest in quitting, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) factors. Data from 2013-2016 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were used. In the first study, 3.6% of youth (12-17years) and 18.3% of young adults (18-34years) were current poly-tobacco users between 2013-2014. Common poly-tobacco products combination was cigarettes and e-cigarettes for youth and young adults. Among youth, heavy drinking was associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use. Factors associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use among young adults included males, younger adults (18-24years), those with lower levels of educational attainment, residing in the South, heavy drinking, and marijuana use. In the second study, between 2013-2016, e-cigarette use increased only in youth. Young e-cigarette users were more likely to be never cigarette smokers compared to older users. Among youth e-cigarette users at each wave, the proportion of never cigarette smokers rose from 24.1% in Wave 1 to 42.6% in Wave 3 (p=0.0001 for trends). Among adult e-cigarette dual users in Wave 1, 8.8% transitioned to no tobacco use at Wave 3, 6.2% to mono e-cigarette use, while 85% either relapsed to cigarettes (53.5%) or continued dual use (31.5%). In the final study, among 1,870 adult dual tobacco users from Wave 1, 25·8% (95% CI 23·5-28·3) remained dual users 2 years later, 11·9% (95% CI 10·5-13·5) reported no tobacco use (cessation transition), 7·0% (95% CI 5·5-8·7) reported e-cigarette mono use (harm reduction transition), and 55·3% (95% CI 52·6-58·0) reported cigarette mono use (relapse transition). In the adjusted regression analysis, ND severity was associated with lower odds of cessation (OR 0·36; 95% CI 0·15-0·88) and harm reduction (OR 0·18; 95% CI 0·04-0·82) transitions. Interest in quitting and CVD factors were not associated with cessation or harm reduction. Collectively, our study findings emphasize the need for stricter tobacco regulatory policies to prevent another tobacco epidemic.
4
Yu, Mang-chung, i 俞孟聰. "Systematic review on adolescent smoking behaviors". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4517538X.
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Yu, Hongyan, i 俞鸿雁. "The effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking since 2003 : a systematic review". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193776.
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Youth tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that there is an association between exposure to anti-smoking advertising and youth smoking prevalence. Anti-smoking advertising can be used as an important tobacco control measure to prevent youth smoking.
The objectives of this review mainly focus on evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking, analyzing the influential factors that may affect the effectiveness.
4 main databases, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Google Scholar were included for literature searching, as well as the reference lists, and 483 related articles were found initially. After restricted by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included for analysis ultimately.
According to this review, the influential factors included the exposure rate, sponsor, promotion approaches and the theme of anti-smoking advertising. Those factors have significant effects on youth’s smoking behavior and smoking prevalence. Non-tobacco industry sponsored, high exposure rate, the theme of negative life circumstance and using humor as a vehicle to deliver anti-smoking messages can be effective in reducing the smoking rate among youth. However, the methods used in the included articles were uneven, and the mechanism of the anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking is still unclear, further research should be conducted. The results of this review can still have some instructions to policy-makers on formulating tobacco control measures in the future, especially the anti-smoking program.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
6
Veeranki, Sreenivas P., Hadii M. Mamudu, James L. Anderson i Shimin Zheng. "Worldwide Never-Smoking Youth Susceptibility to Smoking". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/51.
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Purpose
To estimate susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth globally and identify factors associated with such behavior.
Methods
Cross-sectional data for 168 countries were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported.
Results
Approximately 12.5% of never-smoking youth worldwide were susceptible to smoking worldwide, of which 7.2% were males and 5.3% were females. Compared with youth in the Americas, those in other WHO regions were associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking. Regardless of gender, exposure to parental or peer smoking, secondhand smoke inside or outside home, and tobacco industry promotion was associated with increased smoking susceptibility. In contrast, support for smoke-free policies and school antismoking education was associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking among females. Moreover, exposure to antismoking media messages was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth.
