Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Young Schema Questionnaire”

The original version of the Schema Questionnaire (205 items) was developed by Young to measure early maladaptive schemas. The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF) was designed (Young, 1998) to measure 15 maladaptive schemas and is a shorter instrument (75 items). Factor analytic research with the SQ-SF has supported the schemas proposed by Young (Welburn, Coristine, Dagg, Pontrefact, & Jordan, 2002). The present study examined the psychometric properties of the French version of the SQ-SF in a nonclinical sample (N = 263). The results of the factor analysis revealed 14 interpretable factors, including 13 of the 15 schema subscales proposed by Young. These 14 subscales demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency. These results are in part consistent with previous results based on the English version of the SQ-SF and provided support for the cross-cultural validity of the SQ-SF.

Abstract. Early Maladaptive Schemas, as measured with the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), are proposed to underlie a variety of mental health problems, in particular Personality Disorders. The latest short version of the instrument measuring all 18 schemas, the YSQ-S3, has only been examined to a limited extent, and its associations with Personality Disorders have not yet been tested in a psychiatric setting. We investigated psychometric properties of the Danish YSQ-S3 including its associations with Personality Disorders. A mixed Danish sample of clinical and nonclinical participants (N = 567) completed the YSQ-S3, whereas a clinical subsample (n = 142) was also assessed with a diagnostic interview for Personality Disorders. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and tested for group differences using analysis of variance. The Danish YSQ-S3 proved to be a reliable and valid measure. Its theoretical factorial structure was weakly but sufficiently supported. Its scales were meaningfully associated with specific Personality Disorders and discriminated between relevant groups. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically valuable instrument for the assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in both clinical and research settings. Findings are discussed in relation to Personality Disorders and the Schema Therapy model.

Abstract. This research studied the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (SQ-SF; Young & Brown, 1994 ). The participants (407 undergraduate students) completed the SQ-SF together with the following scales to measure symptoms of affective disorders and automatic thoughts: the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R), the Anxious Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASSQ), and the Self-Talk Inventory (STI). The confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized structure of 15 first-order factors for the SQ-SF. However, the results were mixed with regard to the hierarchical arrangement of schemas. On the other hand, the results revealed several clinically relevant associations among cognitive schemas, symptoms of affective disorders (depression, anxiety, and anger) and automatic thoughts (positive thoughts, depressive thoughts, anxious thoughts, and angry thoughts).

La terapia cognitiva centrada en los esquemas fue propuesta por Young (1990). El concepto de esquemas maladaptativos tempranos (EMT) es central para esta terapia, se refiere a temas extremadamente estables y duraderos que se desarrollan durante la infancia, se elaboran a lo largo de la vida de un individuo y son significativamente disfuncionales, y sirven como marcos para el procesamiento de experiencia posterior (Young, 1999). En 1990 el autor desarrolla el cuestionario de Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos (Young Schema Questionnaire - YSQ) y en 1998 su versión corta (YSQ-SF). El presente estudio realizado en Colombia con 1392 estudiantes universitarios (541 hombres y 851 mujeres) tuvo como propósito analizar las propiedades psicométricas del YSQ-SF. Se realizó el análisis confirmatorio, obteniendo una estructura bastante favorable para los 15 factores y los 75 ítems y también para la de segundo orden propuesta por Young. Los coeficientes alpha de Cronbach oscilaron entre 0.74 y 0.89.

This study describes the development and initial evaluation of a cognitive schema questionnaire for children. The Schema Questionnaire for Children (SQC) was designed to capture the 15 early maladaptive schemas proposed by Young (1990). Face validity of the questionnaire items as assessed by a group of CBT experts (n=16) was good. Concurrent validity was assessed by asking 47 school children aged 11–16 years of age to complete both the (SQC) and a British version of the 75 item Young's Schema Questionnaire short form (YSC-S). Significant correlations were obtained for 10 of the 15 schemas, with a further two approaching statistical significance. Although some of the correlations were modest, these initial results suggest that the SQC may be a valid quick and developmentally appropriate way of assessing Young's maladaptive schema in children.

