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Bartels, Charlotte. "Top Incomes in Germany, 1871–2014". Journal of Economic History 79, nr 3 (31.07.2019): 669–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000378.
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This study provides new evidence on top income shares in Germany from industrialization to the present. Income concentration was high in the nineteenth century, dropped sharply after WWI and during the hyperinflation years of the 1920s, then increased rapidly throughout the Nazi period beginning in the 1930s. Following the end of WWII, German top income shares returned to 1920s levels. The German pattern stands in contrast to developments in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where WWII brought a sizeable and lasting reduction in top income shares. Since the turn of the millennium, income concentration in Germany has been on the rise and is today among the highest in Europe. The capital share is consistently positively associated with income concentration, whereas growth, technological change, trade, unions, and top tax rates are positively associated in some periods and negative in others.
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Abram, Joseph. "Modernity and housing production in France after WWII". Housing for All, nr 65 (2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/65.a.za6ultgc.
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After the collapse of 1940 and Occupation (1940-1944), France experienced a remarkable renewal after Liberation in 1944. Through reconstruction and intensive efforts to bring the country out of the housing crisis, the State set up a powerful production system, which based the expansion of the building sector on the concentration of investment in large companies. It was the era of the grands ensembles, of heavy prefabrication and giant construction sites. Initially well received by their inhabitants, these large housing complexes rapidly deteriorated and became ghettos. Despite the social difficulties that beset these neighborhoods, how can this important heritage of modernity be preserved today?
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Monfils, Rean. "THE GLOBAL RISK OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM WWII SHIPWRECKS: EXAMPLES FROM THE SEVEN SEAS". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, nr 1 (1.05.2005): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1049.
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ABSTRACT The world took notice and action when the oil tanker Prestige sank and leaked oil onto the coast of Spain and France. Significant resources and considerable money was allocated to locate the wreck, patch the leaks and eventually offload the remaining oil. What is not well known, is that there is a significantly larger global marine pollution threat from over 7800 sunken WWII vessels worldwide, including over 860 oil tankers, corroding for over 60 years at the bottom of the worlds oceans. Over the past three years, in conjunction with the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), a project has been completed by the author to compile data on WWII shipwrecks across the Asia/Pacific region. This regional risk assessment is probably the first and most complete of its type so far published. The Geographic Information System (GIS) database created for the Asia Pacific waters details ship type, tonnage and location of over 3,800 vessels lost in WWII. This amounts to over 13 million tons of sunken vessels in the Pacific alone ranging from aircraft carriers to battleships, and including over 330 tankers and oilers. The creation of the Asia Pacific database acted as a catalyst to the creation of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean (AMI0) WWII shipwreck database. This new geographic database, although still in its initial development, highlights the significant number of WWII shipwrecks globally. The AMIO database details the location and ownership of over 3950 vessels, over 1000 tons, of which 529 are oil tankers. This paper details the information contained within the AMIO WWII shipwreck database including the potential oil and non-oil sources of marine pollution from these vessels. WWII shipwrecks are unique from commercial and non-military shipwrecks due to sovereignty, jurisdictional and ownership issues and these differences will also be discussed. The paper concludes with a summary for future directions to address the many response and preparedness issues associated with WWII shipwrecks.
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Koma, Kyoko. "Acculturation of French fashion in Japan after World War II: Fashion as a device constructing identity". Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 12, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2011.0.1097.
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Vytautas Magnus University / Mykolas Romeris UniversityIn our paper, we discuss how French fashion was acculturated in Japan after WWII, a period in which Japan rushed to modernise/occidentalise. Through an analysis of the dominant discourse of Japanese fashion magazines, we focus on the followingFrench fashion trend that spread throughout Japan: a long, flared skirt inspired by a Paris fashion. The skirt was a new look by French fashion designer Christian Dior just after WWII. The other focus of this paper is on the soaring popularity of European brand Louis Vuitton in 1970 and 1999. Modernisation in the fashion realm following WWII could be said to be the localisation of the French fashions followed by Americans; the manner by which French fashion was acculturated in Japan after WWII changed according to the Japanese social context. Articles in the dressmaking fashion magazine Soen promoted the new style blindly. In the 1970s when great economic growth was realised, Japanese travellers shopping for real Louis Vuitton bags in France were attempting to belong to middle class society. Featured articles on Louis Vuitton in 1999 presented several ways of localising the usage of this bag for all generations of women to find belonging in their own groups.
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Bonah, Christian. "“A word from man to man”. Interwar Venereal Disease Education Films for Military Audiences in France". Gesnerus 72, nr 1 (11.11.2015): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07201002.
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In the 1910s, in the wake of the glorious decade of syphilography (1900–1910), the early health education films lay the groundwork for a pragmatic approach to the containment of venereal diseases combining (early) diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. Realizing that WWI was turning into a durable military conflict, the French Army created a Cinematographic Section (SCA) in 1915 for the purposes of war propaganda and documentation. In 1916, secretary of war Justin Godard declared syphilis a “national public danger” and initiated information campaigns in military and civilian spheres. Conferences accompanied with film screenings were organized for all new military recruits, resulting in the production of a series sex hygiene films for military audiences characterized by a short, evocative and precise documentary style, contrasting with the romantic sex hygiene films aimed at the general public. This contribution examines the cinematographic origins of the instructional films for the military, as well as their evolution up to WWII and their influence on public sex hygiene films for civilians in the interwar period in France.
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Williamson, Kasi. "Strains of Dissent: Popular Music and Everyday Resistance in WWII France, 1940–1945". Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, nr 4 (23.09.2019): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2019.1666350.
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CANDELA, ANDREA. "THE EARLY STAGES OF URANIUM GEOLOGY IN POST-WWII ITALY". Earth Sciences History 38, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.137.
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ABSTRACT At the beginning of the industrial atomic age, launched by President Dwight Eisenhower's speech on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy (“Atoms for Peace”, addressed to the United Nations General Assembly, New York, 8 December 1953), and after the birth of the first atomic agencies in France (Commissariat a l'Énergie Atomique, 1945) and the United States (the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1946), the Comitato Nazionale per le Ricerche Nucleari (National Committee for Nuclear Research–CNRN) was also established in Italy (1952). The new institution, in 1960 became a self-governing organization with a modified name, Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare (National Committee for Nuclear Energy–CNEN). Its mission was to promote and develop Italian research in nuclear science and technology. Mining and mineral exploration were among the early activities that the National Committee undertook beginning in 1954, when the Divisione Geomineraria (Geology and Mining Division) was established. A regional-scale geochemical and geophysical prospecting survey for U-Th bearing ores involved different Italian regions both in northern and in southern Italy. Geological surveys, for instance, were systematically carried out in the Alps beginning in 1954. They were run by three main teams of geologists. The paper aims to analyze the key factors that contributed to fostering the emergence of a new field of research about uranium and nuclear geology in Italy during the years immediately after WWII.
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Lippmann, Quentin. "From Material to Non-Material Needs? The Evolution of Mate Preferences through the Twentieth Century in France". Journal of Economic History 81, nr 3 (7.07.2021): 831–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000322.
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This paper studies the evolution of mate preferences throughout the twentieth century in France. I digitized all the matrimonial ads published in France’s best-selling monthly magazine from 1928 to 1994. Using dictionary-based methods, I show that mate preferences were mostly stable during the Great Depression, WWII, and the ensuing economic boom. These preferences started transforming in the late 1960s when economic criteria were progressively replaced by personality criteria. The timing coincides with profound family and demographic changes in French society. These findings suggest that, in the search for a long-term partner, non-material needs have replaced material ones.