Conclusions
Approximately 1 in 8 never-smoking youth worldwide was found to be susceptible to smoking. A comprehensive approach involving parental and peer education, smoke-free policies, ban on tobacco advertising and promotions, and antismoking education in schools should be developed by policy makers and public health professionals to protect never-smoking youth from being susceptible to smoking and transforming into future regular smokers.
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Omoalako-Adesanya, Caroline Oluwatosin. "Perspectives of Young Adults Toward Tobacco Use". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2419.
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Conditions related to tobacco use constitute the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Approximately 443,000 U.S. adults die each year from smoking-related illnesses. During young adulthood, social and behavioral changes occur; experimentation with tobacco products such as cigarettes is common and may lead to a habit of smoking. A gap was identified in the literature on the perceived impact of family communication on young adults' decisions regarding smoking. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to address this gap by gathering information on the perspectives of young adults toward tobacco use. Fifteen young adults aged 18 to 26 from the northeastern region of New Jersey who were currently engaged in the use of tobacco products participated in open-ended interviews. Research questions were designed to investigate young adults' views and perceptions regarding cigarette use and to explore information regarding how smoking-related communication received from family members influenced young adults' decision to smoke. The theory of planned behavior and social learning theory provided the theoretical underpinnings and consistent themes by young adults from the study. Van Manen's data analysis strategy demonstrated thematic reports from young adults that behaviors, habits, attitudes, communications, including verbal and nonverbal cues and practices are learned from their parental figures in the home environment. Recommendations for future research include exploring young adults from other geographical locations regarding their perspectives toward tobacco use. This study may promote positive social change for the public and health practitioners by providing insight on family interactions regarding smoking behaviors for young adults..
8
Vogler, Jessica L. "Development of an instrument to measure the tobacco control advocacy knowledge of youth". Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1295145.
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The problem of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess the tobacco control advocacy knowledge level of high school students enrolled in the Busting Big Tobacco (BBT) program. The steps taken to examine this problem include: created a table of specifications, created the initial instrument, selected a jury of experts, a qualitative assessment by jurors, created the revised instrument, a quantitative review by jurors, revised the instrument, conducted a modified pilot test of the instrument using university students, and created the final 23 item instrument.The final instrument was administered to a group of Missouri high school students on two separate occasions a week apart. Out of the total 77 students that participated, 28 instruments were matched for data analysis. Two instrument items fell below a significant content validity ratio of .62. The mean item difficulty for the first and second administration of the final instrument was .53 and .49 respectively. The test-retest reliability was .6756 and the internal consistency reliability. 5696 for the first administration and .4815 for the second. Recommendations included: improving the confidentiality code, restructuring items into subscales, and give to BBT participants.Department of Physiology and Health Science
9
Wong, Chung-ngok, i 王中嶽. "From smoking to quitting: psycho-social determinants to predict smoking cessation among youth somkers and theeffectiveness of the Youth Quitline". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44205375.
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Oliver, Alexander P. "Characteristics of E-cigarette Use among Hispanic and Overall Youth in the United States". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617104935475007.
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Lai, Man-kin, i 賴文建. "Cross-sectional and prospective associations among tobaccoadvertising, psychosocial intervening variables and smoking behavioursin Hong Kong adolescents, 1999-2003/4". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46676417.
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Lee, Alvin Yiam Chuah. "Re-testing the link between youth receptivity to tobacco promotion and their susceptibility to smoke". UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0233.
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The Index of Receptivity to Tobacco Industry Promotion (IRTIP) is a model that is used by hundreds of articles. The causal claim based on findings from this model is even more pervasive, and has resulted in much of the modern post 1998 tobacco legislation that is still enforced. This thesis tested the link between adolescent receptivity to tobacco industry promotion and susceptibility to smoking. Pierce et al. (1998) reported that they had found a positive and causal association between receptivity and susceptibility by using IRTIP. They claimed that receptivity to tobacco industry promotion was the only significant causal factor affecting adolescent susceptibility to smoking. Exposure to peer and parental smoking was not found to be a significant effect. A review of the literature found that many sections of IRTIP differ from accepted marketing theory on how cigarette advertising and promotions affect adolescent adoption of cigarette smoking. The proxy measures used in IRTIP were shown to diverge from those previously used for measuring the constructs of Attention, Intention, Desire and Action (AIDA) in marketing communications. IRTIP also differs from previous theory by including measures that attempt to quantify the effect of tobacco premiums into a model that was designed to measure the effects of advertising.
