Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / World War 1914-1918 – German Army

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „World War 1914-1918 – German Army”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Sabancı, Zeynep, i Somer Alp Şimşeker. "A NEW TYPE OF WARFARE: Chemical Filling Facilities in Istanbul, 1914–1918". Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 28, nr 2 (15.12.2023): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/icon.2023.2.03.

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In the total war era, states committed their scientific research to rapidly changing warfare conditions, making the management of war the primary goal of contemporary states. The weakness of primary weapons in neutralising the enemy (or enemies) was obvious from the beginning of the First World War. Constantly changing war strategies, integration of civilians into warfare, and the growing sense of impotence as the war proceeded longer than expected, prompted a return to the components of violence. Although research into the use of different chemicals, gases, and suffocating substances in weapons was not something new, its successful employment climaxed during the First World War. This study provides an analysis of the employment of chemical weapons during the First World War and revisits the scarce arguments on whether the Ottomans had taken part in producing chemical weapons. The primary focus here is the gasfilling facilities established in Istanbul under the supervision of German efforts for military purposes. Additionally, the unanticipated extraordinary effects of the use of chemical weapons, the strategies employed to cause attrition in trenches, and its effects on the Ottoman army are within the scope of this article.

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WATSON, ALEXANDER. "Managing an ‘Army of Peoples’: Identity, Command and Performance in the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 25, nr 2 (12.04.2016): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000059.

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AbstractThis article examines the officers who led the Habsburg Army during the First World War. It highlights the complexity of their identities, demonstrating that this went well beyond the a-national – nationalist dichotomy in much historiography. It also argues that these officers' identities had a profound impact on how their army functioned in the field. The article first studies the senior command in 1914–16, showing how its wartime learning processes were shaped by transnational attitudes. These officers had belonged in peace to an international military professional network. When disaster befell their army at the outset of the First World War, it was natural for them to seek lessons from foreign armies, at first from their major enemies, the Russians, and later their German allies. The second half of the article explores the changing loyalties of the reserve officers tasked with frontline command in the later war years. It contends that the officer corps' focus on maintaining social and educational standards resulted in an influx of middle-class junior leaders whose conditional commitment to the Empire and limited language skills greatly influenced the Habsburg Army's record of longevity but mediocre combat performance.

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Barford, Paul. "Three Publications about Archaeology of a Segment of the First World War's Forgotten Eastern Front". Archaeologia Polona 59 (20.12.2021): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa59.2021.2869.

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While the horrors of the trench warfare on the Western Front in Belgium and France are part of the European cultural memory, to some degree the much more extensive and mobile Eastern Front of the 1914–1918 conflict has become the forgotten front (Die vergessene Front). Although for just over eleven months in 1914/15, the central part of a major front, some 1000 km long on which three million people died ran through the middle of what is now Poland, for a number of reasons the memory of this has there been all but erased from memory and from the cultural landscape. The reviewed three volumes are the result of a project that has attempted to address the poor state of historical memory of the momentous events and human drama that took place a century earlier on the segment of the front, 55 km west of Warsaw. Here, from mid-December 1914, the Russian Imperial army tried to hold back the eastward advance of the German troops on defences built along the Bzura and Rawka rivers. For the next seven months, the fighting here took the form of the same type of prolonged static trench warfare more familiar on the Western Front (the only place in the eastern sphere of war that this happened). The German army made every effort (including mining and several major gas attacks), to advance on Warsaw but failed to break through. It was only after the Great Retreat of the Russian army in the summer of 1915 that these defences were overrun and Warsaw fell.

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Bezha, Anastas. "The Rise of a National Army or a Colonial One? Albanian Troops in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I". Hungarian Historical Review 11, nr 1 (2022): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2022.1.141.