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Violin-Wigent, Anne. "Tu lui les as donnés ?" Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 48, nr 1 (21.06.2013): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.48.1.02vio.
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Tuaillon (1983) claims that variation in the order of third-person multiple object pronouns is a “clear regionalism” from the lower Rhone valley. To investigate this phenomenon in Briançon, a small town in southeastern France, 41 participants from this area filled out an acceptability judgment questionnaire, evaluating sentences with such pronouns in different orders. The results of statistical tests show that, even though participants prefer the standard French order, they also accept the reversed order (standard ‘le lui’ vs. reversed ‘lui le’). The analysis also suggests a change in apparent time (which seems to coincide with economic and social changes in the region since WWII) as well as age grading.
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Ujazdowski, Kazimierz M. "Efektywna demokracja parlamentarna Michela Debré". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, nr 4 (8.09.2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.4.9.
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EFFECTIVE PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY BY MICHEL DEBRÉIn the 1930s, France epitomized a weakness of parliamentary democracy. Third Republic, that was recognized by many European countries as a model political system, was actually hit by a grave crisis combined with an increase of popularity of authoritarian trends. Undoubtedly, ineffectiveness of the French model of parliamentary democracy contributed to the fall of republican France in 1940. An in-depth and interesting analysis, which may also be recognized as an attempt made to overcome the weaknesses of parliamentary democracy, was put forward by Michel Debré in his writings published in the WWII years. One of the reasons why his draft of a rationalized parliamentary system deserves special attention is that this document inspired establishment of the Fifth Republic. Debré offered an exceptional lesson of critical thinking about the political system. This outstanding lawyer was able to correctly identify and effectively eliminate the vices of parliamentary governments.
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Debrauwere-Miller, Nathalie. "Équivoques de l'oubli après Vichy". French Politics, Culture & Society 41, nr 2 (1.06.2023): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2023.410203.
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Abstract Through a reflection on the ambiguous facets of Holocaust oblivion that has lasted for generations, the article examines how the official politics of memory in France instrumentalized historical oblivion as an ideological tool. To this end, the essay analyzes Fabrice Humbert's 2009 novel, L'Origine de la violence, to examine the essential role of literature in pinpointing the dynamics of memory and forgetting while exploring the ambiguity of oblivion, pardon and reparation. The unveiled family secret is explored as an allegory of the cryptic national history that reflects the amnesia imposed after the Vichy regime (1940-1944) by the “resistancialisme” promulgated in the post-war period in France; amnesia decreed years later by President Georges Pompidou when he pardoned the French war criminal Paul Touvier in 1972. This politics of forgetting comforted a generation of citizens implicated in collaboration during WWII, resulting in conflicts with the younger generations, as portrayed in Humbert's text.
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Mintz, Alex, i Uk Heo. "Triads in International Relations: The Effect of Superpower Aid, Trade, and Arms Transfers on Conflict in the Middle East". Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, nr 3 (1.08.2014): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2014-0019.
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AbstractIn this paper we extend dyadic research on conflict processes in international relations, to the analysis of triadic relationship. Specifically, we argue that although conflict can be explained at the dyadic level of analysis, a triadic analysis can greatly enrich our understanding of the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. We present a theory of triadic relationship and test it with data on the effect of aid and trade of Middle Eastern dyads with major powers (the US, The Soviet Union/Russia, the UK and France) in the post-WWII era using negative binomial regression. The results show the importance of expanding research in International Relations from dyadic to triadic interactions. Robustness tests demonstrate the validity of our analysis.
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Monteiro, Ana, Helder Sebastião i Nuno Silva. "International evidence on stock returns and dividend growth predictability using dividend yields". Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 31, nr 84 (grudzień 2020): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x202009690.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines stock returns and dividend growth predictability using dividend yields in seven developed markets: United States of America (US), United Kingdom (UK), Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Altogether, these countries account for around 85% of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) World Index. The use of the long time series with up-to-date data allows the comparison not only between countries, but also across periods, putting into perspective the existence or not of noticeable changes since the 1980’s. The majority of the literature on this topic is US-centered. This emphasis on the US is even more pronounced when it comes to examining the relationship between the dividend unpredictability and dividend smoothing. There is also the need to know if the relationships already documented for the post-Second World War (WWII) period still hold during the last three decades, when stock markets were subjected to a high level of turbulence worldwide. The relationship between dividend yields and returns and dividend growth is central to understand the functioning of capital markets, and has considerable implications for capital asset pricing and investment strategies. Overall, the results show that even for developed capital markets there is no clear pattern on the predictive ability of dividend yields on stock returns and dividend growth, instead these relationships seem to be time-dependent and country-specific. For each country, the predictive ability of the dividend yield is examined in a first-order structural VAR framework by applying bootstrap significance tests and the degree of dividend smoothing is assessed using four partial-adjustment models for the dividend behavior. Additionally, an out-of-sample analysis is conducted using pseudo-R2 and a normal mean squared prediction error (MSPE) adjusted statistic. For the post-WWII period, returns are predictable, but dividends are unpredictable in the US and the UK, while the opposite pattern is observed in Spain and Italy. In Germany, there is some evidence of short-term predictability for both returns and dividends, while in France only returns are predictable. In Japan, neither variable can be forecasted. The dividend smoothing results show that dividends are more persistent in the US and the UK, however, there is no clear connection between dividend smoothness and predictability for the other countries. An important conclusion to retain from the out-of-sample analysis is that the predictability of returns after the WWII, especially present in the US, appeared to have been missing in the last three decades, most probably due to the turmoil experienced by the stock markets during this last period.
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Stroweis, Jean-Pierre. "Using Auschwitz Prisoner Numbers to Correct Deportation Lists". Genealogy 8, nr 1 (27.02.2024): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8010023.
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A list of the first Jews deported from Compiègne, France on 27 March 1942 to Auschwitz-Birkenau was never found. Similarly, there is no known arrival list for this convoy. All the 1112 men entered the camp, were assigned prisoner numbers, and were then tattooed. In 1978, Serge Klarsfeld created a list by assembling sub-lists from WWII and immediate post-war sources. Despite significant ongoing research by Klarsfeld and others, no definitive list was ever compiled. Material recorded and maintained by the Nazis (daily count book, death registers, entry cards) pertaining to this early period does exist. This paper demonstrates how systematic use of Auschwitz prisoner numbers combined with French censuses and metrical records enabled us to significantly revise our records of who was deported in this transport, by eliminating dozens of names, amending many more, and adding several others.
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Passmore, David G., David Capps Tunwell i Stephan Harrison. "Landscapes of Logistics: The Archaeology and Geography of WWII German Military Supply Depots in Central Normandy, North-west France". Journal of Conflict Archaeology 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 2013): 165–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1574077313z.00000000025.
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TATIN GOURIER, Jean-Jacques. "MEMOIRE DES BALKANS, MEMOIRES DES FRANCE(S) : VERS LA RECONNAISSANCE DE MEMOIRES PLURIELLES ET NON EXCLUSIVES". La mémoire et ses enjeux. Balkans – France: regards croisés, X/ 2019 (30.12.2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.29.2019.3.
