Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Workers' union structure”
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1
Clark, G. L., i K. Johnston. "The Geography of US Union Elections 3: The Context and Structure of Union Electoral Performance (the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union and the United Auto Workers Union, 1970–82)". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190289.
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This paper is an extension of previous research on the geography of union elections. A model of union organization is proposed, relevant to the institutional and political structure of US labor legislation. Implications are drawn for unions' organizing strategies, and their likely electoral performance at the local level. It is argued that the structural imperatives faced by unions are inherently incomplete; local discretion is built-in to the structure of labor relations. Alternative empirical forms of the proposed model are considered and the advantages of a probit methodology discussed. Empirical analysis is based upon representation elections involving the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union and the United Auto Workers union over the period 1970–82. To illustrate the implications of the derived empirical results, a series of scenarios are discussed involving both unions and their possible options for organizing at the local level.
2
Dhal, Manoranjan. "Changing Power of Union in India: A Study of Actors’ Perception". International Journal of Human Resource Studies 1, nr 2 (18.10.2011): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v1i2.1117.
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Abstract — With the growing globalization of market, out sourcing of production, and downsizing of manpower trade unions are losing their power across the globe. This paper tries to explore the perception of actors, i.e. workers, trade union leaders and managers about the changing power structure of union. Attempt was made to study the perception of actors about the function of union, industrial relations climate and its impact on power of union. This study is based on 640 structured interviews conducted in manufacturing industries across different sectors in India. Keywords: Actors; Trade Union; Union Power
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Suryani, Suryani, i Ana Sabhana Azmy. "Partisipasi politik buruh perempuan". Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak 15, nr 1 (12.05.2020): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v15i1.3544.
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This study discusses the political participation of women workers in The Chemical, Energy and Mining Trade Unions of the All Indonesia Workers Union (SP KEP-SPSI). Using qualitative methods, this paper uses theories of women’s political participation, understanding sex and gender, and explaining socialist feminism as bases of analysis. This research tries to answer two issues namely how the involvement of women workers in the union in the SP KEP-SPSI and why the involvement of women in the union is important. The conclusion of this study is that the political participation of women workers in SP KEP-SPSI has not been actively involved enough in trade unions. Their membership is still very minimal with the indicator that there are only 4 female workers from 46 officials in the structure. However, SP KEP-SPSI has tried to facilitate the involvement of women workers with an indication of the inclusion of a clause on the involvement of women in the Statutes / Statutes of the Union. The involvement of women workers is important in unions, because it signifies a form of active political participation of citizens and is related to the struggle for the rights of women workers.
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Adăscăliței, Dragoș, i Ștefan Guga. "Negotiating agency and structure: Trade union organizing strategies in a hostile environment". Economic and Industrial Democracy 38, nr 3 (2.04.2015): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x15578157.
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This article investigates a case of successful union organizing in one automotive assembly plant in Romania. The authors argue that in order to explain why the union succeeds in defending workers’ rights there is a need to consider both structural and agency aspects that condition labor’s capacity to effectively defend their interests. The findings show that the union at the Romanian plant has made use of a diverse repertoire of protest activities in order to defend its worker constituency. The authors also discuss why as of late protests are less and less used by the union in response to the shifting economic and political environment in which the plant is embedded. They argue that a closer look at the strategy of the Romanian union and the path it has taken in the past decade provides a better understanding of the conditions for union success in an economic, legal, and political environment that has become increasingly hostile toward organized labor. In this sense, the article points to the more general situation unions in Central and Eastern Europe have found themselves in recent years.
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Kuruvilla, Sarosh, i Roderick D. Iverson. "A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Union Commitment in Australia". Journal of Industrial Relations 35, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500305.
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This paper evaluates the applicability of the different factor structures of union commitment identified in previous studies to the Australian case. Confirmatory factor analysis results using LISREL VII suggest that union commitment is best represented by four distinct factors, 'union loyalty; 'responsibility to the union; 'willingness to work for the union', and 'belief in unionism' in this sample of Australian workers. OLS regression results indicate that the four factors are differentially related to a set of common predictor variables. White-collar workers reported higher levels of commit ment than blue-collar workers. Participation in leadership positions and previous ex perience with union handling of grievances significantly increased commitment to the union. The results suggest support for the generalizability of the factor structure of union commitment to Australia. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Rogers, Joel. "Divide and Conquer: The Legal Foundations of Postwar U.S. Labor Policy+". German Law Journal 12, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200016825.
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This paper provides an outline for a general theory of postwar U.S. labor law and regulation. It focuses on the structure and administration of the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), the centerpiece of U.S. labor policy over the past two generations. The central thesis of the analysis is that American labor law tends systematically to constrain and fragment worker organization, and is best understood as comprising a regulatory regime that both codifies and furthers the weakness of American labor. The organizing principle of this regulatory regime is the general denial of substantive generic entitlements for workers, and the general limitation of enforceable substantive worker claims to those claims arising from the guarantees of specific collective bargaining agreements negotiated within narrow contexts of union-employer dealings. As a consequence of this distinctive structure of interest articulation and satisfaction, unions rationally adopt highly particularistic bargaining strategies in their dealings with employers. As a consequence of such adoption, unions are divided within themselves, from one another, and from unorganized workers, with the result that workers overall are cumulatively weakened as a class.
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Friedman, Abraham. "Union Structure and Rank and File Revolt : The Israeli Experience". Relations industrielles 31, nr 2 (12.04.2005): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028706ar.
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The high rate of unauthorized strikes in Israel can be attributed to the structural dualism of the largest and most important trade union in Israel— the Histadruth. In structural dualism a reference is made to the incompatibility between the organizational characteristics of the upper echelons of the union, i.e., the trade union department and those of the lower echelons, i.e. the workers' committees. Their goals and relationship with their constituency and political parties are incongruous. While the trade union department adheres to the prescriptions of the national economic policies as put forward by the Labor Alignment party, workers' committees are committed to the short run economic goals of their members at the shop level.
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Baril-Gingras, Geneviève, i Sarah Pier Dubois-Ouellet. "Framing, Resources and Repertoire of Local Trade Union Action for Health and Safety: A Study Conducted with a Quebec Central Labour Body". Articles 73, nr 3 (7.11.2018): 429–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053836ar.
