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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Young male offenders"

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Ilacqua, Giorgio E., Grant E. Coulson, Diana Lombardo i Verna Nutbrown. "Predictive Validity of the Young Offender Level of Service Inventory for Criminal Recidivism of Male and Female Young Offenders". Psychological Reports 84, nr 3_suppl (czerwiec 1999): 1214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1214.

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164 male and female young offenders were given the Young Offender Level of Service Inventory. Scores from this 76-item risk assessment were used to produce a matched sample of 82 female and 82 male young offenders. Sex did not influence the 1-yr. criminal recidivism rate, a result consistent with other findings.
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Champion, Helen, i Linda Clare. "Moving on from Young Offender Institutions: Young offenders’ adjustment to release". Educational and Child Psychology 23, nr 2 (2006): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2006.23.2.87.

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The challenge of coping with the transition of release from prison is likely to affect the mental health and well-being of young offenders. The current study aimed to investigate the expectations and experiences of young male offenders adjusting to release from custody in young offender institutions (YOIs), through semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ perceptions shortly prior and approximately two months subsequent to release. Qualitative analysis identified four overarching themes which appeared to characterise young offenders’ perceptions in relation to the process of adjusting to release: ‘reflecting and re-evaluating’, ‘reconnecting’, ‘changing’ and ‘locating the experience’. The findings, discussed in relation to literature pertaining to both offending and mental health, may have implications for criminal justice practice in YOIs and Youth Offending Teams.
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Pino, Mariana, Synella Montaño, Katty Agudelo, Claudia Idárraga-Cabrera, Jesús Fernández-Lucas i Ketty Herrera-Mendoza. "Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders". Physiology & Behavior 207 (sierpień 2019): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.015.

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Burdsal, Charles A., Ronald C. Force i M. James Klingsporn. "Treatment Effectiveness in Young Male Offenders". Residential Treatment For Children & Youth 7, nr 2 (26.03.1990): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j007v07n02_07.

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Kiriakidis, Stavros P. "Bullying and Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents Kept in Custody". Crisis 29, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.4.216.

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This contribution explores the associations between suicide attempts; bullying; and the familial, educational, legal, and institutional characteristics of young offenders in custody. The sample was 152 randomly selected male young offenders aged 16–21 years (M = 18.9, SD = 1.3) years from the largest young offenders’ institution in Scotland, who completed structured personal interviews. Rates of reported suicide attempts were significantly higher in the population of young offenders than reported rates from general population samples. Being in residential care, the presence of a social worker for the family, family history of alcohol abuse, family history of suicide attempts, the experience of being bullied in custody, contact with a psychologist in the community, and being a violent offender were significantly related to increased risk of suicide attempts in custody. Compared to those who were not bullied, offenders who were bullied in custody were 9.22 times more likely to attempt suicide. The implications these findings for reducing bullying in penal settings are discussed.
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Forth, Adelle E., Stephen D. Hart i Robert D. Hare. "Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders." Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2, nr 3 (wrzesień 1990): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.3.342.

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Syngelaki, Eva M., Simon C. Moore, Justin C. Savage, Graeme Fairchild i Stephanie H. M. Van Goozen. "Executive Functioning and Risky Decision Making in Young Male Offenders". Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, nr 11 (19.10.2009): 1213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809343095.

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Executive functioning (EF) deficits have been implicated in antisocial behavior. EF constitutes a broad selection of functions, and it is yet to be determined what specific aspects of EF are associated with antisocial behavior. This study examines IQ, EF, and related decision-making processes in young males involved with the criminal justice system and their age-matched male controls. The Risky Choice Task (RCT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and tests taken from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessing spatial working memory, planning, and set-shifting ability were administered. Young offenders showed lower estimated IQ scores and perseveration of responding, as indicated by performance on the WCST. There were also specific EF impairments, such as problems in working memory and planning (CANTAB). Finally, young offenders showed more risky decision-making than controls did, particularly after a small win. The results on the RCT suggest altered reward mechanisms in young offenders, whereas the findings also support the notion of EF difficulties related to dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning. The implications of these findings for interventions with young offenders are discussed.
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Hughes, Suzanne, Timothy James Trimble i Anne O’Rourke. "The experiences of young offenders (aged 18–21) on protection in an Irish prison: using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)". Journal of Criminal Psychology 11, nr 2 (22.02.2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-04-2020-0015.

