Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Yogurt cheese”

Although dairy products play a significant role in human nutrition, they may cause a risk to the consumers. This study intends to determine the microbial contamination level in selected milk products concerning Bacillus cereus enterotoxigenic genes. Three hundred plant-origin flavoured cheese, flavoured yogurt, flavoured drinking yogurt, kareish (skim milk cheese), soft cheese, and Ras (Romy) cheese (50 samples for each) were randomly collected from retail markets at different districts in El Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The microbiological analysis and the molecular identification of Bacillus cereus by multiplex PCR were applied and revealed potential risks associated with consumption of the tested milk products (white soft, Ras, and kareish cheeses). In all analysed cheeses (white soft, Ras and kareish) a high contamination level with coagulase positive staphylococci (20.0%, 22.0% and 20.0%) and coliform bacteria (76.0, 86.0, and 88.0%) was detected. The highest percent (78.0%) of fungi was found in kareish cheese samples. Bacillus licheniformis was the most aerobic spore forming bacteria detected in kareish cheese (23.7%) and flavoured drinking yogurt (17.0%) samples. The highest prevalence (8.0%) of Bacillus cereus was recorded in the flavoured drinking yogurt and white soft cheese samples. The (nhe) was the most detected gene (100.0%) in all of the examined samples. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between nhe and ces genes in all investigated samples except in flavoured drinking yogurt samples. Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected. This survey is one of the very few surveys that describe the safety and quality status of plant-origin flavoured cheeses and flavoured drinking yogurt, particularly in Egypt.

In order to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in soft cheese and sweet yogurt producedlocally, this study was done by random collection of samples from different areas in Baghdad province and itssurrounding from different animals (Cows and Buffalos) as 55 total samples (47 soft –cheese samples and 8sweet-yogurt samples) from October 2007 till January 2008 and processed according to standard protocols ofListeria monocytogenes .The results showed isolation of 6 isolates from 55 samples(10.9%) as 5 isolates from 47 soft – cheese samples(10.638%) and 1 isolated from 8 sweet yogurt samples (12.5%),these revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) inisolation percentages between Cows and Buffalos .Samples of raw –dairy products from local Buffaloes recordedhighest isolation percentage of Listeria monocytogenes as 73.5%(23.5% represented 4 isolates from 17 soft –cheese samples and 50% represented 1 isolate from 2 yogurt samples) highest percentage of isolation of Listeriamonocytogenes from soft cheese samples occurred in January (2008) as 18.2% (2 isolates from 11samples)especially from Buffalos in Al-Taji region as 33.4% (1 isolate from 3 samples ) while ,highest isolationpercentage of Listeria monocytogenes from yogurt occurred in December (2007)as 50%,1 isolate from 2 samplesespecially from Buffaloes at Al-Fadhyllea region.We concluded from this study by contamination of soft –cheese and sweet-yoghurt samples produced locallyin Baghdad by Listeria monocytogenes .

Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been commonly associated with products derived from ground beef, but recently the organism has been implicated as the causative agent in outbreaks involving yogurt and cheese. This finding has raised concern about the potential for its growth and survival in fermented dairy products. A bioluminescent strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to determine postprocessing survival in yogurt with live cultures at pH 4.17, 4.39, and 4.47 stored at 4 and 10°C. In addition, survival of E. coli O157:H7 was monitored during the manufacture of Cottage, Colby, Romano, and Feta cheeses. Results indicated survival for 8 and 5 days at 4 and 10°C respectively in yogurt at pH 4.17, 17 and 15 days at 4 and 10°C respectively in yogurt at pH 4.39, and 17days at both 4 and 10°C in yogurt at pH 4.47. E. coli O157:H7 did not survive cooking procedures at 56°C in Cottage cheese. However, the pathogen survived for 27, 30, and 27 days in Colby, Romano, and Feta cheeses respectively. A high correlation of r2 &gt; 0.89 was obtained between counts of bioluminescenct colonies and standard plate count for all yogurt and cheese varieties, indicating that bioluminescence was a sensitive and rapid indicator of cellular viability for E. coli O157:H7. Survival of the pathogen, as indicated by this method, is possible in highly acidic environments even at refrigeration temperatures. This poses a potential hazard should postprocessing contamination occur.

In Hatay region, production of dairy products whose raw material is known as yogurt is important to increase the durability of yogurt. These products are produced in small-scale enterprises and offered for sale in local markets, and in some enterprises are produced industrially. It is also made by the local people for their own consumption. Dairy products made from yogurt in and around Hatay; Concentrated (torba) Yogurt, Salted Yogurt, Duberke, Labne (labna modavara, junkie, labna mıdabale), Çökelek, Antakya Sürk (Antakya Çökelek) which have geographically indicated, Yogurt Cheese and Butter made from yogurt (yayık butter). In this study, production technology, general characteristics and studies related to the subject of dairy products made from yoghurt were given.

