Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Workers' union structure

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Workers' union structure”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Workers' union structure"

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Clark, G. L., i K. Johnston. "The Geography of US Union Elections 3: The Context and Structure of Union Electoral Performance (the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union and the United Auto Workers Union, 1970–82)". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190289.

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This paper is an extension of previous research on the geography of union elections. A model of union organization is proposed, relevant to the institutional and political structure of US labor legislation. Implications are drawn for unions' organizing strategies, and their likely electoral performance at the local level. It is argued that the structural imperatives faced by unions are inherently incomplete; local discretion is built-in to the structure of labor relations. Alternative empirical forms of the proposed model are considered and the advantages of a probit methodology discussed. Empirical analysis is based upon representation elections involving the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union and the United Auto Workers union over the period 1970–82. To illustrate the implications of the derived empirical results, a series of scenarios are discussed involving both unions and their possible options for organizing at the local level.
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Dhal, Manoranjan. "Changing Power of Union in India: A Study of Actors’ Perception". International Journal of Human Resource Studies 1, nr 2 (18.10.2011): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v1i2.1117.

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Abstract — With the growing globalization of market, out sourcing of production, and downsizing of manpower trade unions are losing their power across the globe. This paper tries to explore the perception of actors, i.e. workers, trade union leaders and managers about the changing power structure of union. Attempt was made to study the perception of actors about the function of union, industrial relations climate and its impact on power of union. This study is based on 640 structured interviews conducted in manufacturing industries across different sectors in India. Keywords: Actors; Trade Union; Union Power
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Suryani, Suryani, i Ana Sabhana Azmy. "Partisipasi politik buruh perempuan". Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak 15, nr 1 (12.05.2020): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v15i1.3544.

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This study discusses the political participation of women workers in The Chemical, Energy and Mining Trade Unions of the All Indonesia Workers Union (SP KEP-SPSI). Using qualitative methods, this paper uses theories of women’s political participation, understanding sex and gender, and explaining socialist feminism as bases of analysis. This research tries to answer two issues namely how the involvement of women workers in the union in the SP KEP-SPSI and why the involvement of women in the union is important. The conclusion of this study is that the political participation of women workers in SP KEP-SPSI has not been actively involved enough in trade unions. Their membership is still very minimal with the indicator that there are only 4 female workers from 46 officials in the structure. However, SP KEP-SPSI has tried to facilitate the involvement of women workers with an indication of the inclusion of a clause on the involvement of women in the Statutes / Statutes of the Union. The involvement of women workers is important in unions, because it signifies a form of active political participation of citizens and is related to the struggle for the rights of women workers.
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Adăscăliței, Dragoș, i Ștefan Guga. "Negotiating agency and structure: Trade union organizing strategies in a hostile environment". Economic and Industrial Democracy 38, nr 3 (2.04.2015): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x15578157.

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This article investigates a case of successful union organizing in one automotive assembly plant in Romania. The authors argue that in order to explain why the union succeeds in defending workers’ rights there is a need to consider both structural and agency aspects that condition labor’s capacity to effectively defend their interests. The findings show that the union at the Romanian plant has made use of a diverse repertoire of protest activities in order to defend its worker constituency. The authors also discuss why as of late protests are less and less used by the union in response to the shifting economic and political environment in which the plant is embedded. They argue that a closer look at the strategy of the Romanian union and the path it has taken in the past decade provides a better understanding of the conditions for union success in an economic, legal, and political environment that has become increasingly hostile toward organized labor. In this sense, the article points to the more general situation unions in Central and Eastern Europe have found themselves in recent years.
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Kuruvilla, Sarosh, i Roderick D. Iverson. "A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Union Commitment in Australia". Journal of Industrial Relations 35, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500305.

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This paper evaluates the applicability of the different factor structures of union commitment identified in previous studies to the Australian case. Confirmatory factor analysis results using LISREL VII suggest that union commitment is best represented by four distinct factors, 'union loyalty; 'responsibility to the union; 'willingness to work for the union', and 'belief in unionism' in this sample of Australian workers. OLS regression results indicate that the four factors are differentially related to a set of common predictor variables. White-collar workers reported higher levels of commit ment than blue-collar workers. Participation in leadership positions and previous ex perience with union handling of grievances significantly increased commitment to the union. The results suggest support for the generalizability of the factor structure of union commitment to Australia. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Rogers, Joel. "Divide and Conquer: The Legal Foundations of Postwar U.S. Labor Policy+". German Law Journal 12, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200016825.