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Nurdin, Nate Hongkrailert. "Smoking behavior among senior high school students in Banda Aceh Municipality, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province, Indonesia /". Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5037991.pdf.
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Peterson, Jo-Anne. "Integration of elementary and secondary students in school settings and its effect on tobacco use by youth". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22378.pdf.
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Brown, Abraham K. "Tobacco policy influence on denormalisation of smoking". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1791.
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The social norms concept provides a fresh basis for thinking about how public health policies and campaigns impact health behaviour. Social norms offer much promise to the field of public health, nonetheless, the potential role of norms in changing health behaviour have not been fully embraced. This thesis demonstrates that one of the mechanisms by which national level policies (e.g. tobacco control) can promote health behaviour change, such as an increase in quit intentions, is by making smoking less normative and an undesirable behaviour. This study is vital as it provides a broad conceptualization of tobacco denormalisation and shows how its reasoning is able to influence normative beliefs and smoking behaviour. A review of literature was carried out to establish the generic origins of denormalisation as well as demonstrate that this approach (i.e. social norms) has been widely adopted in schools and college settings to influence health behaviour. As a broader perspective of this thinking was imperative to address public health issues at a societal level, tobacco control was employed to investigate how individual polices influence behaviour and normative beliefs. The research methodology used was pluralistic in nature, given that the majority of past tobacco control policy studies employed either quantitative or qualitative methods. Thus adopting both methods a richer amount of data would be obtained in order to generate an improved understanding of how public policy affects norms and smoking behaviour. To empirically examine the relationship between public policy, social norms and smoking behaviour a broad conceptualization was developed to investigate the normative pathways between national level tobacco policy effects on youth and adults’ smoking behaviour. Quantitative results from the longitudinal study, the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Scotland/UK survey, indicate that a comprehensive smoke-free law that covers, without exception, an entire nation (i.e. Scotland) has increased adult smokers’ perceived social unacceptability of smoking, to some extent higher in Scotland than rest of the UK which, in turn, is associated with quit intentions at follow-up, in both countries. The examination of data from the UK Youth Tobacco Policy Study (YTPS) also demonstrated that the influence of tobacco marketing awareness on adolescents’ smoking intentions is mediated by perceived norms. Prior to the enactment of the UK Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act (TAPA), higher levels of awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion were independently associated with higher levels of perceived sibling approval which, in turn, were positively related to smoking intentions. Independent paths from perceived smoking prevalence and benefits fully mediated the effects of advertising and promotion awareness on intentions, during and after the enactment of the TAPA. Results from the qualitative study generally supported the quantitative findings and provided new insights into how adolescents’ normative beliefs and smoking behaviour are influenced by tobacco control policies. The qualitative group discussion suggests that smoke-free legislation and anti-smoking ads influence perceptions of prevalence, acceptability and smoking behaviour. A number of theoretical implications were presented, including the belief that social norms campaigns and interventions must be focal and salient in individuals’ consciousness so as to effect the desired behaviour change. A theoretical framework of the various normative mechanisms should consequently be integrated into tobacco control policies and norm-based interventions to work in a synergistic manner to influence health-related behaviour. Practical implications of this conceptualization include the view that, instead of public health interventions focusing on conventional approaches (for example, scare tactics), an appropriate strategy would be to incorporate specific information that corrects normative misperceptions and ambiguities among referent populations at individual and societal levels, with consequential normative and health behaviour change. It is recommended that future research employing tobacco industry perceptions and possibly a descriptive norm as additional normative mediators, aside from unacceptability, would be of value to examine whether smoke-free legislation influences quitting partly via changing favourable tobacco industry perceptions, social acceptability of smoking and perceived prevalence of smoking. To sum up, the findings demonstrate that societal level policy measures such as smoke-free legislation and the TAPA are critical elements of a comprehensive tobacco control program that can significantly influence adult smokers’ quit intentions and reduce adolescents’ smoking intentions respectively, by signifying smoking to be less normative and to be socially unacceptable.
