Artykuły w czasopismach: „X-RAY DEVICE”

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Butler, M., i MW Regan. "A Novel X-Ray Targeting Device". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, nr 2 (marzec 2007): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2007.89.2.179b.

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Gambato, Marco, Nicola Scotti, Giacomo Borsari, Jacopo Zambon Bertoja, Joseph-Domenico Gabrieli, Alessandro De Cassai, Giacomo Cester, Paolo Navalesi, Emilio Quaia i Francesco Causin. "Chest X-ray Interpretation: Detecting Devices and Device-Related Complications". Diagnostics 13, nr 4 (6.02.2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040599.

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This short review has the aim of helping the radiologist to identify medical devices when interpreting a chest X-ray, as well as looking for their most commonly detectable complications. Nowadays, many different medical devices are used, often together, especially in critical patients. It is important for the radiologist to know what to look for and to remember the technical factors that need to be considered when checking each device’s positioning.

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Kalaiselvi, S. M. P., T. L. Tan, A. Talebitaher, P. Lee i R. S. Rawat. "Optimization of neon soft X-ray emission from 200 J plasma focus device for application in soft X-ray lithography". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 32 (styczeń 2014): 1460323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603238.

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The Fast Miniature Plasma Focus (FMPF) device is basically made up of coaxial electrodes with centrally placed anode and six cathode rods surrounding them concentrically. They are enclosed in a vacuum chamber, filled with low pressure operating gas. However, in our experiments, these cathode rods were removed to investigate the influence of them on neon soft X-ray (SXR) and hard X-ray (HXR) emission from the device. On removal of cathode rods, the cathode base plate serves as cathode and the plasma sheath is formed between the anode and the base plate of cathode. Neon was used as the operating gas for our experiments and the FMPF device used is of 235 J energy capacities. The experimental results showed that the FMPF device was able to focus better and the SXR emission efficiency was five times higher without cathode rods than with cathode rods. On the contrary, HXR emission did not vary with and without cathode rods. This observed phenomenon was further cross-checked through imaging of plasma dynamics, with and without cathode rods. FMPF device consists of 4 Pseudo Spark Gap (PSG) switches, which need to operate synchronously to deliver high voltage from capacitors to the anode. It was also seen that, the presence or absence of cathode rods also influence the synchronous operation of PSG switches. It also implies that this is one definite way to optimize the SXR emission from the FMPF device. This study reveals an important finding that, cathode rods play a vital role in the formation of plasma sheath with consequential influence on the radiation emission from plasma focus devices. Enhancement of the X-ray emission from this device is definitely a stepping stone in the realization of this device for industrial applications such as X-ray lithography for semiconductor industries.

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Sharma, Anju, Preeth Sivakumar, Andrew Feigel, In Tae Bae, Lawrence P. Lehman, Joseph Gregor, James Cash i Joseph Kolly. "Effects of x-ray exposure on NOR and NAND flash memories during high-resolution 2D and 3D x-ray inspection". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, nr 1 (1.10.2016): 000660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-thp53.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a detailed study on the effects of x-ray exposure on data corruption in commercially available NOR and NAND flash memory devices during x-ray inspection with a high-resolution Phoenix Nanomex system from GE. We investigated role of the x-ray tube voltage, tube current, device orientation, x-ray filters and photon energy. We explored the low exposure regime in detail when the first byte errors start occurring and also determined the absorbed dose for 100% byte errors. No data corruption was observed after the normal 2D x-ray inspection and CT scans of the NOR and NAND flash memory devices under study. However, increase in the tube voltage, tube current and/or the x-ray beam size resulted in byte errors which increased exponentially with the exposure time. The byte error rate was found to be much more sensitive to the tube voltage than the tube current. It was also affected by the device orientation with respect to the x-ray beam. The NAND flash memories were found to be more susceptible to data corruption from x-ray exposure than the NOR devices examined in this work. Some NOR devices were irradiated with the monochromatic x-rays from the CHESS synchrotron facility at Cornell University. Of all the photon energies used in this study, 12 keV x-ray irradiation resulted in the highest byte error rate. In this paper, we thus present a direct proof that it is the low-energy photon absorption that plays a major role in introducing bit errors in flash memories. Commonly available low-energy x-ray filters such as Cu and Al foils were found to be effective in preventing data corruption in such devices for long exposure time. Use of lower tube voltage, lower tube current, smaller x-ray spot size, short exposure time and low-energy x-ray filters, is recommended to prevent data corruption during 2D and 3D x-ray inspection of flash memory devices and other semiconductor devices in general.