Penentuan bahasa sensori untuk produk pangan baru merupakan hal yang penting untuk mengetahui seberapa dekat sifatnya dengan produk komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan metode (quantitative descriptive analysis) QDA terhadap identifikasi lexicon (bahasa sensori) sensori greek yoghurt yang berbahan dasar susu sapi. Pelaksanaan metode QDA dimulai dari mendeksripsikan produk, penentuan standar atribut, pelatihan panelis, pengujian atribut dan focus group discussion (FGD). Data hasil pengujian dianalisis menggunakan spider web dan principal component analysis (PCA). Hasil pengujian deskriptif antara produk greek yoghurt komersial dengan greek yoghurt uji adalah pada komersial 1 (biokul greek) memiliki atribut antara lain: rasa asin, rasa asam, rasa aftertaste sepat, aroma cheesy, aroma lactid acid, aroma cottage cheese, warna broken white, tekstur thick, dan tekstur grainy. Sampel komersial 2 (heavenly blush) memiliki atribut antara lain: rasa manis dan asam, aroma strawberry yogurt, aroma lactid acid, aroma strawberry ice cream, aroma strawberry milky, aroma strawberry candy, warna milky white, tekstur grainy, tekstur smooth, tekstur liquid. Sedangkan pada greek yoghurt uji memiliki atribut antara lain: rasa manis dan asam, aroma cheesy, aroma strawberry yogurt, aroma lactid acid, aroma milky orange, aroma strawberry milky, warna broken white, tekstur thick, tekstur grainy, dan tekstur smooth.

AbstractEight commercial foods representing a wide range of viscosities (i.e. honey, condensed milk, mayonnaise, tomato ketchup, cream cheese, yogurt, process and Mozzarella cheeses) were investigated. Their steady shear viscosity and dynamic complex viscosity were determined by rheological measurements at two temperatures using a Bohlin-CVO rheometer. Based on experimental data, shear rate dependence of steady flow apparent viscosity and frequency dependence of dynamic viscosity was established and compared. It was determined that for condensed milk, tomato ketchup and mayonnaise, a modified Cox-Merz relation could be established. For cream cheese, a generalized Cox-Merz relation was proposed; and for yogurt, a deviation from the Cox-Merz rule was found. For Mozzarella and process cheeses a sharp drop in steady shear viscosity was noticed between 1~10 s-1 shear rate range. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable for these cheese samples.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this research is two-fold: first, we have surveyed food pantry participants to assess their knowledge and selection of probiotic-containing foods; and second, we have evaluated and compared the availability and viability of probiotic cultures in the cheese and yogurts available at a local food pantry, in a retail market, and in fresh, homemade food products. Methods This study examined the availability, awareness, and usage of probiotic-containing food by food pantry participants. The study consisted of two parts. The first part examined the awareness and usage of probiotic foods by the food pantry participants that were evaluated by a validated survey. The survey was conducted with participants from four different food pantries in Wisconsin in September-October 2017. Survey data were analyzed by using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 24.0, 2016, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Pearson Chi-Squared analyses were used to examine the awareness and usage of probiotics by the participants. The second part analyzed the viability of probiotic bacteria in various kinds of yogurt and cheese available in a local food pantry as well as store-bought, high-quality cheese and yogurt, and homemade yogurt in the laboratory. Lactobacillus app. in the cheese and yogurt samples were isolated by MRS agar. The special formula was used to calculate the number of Lactobacillus app. in the samples. Results The results show 82.9% of survey participants (n = 205) reported that they heard the word probiotics, but only 44% of those are knowledgeable on probiotics. Importantly, knowledge of probiotics correlates to increased consumption of yogurt but not pickles and cheese. Lactobacillus viability did not vary significantly between expensive and cheap yogurt brands but was absent in processed yogurt and cheese. Conclusions Probiotics could be found in the food pantries but only in a limited quantity and frequency. Thus, nutrition education and interventions are needed to educate the food pantry directors on the importance of probiotic foods, especially dairy products. Also, there is a need to educate food pantry participants about probiotics. Funding Sources Student Research Grant; Research Services, University of Wisconsin-Stout.

Cheese and yogurt are two kinds of nutritious dairy products that are used worldwide. The major preservatives in dairy products are sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and natamycin. The maximum permitted levels for these additives in cheese and yogurt are established according to Iranian national standards. In this study, we developed a method to detect these preservatives in dairy products by reversed phase chromatography with UV detection in 220 nm, simultaneously. This method was performed on C18 column with ammonium acetate buffer (pH=5) and acetonitrile (73 : 27 v/v) as mobile phase. The method was carried out on 195 samples in 5 kinds of commercial cheeses and yogurts. The results demonstrated insufficient separation where limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.326 to 0.520 mg/kg and 0.989 to 1.575 mg/kg in benzoate and sorbate, respectively. The correlation coefficient of each calibration curve was mostly higher than 0.997. All samples contained sodium benzoate in various ranges. Natamycin and sorbate were detected in a remarkable amount of samples, while, according to Iranian national standard, only sorbate is permitted to be added in processed cheeses as a preservative. In order to control the quality of dairy products, determination of preservatives is necessary.

Mozzarella cheese and yogurt are dairy products that are popular in the community. However, not many people know how to make these products, so training is needed to improve community skills in making mozzarella cheese and yogurt for business opportunities for the community. The training was conducted on PKK member in Ciporeat Village, Cilengkrang District, Bandung Region. The method of implementing the activity includes pre-test, presenting material, practice of making mozzarella and yogurt and posttest. Participants were very enthusiastic in participating in the training activities and gave positive responses to these activities. The activity can increase the knowledge and skills of the community in training milk into mozzarella cheese and yogurt. At the time of the pre-test, people's knowledge of products, tools and materials and how to process mozzarella cheese and yogurt products was very low, after training there was an increase in knowledge of products, tools and materials, as well as how to process mozzarella cheese and yogurt products to reach 100%.