ABSTRACTBackground:Young's Schema Focused Therapy (SFT) is gaining popularity in the treatment of older adults. In the context of this therapy, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) was developed to assess the early maladaptive schemas (EMS). EMS are considered to be relatively stable over time, but research shows that questionnaires often lack face validity in older adults, which makes it difficult to investigate EMS in older adults and their stability across the lifespan.Methods:In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated the age neutrality of the Young Schema Questionnaire – Long Form in young (aged 18–34 years), middle-aged (aged 35–59 years), and older (aged 60–75 years) adults in a clinical sample of substance use disorders (N= 321) by examining potential differential item functioning (DIF). While investigating the stability of the schemas, we controlled for substance dependency and clinical symptoms by means of, respectively, the Drug Use Screening Inventory – Revised and the Symptom Checklist-90-R.Results:The Bonferroni-adjusted Liu–Agresti Cumulative Common Log-Odds Ratio confirmed large DIF for six items, divided across five schema scales (Mistrust/Abuse, Subjugation, Entitlement, Enmeshment and Self-sacrifice). Of the six items that presented DIF, only one item showed differential test functioning (Entitlement). Overall results show only 3% DIF, implying age neutrality of the questionnaire.Conclusions:Current results corroborate that most EMS scales are equally measured across age, and reliable comparisons can be made across the lifespan, allowing for good clinical practice and further research on SFT in older adults. Only for Entitlement, Enmeshment, and Insufficient Self-control, caution is needed when comparing mean scores across the age groups.

The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) assesses early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that underlie a variety of psychological disorders. Since its creation by Young, several versions of this questionnaire have been developed. The Young Schema Questionnaire-3 (YSQ-3; Young, 2006 ) adds three new schemas (approval-seeking, punitiveness, and pessimism/negativity) in addition to the previous versions. This study examines the structure, consistency, stability, and concurrent validity of the YSQ-3 in a sample of Spanish students (n = 971, 54% females). The participants completed the YSQ-3 together with measures of depression, social anxiety, and hostility. A subsample of 351 was followed up 6 months later. The results support the structure of 18 EMS for the YSQ-3. However, the results for the second-order structure are mixed. Whereas the disconnection and rejection and the impaired autonomy domains are well supported, evidence for the other domains is limited, and results suggest that these domains may be integrated into one common domain. Finally, consistent with their content, EMS were associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hostility, and showed relative stability over time.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In response to increased focus on schemas within cognitive therapy and specifically in the treatment of personality disorders, Young developed an instrument to measure early maladaptive schemas, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). The statistical properties of this measure have been investigated, and due to its length, a shortened version was developed (the YSQ-S). In the present study the factor structure of the YSQ-S was investigated in a group of South African undergraduate psychology students (N = 300). In contrast with the findings of the studies done on the YSQ, 14 of Young's 15 schemas were identified as factors in the YSQ-S, corresponding largely with the theoretically underlying structure. A higher order factor analysis solution was also found to resemble the structure proposed by Young.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groter fokus op skemas binne die kognitiewe terapie, veral met betrekking tot die behandeling van persoonlikheidsversteurings, het daartoe gelei dat Young 'n meetmiddel, naamlik die Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), ontwikkel het om vroeë wanaangepaste skemas ("early maladaptive schemas") te meet. Die statistiese eienskappe van hierdie meetmiddel is reeds nagevors, en as gevolg van die lengte van hierdie meetmiddel, is 'n verkorte weergawe daarvan ontwikkel (YSQ-S). In die huidige studie is die faktoriale struktuur van die YSQ-S by 'n groep Suid Afrikaanse voorgraadse sielkunde studente (N = 300) ondersoek. In teenstelling met die bevindings van vroeëre studies op die YSQ, is 14 van die 15 van Young se skemas as faktore by die YSQ-S geïdentifiseer, wat grootliks ooreengestem het met die teoreties gekonseptualiseerde onderligende struktuur. Die oplossing van 'n hoër-ordefaktorontleding het ook ooreengestem met die struktuur wat deur Young voorgestel is.

Since publication in 2005, the Young Schema Questionnaire Short-version 3^rd Edition (YSQ-S3) has increased in popularity over the years among psychologists in Europe and the U.S.; yet to date it has not been normed within a U.S. sample. A sample of 148 participants completed eight demographic questions, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9), and YSQ-S3 via Survey Monkey.