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The article discusses the under-researched topic of the Albanian troops in the Austro-Hungarian military during World War One. The topic represents a forgotten moment in World War One Balkan historiography, and it is also an unstudied colonial example. Based on English, Hungarian, and German archival and secondary sources, the article first provides a short historical description of the Albanian fighting units under the Ottoman Empire, their organization, and their infamously bellicose nature, up until the independence of the country. The paper then analyzes how these units became part of the Great War (despite the fact that the country itself remained neutral) under the Austro-Hungarian Army; first, as irregular fighting troops (Freischärler Albanien) between 1914 and 1916 and later as ethnical regimental units (Albanisches Korps or Albanische Abteilungen) between 1916 and 1918. Finally, the article compares the Albanian troops to other colonial forces of the time, including how these Albanian units were recruited, trained, and used in the battlefields with the purpose of creating a sense of loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy. The case study of the Albanian Corps is a prime example of how the inability to ensure safety by force in a newly created state met with the geo-strategic and war necessities of a Great Power through colonial martial practices disguised as transnational help.

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Kettler, Mark T. "“Incurable Megalomania” and “Fantasies of Expansion”: The German Army Reimagines Empire in Occupied Poland, 1915–1918". Central European History 54, nr 4 (grudzień 2021): 621–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938921000017.

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AbstractPlans for a Polish “border strip” are frequently cited to argue that the German army entered the First World War committed to pacifying conquered space through Germanization. This article contends that, in 1914, the German officer corps did not understand national homogeneity as essential for imperial security. Many influential officers insisted that Polish identity was compatible with German imperial loyalty. They supported a multinational imperial model, proposing to trade Poland its cultural and political autonomy for the acceptance of German suzerainty in foreign policy and military command. The army's preference for Germanizing space developed during the occupation of Russian Poland, as officers learned to conflate diversity with imperial fragility. Only a series of political crises after 1916 shifted military opinion against multinational imperialism. Increasingly convinced that Poland would betray the German Empire, some officers abandoned multinationalism. Others revised their plans to contain Poland and fortify Germany by annexing and Germanizing Polish space.

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Erokhina, O. V. "Status of Germans in Russian Empire during First World War (1914-1917)". Nauchnyi dialog 13, nr 5 (29.06.2024): 390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-5-390-408.

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This article focuses on characterizing the everyday life, moods, and situation of Germans residing in the territory of the Russian state from 1914 to 1917. The author analyzed letters written by representatives of different social groups, nationalities, and ages during this period, as well as materials from periodical publications. Special attention is given to significant events for the German population, such as the renaming of settlements from German to Russian names, the development and application of “liquidation legislation” towards them in 1914-1915, and the interactions in the army between German and Russian military personnel. Based on the materials studied, it is concluded that Germans had mixed perceptions of the socio-political events in the country. Some sought to blend in with the crowd and not emphasize their national identity, while others tried to draw the attention of State Duma deputies to their issues. They did not understand how to prove their loyalty to the authorities and why they were labeled as “internal enemies”, despite being Russian subjects. The most dissatisfaction was expressed by soldiers who fought as well as Russians, received deserved military awards, but were subjected to humiliations by their superiors.

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Belova, Irina B. "“Returned with Saddened Hearts”: Memoirs of the World War I Refugee, 1914–18". Herald of an archivist, nr 4 (2023): 1150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-4-1150-1160.