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Mechammil, Molly. "The Effects of Familism and Sibling Relationships on Mexican-Origin Adolescents' Intentions for Alcohol, Tobacco, and other Drug Use". DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5169.
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Mexican-origin youth represent a large and growing ethnic minority subgroup, and have disparate risk for early initiation of substance use. Therefore, it is crucial to understand factors that can prevent them from the initiation of substance use at an early age. Previous research has identified positive sibling relationships, lower rates of older sibling deviant behavior, and high levels of family values as important protective factors relevant for early substance use risk for European American youth. However, few studies have examined these influences among Mexican origin adolescents, and generalizability cannot be assumed given the notable differences between Mexican origin and EuropeanAmerican siblings. For example, Mexican origin siblings spend more time together than European-American siblings, and are shaped by many cultural factors, such as traditional family values (familism). The goal of this study was to understand the potential explanatory and interactive effects of familism and sibling relationships on Mexican origin youths’ intentions for using substances. I hypothesized that sibling relationship quality would serve as both a partial mediator and moderator between familism and ATOD use intentions, and that higher levels of older sibling deviance would partially mediate and/or moderate the association between familism and younger sibling ATOD use intentions.
I used secondary data to analyze 409 pre-adolescent Mexican origin youth recruited from a metropolitan area in Northern California. None of our hypothesized models were confirmed. Specifically, negative sibling relationship quality did not serve as a moderator (b = -.27, SE = .87, OR = .77, p = .77), nor a mediator (b = -.01, SE = .04, 95% CI = -0.12, .05). between familism and ATOD use intentions. Further, older sibling deviant behavior did not serve as a moderator (b = .38, SEb = .94, OR = 1.47, p = .68), nor a mediator (b = -.00, SE = .04, 95% CI = -0.10, .05) between familism and ATOD use intentions. Despite the null findings, this study has important clinical implications, including the recommendation to promote sibling relationships in prevention programs for Latino youth. There were several limitations of the study which are discussed along with suggestions for future research directions.
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Osazee, Osarueme J., Jodi L. Southerland, Shimin Zheng, Megan Quinn, Yan Cao, Deborah L. Slawson i Lori Paisley. "Early Age of Onset of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use Among Middle School Youth in Tennessee: Does Place Matter?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/101.
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Introduction. Among U.S. adolescents (12-17 years), tobacco, alcohol and marijuana are commonly used substances. Recent data suggests that although trends in tobacco use have declined, marijuana and alcohol use rates are steadily increasing, especially among younger adolescents. The main purpose of this study was to characterize differences in tobacco, alcohol and marijuana onset among Appalachian and nonAppalachian middle school students in Tennessee. At present, there is limited research on tobacco and drug use among younger adolescents in Tennessee and Appalachia as a whole. Therefore, these findings have important implications for the assessment and prevention of risk behaviors among adolescents regionally and may help to establish priorities for policy and preventive measures. Methods. This is a secondary data analysis of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), consisting of data collected in 2010 from a representative sample (n=65,182) of middle schoolers in Tennessee. All analyses were performed on weighted data so that results represent all middle school students in Tennessee. Primary outcome variables included early age of onset (age) of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. The primary exposure variable was region (Appalachia versus non-Appalachia). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between early age of onset of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use, and region controlling for personal characteristics, other substance use, suicidal behaviors, body mass index, weight misperception and extreme weight control behaviors. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results. Early initiators of cigarette, alcohol or marijuana had a two to four fold increase risk for experimentation with other substances compared to late age of onset, with cigarette use posing the highest risk [OR: 4.73, C.I. (4.47, 5.01)]. Middle schoolers in Appalachia were at greater risk for early age of onset of cigarette [OR: 1.502, C.I. (1.421, 1.587)] and marijuana use [OR: 1.268, C.I. (1.169, 1,375)] compared to non-Appalachia middle schoolers, and 80.9% less likely to use alcohol prior to age 12 [OR: 0.809, C.I. (0.777, 0.843). Other differences were observed for risk of early onset of use and gender, race/ethnicity, age, other substance use and EWCB. Conclusion. Differences in the pattern of substance use were observed for middle schoolers in Appalachia and non-Appalachia Tennessee. Better understanding of these differences will help inform public health policy and practice targeting cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use in the region.