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Summary Employment and working conditions having an impact on health and safety are some of the most important concerns of workers. Amongst the various means by which trade unions contribute to prevention, the contribution of Worker Safety Representatives (WSR) is well-established and the most studied, including their participation in joint occupational health and safety committees (JOHSC). However, there are surprisingly few studies examining the place of OHS as an issue of workers’ collective action. Conducted with a large Quebec Central Labour Body, this study aims to understand why and how local-level unions concentrate upon these issues, the repertoire of means that they employ and the context that supports or hindus such actions. The conceptual framework is based on previous realistic evaluations of OHS preventive interventions and includes Levesque and Murray’s (2010) trade union power resources and strategic capabilities. In phase I, eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with union staff members and elected representatives from different sectors, covering a wide array of activities such as unionization, training, negotiation, OHS prevention and compensation. Results also refer to five case studies (phase 2) of local-level trade unions identified by phase 1 respondents as particularly active in relation to prevention. The process by which working conditions having a negative impact on OHS are framed (or not) as trade union issues is examined. Levers and barriers are also identified. Factors affecting the presence of resources for trade union autonomous action aimed at prevention (like the integration of WSR to the union core structure, release time for prevention, etc.) are highlighted. A widely diverse repertoire of workplace-level trade union means of action for OHS is also highlighted by the interviews and case studies, not limited just to those provided by the Quebec OHS regime. It includes the recourse to labour relations mechanisms (e.g. negotiation and strike) and is based on an autonomous agenda, including mobilization. The potential of OHS issues for union revitalization is discussed, as well as the barriers that must be overcome.
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Pozzi, Pablo A. "Argentina 1976–1982: Labour Leadership and Military Government". Journal of Latin American Studies 20, nr 1 (maj 1988): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00002509.
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Argentina's labour leaders make up one of the most powerful social groups in the nation's society. Their power is based on the unions' economic resources as well as on their capacity to mobilise rank-and-file workers. However, the group has developed a tendency towards bureaucratisation. On the one hand they are representative of their fellow-workers which is why they are continuously re-elected. At the same time, they have acquired technical and bureaucratic skills which ease their handling of the trade union structure. ‘As long as permanence at the head of the union becomes prolonged, the labour leader draws further away from the cultural and economic criteria of the workers who form the rank-and-file.’1This tendency towards self-perpetuation in office maintains the acquired social status. In addition, the separation from the rank-and-file increases in order to have a relative autonomy and play the role of intermediary between the worker and the employer. In this sense, the corporativism and verticalism inherent in the Peronist doctrine, as a form of selecting leaders, increases the tendency towards bureaucratisation in the trade union leaders, marking a breach with the historical tendency of the Argentine labour movement previous to 1946–7.
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Sheldon, Peter. "Arbitration and Union Growth: Building and Construction Unions in NSW, 1901-1912". Journal of Industrial Relations 35, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500302.
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The introduction of compulsory arbitration in New South Wales in 1901 did not lead to increased union membership levels among building and construction industry workers. The administration of the Act proved largely unworkable and delivered positive results to building employers rather than unionists. Instead, the recovery of unionism in this sector after the 1890s depression was due to a range of economic and other institutional factors, including the positive stimulus provided by the Public Works administration of E. W. O'Sullivan. The introduction of a revamped arbitration framework in 1908 probably did contribute to the strong growth in union membership in succeeding years, given the greater accessibility to awards it provided. Still, much of this encouragement was at best indirect. Here again, though, other factors— economic, industrial relations and political—were probably at least as important. Among these were a sustained building boom, the changed structure of the industry's workforce, the increasing scale of projects and a growing worker dissatisfaction with arbitration's meagre fruits.
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PIKOVSKA, Tetiana. "TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN THE FIRST CHECHOSLOVATSKIY REPUBLIC IN THE PERIOD FROM 1918 TO 1924". "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", nr 9 (49) (25.09.2019): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-9-13.
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The economic development and political structure of Czechoslovakia after the end of the First World War are analyzed. The attention is focused on the peculiarities of the functioning of trade unions in the republic. Specific features of the trade union movement are defined - fragmentation and influence of political parties. The process of implementation by trade unions of its direct functions - mediation between large capital and workers, improvement of the status of employees - is highlighted.The methods of Czechoslovak trade unions' implementation of these functions are described, which can be divided into three groups: direct actions, instruments of social reconciliation, auxiliary measures. It is noted that the influence of trade unions during 1918-1924 as a speaker of the interests of the workers increased significantly. This is evidenced by the statistics of the won labor disputes and successful strikes of employees. However, the fragmentation of trade unions, which eventually intensified, did not allow a dialogue between the worker and the state more rational, which eventually led to a decrease in the intensity of the strike movement and a decrease in the level of trust in trade unions in the working environment.The main cause of this phenomenon was the disparity of the Czechoslovak society due to national, religious and political heterogeneity.
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Kim, Changwook, i Sangkyu Lee. "Fragmented industrial structure and fragmented resistance in Korea’s digital game industry". Global Media and China 5, nr 4 (13.06.2020): 354–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059436420932518.
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This article is part of the special issue Creative Labor in East Asia. By exploring specific politico-economic and institutional, conditions promoting actually existing precarity in Korean digital game labor, this study aims to examine how the industrial and institutional conditions of precarity affect digital game workers’ subjectivity. Under this theoretical and empirical consideration, the study first delineates how the rapid industrial transition to the mobile game market happens in relation to the Korean government’s deregulation policy on that particular market. It then scrutinizes the ways in which this industrial shift deepens labor precarity, promotes degradation of skills, and ultimately fragments workers in the digital game industry. Based on this structural analysis, it argues that the fragmented industrial structure of the digital game industry in Korea not only actually fosters contrasting labor subjectivities but also promotes fragmented resistances among Korean digital game workers. By critically evaluating both possibilities and limitations of the recent firm-centered union movements created by digital game workers, the study ultimately concludes that finding a way to connect organized unions to unorganized freelance workers is absolutely necessary to actually transform “precarity” into “solidarity.”
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Freeman, Richard B. "Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector and Public Sector Unionism in the United States". Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, nr 2 (1.05.1988): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.2.63.
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The institutional structure of the American labor market changed remarkably from the 1950s and 1960s to the 1980s. What explains the decline in union representation of private wage and salary workers? Why have unions expanded in the public sector while contracting in the private sector? Is the economy-wide fall in density a phenomenon common to developed capitalist economies, or is it unique to the United States? To what extent should economists alter their views about what unions do to the economy in light of the fact that they increasingly do it in the public sector? To answer these questions I examine a wide variety of evidence on the union status of public and private workers. I contrast trends in unionization in the United States with trends in other developed countries, particularly Canada, and use these contrasts and the divergence between unions in the public and private sectors of the United States to evaluate proposed explanations.