This study evaluated the microbial quality, safety, and ecology of a retail delicatessen Galotyri-like fresh acid-curd cheese traditionally produced by mixing fresh natural Greek yogurt with ‘Myzithrenio’, a naturally fermented and ripened whey cheese variety. Five retail cheese batches (mean pH 4.1) were analyzed for total and selective microbial counts, and 150 presumptive isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were characterized biochemically. Additionally, the most and the least diversified batches were subjected to a culture-independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. LAB prevailed in all cheeses followed by yeasts. Enterobacteria, pseudomonads, and staphylococci were present as <100 viable cells/g of cheese. The yogurt starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were the most abundant LAB isolates, followed by nonstarter strains of Lactiplantibacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, whose isolation frequency was batch-dependent. Lactococcus lactis isolates were sporadic, except for one cheese batch. However, Lactococcus lactis, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Salinivibrio, and Shewanellaceae were detected at fairly high relative abundances culture-independently, despite the fact that their viable counts in the cheeses were low or undetectable. Metagenomics confirmed the prevalence of S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii. Overall, this delicatessen Galotyri-like cheese product was shown to be a rich pool of indigenous nonstarter LAB strains, which deserve further biotechnological investigation.

Dissertation 'consists of a selection of 71 publications produced over the period 1975-2001, which were drawn from the more complete list of 198 original research papers, review articles and books published over the same period' -- declaration.
Thesis (PhD Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the curious facts about the food industry is that many of the processes in use today were being practised, in some form or other, by the Roman legions as they marched across Europe and beyond. Certainly they were familiar with the basic techniques of fermentation, and much current research into fermented foods is concerned with understanding the fundamental nature of these traditional processes, and how the individual stages in a particular fermentation can be better controlled. Recent developments in the dairy industry have tended to reflect this pattern and, over the years, my research group has done much to support the expanding markets for yoghurt and similar fermented milks. Our evaluation of the polysaccharide-producing characteristics of starter cultures, for example, encouraged yoghurt manufacturers to match physical properties to the perceived demands of consumers, and most culture suppliers followed this lead by labelling their products with precise designations as to their potential for imparting viscosity to a retail item. Similarly, my group was the first to record the unique physical properties of the concentrated yoghurt, labneh, C 230 g 1-1 total solids) that had been made for hundreds of years by draining whey from natural yoghurt hanging in a cloth or animal-skin bag. This detailed analysis of the product facilitated the application of ultra-filtration to natural yoghurt to generate a product with a quality that matched traditionallabneh and, today, factories in the Middle East, Greece and elsewhere are using modern membrane-filtration plants to satisfy a growing market demand. Our success in publicising the attractive properties of concentrated yoghurt encouraged me to devote time to yet another 'historical' concept, namely the apparent 'health benefits' derived by small communities in Eastern Europe from consuming kefir and koumiss. In the West, the flavour and texture of these latter products have never been accepted, but employing similar cultures to produce 'health-promoting' bio-yoghurts opened an entirely new avenue for research. As clinical evidence in support of the prophylactic and therapeutic properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus and a species of Bifidobacterium became available, so it became apparent that the therapeutic advantage that accompanies the regular ingestion of 'bio-yoghurts' depended on the survival of these microfloras over the stipulated shelf-lives of the retail vehicles. However, no laboratory medium was immediately available for the simultaneous enumeration of Lb. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium along with the yoghurt cultures, i.e. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii sub-sp. bulgaricus. Designing such a medium became a priority for one of my students, and, even today, the procedures that he derived are being used by consumer groups that monitor the performance of the major dairy companies in England. If the improved quality of yoghurts and 'bio-yoghurts' had a major impact on consumer perceptions of fermented milks, the food sector in England gradually became aware of an even more dramatic change in consumer attitudes. Thus twenty years ago, cheese meant 'Cheddar' but, following a 'deluge' of television publicity about the attractions of 'exotic' catering, housewives began demanding mozzarella and mascarpone for lavish desserts, Feta to sprinkle over salads and Halloumi to grill or fry. In turn, exporting countries like Italy, Greece and Cyprus came under intense pressure to increase supplies of top quality products. Local manufacturers soon realised, however, that there was little information available concerning the scientific basis to the procedures employed to make some of these traditional cheeses, and my research group was selected by Funding Agencies in Greece and Cyprus to act as a focus for a series of studies of Feta and Halloumi cheese. The need to eliminate pathogens from the storage brines of Feta cheese without killing the yeasts and bacteria associated with maturation became an important consideration for exporters, and one of my students exploited a novel procedure employing furocoumarins and long-wave ultra-violet light to achieve the desired selective inactivation. At present, the economics of commercial application are somewhat dubious but, as soon as cheap, synthetic, non-toxic furocoumarins become more readily available, the system may well merit re-evaluation. We did confirm, however, that the metabolic activities of the yeasts and bacteria typically isolated from storage brines are essential for flavour development in Feta cheese, and that similar microfloras are instrumental in the development of the important charactistics of traditional Halloumi cheese. In particular, a new species of lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus cypricasei, was isolated from samples of the traditional ovine cheese, but whether or not the species has a unique role(s) in the maturation process remains an open question. Clearly there is still much to learn but, if the activities of my reseach group have added just a little to the scientific background essential for future studies of cheese and fermented milks, then their completion will have been worthwhile.