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Grunthaner, F. J. "Fundamentals of X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy". MRS Bulletin 12, nr 6 (wrzesień 1987): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067245.

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AbstractRapid progress in the development of new electronic materials and the steady maturation of silicon-based technologies has resulted in a host of novel electronic devices in which the active region of the structure is confined to an interface or a surface. The chemical, electronic, and physical characterization of surfaces and interfaces in semiconductors and insulators is of critical importance to manufacturing process control as well as to the fundamental electron physics and materials science which support microelectronic device research.

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Murphy, Michael C., i Michael R. Wilds. "X-Rated X-Ray Invades Privacy Rights". Criminal Justice Policy Review 12, nr 4 (grudzień 2001): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403401012004005.

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X-rated X-ray machines utilizing backscatter technology are strip-searching unsuspecting travelers as they pass through our nation's border and airport checkpoints. These machines not only check for explosives, drugs, or other contraband, but also are capable of counting hairs on a man's chest or measuring the depth of a woman's navel. At the same time the machines are checking for contraband, they can produce an X-rated image comparable in quality to those found in Playboy magazine. This article focuses on the efficacy of the device, the need to protect society, and individual privacy rights in light of the boundaries provided by Fourth Amendment search and seizure laws. Supporting arguments advanced for use of backscatter technology include (a) the enhanced security to society, (b) reduced invasiveness of the search, and (c) the reduction in health risks associated with the use of the devices. Opposing arguments focus upon the slippery slope and unacceptable degree of intrusion upon the privacy rights of the individual. The article concludes by framing the legal arguments within an analysis of the opportunity costs associated with implementation of the X-rated X-ray devices.

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Kärtner, Franz X. "Terahertz accelerator based electron and x-ray sources". Terahertz Science and Technology 13, nr 1 (marzec 2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tst/2020131022.

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The generation and use of THz radiation for electron acceleration and manipulation of electron bunches has progressed over the last decade to a level where practical devices for THz guns, acceleration and a wide range of beam manipulations have become possible. Here, we present our progress on generation of single-cycle THz pulses at the two-hundred micro-Joule level to drive advanced acceleration and beam manipulation devices. Specifically, we use pulses centered at 0.3 THz to power a segmented terahertz electron accelerator and manipulator (STEAM) capable of performing multiple high-field operations on the 6D-phase-space of ultrashort electron bunches. Using this STEAM device, we demonstrate record THz-acceleration of >60 keV, streaking with <10 𝑓s resolution, focusing with >2 kT/m strength, compression to ~100 𝑓s as well as real-time switching between these modes of operation. The STEAM device demonstrates the feasibility of THz-based electron accelerators, manipulators and diagnostic tools enabling science beyond current resolution frontiers with transformative impact.

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Zhang, Ran, Xiaobing Zou, Xinlei Zhu, Shen Zhao, Haiyun Luo i Xinxin Wang. "X-Ray Emission From a Tabletop $X$-Pinch Device". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 40, nr 12 (grudzień 2012): 3354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2012.2207919.

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Teng Yuepeng, 滕玥鹏, 孙天希 Sun Tianxi, 刘志国 Liu Zhiguo, 罗萍 Luo Ping, 潘秋丽 Pan Qiuli i 丁训良 Ding Xunliang. "New Type Monocapillary X-Ray Optical Device". Acta Optica Sinica 30, nr 2 (2010): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20103002.0542.

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Liu Duo, 刘舵, 强鹏飞 Qiang Pengfei, 李林森 Li Linsen, 刘哲 Liu Zhe, 盛立志 Sheng Lizhi, 刘永安 Liu Yong′an i 赵宝升 Zhao Baosheng. "Multilayer Nested X-Ray Focusing Optical Device". Acta Optica Sinica 36, nr 8 (2016): 0834002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201636.0834002.

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Gruner, Sol M., Mark W. Tate i Eric F. Eikenberry. "Charge-coupled device area x-ray detectors". Review of Scientific Instruments 73, nr 8 (sierpień 2002): 2815–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1488674.

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Babichev, E. A., S. E. Baru, A. I. Volobuev, V. V. Gusev, G. M. Kolachev, Yu A. Nemkov, V. A. Neustroev i in. "A digital medical X-ray diagnostic device". Biomedical Engineering 31, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02365959.

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Guangpu, Wei. "Amorphous silicon device for X-ray detection". Vacuum 42, nr 16 (1991): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(91)91266-q.