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MEMORY OF THE BALKANS, MEMORIES OF FRANCE(ES): TOWARDS RECOGNITION OF MULTIPLE AND NON EXCLUSIVES MEMORIES The contemporary approach to memorial memory in France is quite different from the one applied in the 1990s in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Nevertheless, the authors of the article have tried to compare them, relying primarily on the concept represented by Pierre Nora in the work of Les Lieux de mémoire, as well as on the distinction the author makes between the notions of memory and history. A certain tradition of national memory was imposed through the educational system in the Third Republic in France. But, in the early 1960s, the historical researches largely contributed to the differentiation from the traditionalist approach of interpreting history as a national novel: history was increasingly recognized as a social and anthropological discipline and the issues of an epistemological (history of history), theoretical and methodological nature were highlighted accordingly. The attention of researchers and a wide readership stays occupied by controversy over the interpretation of contemporary events (WWII, decolonization). In the wake of the brutal events of the 1990s, which resulted in the rebirth of different entities from the former Yugoslavia, the main antithesis of the place of memorial memory (which applies only to Yugoslavia / which refers to new, national entities) has, in some ways, been transformed. And the transformation was quite unbalanced, given that the commemoration of memorial events by the newly-created states is, above all, a matter of political choice. Each newly formed state asks its own questions: What has been deleted? What came to light and at what cost? How did each state instrumentalize its historical memory in the specific context? Keywords: Memorial memory, France, Former Yugoslavia, Balkans, history, nationalism / we
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Molnar, Aleksandar. "Carl Schmitt's attitude towards total war and total enemy on the eve of the outbreak of WWII". Filozofija i drustvo 21, nr 1 (2010): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1001031m.
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Carl Schmitt is usually perceived as the theorist of total state, total war and total hostility. In the article, the author however tries to show that from 1937 to 1944, Schmitt was arguing that total war and total hostility were dangerous for Germany (as well as for the rest of Europe) and warned against perpetuation of all efforts to totalize enemy that started in 1914. In his theoretical endeavors in this period there was place for the total state only - and especially for the total state strong enough to resist temptation of declaring total war on total enemy. The total state he recommended Hitler and his Nazi comrades was German Reich, as a part of Europe ordered and divided in the huge spaces (Grossraumordnung). Positioned in the centre of Europe, between the rest of the powers (France, Italy, USSR as well as the Scandinavian states), Germany should be careful enough to wage war only against its Eastern enemies (Poland and maybe USSR) and only in order to achieve 'just' borders. Occupying in this way its huge space Germany should devote itself to the task of exploitation of various peoples such as Poles, Chechs and Slovaks, which were perceived as incapable of having their states and doomed to serve the master race - the Germans.
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Kulish, Yuliia. "For the “Global 1960s” in Literature: American, French, and Ukrainian Contexts". Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, nr 10 (29.12.2022): 214–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270983.2023-10.214-241.
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This article offers an innovative perspective on the literary landscapes of the 1960s in France, Ukraine, and the USA serving as exemplars of a global literary project that views literary works as heterotopias that, while being distinct, collectively constitute a cohesive whole. Using a comparative approach, complemented with distant reading techniques, the study examines how these literary realms are interconnected, revealing shared aesthetic foundations guided by an overarching law. This law, rooted in Theodor Adorno’s concept of negativity, becomes evident in in countercultural movements and consequential shifts in literary form, content, and canon. While not the primary focus of analysis, other unifying elements in this global literary panorama include dissent as defined by Jaques Rancière, and a Sartrian-infused interpretation of existentialism. The article suggests that this global phenomenon may have emerged due to the confluence of two factors: the seismic global impact of events like WWII and the evolving postmodern trajectory of the era.
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Ouissi, Toufa, Gilles Collaveri, Philippe Sciau, Jean-Marc Olivier i Magali Brunet. "Comparison of Aluminum Alloys from Aircraft of Four Nations Involved in the WWII Conflict Using Multiscale Analyses and Archival Study". Heritage 2, nr 4 (22.11.2019): 2784–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2040172.
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Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.
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Drenkov, Ilko. "Dr. Radan Angelov Sarafov and his sacrifice for democracy". Balkanistic Forum 30, nr 3 (5.10.2021): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i3.12.
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Dr. Radan Sarafov (1908-1968) lived actively but his life is still relatively unknown to the Bulgarian academic and public audience. He was a strong character with an ulti-mate and conscious commitment to democratic Bulgaria. Dr. Sarafov was chosen by IMRO (Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization) to represent the idea of coop-eration with Anglo-American politics prior to the Second World War. Dr. Sarafov studied medicine in France, specialized in the Sorbonne, and was recruited by Colonel Ross for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), remaining undisclosed after the with-drawal of the British legation in 1941. After World War II, he continued to work for foreign intelligence and expanded the spectrum of cooperation with both France and the United States. After WWII, Sarafov could not conform to the reign of the communist regime in Bulgaria. He made a connection with the Anglo-American intelligence ser-vices and was cooperating with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for more than a decade. Sarafov was caught in 1968 and convicted by the Committee for State Securi-ty (CSS) in Bulgaria. The detailed review of the past events and processes through personal drama and commitment reveals the disastrous core of the communist regime. The acknowledgment of the people who sacrificed their lives in the name of democrat-ic values is always beneficial for understanding the division and contradictions from the time of the Cold War.
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Khudokormov, A. G. "“Economic Miracle” in France: Formation and Results of the Dirigisme Model in 1944–1973". World of new economy 13, nr 2 (8.12.2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-2-55-69.
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The purpose of the article is to show the determining role of dirigisme in the restoration and prosperity of France in the period 1944–1973; the influence of nationalization of enterprises of leading industries, banks on a compensatory basis; indicative planning for the revival of the country’s economy and achieving high rates of its growth; the rise of agriculture; the formation of a unified system of state social insurance. As a result of the reforms carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, these decades were a period of accelerated and almost continuous growth of the French economy. The ‘engines’ of economic growth were heavy industries, which accounted for the majority of all investment in the industry. The equipment in machine building (first of all in the car and aircraft construction, production of machines and devices) was updated; metallurgy, electrical engineering, chemistry, oil refining were modernised; the nuclear industry was created for the first time in the history. At the same time, in agriculture was held large-scale mechanisation. All this was accompanied by significant positive changes in the social sphere: soon after the end of WWII, the 40-hour working week was restored, annual leave for workers and employees was returned. Already by 1946, a unified state social insurance system was formed, which extended to all categories of employees, except for workers in the agricultural sector. As a result, the dirigisme model in France in the period 1944–1973 allowed this country not only to restore the war-ravaged economy, and also to achieve impressive success in industry, agriculture and the social sphere, to return it to one of the key positions in the world. It leads to the conclusion that the experience of using the conductor model in France can be used in the development of areas of reform of the Russian economy in current conditions.
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Federman, Sarah. "Rewriting Institutional Narratives to Make Amends: The French National Railroads (SNCF)". Narrative and Conflict: Explorations in Theory and Practice 3, nr 1 (26.05.2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13021/g87s3v.