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die merkwaardigste feite omtrent die voedselindustrie is dat baie van die prosesse wat vandag gebruik word, in een of ander vorm deur die Romeinse magte gebruik is toe hulle deur Europa marsjeer het. Basiese fermentasie tegnieke was aan hulle bekend, en heelwat huidige navorsing oor gefermenteerde voedsel is gemik daarop om die fundamentele natuur van hierdie tradisionele prosesse te verstaan en hoe die individuele stappe in 'n spesifieke fermentasie beter beheer kan word. Onlangse ontwikkelinge in die suiwelindustrie reflekteer hierdie patroon, en my navorsingsgroep het oor die jare heelwat gedoen om die groeiende markte vir joghurt en soortgelyke gefermenteerde melk te ondersteun. Ons evaluasie van die polisakkariedproduserende eienskappe van suursels het byvoorbeeld joghurtvervaardigers gehelp om fisieke eienskappe daar te stel wat verbruikers tevrede sal stel. Meeste verskaffers van kulture het hierdie voorbeeld gevolg deur hul produkte so te etiketteer dat duidelik gewys word watter potensiaal dit het om viskositeit aan die finale produk te verleen. Verder was my groep die eerste om die unieke fisiese eienskappe van die gekonsentreerde joghurt, labneh (230 g 1-1 totale vastestowwe) te bepaal, wat vir honderde jare gemaak is deur die wei van natuurlike joghurt te dreineer deur dit in "n materiaal- of diervelsak te hang. "n Gedetailleerde analise van hierdie tradisionele produk het bygedra tot die gebruik van ultrafiltrasie op natuurlike joghurt om "n produk te gee met dieselfde kwaliteit as tradisionele labneh. Vandag gebruik fabrieke in die Midde Ooste, Griekeland en elders moderne membraan-filtrasie aanlegte om in die groeiende vraag na die produk te voorsien. Ons sukses met die bekendmaking van die aantreklike eienskappe van gekonsentreerde joghurt het my aangespoor om tyd te spandeer aan nog 'n sogenaamde "historiese" konsep, naamlik die skynbare gesondheidsvoordele van klein gemeenskappe in Oos-Europa wat kefir en koumiss verbruik. In die Weste is die smaak en tekstuur van hierdie produkte nooit werklik aanvaar nie, maar om soortgelyke kulture te gebruik om "gesondheidsbevorderende" bio-joghurt te produseer, het 'n hele nuwe navorsingsveld daargestel. Soos kliniese bewyse van die terapeutiese en voorkomende voordele van Lactobacillus acidophilus en 'n spesie van Bifidobacterium bekend gemaak is, het dit duidelik geword dat die terapeutiese voordele wat saamgaan met die gereelde inname van "bio-joghurts", afhang van die oorlewing van hierdie mikroflora oor die gestipuleerde rakleeftyd van die kommersiële produkte. Geen laboratorium medium was egter onmiddellik beskikbaar vir die gelyktydige telling van Lb. actdophilus en Bifldobacterium tesame met die joghurt kulture Streptococcus thermophilus en Lb. delbrueckii sub-sp. bulgaricus. Die ontwikkeling van so 'n medium het een van my studente se prioriteit geword, en selfs vandag word die prosedures wat deur hom ontwikkel is, gebruik deur verbruikersgroepe wat die optrede van groot suiwelmaatskappye in Engeland monitor. lndien die verbeterde kwaliteit van joghurts en bio-joghurts 'n groot impak gehad het op verbruikers se persepsie van gefermenteerde melk oor Wes-Europa heen, het die voedselsektor in Engeland bewus geraak van selfs 'n meer dramatiese verandering in verbruikers se houding. Twintig jaar terug het kaas "Cheddar" beteken, maar na 'n stortvloed televisie advertensies oor die aanloklikheid van eksotiese geregte, het daar by huisvroue 'n vraag ontstaan na Mozzarella en Mascarpone vir nageregte, Feta oor slaai en Halloumi om te bak of te braai. Italië, Griekeland en Siprus wat hierdie produkte uitgevoer het, het onder kwaai druk gekom om groter hoeveelhede, top-kwaliteit produkte te lewer. Plaaslike vervaardigers het gou agtergekom dat min inligting beskikbaar was oor die wetenskaplike basis van die prosedures wat gebruik word om hierdie tradisionele kase te maak en my navorsingsgroep is deur befondsingsagentskappe in Griekeland en Siprus genader om studies te doen oor sekere aspekte van die vervaardiging van Feta en Halloumi kaas. Dit het vir beide in- en uitvoerders belangrik geword om die patogene te elimineer uit die soutoplossing waarin Fetakaas gestoor word, sonder om die giste en bakterieë wat rypwording aanhelp, te dood. Een van my studente het 'n innoverende prosedure ontwikkel wat furocoumarins en lang-golf-ultra-violet lig gebruik om selektiewe inaktivering te kry. Op die oomblik is daar effense onsekerheid oor die ekonomiese implikasies van die kommersiële toepassing, maar sodra goedkoop, sintetiese, nie-toksiese furocoumarins geredelik beskikbaar word, moet die sisteem weer geëvalueer word. Ons het egter bevestig dat die metaboliese aktiwiteite van die giste en bakterieë in die stooroplossing noodsaaklik is vir geurontwikkeling in Feta kaas en dat soortgelyke mikrofloras instrumenteel is in die ontwikkeling van die belangrike karaktereienskappe van tradisionele Halloumi kaas. 'n Unieke melksuurbakterium, Lactobacillus cypricasei, is uit monsters tradisionele skaap Halloumi geïsoleer, maar of hierdie spesie 'n unieke rol speel in die verouderingsproses is nog 'n ope vraag. Duidelik is daar nog baie om te leer, maar indien my navorsingsgroep se aktiwiteite slegs 'n klein bydrae gemaak het tot die wetenskaplike agtergrond wat essensieel is vir toekomstige navorsing, was die voltooiing daarvan die moeite werd.

Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Apesar dos carotenoides estarem amplamente distribuídos nos alimentos de origem vegetal, a sua adição a produtos alimentícios de elevado consumo se torna cada vez mais frequente, visto as inúmeras evidências sobre os benefícios destes pigmentos para a saúde humana. Assim, esse trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e a validação de métodos para extração e quantificação de carotenoides em iogurte desnatado e em queijo Prato, ambos adicionados de corante contendo luteína, a fim de verificar a estabilidade deste carotenoide durante o armazenamento refrigerado destes produtos na ausência e na presença de luz (1000 lux). Para o queijo Prato, também foi verificado o efeito do tipo de embalagem na estabilidade da luteína, empregando embalagens plásticas transparentes e pigmentadas de cor vermelha. Além disso, a bioacessibilidade in vitro da luteína adicionada ao leite e ao iogurte desnatado, semidesnatado e integral foi avaliada para estimar a fração de luteína adicionada que pode ser absorvida pelo organismo humano, após o consumo destes produtos. O método desenvolvido e validado para determinação da luteína em iogurte incluiu a extração dos carotenoides com tetraidrofurano em vortex, seguida de centrifugação, partição dos extratos para éter etílico/éter de petróleo (2:1) e quantificação espectrofotométrica dos carotenoides em etanol. O método apresentou linearidade na faixa estudada (1,41¿13,42 µg/g, coeficiente de determinação 0,9938),limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,42 µg/g e 1,28 µg/g, respectivamente, baixo desvio padrão relativo (3,4 %) e recuperação variando entre 95 e 103 %. Este método foi empregado para avaliar a estabilidade de luteína adicionada em iogurte desnatado, onde foi verificado que, na concentração adicionada (aproximadamente 10 µg luteína/g iogurte), o carotenoide manteve-se estável durante os 35 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, independentemente das condições de iluminação. O método validado para iogurte não foi eficiente para a extração de carotenoides de queijo Prato, e por isso, um novo método foi desenvolvido e validado. A extração dos carotenoides do queijo Prato foi realizada em almofariz, utilizando acetato de etila como solvente extrator e hyflosupercel como adjuvante de extração. O novo método desenvolvido para queijo Prato demonstrou linearidade na faixa de 0,05 a 1,15 mg/g, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,9984. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,02 e 0,06 mg/g, respectivamente, o desvio padrão relativo de 2,85 % e os valores de recuperação variaram entre 93 e 98 %. Na aplicação deste método para monitorar a estabilidade de luteína durante o armazenamento do queijo Prato, constatou-se que não houve alteração dos níveis deste carotenoide durante 56 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Os queijos armazenados na presença ou ausência de luz, embalados em embalagem transparente ou pigmentada, mantiveram seus níveis de luteína praticamente constantes e não apresentaram diferenças entre si. A análise da bioacessibilidade in vitro da luteína adicionada em leite e iogurte demonstrou que as amostras de leite semidesnatado e integral, assim como o iogurte integral, apresentaram índices de bioacessibilidade entre 19 e 21 %, semelhantes aos já relatados na literatura para alimentos naturais e formulados. Além disso, durante a digestão in vitro foi constatada a hidrólise de cerca de 85 % dos ésteres de luteína presentes na formulação do corante luteína, provavelmente devido à ação da lipase pancreática. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que os métodos desenvolvidos produziram resultados confiáveis na análise de luteína adicionada em iogurte desnatado e queijo Prato, e que os níveis de luteína se mantiveram constantes durante o armazenamento dos produtos, nas condições estudadas. Além disso, do ponto de vista de bioacessibilidade, entre o leite e iogurte adicionados de luteína, apenas aqueles com maiores teores de gordura (leite semidesnatado e integral e iogurte integral) mostraram-se bons veículos para adição de luteína.22:00 1/11/2012
Abstract: Although carotenoids are widely found in foods from vegetable origin, their addition to food products of high consumption becomes increasingly common due to the abundant evidence about the benefits of these pigments to the human health. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop and validate methods for the extraction and quantification of carotenoids from skimmed yogurt and "Prato¿ cheese added lutein colorant in order to verify the stability of this carotenoid during refrigerated storage in the dark and in illuminated environment (1000 lux). The effect of packaging on the stability of lutein was also determined in the Prato cheese by using transparent and red pigmented plastic packaging. In addition, the in vitro bioaccessibility of lutein added to skimmed, semi-skimmed and whole milk and yogurt was evaluated to estimate the fraction of the added lutein that can be absorbed by the human body after the intake of these products. The method developed and validated for the determination of lutein in yogurt comprised the extraction of carotenoids with tetrahydrofuran by vortexing, followed by centrifugation, partition of the extract to diethyl ether/petroleum ether (2:1) and spectrophotometric quantification of the carotenoids in ethanol. The method was linear in the tested range (1.41 to 13.42 µg/g, coefficient of determination 0.9938), the limits of detection and quantification were 0.42 µg/g and 1.28 µg/g,respectively, the relative standard deviation (3.4 %) was low and the recovery ranged from 95 to 103 %. This method was employed to evaluate the stability of the yogurt with lutein colorant addition, and at the used concentration (ca. 10 mg lutein/g yogurt), the carotenoid was stable during the 35 days of refrigerated storage, regardless the illumination conditions. The method validated for yogurt was not efficient to extract the carotenoids from Prato cheese, and therefore a new method was developed and validated. The carotenoid extraction from Prato cheese was carried out in a mortar with ethyl acetate and hyflosupercel, as an extraction enhancer. The new method developed for Prato cheese was linear in the range from 0.05 to 1.15 mg/g, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9984. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 and 0.06 mg/g, respectively, the relative standard deviation was 2.85 % and recovery values ranged between 93 and 98 %.By applying this method to determine the stability of lutein during the storage of Prato cheese, no modifications were observed in the levels of carotenoids during the 56 days of storage. The lutein contents remained constant and no differences were observed regardless the illumination conditions or package type. The analysis of the in vitro bioaccessibility of lutein from milk and yogurt with addition of lutein colorant showed that semi-skimmed (21 %) and whole milk (19 %), and whole yogurt (21 %) had bioaccessibility values similar to those reported in the literature for natural and formulated foods. Furthermore, about 85% of the esters present in the lutein colorant were hydrolized during the in vitro digestion, probably due to the action of the pancreatic lipase. The results showed that the developed methods produce reliable results for the analysis of lutein added to skimmed yogurt and Prato cheese, and that lutein levels remained constant in these products during the storage, under the studied conditions. Moreover, regarding bioacessibility, only the milk and yogurt with lutein colorant samples with high fat content (whole and skimmed milk and whole yogurt) showed to be good vehicles for the addition of lutein
Doutorado
Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Щерба, Л. В. Проєктування цеху з переробки молока у фермерському господарстві на 100 корів : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 181 «Харчові технології» / Л. В. Щерба ; керівник роботи В. М. Челябієва ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра харчових технологій. – Чернігів, 2021. – 94 с.
Основною метою даної роботи є проектування сучасного виробничого цеху на фермерському господарстві з виготовлення молочної продукції. У роботі висвітлено основні проблеми розвитку молочної промисловості в Україні, наведені статистичні дані, щодо кількості поголів’я великої рогатої худоби та підприємств з переробки молока; наведені основні розрахунки продукції заданого асортименту та технологічна схема напрямків переробки сировини, основні нормативні характеристики, яким має відповідати вхідна сировина та готова продукція, описані загальні технологічних операцій при виготовленні продукції запроектованого асортименту та технологія виробництва, відповідно до апаратурно-технологічної схеми; наведені передумови для впровадження НАССР на виробництві, визначені та обґрунтуванні критично-контрольні точки. Також у роботі висвітлені питання промислової санітарії, заходів щодо охорони навколишнього середовища та організація охорони праці під час виробництва.
The main purpose of this work is to design a modern production plant on a farm for the manufacture of dairy products. The paper highlights the main problems of development of the dairy industry in Ukraine, provides statistics on the number of cattle and milk processing enterprises; the basic calculations of production of the set assortment and the technological scheme of directions of processing of raw materials, the basic normative characteristics to which the input raw materials and finished goods should correspond, the general technological operations at manufacturing of products of the designed assortment and production technology according to the hardwaretechnological scheme are given; the preconditions for the implementation of HACCP in production are given, the critical control points are defined and substantiated. The paper also covers issues of industrial sanitation, environmental protection measures and the organization of labor protection during production.