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Mawatari, Kazuma, Hiroki Koreeda, Koji Ohara, Shinji Kohara, Koji Yoshida, Toshio Yamaguchi i Takehiko Kitamori. "Nano X-ray diffractometry device for nanofluidics". Lab on a Chip 18, nr 8 (2018): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00077h.

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Baru, S. E., A. G. Khabakhpashev i L. I. Shekhtman. "A low-dose x-ray imaging device". European Journal of Physics 19, nr 6 (1.11.1998): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/19/6/002.

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Wale, Mahalakshmi, DN S. V Ramesh, R. Thriveni i Amit Byatnal. "Hand-held X-ray device: A review". Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 30, nr 2 (2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_36_18.

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Glover, Jack L., Praful Gupta, Nicholas G. Paulter i Alan C. Bovik. "Study of Bomb Technician Threat Identification Performance on Degraded X-ray Images". Journal of Perceptual Imaging 4, nr 1 (1.05.2021): 10502–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2021.4.1.010502.

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Abstract Portable X-ray imaging systems are routinely used by bomb squads throughout the world to image the contents of suspicious packages and explosive devices. The images are used by bomb technicians to determine whether or not packages contain explosive devices or device components. In events of positive detection, the images are also used to understand device design and to devise countermeasures. The quality of the images is considered to be of primary importance by users and manufacturers of these systems, since it affects the ability of the users to analyze the images and to detect potential threats. As such, there exist national standards that set minimum acceptable image-quality levels for the performance of these imaging systems. An implicit assumption is that better image quality leads to better user identification of components in explosive devices and, therefore, better informed plans to render them safe. However, there is no previously published experimental work investigating this.Toward advancing progress in this direction, the authors developed the new NIST-LIVE X-ray improvised explosive device (IED) image-quality database. The database consists of: a set of pristine X-ray images of IEDs and benign objects; a larger set of distorted images of varying quality of the same objects; ground-truth IED component labels for all images; and human task-performance results locating and identifying the IED components. More than 40 trained U.S. bomb technicians were recruited to generate the human task-performance data. They use the database to show that identification probabilities for IED components are strongly correlated with image quality. They also show how the results relate to the image-quality metrics described in the current U.S. national standard for these systems, and how their results can be used to inform the development of baseline performance requirements. They expect these results to directly affect future revisions of the standard.

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Labbe, Michael S., Ming-Yee Chiu, Mark S. Rzeszotarski, Ali R. Bani-Hashemi i David L. Wilson. "The x-ray fovea, a device for reducing x-ray dose in fluoroscopy". Medical Physics 21, nr 3 (marzec 1994): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597309.

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Teeuw, D. H. J., i J. Th M. De Hosson. "Determination of x-ray elastic constants using an in situ pressing device". Journal of Materials Research 13, nr 7 (lipiec 1998): 1757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0246.

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The experimental determination of x-ray elastic constants are performed by in situ measurements of the dependence of the strain state in selected crystallites for different applied external compressive stresses. The use of compressive applied stresses instead of tensile applied stresses is of interest for x-ray elastic constant determinations for materials which exhibit brittle crack-like behavior, which cannot be loaded to high tensile stresses in, for example, four-point bending devices. The x-ray elastic constants for {146} α–Al2O3 are determined with the pressing device and compared to calculated as well as experimentally determined values which were tested in tensile loading devices.

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Фролов, Ivan Frolov, Бачериков i Ivan Bacherikov. "Defectoscopy roundwod with x-ray equipment". Forestry Engineering Journal 6, nr 3 (10.10.2016): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21691.

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This article deals with the information about using X-ray inspection systems as a core flaw of wood rot. The main focus of the X-ray inspection systems is to scan luggage for dangerous and forbidden substances. The use of this device for the timber inspection is important because the inspection device has the transmission type, so it can be used for inspection of round timber. The process of modernization includes changing a conveyor belt for the chain conveyor.

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Peterson, Brennan, Michael Kwan, Fred Duewer, Andrew Reid i Rhiannon Brooks. "Optimizing X-Ray Inspection for Advanced Packaging Applications". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, nr 1 (1.09.2020): 000165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000165.