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Robisch, Christine M. "Teaching smoking refusal skills to adolescents". Scholarly Commons, 1986. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2121.
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This study examined the effects of a smoking prevention program on the acquisition of refusal skills in junior high school students. Sixty-three seventh graders were randomly assigned to a refusal skill training group (N=29) or a no treatment control group (N=34). Students' refusal skill performance was assessed pre and post training. Assessment consisted of a peer trainer offering the student a cigarette while being videotaped. The smoking refusal skill was broken down into 5 component parts: (1) eye contact; (2) upright posture; (3) voice intonation; (4) response to approach; (5) reason for refusal. Results showed significant improvement for both the training and control groups. However, a significant training by pre-post assessment interaction was also found, F (1,61) = 10.37, p < .01, which indicates that students who received training demonstrated more proficiency in refusal performance after training than those who did not. A generalization probe in the natural environment conducted seven weeks after training showed no differences between the two groups.
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Tademy, Raymond H. "Religiosity, Parental Support and Adult Support Coping as Protective Factors for Drug Refusal Efficacy and Use Among African American Adolescents". VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/833.
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This study examined whether religiosity, parental and adult support coping would moderate the influence of neighborhood risks and friends' drug use upon drug refusal efficacy and drug use among African American adolescents. One hundred and thirteen African American urban adolescents (77 females and 36 males) aged 11-17 (M=14.17) participated in this study. This study used the God Support and Religious Support scales to assess religiosity; the parental support coping subscale of the Wills Coping measure; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention's Special Event Drug Refusal Efficacy and Friends' Drug use scales; the Exposure to Neighborhood Risk Scale; and a one-item measure of adult support coping from the Wills' Coping measure. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that religiosity moderated the effects of neighborhood risks upon tobacco and alcohol refusal efficacy. Higher levels of religiosity were associated with lower levels of marijuana use, higher levels of parent support coping, and higher levels of alcohol and tobacco refusal efficacy. These findings suggest that religiosity may protect against drug use risk factors and enhance drug refusal efficacy among African American adolescents. Implications of these findings are discussed.
20
Lee, Wai-chee Karen, i 李為慈. "A school-based, peer-led anti-smoking programme for adolescents". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44625285.
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Goldstein, Susan Jane. "The use of tobacco in Johannesburg high school youth". Thesis, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24626.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the
Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Medicine in the branch of Community Health.Tobacco is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Smoking rates in South Africa have been increasing over the past decade. The promotion of health by targeting anti smoking campaigns at school going children is a common strategy throughout the world. The aim of this study was to examines the extent and nature of cigarette smoking in high schools in Greater Johannesburg in 1994, in order to inform health promotion programmes dealing with tobacco contro
IT2018
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"Epidemiology of tobacco use among Jordanian youth; Psychosocial determinants". Tulane University, 2010.