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The article uses method of historical commentary to examine valuable memoirs of Roman Bagrovsky, a World War I refugee from the Grodno gubernia, born in 1906; the memoirs were transcribed in 2000 by local historian Vladimir Sidoruk. The events of the Great War of 1914–18 affected the population of the Western territories of the Russian Empire directly, as they, unlike the inhabitants of the interior regions, had to leave their native lands, fleeing the Germans, and they were leaving for long years. It should be noted that the memoirs reflect all periods of the Bagrovskys’ refugee life: their evacuation, their residence in the Ryazan gubernia prior to the Bolsheviks’ rise to power and in the Soviet period, and their return to the homeland. The source allows us to visualize the realities of the summer of 1915, when, the Russian army retreating and the threat of German occupation of the Grodno gubernia growing, the entire population of R. Bagrovsky’s native village joined the refugee column riding to Belovezha. The memoirs can be used to reconstruct the unprecedented process of horse-drawn movement of people masses in the summer of 1915 and to identify its circumstances: willy-nilly low speed, shortage of water, heat, adversely affecting the refugees’ well-being and health. The source demonstrates informal side of such fleeing, never recorded in official documents: for example, moving by rail, deliveries, stationing in rural areas (village of Bolshoe Pirogovo, Ryazan gubernia). According to the memoirs’ author, local farmers and refugees lived well before the revolution. Everything changed with the rise of the Bolsheviks: the refugees experienced hunger, lack of essential goods, they witnessed dissatisfaction of the local peasants with the “new order,” their armed resistance and its consequences. The final part of the memoirs is also important, as it permits to detail the difficult process of returning: first, the refugees reached Moscow, then Brest, then home, where in August 1920 they found “only ruins” and their fathers’ land “overgrown with weeds.” Roman worked as shepherd. New life began. Only 12 years later Roman Bagrovsky started his own family, as he and his father had first to restore the farm. Thus, taking into account that the memoirs of the First World War refugees are rarely used in the Russian scholarship, the publication may be of interest not only to specialists, but also to anyone interested in the humanitarian aspects of the history of the First World War and problems of the Russian wartime refugees.

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Prigodich, Nikita. "German cars in the Russian army during the first world war: Features of the military transport crisis". SHS Web of Conferences 190 (2024): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419003002.

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The article discusses the challenges of supplying the formations of the army of the Russian Empire with automotive equipment on the eve and during the First World War. Prior to the war, the utilization of road transport in the army and rear was fragmented. However, as of 1914-1915, the advantages of road transport in military logistics became evident to both the command and government. Nonetheless, ordering new cars from the Entente countries posed several difficulties. Drawing from the documents of the military-technical department of the General Staff of the Russian army, the article highlights the extent of dependence on German production. It delves into the complexities faced by the Russian government at the onset of the war. The research convincingly demonstrates that, contrary to previous studies and customs statistics for Russia, the primary issue lay not in the inability to replace cars from Germany, but rather in the necessity to multiply the number of cars when altering the logistics of supplies from other countries that also had to pass through Germany. These two interconnected problems became key issues that proved insurmountable for Russia, ultimately leading to catastrophic consequences.

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JĘDRYSIAK, Jacek. "The Lost Chance for Integration? The German Army Concept of Rebuilding the Railways in Poland, Lithuania and Courland During the First World War". Journal of European Integration History 29, nr 2 (2023): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2023-2-227.

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The First World War had differentiated effects on the development and integration of the railway network in northern East Central Europe. Until 1914 this region was part of the German and Russian Empires and the rail network densities in the states were very contrasted. During the war, destroyed railway lines were quickly rebuilt; the railway network even expanded and was standardised in terms of gauge as a part of the German plan to rebuild the architecture of the system of East Central Europe. On the one hand, this was done for military reasons. But there was also a broader concept behind it: the idea of submitting the railways of the resurrected states of Poland, Lithuania and Courland to the unified system managed by the Germany. The aim of the article is to indicate to what extent Imperial German policy during the Great War actually contributed to the creation of a new, uniformed railway network in the occupied areas.

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Salivon, Elisha. "What Does Jewish Praying Book from the World War Tell: after the Publication by Rabbi Dr. Sali Levy". Tirosh. Jewish, Slavic & Oriental Studies 18 (2018): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3380.2018.18.3.2.