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Purpose Young offenders are disproportionately represented in the Irish Prison Service (IPS) and are a population with complex needs and highest risk of re-offending. Subsets of young offenders in IPS are placed on Protection for their own and/or other’s safety. There is limited research regarding the experiences of young offenders, and there is none on the subjective experiences of young offenders on Protection that could be identified. This study aims to address a limitation of a previous study on the experiences of young offenders in an Irish prison (Hughes et al., 2017) by providing insight into experiences of young offenders on Protection in Mountjoy Prison. Design/methodology/approach Using a non-experimental, qualitative, semi-structured interview design, a purposive sampling method was used, and six young offenders participated. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim with potentially identifiable information removed to ensure anonymity. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to interpret the data. Findings Two superordinate themes provided an overview of the young offender’s experiences of Protection in an Irish prison: ‘Social Order on Protection’ and ‘Adjustment on Protection’. Research limitations/implications Even though it is a relatively small sample size, this study contributes to existing literature and considers sentence management and clinical implications. Originality/value This study helps to address a gap in literature by providing insight into the overall experiences of young male offenders (aged 18–21) on Protection in an Irish prison. The findings are in line with most researches, which highlight additional negative consequences of “restrictive prisons regimes” such as Protection. This study provides information to prisons for the development of best practice guidelines and better sentence management and delivery of services to young offenders on Protection.
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Simourd, D. J., R. D. Hoge, D. A. Andrews i A. W. Leschied. "An empirically-based typology of male young offenders". Canadian Journal of Criminology 36, nr 4 (październik 1994): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.36.4.447.

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Moore, Richard H. "Effectiveness of Citizen Volunteers Functioning as Counselors for High-Risk Young Male Offenders". Psychological Reports 61, nr 3 (grudzień 1987): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.3.823.

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This research evaluated a counseling program utilizing citizen volunteers in 1:1 relationships with young male offenders placed on probation for 12 mo. 100 high-risk offenders were randomly assigned to either citizen counseling with regular probation or to regular probation only. A random sample of 50 low-risk offenders assigned to regular probation served as a comparison group. Low-risk offenders were superior to the high-risk groups on measures of behavior, personality functioning, and social competence. Citizen-counseled high-risk offenders, compared to other high-risk offenders, committed fewer and less serious criminal offenses, were employed more regularly, made better educational progress, and appeared to be somewhat less rebellious, less impulsive, and more responsible as measured on the California Psychological Inventory at the end of probation. The implications and unique features of the programming, which may limit the generality of the findings to other settings, were discussed. Potentially limiting conditions included the stringent selection and matching procedures, the high caliber of the volunteers, the severe demands imposed on the time (weekly meetings over about 10 mo.) and talents (crisis counseling, tutoring, advocacy, friendship, and resource brokerage) of the unpaid citizen volunteers, and the availability of vital community resources, such as vocational and educational opportunities.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Young male offenders"

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Maclennan, Frances Emma Baraja. "A study to investigate the capacity to mentalize in young male offenders and young male non-offenders". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514378.

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Blumenfeld, Frances N. "Empathy and attachment in young male offenders". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492864.

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Pennell, Amanda Elizabeth. "The effects of video violence on young male offenders". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727512.

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Hodges, Emma. "Parenting, head injury and aggression : predictive pathways of offending in male young offenders". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3761.

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Adolescence is a risk period for offending and head injury (HI), with rates of HI in young offender populations frequently exceeding those in the community. Poor parenting practices have been associated with increased risk of offending and development of reactive and proactive aggression. Preliminary research suggests HI may discriminate offender profiles within young offenders, but the influence of HI on offending alongside parenting and aggression is less well known. This study explored the relationships between parenting practices, reactive and proactive aggression, HI and offending in a sample of male young offenders from a Young Offender Institute (n=98) using self report data. A history of at least one HI was reported by 73.5%, with 61.1% reporting a knock out from their worst HI. Poor supervision emerged as a key predictor: predicting knock out history, indicators of offending and reactive and proactive aggression. Repeated HI was predictive of reactive aggression and a knock out history predicted earlier age of first offence. The impact of HI on outcomes via neuropsychological sequelea or as a “marker” for contextual risk factors such as poor supervision and reactive aggression are examined. Clinical implications for young offenders are discussed.
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Meadham, Hannah. "Post-concussion symptoms after self-reported head injury, and reactive aggression in young male offenders". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14764.