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ABSTRACT Over the coming decade, advanced packaging will become increasingly critical to performance, cost, and density improvements in advanced electronics. There is both an industry push: cost and performance advances in transistor scaling are increasingly difficult. And there is an industry pull: customization for each market can be done far more quickly by assembling a series of parts in a package, rather than by design and integration into a single device. This isnt a new idea: Gordon Moore said the same in the 60’s. But after decades of increased device level integration, it is an important change. Figure 1 shows an example (future) device: there are large bumps, hybrid bonds--for extreme bandwidth and low latency connection to cache memory, TSV based DRAM, and multiple CPU to CPU interconnects. Each of these is a failure point. Figure 1: The wide variety of interconnects on future advanced packages Figure 2: the triangle of misery as applied to standard and Advanced xray imaging (AXI) Manufacturing will necessarily advance in the packaging arena: pin density and package size will both increase to support the high bandwidth and device integration demands. The downside of multiple device integration is a higher set of requirements on the reliability of both the individual devices and the fully assembled system. This is an opportunity to take advantage of new strategies and technologies in package inspection. The sampling challenges for both control and inspection for high reliability require systems that can run at 100% coverage and millions of units per year. An overview of reliability sampling challenges as it relates to the end of line inspection, as well as sampling for both defect type and incidence is critical to understanding how and what to measure to maximize yield. There are fundamental tradeoffs between speed, resolution, and signal to noise ratio that inform a systematic engineering understanding of inspection. Optimizing that trade-off specifically for semiconductor inspection leads to dedicated tools with extremely high resolution, speed, and low dose. In parallel with the speed requirements, sensitivity, and noise immunity can be improved with an understanding of the systematic sources of noise. These can be mitigated and even eliminated with novel algorithms for both image enhancement and defect location.

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Lin, Chen-Fu, Kuo-Wei Huang, Yen-Ting Chen, Sung-Lin Hsueh, Ming-Hsien Li i Peter Chen. "Perovskite-Based X-ray Detectors". Nanomaterials 13, nr 13 (7.07.2023): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13132024.

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X-ray detection has widespread applications in medical diagnosis, non-destructive industrial radiography and safety inspection, and especially, medical diagnosis realized by medical X-ray detectors is presenting an increasing demand. Perovskite materials are excellent candidates for high-energy radiation detection based on their promising material properties such as excellent carrier transport capability and high effective atomic number. In this review paper, we introduce X-ray detectors using all kinds of halide perovskite materials along with various crystal structures and discuss their device performance in detail. Single-crystal perovskite was first fabricated as an active material for X-ray detectors, having excellent performance under X-ray illumination due to its superior photoelectric properties of X-ray attenuation with μm thickness. The X-ray detector based on inorganic perovskite shows good environmental stability and high X-ray sensitivity. Owing to anisotropic carrier transport capability, two-dimensional layered perovskites with a preferred orientation parallel to the substrate can effectively suppress the dark current of the device despite poor light response to X-rays, resulting in lower sensitivity for the device. Double perovskite applied for X-ray detectors shows better attenuation of X-rays due to the introduction of high-atomic-numbered elements. Additionally, its stable crystal structure can effectively lower the dark current of X-ray detectors. Environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite exhibits potential application in X-ray detectors by virtue of its high attenuation of X-rays. In the last section, we specifically introduce the up-scaling process technology for fabricating large-area and thick perovskite films for X-ray detectors, which is critical for the commercialization and mass production of perovskite-based X-ray detectors.

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Walker, Trumann, Tara Nietzold, Niranjana Mohan Kumar, Barry Lai, Kevin Stone, Michael E. Stuckelberger i Mariana I. Bertoni. "Development of an operando characterization stage for multi-modal synchrotron x-ray experiments". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, nr 6 (1.06.2022): 065113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087050.

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It is widely accepted that micro- and nanoscale inhomogeneities govern the performance of many thin-film solar cell absorbers. These inhomogeneities yield material properties (e.g., composition, structure, and charge collection) that are challenging to correlate across length scales and measurement modalities. The challenge is compounded if a correlation is sought during device operation or in conditions that mimic aging under particular stressors (e.g., heat and electrical bias). Correlative approaches, particularly those based on synchrotron x-ray sources, are powerful since they can access several material properties in different modes (e.g., fluorescence, diffraction, and absorption) with minimal sample preparation. Small-scale laboratory x-ray instruments have begun to offer multi-modality but are typically limited by low x-ray photon flux, low spatial resolution, or specific sample sizes. To overcome these limitations, a characterization stage was developed to enable multi-scale, multi-modal operando measurements of industrially relevant photovoltaic devices. The stage offers compatibility across synchrotron x-ray facilities, enabling correlation between nanoscale x-ray fluorescence microscopy, microscale x-ray diffraction microscopy, and x-ray beam induced current microscopy, among others. The stage can accommodate device sizes up to 25 × 25 mm2, offering access to multiple regions of interest and increasing the statistical significance of correlated properties. The stage materials can sustain humid and non-oxidizing atmospheres, and temperature ranges encountered by photovoltaic devices in operational environments (e.g., from 25 to 100 °C). As a case study, we discuss the functionality of the stage by studying Se-alloyed CdTe photovoltaic devices aged in the stage between 25 and 100 °C.