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Statement of the problem. Smoking is a growing public health problem in Jordan. Effective interventions must be designed using local data to determine psychosocial determinants of smoking behaviors. Using two representative samples of Jordanian youth, the current analysis will determine whether the Western models of psychosocial factors apply to this population and will further the understanding of the dynamics of smoking behaviors and the factors associated with smoking initiation/progression among youth Methods. Two nationally representative samples of Jordanian youth were utilized from the 2005 Communication Partnership for Family Health (CPFH) baseline cross-sectional survey (N=936) and the 2003 Jordan Global Youth Tobacco Survey (JGYTS) (N=6,313). Measures included smoking behaviors, socio-demographics, exposure/receptivity to tobacco media, and perceived social benefits of smoking. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to model the relationship of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to smoking behaviors Results. Findings from the CPHF survey indicate that maternal education and paternal smoking were significantly associated with youth smoking status. Maternal smoking, socioeconomic status (SES) and the presence of a household smoke-free area were not significant predictors of youth smoking status The JGYTS study showed significant adjusted effects of receptivity to tobacco media and perceived social benefits of smoking on smoking susceptibility among males and females. Ever smoking was significantly associated with receptivity to tobacco media, exposure to tobacco media messages, exposure to school tobacco control activities and perceived social benefits. Exposure to school tobacco control activities demonstrated a protective effect against ever smoking. Significant adjusted effects of receptivity to tobacco media (among males only), exposure to tobacco media messages and the perceived social benefits of smoking were detected on 30-day smoking. The findings indicate that perceived social benefit of smoking partially mediates the association of exposure to tobacco media and smoking behaviors and the association of friend smoking status and smoking behaviors Conclusions. The seriousness of the tobacco epidemic among Jordanian youth highlights the need for effective intervention prevention efforts targeting smoking. Early prevention programs and targeting efforts need to be culturally tailored, gender specific, multidimensional, and challenge the cultural perceptions of smokers among Jordanian youthacase@tulane.edu
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Powell, Jennifer. "Smokeless Tobacco Use among Canadian Youth in Grades 9-12". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7672.
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Youth represent a substantial portion of smokeless tobacco (ST) users in Canada compared to the general population. Highest prevalence of use is typically seen in males, in current smokers, and in the Western provinces. ST use has also been associated with youth who participate in sports teams. Furthermore, ST has been marketed to youth through the use of flavours and sweeteners to make ST more attractive and appealing. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of ST use among Canadian youth and examine factors associated with its use.
The study used self-report data from 29,007 grade 9-12 youth who participated in the 2010-2011 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with ST ever and current use among Canadian youth as well as among the sub-population of youth smokers. A mediation analysis was also used to understand if (a) sports team participation or (b) physical activity mediate an association between attempting to quit smoking and ST use among youth smokers.
In 2010-2011, 5.3% of Canadian youth had ever used ST and 1.9% were current ST users. Odds of ST use were highest among males, grade 12 students, youth with more than $100 of weekly spending money and current smoking youth. This study was the first to identify associations between both physical activity and sports team participation and ST use among grade 9-12 Canadian youth. Continued monitoring of ST use among youth is recommended. Additionally, further research is needed to explore beyond individual-level factors and understand broader influences of ST use among youth.
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Bruerd, Bonnie Sue. "Planning and evaluating tobacco use interventions for minority school children". 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=iGRYAAAAMAAJ.
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Egbe, Catherine Oritsebemigho. "Risk influences for smoking among the youth in Southern Nigeria". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9284.
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Introduction: Tobacco smoking continues to raise serious concerns for health promotion practitioners and health bodies globally. It has been tagged the single largest cause of all premature deaths globally. Efforts at discouraging tobacco use especially among the youth are not only aimed at reducing smoking prevalence in the short term but at disrupting the chain of supply for the tobacco marketers who see the youth population as their source of replacement smokers. Measures to curb smoking prevalence currently rely heavily on policy regulation but there is need to have a holistic approach towards finding out what influences the youth to smoke in order to have relevant context-specific interventions to further tobacco control efforts. This study is aimed at ascertaining the risk influences for smoking behaviour amongst the youth in Southern Nigeria with specific focus on cultural/environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors serving to increase smoking initiation and perpetuation as guided by the Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI).