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In 1940, France, threatened with total annexation by Nazi Germany, signed an armistice agreement with Germany that placed the French government in Vichy France and divided the country into an occupied and unoccupied zone. The Armistice also requisitioned the rolling stock of the SNCF—French National Railways—which became a significant arm in the German effort, transporting soldiers, goods, and over 75,000 deportees crammed into merchandise wagons toward Nazi extermination camps. Between 3,000-5,000 survived. Of the roughly 400,000 SNCF employees, Nazis murdered a couple of thousand for resistance or alleged in subordination. Railway men who resisted the Germans also often has to resist their employer as well. After the liberation of French at the end of WWII, the company—not simply the brave individuals -- received France’s Medal of Honor for its alleged role in the ultimate defeat of the Germans. This medal, along with other postwar propaganda in the form of films and books, instilled a singular narrative about the company’s heroic wartime role. This narrative continued uninterrupted until the 1980s. Those who returned, along with the relatives of many who did not, increasingly challenge the company’s simplified wartime narrative. In the 1990s, lawsuits against the company began in France and continue through 2016 in the United States. In response, the SNCF made efforts to intertwine story of deportation with the company narrative of resistance. One key forum for this attempt was a colloquium held in 2000 at the Assemblée Nationale in Paris.That colloquium is examined here through the lenses of three forms of narrative analysis: structural, functional, and post-structural. Each analytic frame illuminates different challenges to that colloquium’s attempts at revising history through altering a mystified institutional narrative. Through the analysis of this case, the author establishes the power of these analytic frameworks when examining problematic discursive spaces that hold in place master narratives and limit moral work.
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LAKOMY, Miron. "Czynnik kulturowy w relacjach francusko-amerykańskich". Przegląd Politologiczny, nr 1 (2.11.2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2011.16.1.3.
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French-American relations certainly are among the most complex and at the same time most controversial in French foreign policy. The main factors that determine the nature of relations between France and the US include culture. A few features can be pointed out here to demonstrate their unique nature. Firstly, the importance of anti-American sentiments and Francophobia (anti-French sentiments) should be emphasized. The roots of these broadly shared attitudes may be sought both in the past (the experiences ofWWIand WWII) as well as in the present political relations between the two countries. The French nation is generally critical of American foreign policy, the US social and economic system. In the USA, in turn, we come across a similar attitude of Francophobia. This mainly stems from the commonly shared image of France as a difficult, chaotic and unpredictable ally. While anti-American sentiments and Francophobia do not translate into political decisions made either in Washington or Paris, they still influence the atmosphere of mutual relations, as became apparent when American restaurant owners boycotted French wines during the Iraqi crisis. At the same time, though, both nations recognize each other’s achievements in such fields as culture, art or human rights. Secondly, the “conflict of universalism” described by Stanley Hoffman is worth noting. As both countries deem themselves to be the cradle of such universal values as liberty, equality, justice and human rights, they both assign themselves with a unique status among other countries. It is true that the repertoire of values France and the US represent is nearly identical, yet they are frequently understood differently on both sides of the Atlantic. Thirdly, the French-American relations are also profoundly influenced by the common French belief in France being an exceptional and powerful country. The national perspective and the manifestation of France’s privileged position in the international arena are to a significant degree present in their relations with the US. Ezra Suleiman, among others, observed that the French political elite were allergic to any forms of political, economic or cultural domination. Other issues that influence the state of French-American relations concern differences in the economic or social system, or the role of religion in the life of the state.
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Caldari, Katia. "Planning the European architecture: The contribution of Robert Marjolin". HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, nr 2 (luty 2022): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002001.
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In his autobiographical notes, Robert Marjolin defines himself as "architect of European Unity". He played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of France after WWII and in the construction of the European Economic Community. He was a strict collaborator of Jean Monnet far before the end of the war and vice-President of the European Commission from 1958 to 1967. He was a fervent advocate of European integration and strongly believed in the urgency to develop a planning approach at European level that was coherent with his idea of economic and monetary union. Accordingly, he bustled about the attempt to spread and to make accepted his idea of Europe as "Europe organisée" by coordinating meetings and seminars and by creating a network of people that shared and sustained the idea of economic planning. He promoted a communitarian "action programme" which should go beyond the customs union and would consider some long-term commu-nitarian targets. A large part of the literature overlooks Marjolin's contribution to the European project. Main aim of this paper is to focus on Marjolin's role in the European integration process and show that building a strong (economic but also political, social, and military) European union was his main goal and the leitmotif of his whole career.
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Perchard, Tom. "Tradition, modernity and the supernatural swing: re-reading ‘primitivism’ in Hugues Panassié's writing on jazz". Popular Music 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143010000644.
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AbstractBefore WWII, Hugues Panassié (1912–1974) was Europe's leading critical authority on jazz, and by the time of his death he had published a dozen books on jazz music and been President of the Hot-club de France for over 40 years. Yet despite this life's worth of efforts made in jazz's name, Panassié's reputation is no longer a good one: pointing to the fantasies of black exceptionalism and Noble Savagery present in his work, historians have tended to dismiss the critic as a racist primitivist, one in thrall to that contemporarynegrophiliemost familiar today from early-century Parisian visual art. Indeed Panassié used the term ‘primitive’ himself, and positively. But this article traces the ultra-conservative writer's intellectual and religious formation to show that, rather than contemporarynegrophilie, it was a religious and cultural heritage quite distant from the modern European encounter with blackness that first informed Panassié's primitivism. Although this re-reading does not aim to ‘rehabilitate’ someone who remains a troublesome and reactionary figure, the article nevertheless goes on to explore how, in his primitivist rejection of European modernism, Panassié sometimes pre-empts important arguments made by the postmodern jazz scholarship that would seem to marginalise the critic's historical contributions.
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Bajrektarevic, Anis. "Future of the global south: some critical foreign policy considerations". AEI Insights: An International journal of Asia-Europe relations 6, nr 1 (30.01.2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37353/aei-insights.vol6.issue1.2.
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Economic downturn, recession of plans and initiatives, systematically ignored calls for a fiscal and monetary justice for all, €-crisis, Brexit and irredentism in the UK, Spain, Belgium, France, Denmark and Italy, lasting instability in the Euro-Med theatre (debt crisis of the Europe’s south – countries scrutinized and ridiculed under the nickname PIGS, coupled with the failed states all over the MENA), terrorism, historic low with Russia along with a historic trans-Atlantic blow with Trump, influx of predominantly Muslim refugees from Levant in numbers and configurations unprecedented since the WWII exoduses, consequential growth of far-right parties who – by peddling reductive messages and comparisons – are exploiting fears of otherness, that are now amplified with already urging labour and social justice concerns, generational unemployment and socio-cultural anxieties, in ricochet of the Sino-US trade wars, while rifting in a dilemma to either let Bolivarism or support Monroeism. The very fundaments of Europe are shaking. Strikingly, there is a very little public debate enhanced in Europe about it. What is even more worrying is the fact that any self-assessing questioning of Europe’s involvement and past policies in the Middle East, and Europe’s East is off-agenda. Immaculacy of Brussels and the Atlantic-Central Europe-led EU is unquestionable. Corresponding with realities or complying with a dogma?
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Platon, Mircea. "Patterns of Prejudice from Henri Massis to Walter Bedell Smith". Russian History 43, nr 2 (30.07.2016): 142–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04302003.
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Astolphe de Custine’s collection of letters La Russie en 1839, first published in France in 1843, was rediscovered by Henri Massis in 1946. Massis re-introduced Custine’s by then long forgotten letters on Russia to the French public. Once American Cold Warriors such as George Kennan and General Walter Bedell-Smith discovered the book, they promptly promoted it to the status of the most prophetic book on the “Russian soul.” Denounced as “fictional,” by many nineteenth-century writers and by a host of twentieth-century scholars, Custine’s book was accepted as canonical by a large reading public and, more importantly, by successive generations of us policy makers. This article contributes to the historiography of Cold War propaganda by looking first at the context in which the book was initially resurrected by Massis, and then by analyzing the ways in which Cold War propaganda constructed its “relevance,” “actuality” and “prophetic” character. The article begins by taking a look at the way in which Massis, the first popularizer of the book, fitted it into his own ideological pattern. In a second movement, the article analyzes the ways in which the book functioned in the post-wwii ideological context, seeking to discover if the alleged relevance of the book had anything to do with the survival into the postwar world of the European Right’s interwar tangle of received ideas and patterns of prejudice.