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Objective Adolescence is recognised as a risk period for offending and head injury (HI), with higher rates of HI found in the young offender (YO) population compared to the general population. Drug and alcohol use has also been associated with increased risk of offending. This study aims to explore the relationships between HI, Post-concussion symptoms (PCS), reactive and proactive aggression, and offending behaviour in YOs, whilst considering the effects of drug and alcohol use on these relationships. Participants A sample of ninety eight males was recruited from a Young Offender Institute: the age range was 16-18 years of age with an average age of 17. Design A between subjects cross sectional design was employed. Participants were recruited using an opportunistic sampling strategy. Main Measures Self-rated/report measures of: HI, Post-Concussion Symptoms (Adapted Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire), Aggression (Reactive-Proactive Scale), criminal histories, and drug and alcohol history. Results HI was reported by 73.5% of the overall sample, with 61.1% reporting a “knock out”. Frequency and severity of HI was associated with significantly higher PCS scores. Examination of covariate- drug and alcohol use did not affect these relationships. PCS were a significant predictor of reactive aggression, total number of convictions and number of previous violent convictions. However, dosage of HI (severity and frequency) was not a significant predictor of reactive aggression or criminal profiles. Conclusions There appears to be a dose-response effect of severity and frequency of HI on PCS, with PCS predicting reactive aggression. Such symptoms may compromise functions and lead to increased aggression. This highlights the need for better screening and interventions for HI and on-going symptoms in YOs.
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McDermott, Danielle. "The relationship between impulsivity, aggression and self-harming behaviours in male, young and adult offenders". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17923/.

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Self-harming and suicidal behaviour in prison are serious concerns, given the continued rise in incidents occurring, particularly in the male estate (Ministry of Justice, 2017). This thesis assesses both objective and subjective measures of impulsivity and aggression; two psychological constructs which have shown promise in enhancing our understanding of these behaviours in respect to the management, treatment and support of those at risk of self-harming. Subjective measures included the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11; Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995) and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ; Buss & Perry, 1992) and objective measures included four, computer-based behavioural tasks used to assess impulsive decision making (Delay Discounting and Information Sampling Task) and response inhibition (Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks). These measures were tested in young (n = 75) and adult (n = 150), male offenders, in three groups; those currently self-harming and on an ACCT, those assessed as vulnerable and on an ACCT but not currently self-harming and those in the general prison population. The results identified important differences between young and adult offenders; with subjective measures being better able to discriminate between all of the groups in adult offenders than in young offenders. Objective measures of impulsive behaviour were also able to discriminate between all groups in adult male offenders, whereas, in young offenders, these measures only discriminated between those who are vulnerable to self-harm (both at imminent risk and with a history) and the general prison population. These findings strongly support the notion that interventions with individuals who are currently self-harming should not only focus on the prevention of self-harming behaviours but also work to address the negative emotional states associated with this behaviour. Whilst our theoretical knowledge of the different dimensions of aggression and impulsive behaviour is limited, this thesis gives rise to the possibility of using existing programmes in a new and more holistic way.
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Tshem, Tembakazi. "An exploration of family group conferencing as part of the diversion experience of young male offenders". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/210.

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The aim of this study is to explore the experiences and evaluations of young male offenders who were diverted to family group conferencing in order to improve current services. An exploratory research design was chosen to obtain an understanding of what these young male offenders experienced during their conferencing and also to seek out their recommendations for future improvement of the family group conferencing diversion programme. This study comprised two samples which were purposively selected. The first sample was made up of ten young male offenders and the second sample comprised of the parents and /or guardians of the young male offenders. The data was collected using structured interview schedules. The data was collected on separate occasions for the two samples. Each interview lasted about 30- 40 minutes each. The findings of this study showed that there is still a need to train probation officers on appropriate implementation of family group conferencing and that families also have a role to play towards succefull implementation of diversion programmes. It is evident from the findings that young offenders need their families to support and care for them during difficult situations, as purported by the systems theory whereby society is regarded as a system with different parts and families are an important part of this system. Young offenders belong to families and families are part of communities and society. It is also important to note that victims are part of families, thus also part of society and the system. Family group conferencing provide an opportunity for all these parts to meet in a mediated environment to address the harm caused and make amends. The findings of this study also showed that there is a need to educate the general public about child justice legislation and the emerging trends in the field of child justice including diversion programmes.
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Thody, Philippa. "The effects of integrating the populations : the experiences of young adult male offenders incarcerated in an adult prison". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3934/.