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Zullo, Roland. "The Evolving Demographics of the Union Movement". Labor Studies Journal 37, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x12450320.
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Trend analyses indicate that the union movement is becoming less white and more female. In this research, the author examines the transitions of persons in and out of the union movement in order to understand whether diversification is due to behavior or structure. Results indicate that African Americans transitioned comparatively faster than others from nonunion to union employment, even after controlling for industry and occupation. Latina/os also display evidence of an above-average preference for union representation, with transitions into unions suppressed by immigrant status. For women, the growing demographic numbers appear to be due to the relative stability of the industry or occupation in which persons are employed. In general, the findings for part-time workers, education, and annual trends point to an increasingly challenging environment for unionizing over the decade.
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Hirsch, Barry T., David A. Macpherson i Melissa A. Hardy. "Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers". ILR Review 53, nr 3 (kwiecień 2000): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390005300303.
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This paper examines covariates of the occupational age structure and the openness of jobs to older workers. Using a large number of data sets, which together span the years 1983–98, the authors focus on the structure of compensation, job skill requirements, and working hours and conditions as the principal determinants of occupational access. Older male and female workers, they find, face substantial entry barriers in occupations with steep wage profiles, pension benefits, and computer usage. In addition, union coverage is associated with limited access for older men, while older female hires are concentrated in occupations where flex-time, part-time work, and daytime shifts are common. Segregation across occupations among older new hires exceeds that for younger workers, but there is no evidence that it has worsened over time.
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Allen, Steven G. "Updated Notes on the Interindustry Wage Structure, 1890–1990". ILR Review 48, nr 2 (styczeń 1995): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800207.
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The author documents and analyzes changes in wage structure across manufacturing industries over the years 1890–1990. Interindustry differentials in wages were highly stable over that period for production workers, but much less stable for nonproduction workers. Interindustry wage patterns were very similar for production and nonproduction workers in 1990, though this similarity dates back only to 1958. Although dispersion of wages across industries followed varying trends over the period, it was higher in 1990 than at any previous time in this century. The variables that have been most strongly correlated with wage growth are productivity growth, rising union density, rising capital intensity, and profit growth.
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Kollmorgen, Stuart, i Richard Naughton. "Change from Within: Reforming Trade Union Coverage and Structure". Journal of Industrial Relations 33, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300305.
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The federal government has demonstrated that it supports moves to rationalize trade union structure by enacting legislation which allocates the parties in the industrial relations process different roles in transforming union coverage of workers and workplaces. The power to rewrite union eligibility rules under section 118A of the Industrial Relations Act 1988 provides the Australian Industrial Relations Commission with a direct role in the restructuring process, while the more permissive path towards trade union amalgamations now endorsed by the legislation allows the union movement itself an opportunity to hasten the reform process. The authors contend that the government has chosen to adopt a compromise model of reform by seeking to achieve change from within the existing centralized system. The paper analyzes the different legislative mechanisms, both to identify the capacity for change that currently exists within the Industrial Relations Act, and to assess whether they provide a suitable response to the challenges presently confronting the Australian industrial relations system.
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De Lima, Cicero Francisco, Edward Martins Costa, Francisca Zilania Mariano, Wellington Ribeiro Justo i Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil". Journal of Economic Studies 47, nr 4 (25.04.2020): 939–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0047.
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PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.
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Rössel, Jörg. "Industrial Structure, Union Strategy, and Strike Activity in American Bituminous Coal Mining, 1881-1894". Social Science History 26, nr 1 (2002): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001227x.
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The goal of this article is to describe and explain the specific strike pattern of American bituminous coal miners in the last part of the nineteenth century (between 1881 and 1894).The central thesis is that the evolution of strike patterns in bituminous coal mining differed substantially from the development of strike patterns in other industries during this period. According to scholars like Gerald Friedman (1988) and Kim Voss (1993), the evolution of the American labor movement until 1886 was strongly determined by the Knights of Labor’s strategy of inclusive unionism, which sought to increase worker power through solidarity and broad-based strikes. As this strategy proved unsuccessful—especially in 1886—American labor unions later conducted a different type of walkout: planned, small strikes of strategically located, skilled workers, which were more successful.
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Melling, Joseph. "Leading the White-Collar Union: Clive Jenkins, the Management of Trade-Union Officers, and the Politics of the British Labour Movement, c.1968–1979". International Review of Social History 49, nr 1 (kwiecień 2004): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001378.
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The growth of white-collar unionism and its impact on British trade unions in the postwar period has received little attention from social historians. Radical critics have noted the failure of Clive Jenkins to provide a clear lead in defending workers' conditions, while mainstream, institutionalist commentators more often stress the diversity of specific interests served by such unions. Recent research has called into question earlier models of union governance, though there remain few studies of the history of officer relations within trade unions. This article examines the leadership of ASTMS in the decade after its formation. It is argued that the strategies pursued by Jenkins, including the recruitment, training, and deployment of fieldworkers, were guided by accumulated knowledge and culture (as well as brilliant opportunism) rather than by the structure of the union or the composition of the membership. In offering educated officers a career structure, ASTMS increased its capacity for expertise and effective communication without descending into the political sectarianism of the postwar years. The charismatic, capricious style adopted by Jenkins, as well as the difficulties of absorbing a diverse membership in this period of rapid growth, contributed to the tensions which culminated in a series of struggles between the union and its bargainers during the 1970s.
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Bezvin, O. S. "TRADE UNIONS AS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE". Legal horizons, nr 19 (2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i19.p13.