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This paper presents an article by Rabbi Dr. S. Levi published in 1921 in Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums about French Jewish army rabbis and Jewish praying books from World War One distributed among Jewish soldiers in French Army. Levi served himself as an Army Rabbi in German army. He used his own experience to highlight the most interesting and significant features of French approach toward Jewish military service in time of war. This article of Rabbi Levi serves as an example of continuation of the pre-war GermanJewish self-identification as both culturally German and religiously Jewish. However, it also presented an interesting depiction of the technical details about French Army praying book. In contrast to German Jewry, their French counterparts published praying book under the auspices of the Chief Rabbi of France and distributed in with the help of his office. Levi pointed out that these praying books reflect in their content the original war time religiosity, which was still important to reconstruct and to reflect about in the after war epoch. The Great Rabbi of France gave his sanctions for the publishing the Prayer for the War Time and Prayer for France, both prayers bore his name and originated in the years 1914-1915. Dr. Levi justly saw in the figure of the Great Rabbi a central authority for the Jews in the French uniform. The French praying book was designated not only for the French Jews of European origin who mostly had had Alsace and Lorraine roots, but also for the Sephardic Jews from the French colonies in North Africa (Morocco and Algiers). Because of this fact, this praying book was different in its content from both German Jewish praying books. It provided two versions of the Hebrew texts in accordance to Ashkenazi and Sephardic rites. Both versions, the Ashkenazi (and the German one as Dr. Levi called it) and the Sephardic were printed together. Dr. Levi thought that it was necessary to highlight the differences between these two Jewish rites. He found that there elements in general were of great importance whereas his Ashkenazi German readers would find it confusing to differentiate between ritual nuances with their Sephardic co-religionists, namely in the conducting the death-, burial- and mourning praying ceremonies. In accordance to the articles published in the Monatsschrift Jewish experiences during the First World War were positively evaluated by their German co-religionists.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Sutton, Cavender. ""We Germans Fear God, and Nothing Else in the World!" Military Policy in Wilhelmine Germany, 1890-1914". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3571.

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Throughout the Second Reich’s short life, military affairs were synonymous with those of the state. Indeed, it was the zeal and blood of Prussian soldiers that allowed the creation of a unified German empire. After solidifying itself as a major power, things grew more complicated as the Reich found itself increasingly surrounded by hostile rivals. To the west, French humiliation over their catastrophic defeat in 1870-71 continued to fester while, in the east, Russian sympathies for the new empire waned. The finalization of a Franco-Russian alliance in 1894 meant Germany faced formidable adversaries along her eastern and western borders. That unsettling realization dictated the empire’s military policy until its downfall in 1918. Drawing from the writings and speeches of Wilhelmine Germany’s military and political leaders, this work seeks to examine and analyze the Second Reich’s military policies and decision-making processes over the three decades preceding the First World War.

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Regan, Patrick Michael Humanities &amp Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Neglected Australians : prisoners of war from the Western Front, 1916-1918". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38686.

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About 3850 men of the First Australian Imperial Force were captured on the Western Front in France and Belgium between April 1916 and November 1918. They were mentioned only briefly in the volumes of the Official Histories, and have been overlooked in many subsequent works on Australia and the First World War. Material in the Australian War Memorial has been used to address aspects of the experiences of these neglected men, in particular the Statements that some of them completed after their release This thesis will investigate how their experiences ran counter to the narratives of CEW Bean and others, and seeks to give them their place in Australia???s Twentieth Century experience of war.

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Hoffmann, Jan. "Die sächsische Armee im Deutschen Reich 1871 bis 1918". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1184264663626-52141.