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The thesis examines the background, theory and effects of imprisoning young, male adult offenders (aged 18-21) with adult male offenders (over 21 years). The Introduction forms Chapter 1. The initial ‘needs analysis’ is described here; how Young Adult Offenders are currently being incarcerated with adults, from a little established research base evaluating the practice. The Systematic review is described in Chapter 2 and scopes the literature from journals held in selected databases of published research relating to the topic of integrating young offenders with adults in adult prisons. Searches yielded reports of the target population imprisoned with adults and these informed on the effects of mixing the different-aged populations. This included a qualitative study examining the young people’s views, and quantitative research reporting how they conducted themselves and coped in prison. Seven papers were included in the final review and each was critically appraised based on type of study and methodology followed. The Empirical research study is set out in Chapter 3 and follows qualitative methodology, specifically Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). From analysis of the participants’ views, it details over-arching themes concerning locus of control, coping styles and issues relating to the development of identity. The results highlighted five main themes: 1. Elements of vulnerability; how the self and others are perceived and protected and how weaknesses are exploited, 2. The complexities of adjusting to prison, 3. Being concerned about safety in prison, 4. How activities are perceived and utilised and 5. How help is identified and accessed. These are discussed in terms of the literature and theory. Limitations are discussed. A Psychometric assessment: the Emotional Problems Scales (EPS: Prout & Strohmer, 1991) is critiqued in Chapter 4, selected for its utility with the target age group. The Discussion of the whole thesis is presented in Chapter 5, with practical implications for future practice and effective management of young people held in adult prisons.
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Nowicka-Sroga, Margaret. "The Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision: A recidivism follow-up study within a sample of male young offenders". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29149.

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This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR; Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 1995) on young offenders. The LSI-OR is a risk/need assessment measure designed to assess risk of recidivism and other offender problems, and to classify offenders for supervision and treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 1998). Although the scale has been used with young offenders, it has not yet been adequately validated with this population. The sample consisted of 154 16- to 18-year old, Caucasian, male, young offenders from Northern Ontario, who had been sentenced to custody or community (probation) terms. Following a 3.8-year follow-up period, 50.6% of the sample had been reconvicted, with 20.1% for a violent offence. Recidivists scored significantly higher than nonrecidivists on the LSI-OR total score and on six of the eight risk and need subscales. Correlations between the LSI-OR total score and general and violent recidivism were .46 and .31, respectively. ROC analyses indicated significant effects for LSI-OR total and combined scales with general offending (AUCs of .77 to .80) and with violent offending (AUCs of .72 to .74). Controlling for location (custody-community), hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed the LSI-OR's incremental predictive validity for general, violent, and nonviolent recidivism. The General Risk/Need and Responsivity Sections made unique contributions to the final model of binary nonviolent recidivism. General Risk/Need contributed to the prediction of binary violent recidivism. Among the General Risk/Need subsections, Criminal history and Leisure/recreation as well as Criminal history and Education/employment uniquely contributed to the model of nonviolent and violent charges, respectively. The results support the use of the LSI-OR instrument with 'older' young offenders, especially those in the community, but should be cross validated on another (larger) sample of 16- to 18-year old offenders. Future research exploring the role of young offenders' responsivity concerns, in particular their motivational problems and use of denial/minimization, is suggested because these items also discriminated between recidivists and nonrecidivists in the current study.
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Fraser, Sara. "Patterns of substance use in adolescent male young offenders, relationships with child maltreatment experiences and their inculcation of antisocial identities". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61643.pdf.

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Książki na temat "Young male offenders"

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Pennell, Amanda Elizabeth. The effects of video violence on young male offenders. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Jackel, Chris M. Young offender study: A qualitative analysis of the correlates of youth crime as perceived by former-male young offenders. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1996.

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Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste, red. Locked in--locked out: The experience of young offenders out of society and in prison. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2002.

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Ammons, William J. Dimensions of intra-psychic functioning in male young offenders. 1992.

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Great Britain. HM Prison Service. i Prison Reform Trust, red. Prisoners' information book: For male prisoners and young offenders. London: Prison Reform Trust, 2002.

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Ammons, William James. Dimensions of intra-psychic functioning in male young offenders. 1992.

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Prisoners' information book: For male prisoners and young offenders. London: Prison Reform Trust, 1999.

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1925-, Pauker Jerome D., red. School attendance and non-attendance in Canada and the United States: Classification of male young offenders with school attendance problems. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Education, 1988.