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The article deals with the trade unions as a grant to protect the rights and interests of civil servants, reveals the main tasks of trade unions. The activity of trade union organizations in the structure of the state body in Ukraine is analyzed. The legal mechanisms of asserting the violated rights of a civil servant by a trade union organization of a public body and the role of trade unions in protecting the rights of civil servants in developed countries are emphasized. The state at certain times gave the trade unions great powers to protect the rights and interests of workers, and then deprived the trade unions of these powers. In connection with this, various problems arose in regulating the activities of trade unions in the protection of individual and collective rights and interests in the protection of public servants. All this affected the legal status of trade unions. However, it should be noted that trade unions are in constant flux and this leads to improvements in the regulations governing their activities. However, it should be noted that today there are many problems in Ukraine regarding the exercise by the trade union organizations of their powers in the civil service. In particular, the legal status of trade unions in the civil service is not regulated enough, which, in turn, does not allow them to fully protect the legal rights and interests of civil servants. Considering the importance of trade unions in protecting labor rights and the socio-economic interests of workers, in developing democratic forms of citizen participation in managing economic and political processes, a democratic, legal, and social state, which is Ukraine, should support trade unions and take care of legislative consolidation. their authority. Trade unions at all levels should once again return to the consideration of their core functions and pay attention to those that will now be more conducive to the achievement of the main objective of the creation and activity of trade unions – the protection of social-labor rights and interests of trade union members. Today’s Ukraine needs strong unions. A strong union is a union that effectively protects the interests of its members, enjoys their trust and support, is able to organize, if necessary, collective action to protect the socio-economic rights and interests of employees, has sufficient organizational, financial, and human resources to fulfill its statutory tasks. Keywords: trade union organization, protection, rights, the role of trade unions, legal mechanisms.
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Pocock, Barbara. "Rethinking Unionism in a Changing World of Work, Family and Community Life". Articles 66, nr 4 (17.01.2012): 562–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1007633ar.
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This article considers the state of unionism today and argues that in strategizing for more workers’ power and effective worker representation, unions have – unsurprisingly – focussed upon the primary domain that workers occupy: the labour market and workplaces, applying a particular repertoire of tools. While social conditions beyond the terrain of work have always mattered and sometimes been recognized by activists and theorists, these are often under-attended in analysis and strategy. The article argues that the relevant social context includes the three “microsystems” of work, household and community life, their intersecting “mesosystems” and the larger “macrosystem” of labour law, social norms and gender cultures within which they are located. Together these construct a system which affects the ways in which unions can build power, the tools available to them, and the industrial issues that matter to workers.Significant changes in the three interacting domains of work, household and community life since the mid-1970s in many industrialized countries have changed the system within which workers’ create collective power. This is illustrated by evidence drawn from the Australian experience, and the changing forms and occupational structure of employment, and the changing shape of households and communities within which Australian workers live. Workers’ increasing mobility and work, family and community transitions make some of the traditional vehicles of union power outmoded – like collectivizing through a longstanding job or craft affiliation. Such changes call for new forms of collectivization and create new priorities for workers in their bargaining and industrial conditions. They also have implications for the tools – collective bargaining, substantive and procedural statutory rights or social security – that will most effectively improve workers’ circumstances.
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Wood, Augustus C. "The Crisis of the Black Worker, the U.S. Labor Movement, and Democracy for All". Labor Studies Journal 44, nr 4 (grudzień 2019): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x19887253.
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This paper contextualizes the socioeconomic condition of the African-American working class in the American Labor Movement. As the union movement continues its steady decline, African-American social conditions are deteriorating at an alarming pace. Racial oppression disrupted historically powerful labor movements as African-Americans served in predominantly subproletariat labor positions. As a result, Black workers endured the racially oppressive U.S. structure on the periphery of the U.S. Labor Movement. I argue that Black working-class social conditions are dialectically related to their subjugated position in the modern-day union movement. Therefore, for Black social conditions and working-class conditions to improve overall, the union movement must centralize the conditions of the Black workers.
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Belman, Dale, John S. Heywood i John Lund. "Public Sector Earnings and the Extent of Unionization". ILR Review 50, nr 4 (lipiec 1997): 610–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000404.
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Many studies have examined the influence of union density (union members as a percentage of all workers) on earnings in the private sector, but few such studies have looked at the public sector. Using data from the 1991 Current Population Survey, this study estimates the determinants of earnings for state and local government employees in both the union and nonunion sectors. The extent of public sector unionization appears to be positively correlated with earnings for both state and local government workers and for those covered and not covered by collective agreements. Although the effect for non-covered employees is smaller than that for covered employees, both effects are larger than those typically found in similar estimates for the private sector. The authors also find that bargaining structure has some influence on earnings, with the most consistent effect being a positive influence of arbitration on the earnings of local government workers.
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Pupo, Norene, i Andrea M. Noack. "Organizing Local Messengers: Working Conditions and Barriers to Unionization". Canadian Journal of Sociology 39, nr 3 (7.07.2014): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs18509.
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As a result of concerns around declining memberships and the growth of precarious employment in recent years, unions have sought to expand their jurisdictions and organize groups of workers who have typically resisted collective bargaining. Research on union renewal has examined working conditions and workplace structures that may give rise to successful organizing campaigns. In this paper we examine working conditions amongst non-unionized same-day messengers working in Toronto, Canada. The research team conducted 143 semi-structured interviews with bikers, drivers and walkers who work primarily for local courier companies. We find that although same-day couriers are typically treated as ‘independent contractors’, they are dependent on brokers, and precariously employed, with unpredictable income and hours of work. Though this group would benefit substantially from unionization, especially organized on a sector-wide basis, their attitudes and culture combined with the structure of the local industry create substantial impediments to organizing.
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Stern, Marc J. "Industrial Structure and Occupational Health: The American Pottery Industry, 1897–1929". Business History Review 77, nr 3 (2003): 417–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30041185.
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Beginning in 1897, the American ceramics industry entered a period of stability and collaboration that emerged from an agreement by several leading firms to fix prices and discounts, exchange cost and price information, and begin close contractual relations with its workers' union, the National Brotherhood of Operative Potters. One issue, however, remained trouble-some: how to deal with occupational health issues in this disease-ridden trade. Should firms rely on state or private inspection? Should they be bound to one standard? Significantly, the companies and unions opted for private inspection systems that allowed them to maintain trade stability, even at the cost of health improvements. This arrangement remained in place until 1923, when federal antitrust actions shattered the trade association. Employers then faced a shift to state inspection and enacted a range of new schemes and private welfare plans to suit their designs.
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Bray, Mark, Johanna Macneil i Leslee Spiess. "Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2018". Journal of Industrial Relations 61, nr 3 (1.05.2019): 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619834320.