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McEvoy, Brian, Hervé Michel, Daniel Howell i Philip Roxby. "X-ray: An Effective Photon". Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 54, s1 (1.06.2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-54.s3.23.

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Abstract Following years of discussion and debate regarding the economics of X-ray radiation for sterilization of healthcare products, the benefits of the technology are now being realized. X-ray, like gamma radiation, is a process whereby energic photons penetrate to sterilize medical devices. Compared to gamma, photons in the bremsstrahlung spectrum from X-ray radiation allow for improved dose uniformity ratio, higher dose rates, and shorter process time, which provide additional opportunities for sterilization process enhancement. Such improvements may be realized in a number of ways: 1) economic, where more products may be processed on a carrier; 2) improved dose range fit; and/or 3) wider material compatibility. Despite noted benefits, X-ray sterilization has not yet been widely accepted and currently accounts for less than 5% of the contract sterilization market. This article brings X-ray sterilization into focus by sharing knowledge and experience gained over the past 10 years at the STERIS Däniken site, with an aim to identify opportunities for future medical device sterilization.

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Khan Malek, C., V. Saile, H. Manohara i B. Craft. "Deep X-ray lithography with a tunable wavelength shifter at CAMD". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, nr 3 (1.05.1998): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597019547.

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An additional X-ray lithography facility is under construction at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices. It will receive radiation from a 7.5 T superconducting three-pole wavelength shifter. The critical energy of the insertion device is tunable up to a maximum value of 11.2 keV, allowing for optimization of photon spectra to resist thickness. In particular, this hard X-ray source will allow investigation of X-ray lithography at very high energies for devices with thicknesses in excess of 1 mm, and study of low-cost mass-production concepts, using simultaneously exposed stacks of resist layers.

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Kolesnikov, K. A., A. P. Lysenko, A. S. Medvedko, V. E. Panchenko i E. I. Zagorodnikov. "Device for absolute calibration of x‐ray imaging detectors and x‐ray counters (abstract)". Review of Scientific Instruments 60, nr 7 (lipiec 1989): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140761.

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Gutman, George, Emil Strumban, Evgeny Sozontov i Kenneth Jenrow. "X-ray scalpel—a new device for targeted x-ray brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery". Physics in Medicine and Biology 52, nr 6 (27.02.2007): 1757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/52/6/015.

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Beard, Warren T., i Ronald W. Armstrong. "LM-ACT for Imaging RAM Devices in X-ray Diffraction Topographs". Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021030.

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Analysis of serai conductor material and associated integrated circuits (IC) is imperative for ensuring quality products. Currently, routine circuit testing is dominated by measurement of the optical and electrical material/device properties through final device performance and parametric testing.Characterization of the crystal microstructure still is not considered a routine process test. Structural characterization usually is based on double-crystal rocking curves, x-ray topography, or a combination of these techniques.

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Burkhalter, P. G., G. Mehlman, D. A. Newman, M. Krishnan i R. R. Prasad. "Quantitative x‐ray emission from a DPF device". Review of Scientific Instruments 63, nr 10 (październik 1992): 5052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143489.

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Kernavanois, Nolwenn, Pascale P. Deen, Luigi Paolasini i Daniel Braithwaite. "Pressure device for resonant magnetic x-ray scattering". Review of Scientific Instruments 76, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 083909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1932467.

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Kim, D. S., H. S. Hong, H. M. Park, J. H. Kim i K. S. Joo. "Radiation Damage of Semiconductor Device by X-ray". Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 40, nr 2 (30.06.2015): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrp.2015.40.2.110.

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Prawer, S., i S. W. Wilkins. "Optical alignment device for x‐ray diffraction systems". Review of Scientific Instruments 59, nr 3 (marzec 1988): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139872.

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OSTERWEIL, NEIL. "Mini X-Ray Device Treats Nonmelanoma Skin Ca". Skin & Allergy News 42, nr 11 (listopad 2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(11)70540-x.

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Yanch, J. C. "A miniature X-ray device for interstitial radiosurgery". Radiotherapy and Oncology 37 (październik 1995): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(96)80571-8.

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Oshomkov, Yu V., Yu I. Kolosov i �. G. Chikirdin. "The ARS-2 X-ray diagnostic photographic device". Biomedical Engineering 27, nr 2 (1993): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00556622.