Method: Exploratory mixed methods research design was employed in carrying out this study. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 27 persons in 24 individual interviews (comprising of 18 young smokers aged 18 to 24 years, 4 political analysts and 2 community leaders) and 1 focus group discussion with 3 community leaders. A total of 550 youth aged between 18 and 24 years participated in the survey (quantitative) phase of this research. Non-probability sampling was used in recruiting participants for this study. Purposive sampling was used for the qualitative phase while multi-staged convenience sampling was used in the survey phase. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) with the aid of the software Nvivo 9 was used in analyzing the qualitative data while the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 was used in the analysis of the quantitative data. Results: Qualitative and survey results show that there are an array of factors at various levels influencing the youth in southern Nigeria to view cigarettes as attractive and less harmful. At the cultural environmental level, there exist traditional practices in some parts of Southern Nigeria that make cigarettes easily accessible to the youth. Contact with cigarettes as a minor was found to be the best predictor of smoking among other cultural factors involving tobacco use while exposure to second hand smoke was the best predictor of smoking. With an absence of a functional national tobacco control law presently, cigarette is cheap, easily accessible to young people and tobacco manufacturers and marketers still promote their businesses in many ways which target the youth. At the interpersonal level, youth were influenced majorly by their peers to initiate smoking but indirectly by parents, older sibling and role models who smoke. At the intrapersonal level, youth were found to smoke for a variety of reasons ranging from wading off depression, coping with social stress and wanting to live up to the expectations of friends. Youth’s knowledge about the effect of smoking on health and well-being did not translate to a desire to quit smoking. Conclusion/recommendations: The Nigerian government needs to take urgent steps to address the tobacco question in the country through policy formulation and implementation. There is need to raise more awareness in the population on the dangers of smoking. Cessation clinics are also needed to help those who desire to quit smoking. Cultural activities involving the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products need to be properly addressed through the right channel to ensure this practice is stopped. A theoretical model explaining the risk influences for smoking among the youth is presented and suggestions are made with regards to a re-categorization of constructs in the theory of triadic influence which guided this study.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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Stigen, Laurissa Louise. "Attitudes and beliefs about tobacco of fifth- and sixth-grade students on the Crow Reservation". 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/stigen/StigenL0804.pdf.
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Dhavan, Poonam Morrison Alanna C. Stigler Melissa H. Perry Cheryl. "Tobacco use and related psychosocial risk factors among youth in urban India : assessment of Project MYTRI follow-up surveys". 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460670.
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Sanyanga, Willard. "Implementation and regulation of the Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 by street level bureaucrats (and the Tobacco Control Amendment Act of 1999) in relation to selling of tobacco to underage people : the Pietermaritzburg central business district as a case study". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1934.
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This study aims to explore the challenges faced by Street level bureaucrats in the implementation and regulation of the Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 (and the Tobacco Control Amendment Act of 1999) in relation to the selling of tobacco products (especially cigarettes) to minors in the Pietermaritzburg central business district area. These Acts are national policies formulated through the various stages of policymaking for tobacco control. Policymaking is not complete once a policy is approved. Instead implementation and regulation determine the success or failure of a policy or programme therein. Common implementation challenges include amongst others large number of participants in a programme, diverse goals, lack of commitment to the programme, lack of resources and technical difficulties. It is the purpose of this study to critically analyse and discuss the implementation problems faced by street level bureaucrats who have certain discretionary powers and are at the frontline of policy implementation. Specific focus will be given to environmental health officers and police officers in the Msunduzi Municipality and the Drugs and Liquor Section respectively (Pietermaritzburg central business district area).Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Clark, Trenette T. "Pathways to drug use among rural and urban African American adolescents : the mediating and moderating effects of parent and peer influences /". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2319.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008.Prepared for: School of Social Work. Advisors : Melissa Abell, Faye Z. Belgrave. Bibliography: leaves 272-319. Also available online via the Internet.
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Burnard, Andrew James. "Stage-of-change of smoking acquisition in South African high-school adolescents : a cross-sectional study of decisional balance, temptation and perceived social norms". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2885.