Participants were classified into clinical and non-clinical groups depending on responses to the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and demographic questions. YSQ-S3 results were analyzed via SPSS 23.0 to conduct descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and exploratory analyses to test the following hypotheses: (a) There will be significant mean score differences between the clinical and non-clinical participants on each YSQ-S3 schema except entitlement/grandiosity and unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness; and (b) That the clinical sample will have a higher number of schemas active. An additional goal was to produce preliminary cut-off scores for distinguishing pathological from normal scores for the schema-based scales.

Results indicated significant differences between clinical and non-clinical participants on YSQ-S3 mean scores with moderate to mostly large effect sizes. Due to substantial overlap between the two groups, we were unable to establish cut-off scores for the YSQ-S3 subscales. Regression analyses demonstrated perfect classification for anxious participants for the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and weaker classification in predicting depression and the comorbidity of anxiety and depression in participants.

The main limitation to our study was that schemas are commonly conceptualized as a partially unconscious phenomenon; thus the self-report approach of the YSQ-S3 may not readily capture schemas (Bowlby, Ainsworth, Boston, & Rosenbluth, 1956), and we lacked a severe clinical group.

Results indicated that at least in the present sample the YSQ-S3 was only somewhat able to effectively distinguish the normal group from those with mixed anxiety and depression for individual schemas. Due to overlap between the clinical and normal samples and absence of an established method, we were unable to propose preliminary cutoff scores on the YSQ-S3 subscales, or suggest a difference in EMS quantity between pathological and normal samples.