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Rhee, Do-Byung, Seung-Jun Seo, Hyun-Woo Choi, Cheol-Woo Ko i Jong-Ki Kim. "Development of Children's X-ray Imaging Assist Device". Journal of Radiological Science and Technology 43, nr 4 (30.08.2020): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17946/jrst.2020.43.4.243.

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Srithanachai, Itsara, Surada Ueamanapong, Poopol Rujanapich, Amporn Poyai, Surasak Niemcharoen i Wisut Titiroongruang. "Effect of X-Ray Irradiation on the Current of P-N Diode". Materials Science Forum 695 (lipiec 2011): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.561.

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An effect induced by x-ray irradiation on Boron-doped crystalline Si at room temperature was closely investigated in this paper. Irradiation of X-ray energy of 40, 55 and 70keV has been performed on P-N junction diodes fabricated at Thai Microelectronics Center. Minority carrier life time of the device has been calculated before and after irradiation for comparison. The results show no significant change on the value between exposed and unexposed device. Therefore, any permanent lattice modified or any defects caused by X-ray in the device bulk seem to be unconfirmed in this range of energy. However, from this study, X-ray irradiation still effects on electrical characteristics of the diodes. Current-voltage (I-V) measurement has been carried out to study characteristic variation of the device. Biasing of the device was performed from -10 to 1 V and, after the exposure, the leakage current was obviously decreased by 25% and forward current was dramatically increased by 3 order of magnitude related to increment of X-ray energy.

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Mišić, Miroslav, Sava Stajić, Marko Petrović i Vladimir Petrović. "Manufacture of x-ray apparatus in Serbia". Zdravstvena zastita 50, nr 4 (2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-28311.

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X-ray diagnostics has an irreplaceable place in radiology despite other modern diagnostic methods. That is why the production of modern X-ray machines is strategically important for every health system. Serbia has a tradition of over 70 years in the production of X-ray machines. From the first device manufactured in Serbia in 1953, it kept pace with the world in technical and technological terms. X-ray machines were produced by the state company Jugorendgen from Nis. Unfortunately, the company Jugorendgen stopped production before it managed to make a digital X-ray machine. For the past 17 years, these devices have been manufactured by Visaris. Visaris is a private company from Belgrade, which has been developing and manufacturing digital X-ray machines and software systems since 2003. Its importance came to the forefront during the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infection when the health system of Serbia needed more stationary and mobile X-ray machines in a short time period.

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Haugh, Michael J., Michael R. Charest, Patrick W. Ross, Joshua J. Lee, Marilyn B. Schneider, Nathan E. Palmer i Alan T. Teruya. "Calibration of X-ray imaging devices for accurate intensity measurement". Powder Diffraction 27, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715612000413.

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National Security Technologies (NSTec) has developed calibration procedures for X-ray imaging systems. The X-ray sources that are used for calibration are both diode type and diode/fluorescer combinations. Calibrating the X-ray detectors is a key to accurate calibration of the X-ray sources. Both energy dispersive detectors and photodiodes measuring total flux were used. We have developed calibration techniques for the detectors using radioactive sources that are traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The German synchrotron at Physikalische Technische Bundestalt (PTB) was used to calibrate the silicon photodiodes over the energy range from 50 to 60 keV. The measurements on X-ray cameras made using the NSTec X-ray sources included quantum efficiency averaged over all pixels, camera counts per photon per pixel, and response variation across the sensor. The instrumentation required to accomplish the calibrations is described. The X-ray energies ranged from 720 to 22.7 keV. The X-ray sources produce narrow energy bands, allowing us to determine the properties as a function of X-ray energy. The calibrations were done for several types of imaging devices. There were back and front illuminated CCD (charge-coupled device) sensors, and a CID (charge injection device) type camera. The CCD and CID camera types differ significantly in some of their properties that affect the accuracy of the X-ray intensity measurements. All the cameras discussed here are silicon based. The measurements of the quantum efficiency variation with the X-ray energy are compared to the models for the sensor structure. The cameras that are not back-thinned are compared to those that are.

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Kishimoto, Shunji. "Avalanche Photodiodes as Fast X-ray Detectors". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, nr 3 (1.05.1998): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598000053.

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An avalanche photodiode (APD) detector provides a sub-nanosecond time resolution and an output rate of more than 108 counts s−1 of synchrotron X-rays. Moreover, the APD has the advantage of low noise. A review of recent developments of detectors using APD devices designed for X-ray experiments is presented in this paper. One of the detectors has an excellent time response of 100 ps resolution and a narrow width on its response function, 1.4 ns at 10−5 maximum. The other consists of a stack of four diodes and has a transmission structure. The stacked detector improved the efficiency for X-rays, e.g. 55% at 16.53 keV. The output rates reached more than 108 counts s−1 per device.