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Boyes, Lynn. What's the Score: Helping Young Offenders Make Sensible Choices. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Young male offenders"

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Loeber, Rolf, i David P. Farrington. "Young Male Homicide Offenders and Victims: Current Knowledge, Beliefs, and Key Questions". W Young Homicide Offenders and Victims, 1–17. New York, NY: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9949-8_1.

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Mehay, Anita, i Rosie Meek. "The Development of a Peer-Based Approach for Promoting Prisoner Health in an English Male Young Offender Institution". W The Voluntary Sector in Prisons, 143–70. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54215-1_6.

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ALLEN, CRAIG M., i HENRY L. POTHAST. "DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE CHILD SEX ABUSERS". W Young Victims, Young Offenders, 73–88. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315792897-5.

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Yarrow, Elizabeth. "Gendering Security". W Handbook of Political Violence and Children, 541–68. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0020.

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Efforts toward preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) have been largely male-dominated—led by and directed at men and boys, who are typically assumed the perpetrators of terrorist acts, as well as the subjects best placed to prevent and address them. Young women and girls have often been regarded as peripheral, of relevance only as victims or objects of security measures and concerns. Yet, women and girls do play significant roles in the dynamics of terrorism—as offenders, mobilizers, and enablers of terrorist attacks, as well as active agents in the advancement of counter-narratives to combating violence. This chapter considers the gendered dimensions of terrorism and P/CVE, with a particular focus on girls and young women. It argues that consideration of gender is crucial for understanding the causes and the dynamics of the use of children in terrorism and for developing more effective strategies for prevention.
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Oosthuizen, Helen. "‘There is a good spot in my heart’: A story of a music therapy group that enables young sex offenders to reconnect with themselves, their stories, and their communities". W Handbook of Music, Adolescents, and Wellbeing, 197–206. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808992.003.0018.

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The South Africa-based ‘Support Programme for Abuse Reactive Children’ combines psycho-educational and cognitive behavioural diversion approaches with creative programmes, including music therapy, to offer holistic rehabilitation to young sex offenders. This chapter offers a case story describing key moments in the music therapy process for one group of young offenders. From my perspective as the music therapist, I consider how collaborative drumming enabled participants to experience belonging and acceptance and how musical story-writing and improvisation motivated group members to support and challenge one another as they took ownership of their personal stories. I further explore how the experience of creating and performing a group rap offered a means through which group members could reconnect with their home communities as adolescents with potential, hope for the future, and a willingness to take responsibility to make relevant changes in their lives.
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Harboe Knudsen, Ida. "‘Eastern Criminals’ and Moral Panic: On Lithuanian Offenders in Danish Prison Facilities". W Modern Folk Devils: Contemporary Constructions of Evil, 223–43. Helsinki University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/hup-13-12.

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This chapter analyses an increased number of arrests made on young Lithuanian burglars in Denmark. Following the newspaper hype and political reactions to the burglaries, a distorted picture of the ‘devils’ is produced, letting the public believe that the Lithuanian lawbreakers are particularly inhumane, ruthless and violent. Despite the police reporting that they never have had any violent incidents with Lithuanians, the public image prevails. This negative image ends up affecting their treatment and their rights in Danish detention centres, as prison guards act in accordance with the image, rather than in accordance with their own experience. This makes Lithuanians a particularly vulnerable group of inmates in Denmark.
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Norrie, Kenneth McK. "The Legal Process before 1968: The Juvenile Court". W A History of Scottish Child Protection Law, 115–44. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444170.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the world-wide movement at the turn of the 20th century towards specialist juvenile courts to deal with children who commit offences. Following the lead of the juvenile court movement in the USA and Australia, the Children Act 1908 set up juvenile courts in both Scotland and England, though in Scotland these courts quickly acquired jurisdiction over both young offenders and children in need of care and protection. Originally little more than a separate set of procedural rules to be followed in the sheriff court dealing with children, an effort was made in the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Acts 1932 and 1937 to give better effect to the idea of a separate court presided over by specialist judges. Though never nation-wide, these new, enhanced, juvenile courts took on many of the characteristics that were later adopted by the children’s hearing system, including the processes to be followed, the involvement of the children, the requirement to look at the child’s wider environmental circumstances (including the child’s welfare), and the outcomes available to the court.
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Swinson, Nicola, i Jennifer Shaw. "Homicide offenders including mass murder and infanticide". W New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1937–41. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0258.