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There is a storm brewing over the roles of unions and collective bargaining in Australian employment relations. Unions, frustrated with what they see as practical and legislative restrictions on protection of workers’ rights, seek to ‘change the rules’. Employers, on the other hand, have been successful in restricting or rolling back bargaining rights, supported by their associations, the Coalition government and an assertive interpretation of the Fair Work Act. Add to this the impending federal election and the scene is set for a tempest that could bring industrial relations back to the centre of Australian politics in 2019. The review explores the various elements contributing to the coming storm, including trends in union membership, structure and strategy. It also surveys trends in the number and coverage of collective agreements, wage outcomes and industrial disputes. Two idiosyncractically Australian versions of collective agreement making are also discussed: cooperative bargaining facilitated by the Fair Work Commission and non-union collective agreement making.
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Zhang, Xiaodan. "Hidden Forms of Bargaining on China's Shop Floor". International Labor and Working-Class History 73, nr 1 (2008): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547908000021.
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AbstractThis article examines shop-floor bargaining in China in both the socialist and reform eras. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in three manufacturing factories, document analysis, and secondary sources, the author discusses how government policies and organizational structure shape the interaction between workshop managers and workers and how the practice on the shop floor alters managerial attempts in return. The author argues that, despite different economic structures in the two historical periods, Chinese workers are not the docile labor force often portrayed in literature and media. Instead, they utilize any leverage given within organizational structures and bargain for not only economic gains, but also for respect and autonomy. Their bargaining, though different from institutionalized union bargaining, influences managerial decisionmaking in a subtle way with ideological implications.
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Julián, Dasten. "Unions Opposing Labor Precarity in Chile: Union Leaders’ Perceptions and Representations of Collective Action". Latin American Perspectives 45, nr 1 (16.10.2017): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x17737494.
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The systematic deregulation of labor relations was a cornerstone of the imposition of the neoliberal model in Chile. This process had a significant impact on both the strategies and the structure of unionism. A study of the perceptions and representations of precarious work of union leaders contributes to a discussion of the relationship between precarity and repertoires of collective action in workers’ pursuit of regulation, institutionalization, social improvement, and well-being in employment relations. La desregulación sistemática de las relaciones laborales fue la piedra angular de la imposición del modelo neoliberal en Chile. Este proceso tuvo un impacto significativo tanto en las estrategias como en la estructura del sindicalismo. En este trabajo se presentará un estudio de las percepciones y representaciones del trabajo precario de los dirigentes sindicales. Los resultados contribuyen a una discusión de la relación entre la precariedad y los repertorios de acción colectiva en la búsqueda de la regulación, la institucionalización, la mejora social y el bienestar de los trabajadores en las relaciones laborales.
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Caraway, Teri L. "Pathways of Dominance and Displacement: The Varying Fates of Legacy Unions in New Democracies". World Politics 64, nr 2 (21.03.2012): 278–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000056.
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Legacy unions—formerly state-backed unions that survived democratic transitions—are one of the most persistent legacies of authoritarian rule. While usually successful in maintaining their preeminent position, legacy unions have in some cases been overtaken by competing unions. Deploying a set of paired comparisons of legacy unions that entered the transition with similar legacies but experienced different fates—Indonesia with South Korea and Poland with Russia—this article examines why some legacy unions continued to dominate (Indonesia and Russia) and others did not (South Korea and Poland). The author identifies four pathways of change: endurance (Indonesia), attrition (South Korea), hegemony (Russia), and rupture (Poland). Several features of the transition context propelled legacy unions down distinct pathways of change—the widespread mobilization of workers outside of state-sponsored unions early in the transition, partisan links, and the structure of union competition.
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Cox, Annette, Sirin Sung, Gail Hebson i Gwen Oliver. "Applying Union Mobilization Theory to Explain Gendered Collective Grievances: Two UK Case Studies". Journal of Industrial Relations 49, nr 5 (listopad 2007): 717–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607084391.
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This article draws on Kelly's mobilization theory to identify potential stages in developing gendered collective articulation of grievances and discusses the barriers to such articulation within two case sites in the UK telecommunications sector. It focuses on employee concerns surrounding pay and working time issues arising from organizational change in two case studies from the UK telecommunications sector. Findings showed that organizational change had brought work intensification that exacerbated long hours cultures and that concerns were common to both sexes, although organizational variations in career ambitions and sense of entitlement occurred. In contrast, there was evidence that women were less willing to articulate concerns over unfair pay practices, shaped partly by a low sense of entitlement and also perceived weaknesses in potential for collective redress. The activation of grievances was severely limited by the gendered occupational and organizational structure of both workplaces and union organization within them. We conclude that there are opportunities for unions to pursue a two-pronged approach to worker mobilization by mainstreaming concerns about working time that are common to workers of both sexes with families and to activate gendered concerns around pay at workplace level.
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Hoffrogge, Ralf. "Voluntarism, Corporatism and Path Dependency: The Metalworkers’ Unions Amalgamated Engineering Union and IG Metall and their Place in the History of British and German Industrial Relations". German History 37, nr 3 (15.06.2019): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz037.
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Abstract Germany and Britain have served as models of either corporatist or voluntarist industrial relations. The more recent typology of ‘varieties of capitalism’ then identified Britain as a model case of a ‘liberal market economy’ while Germany was portrayed as a (state) ‘co-ordinated market economy’. The mainstream of German-language labour history also tells this success story. Some research on the evolution of co-determination has portrayed its subject as a long-standing trait of German capitalism, with predecessors dating back as far as 1848. With its focus on the history of two key trade unions in core industries of Britain and Germany, the British metalworkers’ union the Amalgamated Society of Engineers / Amalgamated Engineering Union and the German Metal Workers’ Union / IG Metall, this article questions both exceptionalism and continuity. It argues that a path dependency exists in the structure of both unions and the industrial relations around them—but that this never came close to a linear evolution of voluntarism or corporatism. On closer examination, the history of both unions includes localist as well as centralist practices. From the 1890s both unions were part of collective bargaining with strong employers’ associations; especially after 1945 both were open to corporatist compromises. For West Germany only, such a compromise was found in the early 1950s, and not before, while in Britain that same compromise was attempted but failed during the crucial years between 1965 and 1979. Therefore, to quote Stefan Berger, this article argues that ‘similarities between the British and the German labour movements have been underestimated’.
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Fox-Hodess, Katy. "Building Labour Internationalism ‘from Below’: Lessons from the International Dockworkers Council’s European Working Group". Work, Employment and Society 34, nr 1 (23.01.2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019862969.