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This paper provides an outline for a general theory of postwar U.S. labor law and regulation. It focuses on the structure and administration of the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), the centerpiece of U.S. labor policy over the past two generations. The central thesis of the analysis is that American labor law tends systematically to constrain and fragment worker organization, and is best understood as comprising a regulatory regime that both codifies and furthers the weakness of American labor. The organizing principle of this regulatory regime is the general denial of substantive generic entitlements for workers, and the general limitation of enforceable substantive worker claims to those claims arising from the guarantees of specific collective bargaining agreements negotiated within narrow contexts of union-employer dealings. As a consequence of this distinctive structure of interest articulation and satisfaction, unions rationally adopt highly particularistic bargaining strategies in their dealings with employers. As a consequence of such adoption, unions are divided within themselves, from one another, and from unorganized workers, with the result that workers overall are cumulatively weakened as a class.
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Friedman, Abraham. "Union Structure and Rank and File Revolt : The Israeli Experience". Relations industrielles 31, nr 2 (12.04.2005): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028706ar.

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The high rate of unauthorized strikes in Israel can be attributed to the structural dualism of the largest and most important trade union in Israel— the Histadruth. In structural dualism a reference is made to the incompatibility between the organizational characteristics of the upper echelons of the union, i.e., the trade union department and those of the lower echelons, i.e. the workers' committees. Their goals and relationship with their constituency and political parties are incongruous. While the trade union department adheres to the prescriptions of the national economic policies as put forward by the Labor Alignment party, workers' committees are committed to the short run economic goals of their members at the shop level.
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Baril-Gingras, Geneviève, i Sarah Pier Dubois-Ouellet. "Framing, Resources and Repertoire of Local Trade Union Action for Health and Safety: A Study Conducted with a Quebec Central Labour Body". Articles 73, nr 3 (7.11.2018): 429–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053836ar.

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Summary Employment and working conditions having an impact on health and safety are some of the most important concerns of workers. Amongst the various means by which trade unions contribute to prevention, the contribution of Worker Safety Representatives (WSR) is well-established and the most studied, including their participation in joint occupational health and safety committees (JOHSC). However, there are surprisingly few studies examining the place of OHS as an issue of workers’ collective action. Conducted with a large Quebec Central Labour Body, this study aims to understand why and how local-level unions concentrate upon these issues, the repertoire of means that they employ and the context that supports or hindus such actions. The conceptual framework is based on previous realistic evaluations of OHS preventive interventions and includes Levesque and Murray’s (2010) trade union power resources and strategic capabilities. In phase I, eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with union staff members and elected representatives from different sectors, covering a wide array of activities such as unionization, training, negotiation, OHS prevention and compensation. Results also refer to five case studies (phase 2) of local-level trade unions identified by phase 1 respondents as particularly active in relation to prevention. The process by which working conditions having a negative impact on OHS are framed (or not) as trade union issues is examined. Levers and barriers are also identified. Factors affecting the presence of resources for trade union autonomous action aimed at prevention (like the integration of WSR to the union core structure, release time for prevention, etc.) are highlighted. A widely diverse repertoire of workplace-level trade union means of action for OHS is also highlighted by the interviews and case studies, not limited just to those provided by the Quebec OHS regime. It includes the recourse to labour relations mechanisms (e.g. negotiation and strike) and is based on an autonomous agenda, including mobilization. The potential of OHS issues for union revitalization is discussed, as well as the barriers that must be overcome.
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Pozzi, Pablo A. "Argentina 1976–1982: Labour Leadership and Military Government". Journal of Latin American Studies 20, nr 1 (maj 1988): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00002509.