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Phlips, Bernard F., Karl D. Hobart, Francis J. Kub, Robert E. Stahlbush, Mrinal K. Das, Gianluigi De Geronimo i Paul O' Connor. "Silicon Carbide Power Diodes as Radiation Detectors". Materials Science Forum 527-529 (październik 2006): 1465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.1465.

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We have tested the radiation detection performance of Silicon Carbide (SiC) PIN diodes originally developed as high power diodes. These devices consist of 100 micron thick SiC grown epitaxially on SiC substrates. The size and thickness of the devices make them appropriate for a number of radiation detection applications. We tested 0.25 cm2 and 0.5 cm2 devices and obtained X-ray spectra under illumination with an Am-241 radioactive source. The spectra showed an energy resolution that was consistent with the resolution expected for the large capacitance of the device. Smaller devices with a diameter of 1 mm were also tested and produced spectra with a room temperature energy resolution of ~550 eV, which is consistent with the electronics limit for the capacitance of the small device. We measured the absolute charge generated by X-rays per KeV in SiC by comparing the charge generation with similar silicon devices and determined the energy required per electron hole pair in SiC to be 8.4 eV. We also performed radiation damage tests on these devices and found no significant loss in charge collection up to a photon dose of 100 MRad. Applications for these devices can be found in the fields of particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray astronomy and X-ray navigation.

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42

Hrdý, J. "X-ray Inclined Lens". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, nr 4 (1.07.1998): 1206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598002155.

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As defined here, the term `inclined lens' means a longitudinal parabolic groove fabricated into a crystal monochromator. If properly designed, it should provide the horizontal (sagittal) focusing of an X-ray beam. The focusing is based on the sagittal deviation of the beam diffracted on the wall of the groove. This effect follows from the dynamical theory of inclined diffraction. The focusing efficiency is limited compared with other methods. On the other hand, the simplicity is the main advantage of this device. The exact shape of the groove is calculated and several methods of keeping the vertical dimension of the beam small are proposed.

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Drmeyan, H. R., i S. A. Mkhitaryan. "New Interferometric Method and Device for Measuring the X-Ray Train Length". Journal of Materials Science Research 11, nr 1 (23.05.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v11n1p85.

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A new interferometric method for measuring the length of the X-ray train is proposed, and a special interferometer, a device for measurement of the X-ray train length has been developed, created, and tested. The length of the X-ray train and the duration of coherent radiation are estimated and it has been proven that the interference pattern disappears when the difference of paths between the superimposing waves becomes greater than the length of the coherent X-ray train. The bound of a disappearance of the X-ray interference pattern is determined depending on the magnitude of the path differences. The length of the X-ray train is determined, which is close to the theoretically determined value.

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Zhang, X. W., i H. Fujimoto. "A nanoradian x-ray beam deviation-correction device for x-ray free electron laser oscillator". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 425, nr 5 (22.03.2013): 052034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/425/5/052034.

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Jang, Sung-il, Jin-Hwan Choi, Sung-Soo Rhim i Jin-Gyun Kim. "Flexible Multibody Dynamic Modeling of Dental X-ray Device and Its Experimental Validation". Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 46, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2022.46.5.503.

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Li, Chi-Tang. "Development of a simple device for a moisture-proof X-ray diffraction analysis". Powder Diffraction 12, nr 3 (wrzesień 1997): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600009611.

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A simple device was developed for a moisture-proof X-ray diffraction analysis. The device consists of a simple plastic ring where one side was glued on with a thin film to let in the X-ray beam and the other side was covered with grease to seal onto a base plate. This device was later optimized by selecting a good adhesive to glue on the film, a very effective film to minimize the moisture intake, and an optimum ring height to maximize the X-ray intensity. Finally, this simple device was successfully verified that it can protect the anhydrous CaCl2 (hydrophilite) up to 4 days in ambient air.

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Sharma, Sunil, Ganesh Narayanasamy, Beata Przybyla, Jessica Webber, Marjan Boerma, Richard Clarkson, Eduardo G. Moros, Peter M. Corry i Robert J. Griffin. "Advanced Small Animal Conformal Radiation Therapy Device". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 16, nr 1 (8.07.2016): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615626011.