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Cuerda-Galindo, Esther. "Physicians imprisoned in Franco Spain’s Miranda de Ebro “Campo de Concentración”". Medical History 66, nr 3 (lipiec 2022): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.20.
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AbstractMiranda de Ebro was created in 1937 to imprison Republicans and foreigners who fought with the International Brigades in Spanish Civil War. From 1940, the camp was used only to concentrate detained foreign refugees with no proper documents. More than 15 000 people, most of them from France and Poland, were kept there until the camp was closed in January 1947. Playing both sides of the international divide, fascist Spain at various points in time allowed passage and was a country of refuge both for those escaping Nazism and for Nazis and collaborators who, at the end of World War II (WWII), sought to escape justice. Treatment of each of these groups passing through Miranda was very different: real repression was meted out to the members of the International Brigades (IB), tolerance shown towards those escaping Nazism, and protection and active cooperation given to former Nazis and their collaborators. For the first time, data about foreign physicians imprisoned in Miranda de Ebro were consulted in the Guadalajara Military Archive (Spain). From 1937 to 1947, 151 doctors were imprisoned, most of them in 1942 and 1943, which represents around 1% of the prisoners. Fifty-two of the doctors were released thanks to diplomatic efforts, thirty-two by the Red Cross, and ten were sent to other prisons, directly released or managed to escape. All of them survived. After consulting private and public archives, it was possible to reconstruct some biographies and fill the previous existing gap in the history of migration and exile of doctors during the Second World War.
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Slocum, Rachel, i Teresa Gowan. "Les économies alternatives dans les Corbières et la Haute Vallée de l'Aude: vers le travail non aliéné et l'approvisionnement communautaire". Journal of Political Ecology 22, nr 1 (1.12.2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21081.
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The Aude, a rural département in southwest France, is the site of one of the longest-lived European concentrations of counter-cultural practice. Here, villages abandoned by the devastating rural exodus post WWII were discovered by enthusiastic radicals of the '68 generation, who were able to establish themselves because property was cheap. From ethnographic research, we find that a receptive community, inexpensive resources and a strongly interventionist welfare state provide a fertile ground into which practitioners of plenitude may enact a non-normative approach to work and money, which takes root, grows and spreads. We identify a continuum of alternative economic practices encompassing a range of approaches to work itself— some privileging a life of radical simplicity and autonomy, and others interested in developing more successful artisanal businesses. We find a place for neo-medievalists/ruralists who fetishize practices like the horse-drawn plough, and large-scale organic farmers. Finally, we show that the plenitude practices among the Aude alternatifs are tied together by communal reliance—by networks of support and cooperation that rely on being amongst and caring for others. Gifting and 'lending a hand' are key to these economies, enabling them to flourish. While this raises questions about the cost of living for those who do not participate for whatever reason in this exchange network, we see gifting as fundamental to long lasting alternative economies. This case refines our understanding of long-standing debates around the necessity and desirability of selfsufficiency.Key words: alternative economies, communal reliance, sustainable agriculture, l'Aude, alienation
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Sumbai, Gasiano G. N. "BREXIT: Is Britain against the European Union or Globalisation? Some Lessons for East Africa". Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 10, nr 1 (2.03.2018): 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211013.
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The establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 was a response to the growing US economic, military and political influence on the ailing economies of Western Europe after WWII. Under the leadership of France, the founding members resisted Britain’s attempts to join the Community. Not until 1973 did they allow it to become a member of the Community. From the beginning, the EEC struggled to position itself as a capitalist bloc, ready to cooperate with the USA in defending vital capitalist interests against the perceived communist threats and the struggles against each other for economic interests all over the world. The USA, as leader of the capitalist bloc, closely checked the development of the EEC and later of the European Union (EU) as well in order to defend American interests in Western Europe. In the post-Cold War period, the USA enjoyed American unipolar hegemony and continued to challenge the EU, a powerful economic bloc which was a threat to the US economy. The EU had been looking at the US-British Special Relationship as a barrier to its progress. Britain used all the means at its disposal to protect and promote the British-American joint interests in Western Europe. However, these traditional capitalist economic blocs cooperated to defend capitalist interests against fascism and communism, but were in constant struggle among themselves. The demise of the Russian brand of communism resulted in the need to re-examine the US-EU relations as the EU wanted to stand on its own feet and did not want to be under the US shadow. This paper shows that Britain’s Exit (BREXIT) from the EU is Britain’s attempt to maintain its special relationship with the USA against the growing influence of the EU on the domestic policies of individual member states. It is shown in this paper that, as a regional bloc, the East African Community (EAC) can learn the manifestation of globalisation and its effects on regional integration. The constant struggle between supranationalism and nationalism and ways of harmonising various approaches to solving regional challenges are the important lessons that the EAC can learn from BREXIT.
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Fernández Marín, Silvia. "La ciudad frente a la incertidumbre: Planificación urbana y organización en un escenario de probabilidad. Le Havre, 1935-1970". Territorios en formación, nr 10 (10.06.2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/tf.2016.10.3254.
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Resumen:Los sistemas urbanos están permanentemente sometidos a fenómenos potencialmente alteradores, a transformación; se enfrentan en definitiva a la incertidumbre. Considerando lo difícil de aspirar a conocerlos en profundidad en razón de su complejidad y ante el carácter a menudo altamente inflexible de las regulaciones normativas que sobre ellos se establecen, se hace necesario explorar las pautas por las que se organizan a fin de favorecer su capacidad de recuperarse en contextos delicados como lo son un desastre y sus consecuencias; especialmente a tenor del marco político económico en que aquellos se inscriben.El presente estudio analiza las mencionadas cuestiones a través del caso de Le Havre (la segunda ciudad más bombardeada de Francia durante la segunda guerra mundial) indagando sobre las implicaciones de su reconstrucción. Se aborda desde una perspectiva relacional porque las acciones en ella emprendidas no sólo conllevaban introducción de orden estricto sobre las áreas destruidas, sino también la alteración de probabilidades comunicativas del resto del conjunto, estando muchos de los cambios entonces introducidos en el origen de importantes desarrollos posteriores no contemplados al inicio. La estricta intervención emprendida conllevaba la limitación de la capacidad de adaptación y evolución futura de diversas áreas de la ciudad. Palabras clave Complejidad urbana, sistema de comunicaciones, incertidumbre, topología, grafos. Abstract:Urban systems are constantly subjected to a number of phenomena liable to lead to significant changes and, ultimately, faced with uncertanty. Taking into account the difficulties to fully comprehend them due to their complexity and the rigid nature of urban planning regulations imposed over them, it becomes essential to explore their organizational paths, so as to improve their ability to recover after a disaster and to deal with its effects, specially considering the economic and political frame they are in.Our research analizes the above-menthioned issues through the case-study of Le havre (The second most affected city by the WWII bombings in France), digging into the outcome of the rebuilding process from a relational perspective. Actions undertaken in this latter were not only a way to impose an order over the affected areas; they also entailed the alteration of the probabilities of communication in the non-destroyed ones, to the extent that most of those changes were in the origin of later developments.The rigid intervention carried out led to significant restrictions in later adaptive and evolving capacities in several areas of the city.Keywords:Urban complexity, urban networks, uncertainty, topology, graphs.