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This project was divided in two studies linked to Schema Therapy and to Young Schema Questionnaire. Study 1 was named “Schema Therapy: Constructs and Researches” and it was a search studies concerning Young Schema Questionnaire worldwide. The main objectives of this literature revision were to present results of researchs about schemas and identifying the centers most involved in the scientific production of this therapeutic model. The methodology involved the bibliographical revision of papers published in the main databases from 1998 to 2007. The keywords were “Young Schema Questionnaire”, “YSQ”, “Schema Questionnaire” and “Schema Therapy”. Nine important studies were selected because they established the focus in the analysis of the psychometric properties of Young Schema Questionnaire and in validation studies of this instrument. It was possible to observe that the main researches centers are in four of the five continents – America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. It demonstrates the growing interest in the empirical verification of this instrument as a valid measure to recognize the Early Maladaptive Schemas. Generally, the results related to Young Schema Questionnaire demonstrated that it could be an useful instrument to the mental health professional, in clinical situations or scientific research. Statistics were significant about the internal consistency of the scale and concerning the discrimination power of the instrument, considering the differences among clinical and non-clinical groups.The Study 2 was denominated “Knowledge of Cognitive Schemas: validation of the Brazilian version of Young Schema Questionnaire – short form” and aimed to study the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of Young Schema Questionnaire - short form (YSQ-S2) and seeking cognitive schemas in the sample by establishing correlations between Early Maladaptive Schemas and variables such as anxiety levels, depression, psychosocial disadaptation and vulnerability. The sample constituted of 372 subjects. Criterions for inclusion consisted of being between 18 and 60 years old and having 5th grade minimum. A Demographic Questionnaire with 44 items to aknowledge subjects characteristics, Young Schema Questionnaire – short form and Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo (EFN) were used as assessment instruments. Generally, the outcomes of the present study demonstrate the validity of the Brazilian version of Young Schema Questionnaire (short form). The results showed the satisfactory degree of reliability (a = 0,955) and the discrimination power of the questionnaire, as well as the convergent validity with Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo (EFN). The Exploratory Fatorial Analysis failed in completely confirm the original structure of the questionnaire, demonstrating some problems with the construct validity for some schemas and specific items. The limitations of this study were the characteristics of the sample. For future researches, it would be interesting to use Young Schema Questionnaire with clinical and non-clinical groups or in groups divided in specific categories such as individuals of the working population and unemployeds. Besides, a suggestion is to use the analytic strategies of test and re-test and Confirmatory Factor Analisys, aiming to confirm this results in other brazilian samples.
Este trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos vinculados à Terapia Focada em Esquemas e ao Questionário de Esquemas de Young. O Estudo 1 recebeu o nome de “Terapia Focada em Esquemas: Conceituação e Pesquisas” e buscou mapear as pesquisas realizadas no mundo acerca do Questionário de Esquemas de Young. Os principais objetivos desta revisão de literatura foram apresentar resultados referentes aos trabalhos conduzidos na abordagem e identificar os centros de pesquisa mais envolvidos na produção científica neste modelo terapêutico. A metodologia utilizada envolveu a revisão bibliográfica de artigos publicados nas principais bases de dados no período de 1998 a 2007. Os descritores utilizados foram “Young Schema Questionnaire”, “YSQ”, “Schema Questionnaire”, “Questionário de Esquemas” e “Terapia Focada em Esquemas”. Nove importantes estudos foram selecionados por terem estabelecido o foco na análise das propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Esquemas de Young e nos estudos de validação do instrumento. Foi possível observar que os principais centros de pesquisas encontram-se espalhados em quatro dos cinco continentes – América, Europa, Ásia e Oceania. Tais indicativos demonstram o crescente interesse na verificação empírica das possibilidades de auxílio deste instrumento como fonte válida de medida dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos.De um modo geral, os resultados relacionados ao Questionário de Esquemas de Young demonstraram ser este um importante instrumento disponível ao profissional da saúde mental para a utilização clínica ou no âmbito da pesquisa científica. As estatísticas encontradas nos artigos foram significativas quanto à consistência interna da escala e no que tange ao poder de discriminação, considerando-se as diferenças entre grupos clínicos e não-clínicos. O Estudo 2 foi denominado “Mapeamento de Esquemas Cognitivos: validação da versão brasileira do Young Schema Questionnaire – short form” e teve como objetivos estudar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young, forma reduzida (YSQ-S2) e mapear os esquemas cognitivos na amostra, buscando estabelecer correlações entre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão, desajustamento psicossocial e vulnerabilidade com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos.A amostra da pesquisa foi constituída por 372 participantes da população em geral e os critérios de inclusão foram vinculados à escolaridade mínima de 5ª série do primeiro grau e idades entre 18 e 60 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário de Dados Sócio-Demográficos composto por 44 itens voltados ao conhecimento das características sócio-demográficas dos participantes, o Questionário de Esquemas de Young – versão breve e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo. De um modo geral, os achados da presente pesquisa ofereceram subsídios para a avaliação de quesitos que demonstraram a existência de validade na versão brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young (forma breve). Os resultados apontaram para o satisfatório grau de confiabilidade (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para os 75 itens igual a 0,955) e para a capacidade de discriminação do questionário, assim como para a validade concorrente com relação à Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória falhou em confirmar plenamente a estrutura original do questionário, demonstrando abalos na validade de construto para alguns esquemas e itens específicos. As limitações do estudo estiveram ligadas às características da amostra. Para futuras pesquisas, sugere-se a utilização do Questionário de Esquemas de Young para aplicação em grupos clínicos e não-clínicos ou em grupos divididos por circunstâncias específicas tais como pessoas desempregadas e indivíduos da população em geral que trabalham. Além disso, sugere-se o encaminhamento das estratégias analíticas de teste e reteste e da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória para ratificar os resultados do presente estudo em outras amostras brasileiras.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether mood-state influenced responses on a self-report measure of schematic content, namely the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-S). To date, the vast majority of studies have demonstrated that self-report measures of schematic content do not detect negative cognitive styles in the absence of negative affect. A recent study by Stopa and Waters (2005) investigated the link between the YSQ-S and mood-state using a mood-induction paradigm in a non-clinical population. These findings suggested that responses on the YSQ-S reflected some beliefs as stable and enduring, while others were influenced by mood-state. The present study extended this investigation to include naturally occurring mood-states across currently depressed (CD), recovered depressed (RD), and never depressed (ND) participants. The study investigated the relationship between mood-state and YSQ-S subscales. Differences in YSQ-S scores across CD, RD, and ND groups were also compared. All participants completed the YSQ-S, a Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Correlational analyses revealed a negative relationship between mood-state and scores on 11 of the 15 subscales of the YSQ-S. One way Analyses of variance found that RD participants resembled ND participants on measures of depression, anxiety, mood-state, and 14 of 15 subscales of the YSQ-S. RD participants resembled CD participants on 5 of 15 subscales. Out of these differences the subscales of social isolation and self-sacrifice offered the most distinguishable results in relation to mood-state and enduring schemata. Findings supported the influential role of mood in detecting negative cognitive styles using self-report measures of schematic content. Results were discussed within theoretical models of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Additionally, caution was advised in the interpretation of YSQ-S scores, particularly when using these scores as indications of schema modification in treatment outcome studies.