2 pp.
Originally published: 2002
If drinking milk or eating foods made from milk, like cheese, yogurt, or ice cream, upsets your stomach then you may be lactose intolerant. Some people make too little lactase, so lactose from milk is not absorbed. There are alternatives to obtain the daily calcium if you are lactose intolerant.

Introdução - Evidências recentes de estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos sugerem uma relação inversa entre o consumo de alimentos lácteos e inflamação, demonstrando a relevância do tema para Saúde Pública diante de sua possível atuação na redução do risco cardiovascular. Objetivo - Avaliar a associação entre consumo de alimentos lácteos e marcadores inflamatórios em uma amostra representativa de adultos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos - Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal, de base populacional, que utilizará dados bioquímicos (coleta de sangue) e de consumo alimentar (Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar) provenientes de 269 indiviÍduos de ambos os sexos e idade entre 19 e 59 anos participantes do ISA Capital - 2008/2009. Resultados - Após ajustes de idade e sexo, o consumo total de lácteos demonstrou correlação inversa com as concentrações séricas de homocisteína e interleucina-8. O tercil de maior consumo de iogurte esteve significativamente associado com menores níveis de interleucina-8, fator de necrose tumoral-, homocisteína, triglicérides e VLDL-colesterol e maiores da leptina quando comparado ao tercil de menor consumo (p<0,005). Os queijos com menor teor de gordura apresentaram seu consumo inversamente associado às concentrações de interleucina-8, proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 e triglicérides e positivamente com HDL-colesterol e leptina, apesar de também correlacionados ao fator de necrose tumoral- e adiponectina (p<0,005). Os grupos do leite e queijos em geral também estiveram associados com alguns marcadores inflamatórios. Conclusões - O maior consumo de iogurte e queijo light parece modular o sistema imune em favor à um menor estado inflamatório, demonstrando-se independentemente associado à reduzidas concentrações de diversos marcadores anti-inflamatórios. Futuros estudos de suplementação poderão confirmar estes achados, caracterizando o benefício do consumo de lácteos.
Introduction - Recent evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between dairy consumption and inflammation, which demonstrates the relevance of the subject to Public Health considering its possible role on reducing cardiovascular risk. Objective - To investigate the association between dairy products consumption and circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers among a representative sample of Brazilian adults from São Paulo City. Methods - The data come from a cross-sectional population-based study, Health Survey for São Paulo (HS-SP). All individuals aged 20 to 59 included in this research gave out completed food consumption information (24-hour dietary recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire) and blood sampling analysis totalizing a 269 subjects sample. Results - After age and gender adjustments, total dairy consumption exhibited an inverse relation with both homocysteine and interleunkin-8. A higher consumption of yogurt was significantly associated with lower levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-, homocysteine, triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol and higher of leptin (p for trend 0.005). Light cheese consumption was inversely associated with concentrations of interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and triglycerides and positively with HDL-cholesterol and leptin, despite of being also correlated with tumor necrosis factor- and adiponectin. Milk and cheese also presented significant associations with some inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions - A higher consumption of yogurt and light cheese seems to modulate immune system in favor of a lower inflammatory status, being independently associated with reduced concentrations of various anti-inflammatory biomarkers. Further research is required to attests these findings, featuring the benefits of dairy consumption.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in local and processed milk and main dairy products available in Lahore. Total 60 milk samples and 120 samples of dairy products including butter (n = 30), cheese (n = 30), cream (n = 30), and yogurt (n = 30) were collected. Milk samples were collected from 3 different sources i.e. unprocessed milk from local milk shop (n = 20) and a local dairy farm (n = 20), and processed milk sample from a commercial shop (n = 20) while samples of each dairy product were also different i.e. processed (n = 15) and unprocessed (n = 15). Milk samples were analyzed using kit method while dairy product samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) followed by immunoaffinity column clean up. In second phase of the study, efficacy of three different toxin binders was compared and analyzed. The results showed that AFM1 was detected in 16.7% of processed butter samples, 33.3% of processed cheese samples, 13.3% of local cream samples and 26.6% of processed yogurt samples and these samples exceeds European Union (EU) permissible limits of 0.05 ppb with mean concentration 0.090 ± 0.180 μg/kg and 0.000 ± 0.000 μg/kg for processed and local butter samples, 0.350 ± 0.606 μg/kg and 0.000 ± 0.000 μg/kg for processed and local cheese samples, 0.000 ± 0.000 μg/kg and 0.542 ± 1.085 μg/kg for processed and local cream samples and 0.552 ± 1.001 μg/kg and 0.000 ± 0.000 μg/kg for processed and local yogurt samples, respectively. Moreover, milk samples showed highest AFM1 (62%) in local unprocessed dairy farm followed by samples from local milk shop (51%) and commercial dairy farm (31%). In addition, therapeutic efficacy of three different types of toxin binders showed that the toxin binder which had yeast wall (75%) and algae (25%) is the best to control AFM1 under field conditions. Overall, results of this study are valuable for dairy farmers on one hand and law enforcement authorities on the other to comprehend and control AFM1 problem in milk and main dairy products.

‘Environment and civilization’ evaluates the role of bacteria in the environment and in civilization. From the rise of prehistoric man to the end of the 19th century, the main involvement of humans with bacteria had been as a result of their ability to spoil food and liquids. Cooking, food preservation, alcohol production, cheese and yogurt manufacturing, and probiotics are all developments that are important within this topic. Bacteria have always been an essential component of the disposal of human waste and have played a considerable role in body decomposition after death.

Dairy products are important in human diet and nutrition. That is why dairy production is critical not only economically, but also socially and medically. In recent decades, dairy production has had problems with disturbances in fermentation processes caused by bacteriophage contamination. It is important to note that every year there are new reports about newly discovered bacteriophages that disrupt fermentation processes in the production of kefir, yogurt, and various types of cheese. Lactococcus lactis strains are of particular importance in dairy technology, as they are used for the production of various yogurts and cheeses. The study of the spectrum of bacteriophages infecting this strain can help to monitor the evolutionary changes of viruses and the horizontal transfer of genes. In this paper, an analysis of phages infecting L. lactis was carried out. Most bacteriophages belong to the Siphoviridae and Podoviridae families. Moreover, the authors analyzed approaches that can be used to reduce bacteriophage contamination in the production of dairy products. It has been shown that the use of disinfectants, such as ethanol on sodium hypochlorite, can reduce the titer of bacteriophages and protect products from the development of viral infection. It is also possible to use membrane filtration with UV irradiation. Moreover, all these approaches can be combined to achieve the most effective result.

There are always byproducts and residues in the processing of raw material into final crops. These constitute parts of the original material that are not evaluated. In the dairy industry, various residues remain in the processing of the raw material milk into crops. “Skimmed milk, cheese water and buttermilk” are left over from the separation of milk into cream, processing into cheese and butter and making butter from yogurt. In terms of utilizing these substances, preventing the loss of nutritionally important nutrients, and also using them in animal and human nutrition, commercial products such as glue, oil paint, artificial fabric contain raw materials such as acetone, alcohol, acid. They are of great importance in terms of food supply and economy.