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Hangouët, Jean-François. "Two Cinemas: Sierra de Teruel by André Malraux and Birds in Peru by Romain Gary". Literatūra 64, nr 4 (29.10.2022): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.3.
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This communication reviews some of the aesthetical and circumstantial characteristics of André Malraux’s only film, Sierra de Teruel (1939), also known as Espoir (Hope, 1945), and of Romain Gary’s first film, Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou (Birds in Peru, 1968). As regards Espoir, our observations are based on the 1939 and 1945 versions of the film, now of easy access, and on the abundant and reliable academic literature published about it. Birds in Peru, conversely, is a far lesser-known and lesser-documented work. Screenings of Gary’s film are all too rare indeed nowadays and, but for a few highly specialized references, its appraisal still consists in a short set of irrelevant legends, continually retold by biographers and academics alike despite their blatant discrepancies with historical evidence, with the film itself, and with Gary’s literary works in general. Ours are first-hand observations: in our possession is a release print, which we had digitized and can thus view at will. In addition, we have explored a variety of source materials in cinematographic archives and historical newspapers.Valued either as one of Malraux’s works or as an example of antifascist propaganda, it is lucky that Sierra de Teruel can still be viewed today, despite the political censorship that prevented its release in September 1939 and despite the destruction of all prints but two by the German occupant in France during WWII. Equally fortunate are the facts that moralistic considerations failed to stop the release of Birds in 1968 and that prints of it aren’t all lost. Gary scholars will find food for thought in it, as well as semioticians, Gary’s film being just as allegorical as his contemporary novel The Dance of Genghis Cohn. More generally still, both works, no naïve executions, bring evidence that talented writers can change media effectively. Far from being literal adaptations, their two films narrate free and inspired versions of stories already told in the written form. Their filming style is creative, their technique masterly. Their ease with the cinematographic medium allows them to reemploy and expand devices known to make their personal literary signature. Such as the striking juxtaposition of action and scenery used by Malraux to convey his metaphysics of disjunction between man and nature. Such as the subtle art of immigrating lexical components from other tongues and languages, idiosyncratic to Gary’s novel writing. Even elements of their respective forms of humanism show through their films.
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Magadeev, I. E. "Microcosm of the French Images of the USA: American Visit of the Marshal F. Foch in 1921". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, nr 8 (24.10.2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-8-21-33.
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The article analyses an important event in the Franco-American relations of the post-WWI period, namely, the visit to the USA paid by Marshal F. Foch in October – December 1921. This is the first research on this topic in Russian historiography. The author explores the American voyage of Foch through several interconnected problems: 1) what was the French elites’ image of the USA; 2) how did this image influence the Paris diplomacy; 3) what efforts did the French make to ameliorate the image of the Third Republic in the USA? The parallel preparation and the beginning of the Washington conference of 1921–1922 amplified the importance of the visit. The centenary of the conference stimulates interest in its under-researched aspects. Author concludes that Foch’s American voyage throws the light on the different areas of the relations between France and the USA. On the one hand, the cordial atmosphere of the visit and its resonance testified the vivacity of the memory about the Franco-US allied cooperation during the WWI and its positive impact on the French image. On the other hand, the warm reception of Foch in the USA did not serve to benefit the French diplomacy during the Washington conference.
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Hupy, Joseph P., i Randall J. Schaetzl. "Soil development on the WWI battlefield of Verdun, France". Geoderma 145, nr 1-2 (maj 2008): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.01.024.
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Klein, Reisa, i Michèle Martin. "Women's War: Media Representations of Female Civil Labour during World War I". Canadian Journal of Media Studies 14, nr 1 (1.06.2016): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/cjmsrcem.v14i1.6473.
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This paper looks at the coverage of women’s civil labour during WWI in two magazines, Maclean’s in Canada and L’Illustration in France, supplemented with material from war museums and academic works. Our concern is media representations of the indispensible participation of these women, not as victims and passive entities in the conflict, but as individuals who have significantly contributed to the war effort. We contend that the magazines’ content did not reflect the magnitude of women’s civil labour during WWI and the importance they had not only in sustaining the war effort, maintaining a general level of production that would allow their countries to remain significantly involved in the war, but also in their contribution to the modernisation of society.
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Merlicco, Giordano. "Unwanted Ally. Italian Political Debate on Yugoslav Unity during WWI". Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, nr 3-4 (2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.02.
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Upon entering WWI, Italy expected to gain hegemony over the Adriatic Sea. After 1917, however, several events had seriously altered the political context, urging a reappraisal of Italy’s war aims. This article describes the debates among Italian political sectors on the emergence of Yugoslav unionism. Several Italian politicians had proposed a bilateral deal with Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee and engaging in direct talks to pave the way for a compromise solution over the Adriatic. Minister of Foreign Affairs Sonnino instead retained the 1915 Treaty of London as the only basis for Italy’s war, rejecting bilateral deals. The lack of reappraisal in Italy’s diplomatic strategy finally exposed Rome to growing isolation, especially when France and England began to support Yugoslav claims.
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Magadeev, I. E. "Business or Security? Goals and Decision-Making Inside the French Oil Policy of the 1920s". MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, nr 1 (2.03.2022): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-1-82-38-59.
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The article aims to explore the interplay between economic and strategic reasons, which influenced the oil policy of the French government and business in the 1920s. The author demonstrates the heterogeneity and complexity of this policy the diverse nature of motives and interests behind the different attempts to acquire access to the oil. The French case throws some new light on the role of the “oil factor” in international relations and Great Powers’ politics. The article comprehensively deals with the topics often divided between different fields strategic studies, international political economy, diplomatic history. The author uses French archives to place Paris’ oil policy into the broader context of the French strategy and diplomacy in the first decade after WWI. Additional documents from the British and Russian archives help understand essential aspects of the Anglo-French and FrancoSoviet interactions around the “oil question.” After underlying the new strategic importance of oil, which became evident during WWI, and describing the oil dependence of France from the Anglo-American trusts (“Standard Oil” and “Royal Dutch-Shell”), the author traces the three key aims of the French oil policy. First, to diversify the supplies; second, to acquire control or direct access to the oil sources; and, finally, to consolidate the French business interests with the mediation of the state authorities. French actions in these three directions were interlinked, and they mirrored a specific situation of power and weakness of France after WWI. The article concludes that the strategic and economic reasons were interwoven inside the French oil policy. Though the French authorities perceived the growing strategic importance of oil sharply, they were not prepared to follow the clear étatist economic policy and did not try to make a radical change of the established rules of oil policy both inside the Third Republic and in the relations with “Standard Oil” and “Royal Dutch-Shell.”
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Magadeev, Iskander Eduardovich. "The Ruhr Crisis of 1923 and the International Transition in Europe after the WWI". Genesis: исторические исследования, nr 3 (marzec 2024): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2024.3.40374.
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Article aims to analyze the impact of the Ruhr crisis 1923 on the history of the international relations in Europe after the WWI. This crisis, which began by the occupation of the Ruhr region by the French and Belgian troops and ended by the approval of the new reparation plan (Dawes plan) in 1924, played the crucial role in the transformation of the international order (so-called Versailles order), envisaged by the Paris peace conference of 1919–1920. Author scrutinizes such aspects, as the links between the Ruhr crisis and the specifics of the WWI ending, he discerns the crisis' consequences in the Western and Eastern Europe, the role of the Anglo-American mediation in the regulation of the Franco-German conflict, according to the British and US interests. The essay concludes that the Ruhr crisis made critical impact on the consolidation of the Versailles order. The events unfolded in 1923, created the conditions for the "international turn" of 1924–1925, including the formation of the Anglo-Franco-German "European concert" instead of the Entente disintegrated during the crisis. Author demonstrates the direct link between the events of 1923 and the further stabilization of Europe negotiated during the London (1924) and Locarno conferences (1925), though this link sometimes remains "under shadow" in the major studies of the international relations in Europe after WWI. Besides this, the novelty of the article is explained by the rarely used documents from the British and French archives analyzed by the author.