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There is a widespread public perception of the mentally ill as violent. Until the early 1980s there was a consensus view that patients with severe mental illness were no more likely to be violent than the general population. Emerging evidence from various countries over the past two decades, however, has established a small, yet significant, association between mental illness and violence. There are 500–600 homicides annually in England and Wales. Perpetrators and victims are predominantly young males, especially when the victim is unknown to the perpetrator. In such ‘stranger homicides’ perpetrators are less likely to have a lifetime history of mental illness, symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offence, or contact with mental health services. Despite an increasing rate of homicides in the general population, convictions for infanticide and the rate of infant homicide has remained relatively constant, at around 4.5 per 100 000 live births. Infanticide has become a generic term for killing of infants, even though the criminal charge in England applies to a crime for which only a woman can be indicted. Multiple homicides, in particular serial homicides, have generated a great deal of public and media interest over recent decades yet this phenomenon is rare in the UK. The rarity of these events means that there is a lack of empirical evidence about the characteristics of perpetrators and victims in the UK, with most evidence emanating from the United States. Even then, however, there is an absence of systematic, robust evidence, with many studies being limited by small sample size. Around 1 in 10 perpetrators of homicide in England and Wales are female, which is consistent with data from other countries. Stranger homicide by females is rare. In one-quarter of cases the victims are the perpetrators’ own children and a current or former partner in over a third. Homicides perpetrated by the elderly are exceptionally rare. There is a well documented increased risk of violence in those with schizophrenia. The aim of the National Confidential Inquiry is to collect detailed clinical information on people convicted of homicide, focusing on those with a history of contact with mental health services. Nearly one in three Inquiry cases were seen during the week before the homicide, a similar proportion within 1–4 weeks and the remainder between 1–12 months. A substantial proportion had mental state abnormalities at final contact, often distress, depressive symptoms, hostility, or increased use of alcohol or drugs. Despite this immediate risk was judged to be low or absent in 88 per cent cases at the last contact.
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Norrie, Kenneth McK. "Home Supervision". W A History of Scottish Child Protection Law, 176–94. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444170.003.0007.

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This chapter traces the origins of the most common outcome available to the children’s hearing – a supervision order in terms of which the child will remain in their own home. Social supervision grew out of the probation service developed at the turn of the 20th century, and was extended to care and protection cases by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1932. The nature and role of probation officers in the early 20th century is looked at, supervising both child offenders and child victims, and the legislation governing probation is analysed. The formal shift from probation to supervision for all children subject to orders made by the children’s hearing came about with the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968, under which the probation service came under local authority control, and supervision orders became the main outcome at children’s hearings. The nature of supervision in that Act and its 1995 and 2011 replacements is then examined.
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Farrington, David P. "Psychosocial causes of offending". W New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1908–17. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0253.

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Offending is part of a larger syndrome of antisocial behaviour that arises in childhood and tends to persist into adulthood. There seems to be continuity over time, since the antisocial child tends to become the antisocial teenager and then the antisocial adult, just as the antisocial adult then tends to produce another antisocial child. The main focus of this chapter is on types of antisocial behaviour classified as criminal offences, rather than on types classified for example as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. In an attempt to identify causes, this chapter reviews risk factors that influence the development of criminal careers. Literally thousands of variables differentiate significantly between official offenders and non-offenders and correlate significantly with reports of offending behaviour by young people. In this chapter, it is only possible to review briefly some of the most important risk factors for offending: individual difference factors such as high impulsivity and low intelligence, family influences such as poor child rearing and criminal parents, and social influences: socio-economic deprivation, peer, school, community, and situational factors. I will be very selective in focussing on some of the more important and replicable findings obtained in some of the more methodologically adequate studies: especially prospective longitudinal follow-up studies of large community samples, with information from several data sources (e.g. the child, the parent, the teacher, official records) to maximize validity. The emphasis is on offending by males; most research on offending has concentrated on males, because they commit most of the serious predatory and violent offences. The review is limited to research carried out in the United Kingdom, the United States, and similar Western industrialized democracies. More extensive book length reviews of antisocial behaviour and offending are available elsewhere.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Young male offenders"

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MANNING, Mark. "Evaluation of enhanced Triage – can a welfare approach to young offenders make a difference?" W The 4th International Conference on Economic Sciences and Business Administration. Fundatia Romania de Maine, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/v4.i1.31.

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