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This study aimed to use the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983) to investigate the process of smoking initiation in a cross-section of high school adolescents in urban KwaZulu-Natal. This aim was informed by the increase in incidence of smoking among adolescents, who represent a particularly vulnerable population to smoking (Orlandi and Dalton, 1998). The Transtheoretical Model has proved successful in changing problem health behaviours (prochaska and DiClemente, 1983) and lends itself to be a suitable framework for investigating smoking acquisition in adolescents (Werch and DiClemente, 1994). An extensive review of the causes and correlates of smoking uptake and past intervention evaluations suggests that the core constructs of the TTM (Decisional Balance, Temptation and Stage of Acquisition) can be complemented by other another variable, Perceived Social Norms (informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975, as cited in Pitts, 1996), to provide a more holistic explanation of smoking acquisition. Alcohol use, parental smoking and certain demographic factors are also found to be salient factors in this process. Findings showed that the perceived cons of smoking were constant across stages and seemed to have no effect on stage membership. Stage differences were explained almost entirely in terms of pros, which increased drastically with later stages. Perceived social norms increased with a later stage, confirming a tentative theoretical relationship between the Transtheoretical Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. Lack of expressed intention to smoke by participants questions the validity of using the rational decision-making Transtheoretical Model to investigate a process not informed by decision-making. European language speakers were found to be a particularly vulnerable group to smoking, while African language speaking girls show very low rates of smoking. High religiosity was found to be a protective factor, while alcohol use was strongly associated with smoking. Maternal smoking was strongly associated with smoking, but only in girls. No difference in stage was found between schools and grades. The study should be replicated using a longitudinal design to determine the causal relationship between factors and smoking and to further investigate the applicability of the Transtheoretical Model in smoking acquisition.Thesis (M.A.)- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004
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Mhlongo, Gladys Thembinkosi. "Drug abuse in adolescents in Swaziland". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2363.
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A quantitative, descriptive, explorative design was used to examine drug abuse among adolescents in Swaziland.
The researcher collected data by interviewing adolescents who abused drugs in the Msunduza township, Mbabane, Swaziland.
The study found that these adolescents abused alcohol to such an extent that they were often intoxicated and their schoolwork deteriorated. Only 21,7% (n=13) of the adolescents were addicted to illegal drugs. The respondents indicated that the use of drugs had negatively affected their relationships with other people and their lives in general, and they had been arrested for criminal offences, which could be contributed to their use of drugs.
Peer group pressure and being accepted by their friends were the primary factors that contributed to the problem. However, the fact that more than half of the sample did not live with both their parents and had a poor relationship with their guardians could also be a factor.Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)
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Maithya, Redempta W. "Drug abuse in the secondary school in Kenya : developing a programme for prevention and intervention". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3433.
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Drug abuse is becoming an increasing problem in Kenya. A number of studies carried out in the country show that almost every Kenyan youngster at one time or another experiments with drugs, especially beer and cigarettes. The major cause of concern is that a significant proportion of these young people eventually get addicted posing a threat to their own health and safety, while creating difficulties for their families and the public at large into difficulties. This study sought to establish the current trend of drug abuse among students in Kenyan secondary schools, and to analyze the strategies used to address the problem. The ultimate aim was to propose a programme for prevention and intervention.
The study is a descriptive survey. In view of this, the field survey method was adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data, using questionnaires and interviews. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in data analysis, thus there was a mixed model research design approach to data analysis. The analysis of structured items was mainly done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
The key findings from the study were that drug abuse among students is common; both boys and girls have abused drugs with the majority being in boys‟ schools; the greatest ratio of drug abusers to non-abusers among the sampled schools are aged between 20 and 22 years; there is a significant relationship between drug abuse and age, use of drugs by other family members and easy access to drugs. A variety of factors contribute to drug abuse with the majority of students citing curiosity, acceptance by peers and ignorance as to the dangers of drug abuse as the main reasons. Both the school administrators and teachers face a number of challenges in an attempting to curb drug abuse in schools.
The study makes a number of recommendations for policy and further research. A number of guidelines are proposed for developing a programme for prevention and intervention.Educational Studies
D. Ed. (Socio-Education)