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Hupy, Joseph. "The long-term effects of explosive munitions on the WWI battlefield surface of Verdun, France". Scottish Geographical Journal 122, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369220601100018.
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Hupy, Joseph P. "The long‐term effects of explosive munitions on the WWI battlefield surface of Verdun, France". Scottish Geographical Journal 122, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369220618737264.
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Zimmerman, Holden. "Defensive Humanitarianism". Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 3, nr 1 (1.05.2018): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.26397.
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During World War I, the Swiss state interned nearly 30,000 foreign soldiers who had previously been held in POW camps in Germany, France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Russia. The internment camp system that Switzerland implemented arose from the Swiss diplomatic platform of defensive humanitarianism. By offering good offices to the belligerent states of WWI, the Swiss state utilized humanitarian law both to secure Swiss neutrality and to alleviate, to a degree, the immense human suffering of the war. The Swiss government mixed domestic security concerns with international diplomacy and humanitarianism. They elevated a domestic policy platform to the international diplomatic level and succeeded in building enough trust between the party states to create an internment system that reconceptualized the treatment of foreign soldiers from the holding of prisoners to the healing of men.
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Whitford, Tim, i Tony Pollard. "For Duty Done: A WWI Military Medallion Recovered from the Mass Grave Site at Fromelles, Northern France". Journal of Conflict Archaeology 5, nr 1 (czerwiec 2009): 201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157407709x12634580640533.
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Dupraz, Yannick. "French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon". Journal of Economic History 79, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 628–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000299.
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Cameroon was partitioned between France and the United Kingdom after WWI and then reunited after independence. I use this natural experiment to investigate colonial legacies in education, using a border discontinuity analysis of historical census microdata from 1976. I find that men born in the decades following partition had, all else equal, one more year of schooling if they were born in the British part. This positive British effect disappeared after 1950, as the French increased education expenditure, and because of favoritism in school supply towards the Francophone side after reunification. Using 2005 census microdata, I find that the British advantage resurfaced more recently: Cameroonians born after 1970 are more likely to finish high school, attend a university, and have a high-skilled occupation if they were born in the former British part. I explain this result by the legacy of high grade repetition rates in the French-speaking education system and their detrimental effect on dropout.
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Khanumyan, Gohar. "Esther Pohl Lovejoy: The Experience of American Woman Physician during Smyrna Disaster". Ցեղասպանագիտական հանդես 10, nr 2 (28.10.2022): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/jgs.0034.
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During the Armenian Genocide, physicians played a major role to rescue Armenians who were on the verge of annihilation. Some of them arrived in the Ottoman Empire to save the civilian population from humanitarian disaster. Among them was Esther Paul Lovejoy, a successful physician from the USA, a suffragist. After WWI, Lovejoy, as the head of the American Women’s Hospital Service and her like-minded colleagues organized extensive medical relief in France, in the Balkans, in the Ottoman Empire, and in Armenia. Adhering to her Hippocratic Oath, Lovejoy rushed to Smyrna to rescue the besieged Christians in September, 1922. During her 10 days in Smyrna, Lovejoy, being the only American woman and one of the three doctors working in the city, provided medical care in extreme conditions and participated in the evacuation of about 250,000 Armenians and Greeks. She wrote and published her eyewitness accounts of the Smyrna disaster in her book, “Certain Samaritans” in 1927.
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Dittrich, Marie-Agnes. "How to Split the Heritage when Inventing a Nation. Germany's Political and Musical Division". English version, nr 10 (22.10.2018): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51515/issn.2744-1261.2018.10.359.
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After the end of the old Empire in the Napoleonic Age, the states which are now Austria and Germany have separated gradually. But due to the rivalry which had emerged between Prussia and Austria in the decades before the new German Empire excluded Austria, the concept of “Germany” had to be redefined by differentiation not only from France, but from Austria too. Promoting the idea of an inherently “German” culture without admitting the superiority of practically all European cultural centres and especially of Vienna’s rich cultural and musical heritage required a redrawing of the map of Europe`s musical memory with the help of great dividers like religion or gender roles. Germans liked to believe that they were, as predominantly Protestants, more intellectual, progressive, and masculine, as opposed to the decadent, traditionalist Catholics in Austria. This “othering” of Austria affected the reception of composers like Beethoven, whom Prussia appropriated as German, or Schubert as typically Austrian. Similar differences were constructed with the shifting relationships between Germany and Austria after the WWI and after National Socialism, and when Germany itself was divided once more.
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Han, Lei, Qiyan Ji, Xiaoyan Jia, Yu Liu, Guoqing Han i Xiayan Lin. "Significant Wave Height Prediction in the South China Sea Based on the ConvLSTM Algorithm". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 11 (7.11.2022): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111683.
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Deep learning methods have excellent prospects for application in wave forecasting research. This study employed the convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) algorithm to predict the South China Sea (SCS) significant wave height (SWH). Three prediction models were established to investigate the influences of setting different parameters and using multiple training data on the forecasting effects. Compared with the SWH data from the China–France Ocean Satellite (CFOSAT), the SWH of WAVEWATCH III (WWIII) from the pacific islands ocean observing system are accurate enough to be used as training data for the ConvLSTM-based SWH prediction model. Model A was preliminarily established by only using the SWH from WWIII as the training data, and 20 sensitivity experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of different parameter settings on the forecasting effect of Model A. The experimental results showed that Model A has the best forecasting effect when using three years of training data and three hourly input data. With the same parameter settings as the best prediction performance Model A, Model B and C were also established by using more different training data. Model B used the wind shear velocity and SWH as training and input data. When making a 24-h SWH forecast, compared with Model A, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Model B is decreased by 17.6%, the correlation coefficient (CC) is increased by 2.90%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is reduced by 12.2%. Model C used the SWH, wind shear velocity, wind and wave direction as training and input data. When making a 24-h SWH forecast, compared with Model A, the RMSE of Model C decreased by 19.0%, the CC increased by 2.65%, and the MAPE decreased by 14.8%. As the performance of the ConvLSTM-based prediction model mainly rely on the SWH training data. All the ConvLSTM-based prediction models show a greater RMSE in the nearshore area than that in the deep area of SCS and also show a greater RMSE during the period of typhoon transit than that without typhoon. Considering the wind shear velocity, wind, and wave direction also used as training data will improve the performance of SWH prediction.
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Adámez Castro, Guadalupe. "“Written barracks.” On the Production and Circulation of Newsletters in the Internment Camps of Southwest France". European Journal of Life Writing 7 (18.07.2018): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.7.280.