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Die Rolle der sächsischen Armee im Deutschen Reich. Selbstverständnis, Verhältnis zu Preußen, Österreich und in Ausschnitten auch zu anderen Bundesstaaten (Bayern und Württemberg). Streng chronologische Darstellung der wichtigsten Fragen und Probleme zwischen den Armeen und die Bedeutung für die Reichs-und Bündnispolitik mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf der Quellendarstellung. Die Berichte des sächsischen Militärbevollmächtigten in Berlin sind ausgewertet und großzügig zitiert. Insbesondere preußische (spärlich) und österreichische (ausführlicher) diplomatische Berichte ergänzen das Bild. Schwerpunkt ist die Leitfrage, welche reale Bedeutung das Kontingentsheer hat. Ist die Armee des Reiches eine Bündnisarmee? Deutlich wird allerdings auch das militärische Tagesgeschäft, in dem sich die Güte der Zusammenarbeit widerspiegelt. Sachsen versucht seine militärischen Rechte zu wahren. Es behält seine eigene Militärverwaltung mit eigenem Kriegsministerium und - wenn auch kleinem - Generalstab. Preußens Mißtrauen läßt nach 1866 mehr und mehr nach. Es besteht nicht auf die brachiale Durchsetzung seiner Rechte laut Militärkonvention und Reichsverfassung. Sachsen und besonders König Albert sind ein wichtiger Faktor für die Festigung des Bündnisses mit Österreich und die Planungen gemeinsamer Kriegsführung an der Ostfront. Sächsische Offiziere werden regelmäßig zur Aus-und Weiterbildung nach Preußen kommandiert. Besonders die Generalstabsoffiziere werden in Preußen ausgebildet. Die Fragen der Ausbildung, Personalauswahl und Rüstung werden i.d.R. in sachlicher Zusammenarbeit gelöst. Dynastische Fragen - z.B. die Aufnahme von hannöverschen Offizieren in die sächsische Armee - verursachen die ernsthaftesten Probleme.Es finden sich auch viele Wertungen über herausragende preußische Persönlichkeiten. Sachsen verfolgt dann im I. Weltkrieg auch eigene territoriale Kriegsziele im Osten. Es versucht so seine Stellung gegenüber den anderen Bundesstaaten zu wahren. Die Notwendigkeiten der Kriegsführung lassen die OHL mehr und mehr sächsische Reservatrechte beschränken. Am Ende zeichnet sich eine bescheidene eigenständige Außenpolitik Sachsens ab, während das Militär fest in die preußisch dominierte Führung eingebunden bleibt.

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Hoffmann, Jan. "Die sächsische Armee im Deutschen Reich 1871 bis 1918". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25009.

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Brown, Alison M. "Army chaplains in the First World War". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2771.

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In 1914, Church leaders assumed that fighting men would require the ministrations of ordained clergymen close to the front line. The War Office Chaplains' Department had few plans for the deployment of chaplains beyond a general expectation that the Churches would be willing to release men for service as required. Army Officers seemed to have little warning about the arrival of chaplains to accompany their units and very few ideas about the role chaplains could be expected to fulfil once they had arrived. The chaplains themselves embarked on overseas service with no special training and very little guidance about the nature of the task ahead of them. They received very little support from the Chaplains' Department or their home church in the first months of the war. Left to carve out a role for themselves, they were exposed to an environment churchmen at home could not begin to comprehend. Many chaplains left diaries and letters, the majority of which have never been published. They provide a unique insight into life with the troops, seen through the eyes of men who owed their first allegiance to their Church rather than to the Army whose uniform they wore. Post-war criticism of chaplains has obscured the valuable contribution many clergymen made to the well-being of the troops and to the reform movement within the Church of England after the war. The files of the Archbishop of Canterbury also provide important information about the troubled relationships between chaplains and their Department and with Church leaders at home. In seeking to determine the nature of the chaplains' duties and responsibilities, this study attempts to discover why clergymen faced so much criticism and why even their own churches were sometimes alarmed by the views aired by serving chaplains.

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Russell, Bruce. "International law at sea, economic warfare, and Britain's response to the German U-boat campaign during the First World War". Thesis, n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Robbins, Simon Nicholas. "British generalship on the Western Front in the First World War, 1914-1918". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/british-generalship-on-the-western-front-in-the-first-world-war-19141918(0a036537-cf52-4df2-8085-8b35c6958d80).html.

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Carden, Ron M. "German policy toward neutral Spain, 1914-1918". New York : Garland, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35698574t.

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Rae, Ruth. "Jessie Tomlins an Australian army nurse - World War One /". Connect to full text, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/840.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2001.
"... The letters, postcards and photographs that Jessie, Fred and Will sent home to their mother and family, as well as Fred's fourteen diaries, form the foundation of this thesis..." -- p. 2. Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 23, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

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Weise, Niels. "Der "lustige" Krieg Propaganda in deutschen Witzblättern 1914-1918 /". Rahden/Westf. : VML, Leidorf, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/226970616.html.