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This article considers whether the efficacy of transnational unionism, a strategy for trade union movement revitalisation, might be increased by a second revitalisation strategy: rank-and-file trade union democracy. This question is examined through a study of the International Dockworkers Council (IDC), an exceptional case of institutionalised rank-and-file union democracy at the transnational level. A shadow comparison examines the work of the International Transport Workers Federation, a bureaucratic trade union organisation active in the same sector. The IDC’s structure is found to increase the efficacy of transnational unionism by removing layers of bureaucratic mediation that slow down action, fostering a culture of militant solidarity among participants. Nevertheless, participants noted the heavy personal burdens placed on activists under this model and some difficulties of operating without the assistance of paid professionals. Additionally, differing national legal and political contexts for unionism remain significant barriers to effective internationalism.
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van den Broek, Diane, i Tony Dundon. "(Still) Up to No Good: Reconfiguring Worker Resistance and Misbehaviour in an Increasingly Unorganized World". Articles 67, nr 1 (5.03.2012): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008197ar.
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Summary The way worker resistance and misbehaviour have been analyzed has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades. While researchers have observed the quantitative decline of formal or organized forms of industrial relations conflict, others have highlighted the emergence of informal and individualized (mis)behaviours. There have been a range of reasons advanced to explain both the decline in industrial disputes and in the lineal approaches to analyze workplace conflict. This article cautions the increasing tendency to analyze resistance and misbehaviour in an institutional vacuum. Drawing on longitudinal research across multiple organizational settings in Australia and Britain, the article identifies the longevity of institutional and structural factors to explain workplace behaviours, particularly among weakly organized workers. The evidence presented in this paper emphasizes the need to analyze employee resistance within its institutional context. The range of behaviours identified here in many non- or anti-union settings were shaped by the changing structural and institutional workplace regime: by sector, size, structure or managerial strategy (among others). By recognizing the importance of context and place, we argue that what is often portrayed as types of misbehaviour substitute for more assertive forms of resistance by workers who are vulnerable in the labour market or denied access to traditional collective structures of representation.
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Miller, Rachel. "Talent on Strike: The Musicians’ Union and the Early Agonies of the Creative Class". Labor 18, nr 3 (1.09.2021): 8–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9061395.
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Abstract In November 1865, the membership of New York City's Musical Mutual Protective Union went on strike. Spurred by low wages and professional disrespect, union men came together around an ensemble ethic emphasizing mutual obligation among players. This powerful code of conduct—enforced through the union's internal structure and the musicians’ employment model—sustained several weeks of strike action in the face of public indifference. It also pushed musicians to close their ranks and ensured the homogeneity of the orchestra pit. The strike invites us to historicize the “creative economy,” with equal attention to the material conditions of workers and the durable conceptual categories created by the culture industries.
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Mann, Keith. "Christian Chevandier, Cheminots en greve: ou la construction d'une identite (1848–2001). Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2002. 399 pp. 20 € paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (kwiecień 2004): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904260136.
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Christian Chevandier's Cheminots en Greve is a social, political, and institutional history of railroad workers in France from 1848 to 2001. It is told from the standpoint of the role of strikes in forming the occupational identity of these workers, known in France as cheminots (Chevandier finds the earliest use of the expression dating back to 1898; by the 1930s the Academie Francaise officially recognized it as a French word). Cheminots belong to various crafts and trades. They drive the trains, repair locomotives and rolling stock in shops and factories, sell tickets in stations and collect them in trains. Although the book is largely structured around a chronological account of railway strikes, Chevandier looks beyond the strike for sources of cheminot identity. These include the evolving structure of the French railroad system from private companies to state ownership, the role of skill and technological change, and especially union strategies, structures, and above all divisions. Along the way he revisits earlier treatments of French labor and railworker history, and takes up old historiographical controversies debating, confirming, and refuting well-known scholars from Annie Kriegel to historians of a younger generation like George Ribeill and Atsushi Fukasawa.
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Rhéaume, Jacques. "Santé Mentale au Travail: L'Approche Des Programmes D'Aide Aux Employés". Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 11, nr 2 (1.09.1992): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1992-0016.
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This paper concerns the main results of an empirical study addressing 129 practitioners involved in Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) in Quebec. The author defines this type of program on the basis of the linkage between work structure and mental health issues. The linkage between health and work can be appraised through four different traditions: the struggle against alcoholism, work counselling, health and safety at work, and the quality of working life. The present EAP orientations, their organizational setting, and their dominant type of intervention can be related to a work counselling model. A union alternative approach, based on “union counselling” practice indicates a more community-based type of intervention. The conclusion is that both types of interventions are still quite far from a more organizational perspective, in which work structure would represent a salient factor influencing workers' mental health.
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Andriano-Moore, Stephen. "The Motion Picture Editors Guild Treatment of the Film Sound Membership: Enforcing Status Quo for Hollywood’s Post-Production Sound Craft". Labor Studies Journal 45, nr 3 (4.04.2020): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x20912337.
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The Motion Picture Editors Guild (MPEG) is the labor union representing post-production workers in the Hollywood motion picture industry, including seven sound craft classifications. The sound craft has low status within the hierarchical structure of the Hollywood film industry in comparison to other filmmaking crafts. This article evaluates the workings of the MPEG in concerns with the sound craft and status within the industry through a thirty-plus year review of their professional journal, website, sound practitioner discourse, and other industrial documents. The article argues that the union does not sufficiently protect sound practitioners from employer exploitation, contributes to the alienation of sound practitioners from their work, and constraints the level of and recognition for creative contributions. These actions are seen as perpetuating the low status of sound practitioners and the sound craft, which weakens the power of the union.
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Janavičiūtė, Laura, Audronė Telešienė i Jurgita Barynienė. "Migration of Highly Qualified Workers and Policies to Ensure Labour Market Sustainability in the European Union in 2013-2014". Public Policy And Administration 16, nr 3 (23.10.2017): 502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.19345.
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European Union is facing challenges of ageing societies and changes in structure of economy, thus labour shortages turn into an urgent issue that ultimately affects labour market sustainability. In its attempt to recruit highly qualified workers EU has strong international competitors, e.g. USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and pursues a variety of initiatives at national level of the Member States and at the EU level in general. This article aims at assessing the EU policies related to migration of highly qualified workers. Statistical data analysis has revealed that labour mobility is increasing in EU. Thus the EU Mobility directive could be evaluated as bringing benefits, yet with a room for improvement, because highly qualified workers still make up just a small part in all the mobile citizens’ population. National initiatives are more effective in fostering the migration of highly qualified workers, but this has the threat of unequal benefits in different EU regions; the effectiveness of EU Blue Card initiative is weak but with a high potential, thus it needs further improvements in its issuing policies.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.19345
An erratum to this article is available at:
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.24731
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Roskvas, Ihor. "Modern Approaches to Training Competitive Locksmiths-Electricians in the EU Countries". Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, nr 3 (26.09.2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0043.