This study was investigated consumer acceptability of yoghurt produced from fresh cow milk using Brevibacterium linens as starter culture. The fresh cow milk was collected from Vom, Jos, and Plateau State, Nigeria. Bervibacterium linens was isolated from sample of cheese. The milk samples were clarified to remove foreign materials, pasteurized at 65oC for 30min to destroy pathogenic materials and later cool to temperature of 42oC and inoculated with Freeze- dried yoghurt starter as inoculums and allowed to ferment for 4hrs. The semi- solid curds were homogenized; package and cool at 4oC. Aroma, mouth- feel and taste were monitored for the sensory quality. The general acceptability of the products was evaluated using twenty (20) trained panelists. The result of the sensory evaluation of the yoghurts showed that the yoghurt produced from B. linens as starter culture was significantly different (p<0.05) than those produced from common starter culture. Keywords: Consumer Acceptability, Yoghurt, Fresh Cow Milk, Brevibacterium linens, Starter Culture.

Brevibacterium linens has long been recognized as an important dairy microorganism. This study investigated Assessment of Syneresis in yoghurt produced from fresh cow milk using Bervibacterium linens as starter culture. Bervibacterium linens was isolated from sample of cheese (procured from Jos metropolis). The milk samples were clarified to remove foreign materials, pasteurized at 65oC for 30min to destroy pathogenic materials and later cooled to temperature of 42oC and B. linens was inoculated in pasteurized milk to compare its potential as starter culture against common starter culture (L.bulgaricus and S. thermophlius) , the mixture allowed to ferment for 4 hrs. The semi- solid curds were homogenized; package and cool at 4oC and the same method was repeated for common starter yoghurt. Syneresis was determined by using centrifugal method. The result of syneresis of yoghurt produced Brevibacteriu linens as starter was significant (p<0.05) lower than that produced from common starter culture. The usage of B. linens as starter culture should be encouraged in dairy industries. Keywords: Syneresis, cow milk, yoghurt, Bervibacterium linens, starter culture.

Proteins are crucial macronutrient for human health. Animal, dairy, and some plant proteins are considered high-quality proteins that provide health and metabolic benefits based on the digestible levels of essential amino acids they contain. Animal protein is rich in many essential amino acids, but excessive animal protein intake greatly increases fat intake. Therefore, due to the improvement in people's living standards and increase in protein intake, the animal protein supply is not sufficient to meet the increasing demand of people. Technologically, milk proteins are the most important component of milk due to their unique properties that allow milk to be converted into a wide range of products such as cheese or yoghurt quite easily. It is widely accepted that dairy products are excellent sources of highly digestible essential amino acids. Nowadays, plant protein is preferred because has advantages such as it is an abundant source, cheap, easy to obtain, preferred by special consumer groups such as vegan/vegetarian, does not contain cholesterol and preventing diseases. In the last decades, the increasing interest of both producers and consumers in plant proteins and the decrease in animal protein intake and inclination to plant protein intake with the innovations in the markets emphasize the importance of these alternative sources. In this review, information is given about the importance of milk proteins and plant proteins and the role they play in consumer preference is mentioned.

The National Collection of Nonpathogenic Microorganisms (NCNM) contains bacterial species like Rhizobium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., which are known for their antimicrobial activity, plant stimulation effects, and exometabolites that can be used for plant protection. Some can be used for the insect and plant disease controls. The Collection also contains the lactic acid bacteria isolated from naturally fermented homemade dairy foods, that can be used for obtaining sour cream, fresh cheese, yoghurt, soy milk, brined cheese. These bacteria permit to create a better taste, flavor and texture of the fermented foods, and to ensure manufacturing dairy products enriched with beneficial microorganisms, with an extended shelf-life and enhanced food safety of food products (due to the production of the lactic acid as an antimicrobial substance). Cell viability during storage is of a great importance for the cultures used in the food and/or agriculture industries. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) provides a higher cell viability and is used for the longterm preservation. Depending on the resistance to the freeze-drying process there are three groups or bacteria: the resistant, the moderately resistant and the sensitive ones. According to this classification, bacteria from the Pseudomonas and Bacillus genus have been either resistant or moderately resistant to the lyophilization process. For the NCNM just like for any other similar collection conservation and long-term storage of valuable microbial strains (fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae) is of a special importance. The aim of the research was to check the viability and stability of the pure strains of Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and lactic acid bacteria strains a 15-year storage in the NCNM. Lactic acid bacteria included Lactococcus sp. and Streptococcus thermophilus. The number of viable cells was determined as the colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml), and the survival rate was calculated as CFU/ml after freeze-drying divided by CFU/ml before freeze-drying. The Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. strains were found to be viable and their titer ranged from 6,8 to 7,6 log10UFCml-1 and from 7,9 to 8,1 log10UFCml-1 respectively. It is known that the Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria can be stored for over 30 years in freeze-dried form with no changes in the high level cell viability at 6-7 log10UFCml-1. Lactic acid bacteria strains after 15 years of storage in freeze-dried form had a survival rate of 80% with the titer ranged from 6,2 to 8,3 log10UFCml-1. According to other studies the minimal viability of different species of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacterium, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Bacillus after freeze-drying could reach 70%. Thus, the number of viable cells remaining in the tested ampoules was sufficient to maintain the culture. Microscopic examination confirmed the purity of the cultures. Bacillus sp. Was represented by rodshaped Gram-positive cells, and Pseudomonas sp - by Gram-negative. Lactic acid bacteria were present as cocci in short or long chains. All their strains were able to cause active milk coagulation, producing dense consistence, without gas eruption, and, therefore, respected the technological requirements for the lactic acid bacteria species. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of freeze-drying for the tested strains