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Książki na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Koch, Fred. Flamethrowers of the German Army: 1914-1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1997.

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Feldman, Gerald D. Army, industry, and labor in Germany, 1914-1918. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1990.

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Feldman, Gerald D. Army, industry, and labor in Germany, 1914-1918. Providence [R.I.]: Berg, 1992.

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Bilton, David. The German Army on the Western Front, 1917-1918. Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2007.

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Gudmundsson, Bruce I. Stormtroop tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918. New York: Praeger, 1989.

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Gudmundsson, Bruce I. Stormtroop tactics: Innovation in the German army, 1914-1918. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1989.

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Great Britain. War Office. General Staff. i Imperial War Museum (Great Britain). Dept. of Printed Books., red. Handbook of the German Army in war, April 1918. London: Imperial War Museum, Dept. of Printed Books, 1996.

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Bilton, David. The German Army at Arras: Rare photographs from wartime archives. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2008.

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Cron, Hermann. Imperial German Army, 1914-18: Organisation, structure, orders of battle. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion, 2002.

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Passingham, Ian. All the Kaiser's men: The life and death of the German army on the Western Front 1914-1918. Stroud: Sutton, 2003.

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Części książek na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Wiens, Gavin. "A Mixed Bag of Loyalties: Jewish Soldiers, Ethnic Minorities, and State-Based Contingents in the German Army, 1914–1918". W The Jewish Experience of the First World War, 137–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54896-2_7.

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Todd, Lisa M. "The Enemy Lurking Behind the Front: Controlling Sex in the German Forces Sent to Eastern and Western Europe, 1914–1918". W Expeditionary Forces in the First World War, 79–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0_4.

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Stein, Oliver. "Archaeology and Monument Protection in War: The Collaboration Between the German Army and Researchers in the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918". W Militarized Cultural Encounters in the Long Nineteenth Century, 297–317. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78229-4_13.

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Schneider, Thomas F. "»Then Horror Came Into Her Eyes...« (De-)Constructions of Masculinity in German Literary Anti-War Texts on World War I, 1914–1918". W »Then Horror Came Into Her Eyes...«, 135–48. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737003414.135.

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Donohue, Christopher. "“A Mountain of Nonsense”? Czech and Slovenian Receptions of Materialism and Vitalism from c. 1860s to the First World War". W History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 67–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_5.