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Abstract The article deals with the issues of modern approaches to training competitive locksmiths-electricians and the influence of effective management on the process of vocational training. The modern labour market needs concerning vocational training of highly qualified workers have been analyzed. The concept of a competitive worker has been revealed and justified. The study has shown that nowadays the problems of training a modern, competitive and highly qualified locksmiths-electricians in the European Union countries are solved at the political level. The revealed arguments regarding vocational training of workers indicate that modern economics, in fact, transforms the subjects of study into the subjects of the European market. It has been indicated that vocational education institutions have become mediators between the student and the potential employer. In this regard, various approaches to vocational training of workers, namely, locksmiths-electricians, prove the topicality of vocational training itself as this sector ensures vast development of the workforce. It has been justified that competitiveness of the worker is correspondence of the level of their vocational training to the requirements of the European labour market. Competitiveness of locksmiths-electricians in European countries is a significant factor in competitiveness of the finished product, its qualitative and cost characteristics, which satisfy the maximum requirements of the consumer. It has been concluded that the above circumstances should encourage leadership of professional lyceums to seek such an essence and structure of vocational training of highly skilled workers, namely, locksmith-electricians who ensure the opportunity to provide appropriate “commodity condition” of the customer, a graduate of a professional lyceum. It has been added that perspectives for further researches are seen in studying didactic principles of vocational training of workers, namely, locksmiths-electricians, in leading European countries.
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Josserand, Emmanuel, i Sarah Kaine. "Labour Standards in Global Value Chains: Disentangling Workers’ Voice, Vicarious Voice, Power Relations, and Regulation". Articles 71, nr 4 (3.01.2017): 741–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038530ar.
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Theoretical developments and case studies have started to explore the complexity and intricacies of new forms of labour regulation in Global Value Chains (GVCs). This paper builds on these to integrate what we know into a coherent framework that can guide practice and future research. We bring together existing knowledge on new forms of labour standards regulation—such as Private Social Standards (PSSs) and International Framework Agreements (IFAs)—into a framework that integrates and disentangles the contextual determinants, processes, regulatory mechanisms, and outcomes of such regulation in GVCs. Of special significance is the distinction between regulatory processes—vicarious voice, workers’ voice, coordinated international campaigns—, and regulatory mechanisms—IFAs and PSSs. Extant literature tends to deal with existing forms of regulation without much clarity on their respective roles. Our framework identifies two pathways from regulatory processes to regulatory mechanisms: the labour power and the customer power pathways. Our framework also establishes clear connections between concepts, underlining links of causality and moderating effects. We explore the impact of value chain structure, and specifically, the connections between workers’ and vicarious voice, on regulatory outcomes. With regard to the structure of supply chains, we examine the coupling of operations and the sensitivity of value chain participants to reputational risk and drive within value chains. We add the significant dimension of ‘internal drive’ to existing understandings of drive to capture the possible internal discrepancies leading managers in multinational companies (MNCs) to apply mixed incentives to their suppliers to comply with labour standards. Additionally, we introduce the concept of ‘vicarious voice’, which we define as a situation where workers’ voice is substituted by that of actors who, unlike local unions or activist unionism, do not have a close representative link with workers. Vicarious voice may be composed of ethical consumerism, social advocacy, and international union federations.
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Cunningham, Ian, Donna Baines i John Shields. "“You’ve Just Cursed Us”: Precarity, Austerity and Worker’s Participation in the Non-Profit Social Services". Articles 72, nr 2 (22.06.2017): 370–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040405ar.
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Though not monolithic, the non-profit social services sector has been an arena where workers and management participated in various forms of shared planning, service development and organizing the labour process. This included: 1- formal participation processes such as collective bargaining with union representation, and 2- practice-profession or task participation. Drawing on 34 qualitative interviews undertaken with a variety of actors (Chief Executive/Senior Directors, senior operational management, Human Resource Managers, frontline staff, and, where available, union representatives) in two non-profit social service agencies in Ontario (Canada), the article traces how these forms of participation have changed as a result of government austerity policies alongside the expansion of precarious employment and funding in the non-profit sector. Using exemplar quotes and qualitative analysis, the article shows that worker’s participation in each form has declined, while management simultaneously has extended greater control over the labour process and removed or reduced forums and opportunities for input from staff. In terms of task participation, measurement and governance structure of New Public Management (NPM) and austerity have led to less autonomy and choice, especially in the area of working time. The study also found that unitarist approaches, intolerant of staff voice and possible dissent, have displaced earlier representative participatory approaches that either utilized the management chain, or embraced and worked constructively with unions. Though these pressures existed prior to the introduction of austerity policies, the data show that decreased worker’s participation coincides and is further undermined by the financial and governance processes associated with NPM and austerity-linked cuts in government and other forms of funding. Overall, the data and analysis suggest that participation in the Non-profit Social Services (NPSS) may be another casualty of this current wave of neoliberalism.
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Nhung, Nguyen Hong, Nguyen Quang Thai, Bui Trinh i Nguyen Viet Phong. "Rural and Urban in Vietnam Economic Structure". International Business Research 12, nr 3 (29.01.2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n3p31.
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Vietnam is an agricultural country with a "wet rice" culture. In recent decades, in addition to the achievement of relatively high economic growth, the implementation of poverty reduction, there seems to be the trend of simple "industrialization and modernization" almost in all localities of country. Vietnam instead of using forte be cultivated and raised in tropical agriculture into workers and townsman’s in an unprepared way. When Vietnamese people's strengths are not used and promoted, they have to try or be forced to use their weakness. So, the failure is almost inevitable.
This study aims to examine the change in the level of interactions between the agriculture, forestry, fisheries and rural sectors with other sectors in the economy and urban areas based on structure of the input - output table has been updated for Vietnam in 2016 by Vietnam Institute of Development Research (implemented 2018 under a Project of Vietnam Union of Science and Technique Associations VUSTA).