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Around half a million Spanish exiles crossed the French border in the Pyrenees between January and February of 1939. They were looking for shelter in anticipation of the overthrow of the Spanish Second Republic. The reception of the exiles in France was rather hostile, and approximately a quarter of a million of them were locked up in internment or concentration camps that French authorities improvised or reactivated camps of WWI. The exiles were defeated and they were deprived of freedom and forced to live in insalubrious conditions. The refugees used writing and culture as a strategy to resist, and as a means to hang on to their personal, familial, social and ideological identities. As a result of their cultural activity, a wide range of newsletters and diaries were edited in the internment camps despite the scarcity of resources. The refugees used these writings as a means of entertainment but also to spread their own doctrines. This article analyzes some 30 newsletters produced by a variety of groups in the camps: political groups, which were mostly linked to the field of education, different intellectuals and members of the International Brigades. The main goal of this work is to disentangle how the newsletters were produced, discuss the aims of the different publications and show how the texts were circulated and exchanged within the internment camps. Ultimately, the purpose of this work is to demonstrate the meaning of these communications for their authors and their readers and examine how the texts were used to reconstruct their lost identity.
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Wang, Peter Chen-main. "Caring Beyond National Borders: The YMCA and Chinese Laborers in World War I Europe". Church History 78, nr 2 (28.05.2009): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640709000511.
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It is well known that 175,000 Chinese laborers worked for Allied troops in Europe during World War I. This phenomenon has been recorded in major WWI histories and has become the topic of monographs in Chinese and Western languages. Chinese laborers solved the Allied problem of a serious manpower shortage and made contributions to military fieldwork, construction, and factory work. Comparatively speaking, few scholars have paid attention to the Christian work among the Chinese laborers, which gave them considerable comfort and assistance and which laid the foundation for other service to Chinese laborers in France. Though some people have a general understanding that the Young Men's Christian Association (including the British YMCA and the International Committee of the YMCA in North America) was the most active and energetic group in offering assistance to the Chinese laborers, little has been written that explains the YMCA operations among the laborers, preventing a fair and thorough evaluation of the YMCA's service to the Chinese laborers. This paper, based on material from the American YMCA Archives, the Canadian Church Archives, and some Chinese writings on this topic, attempts to investigate the origin, operation, and development of this YMCA international project and to assess its significance in church history and in modern China.
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Jonovski, Jovan. "Poverty, Wars, and Migrations: The Jonovski Family from the Village of Orovo". Genealogy 7, nr 4 (14.12.2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7040100.
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This article will cover the different types of migration in Macedonia and its Prespa region at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries through the Jonovski family from the village of Orovo. Poverty and wars caused many men to look for work and to earn money in distant places. Joshe, who was born around 1766, was first an economic migrant with his father, Marko, internally within the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor (1880–1890). Later, he immigrated to the USA (1914–1918), before returning home to his family. However, after WWI, with the harsh attitude of the Greek government toward the Macedonian minority, this turned into permanent migration. His sons would be migrant workers in the USA, France, and Australia, while their wives and children stayed in Orovo. The village was destroyed and depopulated at the end of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). Joshe and the remaining family reunited in Wroclaw, Poland, where in the 1950s Joshe died, and his daughters-in-law finally joined their husbands in the USA and Australia. His son Boris, with his family, moved to Skopje, Macedonia, Yugoslavia in 1968. We will look at the life and migrations of Joshe, his four children, and four grandchildren.
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KASSEM, HADI SHAKEEB. "The Sixties in Berlin and in Hollywood: City with a Wall in Its Center—The Attempt to Erase the German Past". Advances in Politics and Economics 4, nr 3 (2.09.2021): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n3p49.
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Berlin was the location in which most of the intelligence operations in Europe have taken place in the first twenty years of the conquest and the Cold War. In November 27, 1958, Khrushchev issued a formal letter to the Allies, demanding that the western Allies evacuate Berlin and enable the establishment of an independent political unit, a free city. He threatened that if the West would not comply with this, the soviets would hand over to the East Germany’s government the control over the roads to Berlin. In the coming months Moscow conducted a war of nerves as the last date of the end of the ultimatum, May 27, 1959, came close. Finally the Soviets retreated as a result of the determination of the West. This event reconfirmed the claims of the West that “the US, Britain and France have legal rights to stay in Berlin.” According to Halle: “These rights derive from the fact that Germany surrendered as a result of our common struggle against Nazi Germany.” (Note 2) The Russians have done many attempts to change Berlin’s status. In 1961 Berlin Wall was constructed, almost without response on the part of the West, and by so doing, the Soviets perpetuated the status quo that had been since 1948. In July 25, 1961 Kennedy addressed the Americans on television, saying that “West Berlin is not as it had ever been, the location of the biggest test of the courage and the will power of the West.” (Note 3) On June 26, 1963, Kennedy went out to Berlin, which was divided by the wall, torn between east and west, in order to announce his message. In his speech outside the city council of West Berlin, Kennedy won the hearts of the Berliners as well as those of the world when he said: “Ich bin ein Berliner”, I’m a Berliner. The sixties were years of heating of the conflict with the Soviet Block. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed. Then Kennedy came into power, there was the movement for human rights and the political tension between whites and blacks in America. The conflict increase as the Korean War started, and afterwards when America intervened in Vietnam. There was also the crisis in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, which almost pushed the whole world into a nuclear war and catastrophe. During the 28 years of the Berlin Wall, 13.8.61-9.11.89, this was notorious as an example of a political border that marked the seclusion and freezing more than freedom of movement, communication and change. At the same time there was the most obvious sign of the division of Germany after WWII and the division of Europe to East and West by the Iron Curtain. The wall was the background of stories by writers from east and west. The writers of espionage thrillers were fascinated by the global conflict between east and west and the Cold War with Berlin as the setting of the divided city. Berlin presented a permanent conflict that was perceived as endless, or as Mews defined it: “Berlin is perfect, a romantic past, tragic present, secluded in the heart of East Germany.” (Note 4) The city presented the writers with a situation that demanded a reassessment of the genres and the ideological and aesthetic perceptions of this type of writing. This was the reason that the genre of espionage books blossomed in the sixties, mainly those with the wall. The wall was not just a symbol of a political failure, as East Germany could not stop the flow of people escaping from it. The city was ugly, dirty, and full of wires and lit by a yellow light, like a concentration camp. A West German policeman says: “If the Allies were not here, there would not have been a wall. He expressed the acknowledgment that the Western powers had also an interest in the wall as a tool for preventing the unification of Germany. But his colleague answers: If they were not here, the wall would not have been, but the same applies for Berlin. (Note 5) Berlin was the world capital of the Cold War. The wall threatened and created risks and was known as one of the big justifications for the mentality of the Cold War. The construction of the wall in August 1961 strengthened Berlin’s status as the frontline of the Cold War and as a political microcosmos, which reflected topographical as well as the ideological global struggle between east and west. It made Berlin a focus of interest, and this focus in turn caused an incentive for the espionage literature with the rise of neorealism with the anti-hero, as it also ended the era of romanticism. (Note 6) The works of le Carré and Deighton are the best examples of this change in literature. Both of them use the wall as the arena of events and a symbol in their works. Only at the end of the fifties, upon the final withdrawal of McCarthyism and the relative weakening of the Cold War, there started have to appear films with new images about the position and nature of the Germans and the representations of Nazism in the new history. The films of the Cold War presented the communists as enemies or saboteurs. Together with this view about the Soviets, developed the rehabilitation of the German image. Each part of the German society was rehabilitated and become a victim instead of an assistant of the Nazis. The critic Dwight MacDonald was impressed by the way in which the German population” has changed from a fearful assistant of one totalitarian regime to the hero opponent of another totalitarian regime”. (Note 7) This approach has to be examined, and how it influenced the development of the German representation, since many films I have investigated demonstrate a different approach of the German representation.