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AbstractIn general, historians of science and historians of ideas do not focus on critical appraisals of scientific ideas such as vitalism and materialism from Catholic intellectuals in eastern and southeastern Europe, nor is there much comparative work available on how significant European ideas in the life sciences such as materialism and vitalism were understood and received outside of France, Germany, Italy and the UK. Insofar as such treatments are available, they focus on the contributions of nineteenth century vitalism and materialism to later twentieth ideologies, as well as trace the interactions of vitalism and various intersections with the development of genetics and evolutionary biology see Mosse (The culture of Western Europe: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Westview Press, Boulder, 1988, Toward the final solution: a history of European racism. Howard Fertig Publisher, New York, 1978; Turda et al., Crafting humans: from genesis to eugenics and beyond. V&R Unipress, Goettingen, 2013). English and American eugenicists (such as William Caleb Saleeby), and scores of others underscored the importance of vitalism to the future science of “eugenics” (Saleeby, The progress of eugenics. Cassell, New York, 1914). Little has been written on materialism qua materialism or vitalism qua vitalism in eastern Europe.The Czech and Slovene cases are interesting for comparison insofar as both had national awakenings in the middle of the nineteenth century which were linguistic and scientific, while also being religious in nature (on the Czech case see David, Realism, tolerance, and liberalism in the Czech National awakening: legacies of the Bohemian reformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010; on the Slovene case see Kann and David, Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918. University of Washington Press, Washington, 2010). In the case of many Catholic writers writing in Moravia, there are not only slight noticeable differences in word-choice and construction but a greater influence of scholastic Latin, all the more so in the works of nineteenth century Czech priests and bishops.In this case, German, Latin and literary Czech coexisted in the same texts. Thus, the presence of these three languages throws caution on the work on the work of Michael Gordin, who argues that scientific language went from Latin to German to vernacular. In Czech, Slovenian and Croatian cases, all three coexisted quite happily until the First World War, with the decades from the 1840s to the 1880s being particularly suited to linguistic flexibility, where oftentimes writers would put in parentheses a Latin or German word to make the meaning clear to the audience. Note however that these multiple paraphrases were often polemical in the case of discussions of materialism and vitalism.In Slovenia Čas (Time or The Times) ran from 1907 to 1942, running under the muscular editorship of Fr. Aleš Ušeničnik (1868–1952) devoted hundreds of pages often penned by Ušeničnik himself or his close collaborators to wide-ranging discussions of vitalism, materialism and its implied social and societal consequences. Like their Czech counterparts Fr. Matěj Procházka (1811–1889) and Fr. Antonín LenzMaterialismMechanismDynamism (1829–1901), materialism was often conjoined with "pantheism" and immorality. In both the Czech and the Slovene cases, materialism was viewed as a deep theological problem, as it made the Catholic account of the transformation of the Eucharistic sacrifice into the real presence untenable. In the Czech case, materialism was often conjoined with “bestiality” (bestialnost) and radical politics, especially agrarianism, while in the case of Ušeničnik and Slovene writers, materialism was conjoined with “parliamentarianism” and “democracy.” There is too an unexamined dialogue on vitalism, materialism and pan-Slavism which needs to be explored.Writing in 1914 in a review of O bistvu življenja (Concerning the essence of life) by the controversial Croatian biologist Boris Zarnik) Ušeničnik underscored that vitalism was an speculative outlook because it left the field of positive science and entered the speculative realm of philosophy. Ušeničnik writes that it was “Too bad” that Zarnik “tackles” the question of vitalism, as his zoological opinions are interesting but his philosophy was not “successful”. Ušeničnik concluded that vitalism was a rather old idea, which belonged more to the realm of philosophy and Thomistic theology then biology. It nonetheless seemed to provide a solution for the particular characteristics of life, especially its individuality. It was certainly preferable to all the dangers that materialism presented. Likewise in the Czech case, Emmanuel Radl (1873–1942) spent much of his life extolling the virtues of vitalism, up until his death in home confinement during the Nazi Protectorate. Vitalism too became bound up in the late nineteenth century rediscovery of early modern philosophy, which became an essential part of the development of new scientific consciousness and linguistic awareness right before the First World War in the Czech lands. Thus, by comparing the reception of these ideas together in two countries separated by ‘nationality’ but bounded by religion and active engagement with French and German ideas (especially Driesch), we can reconstruct not only receptions of vitalism and materialism, but articulate their political and theological valances.

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"The Biltz Brothers". W The Chemists' War: 1914–1918, 239–48. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849739894-00239.

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Wilhelm and Heinrich Biltz both led distinguished careers in chemistry, co-authoring a manual on practical inorganic chemistry Laboratory Methods of Inorganic Chemistry. However, the First World War would interupt their academic careers. Heinrich served in the German Army as a reserve officer, whilst Wilhelm was a second lieutenant who commanded one the tanks that fought British tanks at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. When their book was published, five years before the start of the Great War, it is quite likely that Wilhelm and Heinrich would have been aware of the important roles iron, lead, antimony and other elements played in the manufacture of weapons, armour, and ammunition. This chapter examines the history of the tank and its role in combat during the war. The chemistry required to construct and operate the tank, as well as to successfully manufacture and utilise the weapons and ammunition on-board, is also discussed.

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"Fractured Friendships". W The Chemists' War: 1914–1918, 268–89. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849739894-00268.

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Before the First World War British chemists, among others, travelled to Germany to conduct post-graduate research, whilst a surplus of German chemists travelled to Britain. After the outbreak of war, however, research collaborations and friendships became strained, with people contributing their chemical expertise to their respective countries’ war efforts while others took up arms to fight. This chapter looks at how the war affected relationships between professors, students and colleagues, as well as the resumption of international scientific cooperation after the war.