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We have developed a small animal conformal radiation therapy device that provides a degree of geometrical/anatomical targeting comparable to what is achievable in a commercial animal irradiator. small animal conformal radiation therapy device is capable of producing precise and accurate conformal delivery of radiation to target as well as for imaging small animals. The small animal conformal radiation therapy device uses an X-ray tube, a robotic animal position system, and a digital imager. The system is in a steel enclosure with adequate lead shielding following National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 49 guidelines and verified with Geiger-Mueller survey meter. The X-ray source is calibrated following AAPM TG-61 specifications and mounted at 101.6 cm from the floor, which is a primary barrier. The X-ray tube is mounted on a custom-made “gantry” and has a special collimating assembly system that allows field size between 0.5 mm and 20 cm at isocenter. Three-dimensional imaging can be performed to aid target localization using the same X-ray source at custom settings and an in-house reconstruction software. The small animal conformal radiation therapy device thus provides an excellent integrated system to promote translational research in radiation oncology in an academic laboratory. The purpose of this article is to review shielding and dosimetric measurement and highlight a few successful studies that have been performed to date with our system. In addition, an example of new data from an in vivo rat model of breast cancer is presented in which spatially fractionated radiation alone and in combination with thermal ablation was applied and the therapeutic benefit examined.

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Tsunoda, Takaaki, Takeo Tsukamoto, Yoichi Ando, Yasuhiro Hamamoto, Yoichi Ikarashi, Satoshi Nagasato i Kazuyuki Ueda. "Design and Characteristics of Microfocus X-ray Source with Sealed Tube and Transmissive Target on Diamond Window". Materials Evaluation 79, nr 6 (1.06.2021): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2021.me-04196.

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Electronic devices such as medical instruments implanted in the human body and electronic control units installed in automobiles have a large impact on human life. The electronic circuits in these devices require highly reliable operation. Radiographic testing has recently been in strong demand as a nondestructive way to help ensure high reliability. Companies that use high-density micrometer-scale circuits or lithium-ion batteries require high speed and high magnification inspection of all parts. The authors have developed a new X-ray source supporting these requirements. The X-ray source has a sealed tube with a transmissive target on a diamond window that offers advantages over X-ray sources having a sealed tube with a reflective target. The X-ray source provides high-power-density X-ray with no anode degradation and a longer shelf life. In this paper, the authors will summarize X-ray source classification relevant to electronic device inspection and will detail X-ray source performance requirements and challenges. The paper will also elaborate on technologies employed in the X-ray source including tube design implementations for high-power-density X-ray, high resolution, and high magnification simultaneously; reduced system downtime for automated X-ray inspection; and reduced dosages utilizing quick X-ray on-and-off emission control for protection of sensitive electronic devices.

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Jones, L. S., C. Crews, J. Endicott i A. D. Holland. "Evaluation of the performance of the CCD236 swept charge devices in lunar orbit using in-flight data". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 07 (1.07.2022): C07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07013.

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Abstract India’s Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) employs 16 CCD236 Swept Charge Devices (SCDs) similar in structure to Charge Coupled Device (CCD) image sensors. The CCD236 permits X-ray detection over a large surface area, intended to improve low flux performance, with simplified control interfaces and improved warm temperature performance. These devices were the subject of ground testing and performance evaluation before flight. Data that was recently made available by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has permitted the analysis of the performance of the CLASS SCDs after over a year of operations around the Moon. Of particular interest is the change in device performance and behaviour during transit and in lunar orbit. Preliminary analysis has indicated that device FWHM, representing the aggregate of different noise sources, has increased in line with predictions based on ground irradiation and testing.

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AYDİN, Mehmet, Mustafa Can GÜLER, Canan ATALAY i Osman Nuri KELEŞ. "Toward to Explain of Working Principles of Blood-Brain Barriers Like X-Ray Devices: A Neurophysical Hypothesis". Journal of Contemporary Medicine 13, nr 1 (31.01.2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1203348.

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Objective: The blood-brain barrier is an electromagnetic mechanism on a neurophysical basis. In this study, we compared the X-Ray device, which is similar to the blood-brain barrier in many ways. Material and Methods: We collected brain samples from deep temporal cortex sections of ten rats, stained them via the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) technique, visualized the architectural structures of the blood-brain barriers, and compared them with X-ray devices. Results: With the arterioles forming the tube blood-brain barrier in the X-ray device, the anode-cathode that provides the electric current and determines the direction of the current flow corresponds to the astrocytes surrounding the anode-cathode vessel, the cooling system to the cerebrospinal fluid circulating the vessel, and the electrons emitted from the cathode to the particles flowing in the vessel. Conclusion: With the architecture presented by the blood-brain barrier, we envision it functioning as an X-Ray and optical reader that display objects in passenger baggage and direct them according to barcode numbers.

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