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Folea, Victoria, i Mirjana Pejkovska Kaeva. "Analysis of the Digital Skills in the Eu Labor Market. a Case Study of the Banking Sector." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, nr 2 (31.08.2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i2.p66-78.
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The digitisation of the economy has been a global trend in the last decade and more significantly during the last five years. The European Union recognises that digitalisation changes the structure of the labour market, affecting employment and income distribution. Over the last ten years, digital technologies have entered more and more sectors of the European economy. Over 40% of EU workers have been involved in changing and/or replacing the technologies they use at work. Structural changes in the labour market in Europe are closely correlated with the very high demand for advanced digital skills in the coming years.This paper analyses the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors affecting the development of digital skills in the European Union (PEST analysis), with a focus on the banking sector.
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ZYKIN, IVAN. "ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX OF THE URALS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR". History and modern perspectives 3, nr 1 (28.02.2020): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-1-121-126.
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During the Great Patriotic War, the forest industry of the Urals played an important role in the economy of the region and the Soviet Union. Based on the statistical data put into circulation by researcher A.A. Antoufiev, an analysis of the dynamics of the cost of production fixed assets and gross products in the forest industry of the Urals, including per worker, was undertaken. Due to the enemy’s seizure of part of the western territories of the country, thanks to the availability of forests available for operation, enterprises built and reconstructed in the years of the first five-year plans, equipment evacuation, and the fulfillment of defense orders, the share of this sector of the Urals in the production and value of the country’s forest industry increased. However, in the cost of gross products of the region, the share of the forest industry decreased due to the active development of engineering, metallurgy, and arms production. In the forest industry structure, the higher values of production funds and products per worker were in the pulp and paper and plywood industries, the lowest in the field of forest resources. Conclusions were made about an increase in the cost of funds in the Ural forest industry, a slight decrease in the cost of gross products, a lag in the actual labor productivity of workers from the indicators of industry in the region and the Soviet Union.
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Richardson, John G. "Mill Owners and Wobblies". Social Science History 33, nr 2 (2009): 183–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010956.
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This article examines the event structure of the labor conflict known as the Everett Massacre, which occurred in Everett, Washington, on November 5, 1916. The much-celebrated confrontation between members of the Industrial Workers of the World and local law officials and citizen groups came to symbolize the sharp class divisions that shaped the lumber industry in the latter years of the nineteenth century in the Northwest. The article uses event structure analysis (ESA) to identify the causal structure of this conflict. Guided by this analysis, the focus turns to the structure of discourse in newspaper articles to reveal changes in the contrasting accounts of mill owners and union members, or Wobblies. The article draws on the concepts of relational distance and the monstrous double as a theoretical interpretation for the comparatively more violent labor struggles in the Far West.
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Hill, Elizabeth. "The Indian Industrial Relations System: Struggling to Address the Dynamics of a Globalizing Economy". Journal of Industrial Relations 51, nr 3 (20.05.2009): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185609104305.
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The industrial relations system in India has been under pressure for decades and new problems are emerging as the country becomes more integrated into the global economy. The main architecture of the system was established prior to Independence and remains mostly unchanged. The system is highly centralized and the state is the main mediator between capital and labour. Unions have historically enjoyed a close relationship with the state through party-based federations, but this has undermined their success developing a robust grassroots constituency and experience in collective bargaining. This essay provides a broad overview of the evolution of the Indian system of industrial relations and the labour market reform debate that has arisen in the context of economic change. The structure of the Indian labour market, the overwhelming size of the informal or `unorganized' workforce, and its location outside the industrial system is the fundamental challenge facing Indian industrial relations. There is an urgent need to develop a system that embraces all workers especially given India's demographic profile and the expected increase in the number of working age people over the next decade. The experience of women workers and the failure of both the industrial system and the union movement to understand and accommodate their needs is also an important challenge for industrial relations in India.
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Klymenko, Ninel. "Anastasiia Grinchenko's political activity: between Konotop, St. Petersburg and Kyiv". Kyiv Historical Studies, nr 2 (2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.5459.
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On the basis of archival materials it is described Anastasiia Grinchenko’s political activity in Poltava region (June 1906 — May 1907). Her activity in Hadiach, Konotop and St. Petersburg is discussed in the article. It is clarified, that Nastia Grinchenko, under the conditions of the second State Duma elections, widespreads agitation among the general masses of the “Union”, class consciousness of the proletariat by criticizing the programs and tactics of the opposition parties. It is revealed Nastia Grinchenko’s view on future social structure and the ways of its achievement that were formed in the context of the study and distribution of illegal Marxist literature, campaigning and debate among workers in Hadiach and Konotop. On the basis of correspondence with parents, her difficult choice between the desire to study in St. Petersburg and political activity is highlighted. It is underlined her choice was implemented in dangerous and exhausting work among rural and railway workers in order to change their consciousness and social order. Such choice required cooperation with the RSDWP to overcome the common enemy — autocracy. Imprisonment, unbearable, as for a young girl, labour, sleep deprivation, malnutrition, asceticism, exhausted the young organism and led to a serious illness. It is found out that, besides Anastasiia Grinchenko, a member of the “Union”, Mykola Sakharov, also actively worked in this period. Their interrelations and mutual influence are determined.
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Cairns, Stephen. "Agency". Architectural Research Quarterly 13, nr 2 (czerwiec 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135509990182.
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‘Agency’ is a beguiling word. It has the immediacy of a call-to-arms and the remoteness and anonymity of a bureaucratic function. Agency, as action in the world, underpins revolutionary social change, and the representation of someone else's interests – usually at a distance – in a governmental or business context. It is implicated in both the agitprop of the Reclaim the Streets network, or Brazil's Homeless Workers Movement, and in state bureaucracies such as the UK Border Agency, or commercial franchises such as the Western Union. The term encapsulates two quite distinctive forms of action: one individuated, collective and immediate; and the other systemic, anonymised and bureaucratic. It is no accident, then, that in academic literature ‘agency’ is often paired with ‘structure’, and in the binarised form, structure/agency, is used to refer to the tension between the creative actions of individuals and the social, political and economic structures that supposedly constrain them. The fact that architects are expected to exercise agency in both of these senses – as creative actors and as representatives of their clients' interests – gives the theme further significance.
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Breslavskii, Anatolii Sergeevich. "The results of Soviet urbanization of Chita Oblast: structure, count and functional significance of urban settlements". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, nr 5 (maj 2020): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34014.
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The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.