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Pack, Sasha D. "Illusory Neutrality, 1914–1918". W The Deepest Border, 139–54. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0007.

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This chapter looks at the contradictory set of international legal and political requirements prevailing on Spain and Morocco during World War I. There was little will on the part of Spain to enter the conflict, yet it was unclear how to adhere to the requirements of wartime neutrality while also meeting the obligation to administer a portion of the Moroccan Sultanate, a belligerent state by virtue of association with France. German agents, such as the Mannesmann mining firm, exploited this legal and political grey zone to infiltrate the pro-Entente sultanate via the many maritime smuggling networks, brigands, and safe havens of Spanish Morocco. Although this had little bearing on the war’s outcome, it convinced the leader of the French colonial army, Hubert Lyautey, that the Spanish officer corps was an unreliable partner.

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Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Polacy wobec służby wojskowej w armiach zaborczych i polskich zbrojnych formacjach niepodległościowych w latach 1910–1918. Unikanie poboru i dezercje". W Polityka - wojskowość - bezpieczeństwo. Księga jubileuszowa z okazji 40-lecia działalności naukowej Profesora Romana Kochnow, 295–316. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/9788380849396.18.

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Before the outbreak of the Great War thousands of Poles living in Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany were hiding from conscription to the army. However, this did not affect the efficient mobilization to the Austro-Hungarian, Russian and especially German armies in the summer of 1914. The desertions of the First World War were a bigger problem. In the years 1914–1918, Polish soldiers deserted both from the occupation forces and from Polish independence formations. The article introduces this issue.

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Coetzee, Marilyn Shevin. "Twilight of the Demagogues". W The German Army League, 105–20. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195061093.003.0007.

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Abstract Prior to August 1914, the Anny League had championed the necessity of infusing German society with properly martial and nationalist virtues in preparation for a war it felt to be inevitable. This emphasis on domestic readiness was then reinforced by the persistent Francophobic tone of league propaganda. Whether it was the desire to recover Alsace-Lorraine or to lure unsuspecting Germans to serve in the Foreign Legion, the persistence of French hostility was all too readily apparent. With the outbreak of the First World War, of course, these themes appeared to gain even greater relevance. As hostilities spread, the league’s warnings were confirmed, its concerns vindicated, its methods validated.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Nakić, Andrija. "Historical and spatial analysis of Šibenik bunkers". W FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18079.

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This paper provides a historical overview of the emergence and establishment of a new defensive system during the first half of 20th century within the area of the City of Šibenik. Numerous field surveys, archival research and various new documentation made in recent years resulted in comprehensive analysis which details the construction phases of Šibenik bunkers, their typology based on the appearance and function, as well as their current condition.The construction of bunkers represents the first serious investment in city’s fortifications since The War of Crete (1645-1669), when the bastion-type fortresses of St. John and Barone were made. The first ideas about investment in new and modernization of the existing Šibenik fortifications came in mid-19th century, when Šibenik, along with Pula and Kotor, was considered one of the three main military ports of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, the actual realization and the construction of bunkers, the new fortification elements which defended the city, occurred in the Interwar period and during the Second World War. Numerous bunkers around Šibenik were built during the first Italian occupation (1918-1921), the Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia (1921-1941), during the second Italian occupation (1941-1943) and during the German occupation (1943-1944). After the end of the Second World War, the army of Socialist Yugoslavia built a series of military barracks, often using existing bunker infrastructure, making Šibenik one of the most heavily fortified cities in the region. Some of the bunkers were also used during Croatian War for Independence (1991-1995), especially during the attack on Šibenik in September 1991.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "World War 1914-1918 – German Army"

Lathrop, Daniel T. How did the Advancement in Weapons Technology Prior to World War One Influence the Rapid Evolution of German Infantry Tactics from 1914 to 1918? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, styczeń 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403975.

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