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Este trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos vinculados ? Terapia Focada em Esquemas e ao Question?rio de Esquemas de Young. O Estudo 1 recebeu o nome de Terapia Focada em Esquemas: Conceitua??o e Pesquisas e buscou mapear as pesquisas realizadas no mundo acerca do Question?rio de Esquemas de Young. Os principais objetivos desta revis?o de literatura foram apresentar resultados referentes aos trabalhos conduzidos na abordagem e identificar os centros de pesquisa mais envolvidos na produ??o cient?fica neste modelo terap?utico. A metodologia utilizada envolveu a revis?o bibliogr?fica de artigos publicados nas principais bases de dados no per?odo de 1998 a 2007. Os descritores utilizados foram Young Schema Questionnaire, YSQ, Schema Questionnaire, Question?rio de Esquemas e Terapia Focada em Esquemas. Nove importantes estudos foram selecionados por terem estabelecido o foco na an?lise das propriedades psicom?tricas do Question?rio de Esquemas de Young e nos estudos de valida??o do instrumento. Foi poss?vel observar que os principais centros de pesquisas encontram-se espalhados em quatro dos cinco continentes Am?rica, Europa, ?sia e Oceania. Tais indicativos demonstram o crescente interesse na verifica??o emp?rica das possibilidades de aux?lio deste instrumento como fonte v?lida de medida dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos. De um modo geral, os resultados relacionados ao Question?rio de Esquemas de Young demonstraram ser este um importante instrumento dispon?vel ao profissional da sa?de mental para a utiliza??o cl?nica ou no ?mbito da pesquisa cient?fica. As estat?sticas encontradas nos artigos foram significativas quanto ? consist?ncia interna da escala e no que tange ao poder de discrimina??o, considerando-se as diferen?as entre grupos cl?nicos e n?o-cl?nicos. O Estudo 2 foi denominado Mapeamento de Esquemas Cognitivos: valida??o da vers?o brasileira do Young Schema Questionnaire short form e teve como objetivos estudar as propriedades psicom?tricas da vers?o brasileira do Question?rio de Esquemas de Young, forma reduzida (YSQ-S2) e mapear os esquemas cognitivos na amostra, buscando estabelecer correla??es entre os n?veis de ansiedade, depress?o, desajustamento psicossocial e vulnerabilidade com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos. A amostra da pesquisa foi constitu?da por 372 participantes da popula??o em geral e os crit?rios de inclus?o foram vinculados ? escolaridade m?nima de 5? s?rie do primeiro grau e idades entre 18 e 60 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Question?rio de Dados S?cio-Demogr?ficos composto por 44 itens voltados ao conhecimento das caracter?sticas s?cio-demogr?ficas dos participantes, o Question?rio de Esquemas de Young vers?o breve e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo. De um modo geral, os achados da presente pesquisa ofereceram subs?dios para a avalia??o de quesitos que demonstraram a exist?ncia de validade na vers?o brasileira do Question?rio de Esquemas de Young (forma breve). Os resultados apontaram para o satisfat?rio grau de confiabilidade (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para os 75 itens igual a 0,955) e para a capacidade de discrimina??o do question?rio, assim como para a validade concorrente com rela??o ? Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo. A An?lise Fatorial Explorat?ria falhou em confirmar plenamente a estrutura original do question?rio, demonstrando abalos na validade de construto para alguns esquemas e itens espec?ficos. As limita??es do estudo estiveram ligadas ?s caracter?sticas da amostra. Para futuras pesquisas, sugere-se a utiliza??o do Question?rio de Esquemas de Young para aplica??o em grupos cl?nicos e n?o-cl?nicos ou em grupos divididos por circunst?ncias espec?ficas tais como pessoas desempregadas e indiv?duos da popula??o em geral que trabalham. Al?m disso, sugere-se o encaminhamento das estrat?gias anal?ticas de teste e reteste e da An?lise Fatorial Confirmat?ria para ratificar os resultados do presente estudo em outras amostras brasileiras.

El Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young, en su versión reducida (Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form. Young y Brown, 1999; CEY-VR) es una escala de formato autoinforme que evalúa una taxonomía de 15 esquemas. Está formada por 75 ítems, con 5 ítems para cada esquema que están ordenados de forma aleatoria para evitar el sesgo de tendencia de respuesta. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young-Versión Reducida (CEY-VR) en población clínica. La hipótesis general del trabajo fue que la versión española del CEY-VR, aplicada en población clínica, posee una adecuada fiabilidad y validez, equiparables a las diferentes adaptaciones a distintas lenguas. Para conseguir estos objetivos se ha analizado en una muestra de 610 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de trastorno del Eje I, de trastorno del Eje II o con ambos tipos de trastornos: a) la fiabilidad del instrumento; b) la validez de constructo; c) la validez de criterio, con los criterios clínicos de presencia/ausencia de TP, con las puntuaciones en el inventario de trastornos de la personalidad PDQ-4+, la sensibilidad al cambio y la validez incremental, la validez convergente/discriminante con medidas de personalidad (KSP, SCSR, PANAS,BIS), con medidas de síntomas de psicopatología (BDI-I, SCL-90-R, EAD, ROS y EMCA), con medidas de funcionalismo (HoNOS, EEAG y EEALS), con variables sociodemográficas y con medidas clínicas. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio son parecidos a los otros estudios publicados con el CEY-VR en muestras clínicas y similares a los de los estudios realizados en nuestro país que utilizan la misma versión aunque sin ordenación aleatoria de los ítems (Cid y Torrubia, 2002). Destacamos de la fiabilidad y validez de constructo que el CEY-VR, ha mostrado unos niveles adecuados de consistencia interna y de estabilidad temporal a las seis semanas. También muestra una estructura interna de 15 factores congruente con la estructura propuesta de 15 esquemas por Young (1990). Por lo que concierne a la estructura factorial de segundo orden, se valida la estructura factorial de cuatro factores propuesta por Lee, Dunn y Taylor (1999) para muestras clínicas. En la validez de criterio concurrente, las puntuaciones en las escalas del CEY-VR se han mostrado capaces de discriminar entre la presencia y la ausencia de un trastorno de la personalidad en muestras clínicas, altamente asociadas con la puntuación total en el PDQ-R+ y sensibles a los criterios de severidad de Tyrer de los TP. Además, proporcionan validez incremental en la clasificación de los trastornos de la personalidad más allá de las variables psicopatológicas (depresión y severidad de síntomas), de los rasgos de personalidad (PANAS) y de otras medidas de TP (PDQ-4+). También se han mostrado sensibles al cambio producido por las intervenciones psicológicas. En lo que concierne a la validez convergente y discriminante, las puntuaciones en el CEY-VR se muestran asociadas de forma elevada o moderada con depresión, síntomas psicopatológicos, actitudes disfuncionales, socialización (en negativo) y género. En cambio, muestran asociaciones bajas con el constructo como la autoestima, el deseo de consumir en pacientes con trastorno por uso de sustancias, la edad, el funcionamiento global y el impacto de los trastornos mentales. En relación a variables de temperamento y personalidad, las escalas del CEY-VR se muestran altamente asociadas con variables internalizantes y se muestran poco asociadas con variables externalizantes. Todo lo anterior nos permite afirmar que los esquemas precoces desadaptativos se perfilan como un constructo relevante y útil para el avance en el estudio y de los trastornos de la personalidad, y que la adaptación española del CEY-VR es un buen instrumento para evaluarlo en población clínica.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.