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Argentina's labour leaders make up one of the most powerful social groups in the nation's society. Their power is based on the unions' economic resources as well as on their capacity to mobilise rank-and-file workers. However, the group has developed a tendency towards bureaucratisation. On the one hand they are representative of their fellow-workers which is why they are continuously re-elected. At the same time, they have acquired technical and bureaucratic skills which ease their handling of the trade union structure. ‘As long as permanence at the head of the union becomes prolonged, the labour leader draws further away from the cultural and economic criteria of the workers who form the rank-and-file.’1This tendency towards self-perpetuation in office maintains the acquired social status. In addition, the separation from the rank-and-file increases in order to have a relative autonomy and play the role of intermediary between the worker and the employer. In this sense, the corporativism and verticalism inherent in the Peronist doctrine, as a form of selecting leaders, increases the tendency towards bureaucratisation in the trade union leaders, marking a breach with the historical tendency of the Argentine labour movement previous to 1946–7.
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Sheldon, Peter. "Arbitration and Union Growth: Building and Construction Unions in NSW, 1901-1912". Journal of Industrial Relations 35, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500302.

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The introduction of compulsory arbitration in New South Wales in 1901 did not lead to increased union membership levels among building and construction industry workers. The administration of the Act proved largely unworkable and delivered positive results to building employers rather than unionists. Instead, the recovery of unionism in this sector after the 1890s depression was due to a range of economic and other institutional factors, including the positive stimulus provided by the Public Works administration of E. W. O'Sullivan. The introduction of a revamped arbitration framework in 1908 probably did contribute to the strong growth in union membership in succeeding years, given the greater accessibility to awards it provided. Still, much of this encouragement was at best indirect. Here again, though, other factors— economic, industrial relations and political—were probably at least as important. Among these were a sustained building boom, the changed structure of the industry's workforce, the increasing scale of projects and a growing worker dissatisfaction with arbitration's meagre fruits.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Workers' union structure"

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Corrie, Joan, i n/a. "The Management of Financial Resources: Post-Merger Structural Choice in a Blue Collar Union". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070724.091823.

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Union mergers have occurred since unions were first established. Research on this particular aspect of the union movement is well established in the UK and the US. However, there are few studies of Australian union mergers, despite the fact that many Australian unions took part in a 'merger boom' in the 1980s and 1990s. Two of the few Australian studies, Hocking (1996) and Campling and Michelson (1998), utilised resource dependency and strategic choice theories to ascertain the why and how of union mergers. However, these Australian studies, like their UK and US counterparts, cease with the completion of the merger and, consequently, there is little known of the post-merger operation of unions. How does the integration of the merger partners - with their traditions, structures and financial arrangements - occur? This thesis rectifies the gap in the literature by means of a qualitative, longitudinal study of the merger and post-merger activities of one of the largest and most prominent unions in Australia, the Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union (AMWU), as it moved towards complete amalgamation. The thesis examines the period 1995-2003. Four of the five pre-merger unions faced a serious and continued decline in membership and all faced mounting financial deficits. From 1995, the year the various mergers were completed, membership decline continued and financial resources dwindled further, providing the impetus for further and significant post-merger changes. The analysis demonstrates that, due to a continuing lack of financial resources, the AMWU leadership initiated a budgeting strategy which influenced the actions and changed the opinions of many of the Union's officials, guiding them towards accepting integration of the constituent divisions and near complete amalgamation. The thesis answers the questions of why and how a union moves from a negotiated federated structure towards amalgamation, post merger, with a particular focus on financial decision-making processes.
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Markowitz, Linda Jill. "Participatory democracy in union organizing: The influence of authority structures on workers' sentiments and actions". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187431.

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Labor unions began creating new organizing strategies in the nineteen-eighties with the hope of increasing membership levels. This dissertation focuses on two such strategies: the "comprehensive campaign" utilized by the International Grocery Workers' Union (IGWU) and the "blitz" developed by the United States Clothing Workers' Union (USCWU). These strategies differ in one fundamental way; the amount of participation they elicit from the workforce being organized. I am interested in how different levels of participation influence workers' sentiments and actions regarding the union. The IGWU's "comprehensive campaign" is a top-down approach. Union officials collect unsavory information about the company in hopes of exchanging this information for union recognition. Workers' role in the campaign is reduced to signing union cards. The USCWU's "blitz" follows a grass-roots approach. With this strategy, union officials train workers to organize their fellow employees. An active worker contingency, then, helps to mobilize the workforce to vote union. Principles from participatory democracy suggest that when an authority structure incorporates participation, individuals feel more satisfied and committed to the organization. The act of participation also affects people behaviorally; participation teaches individuals how to be active. In order to analyze how the different campaign authority structures influenced workers, I interviewed two groups of employees; thirty of whom experienced the comprehensive campaign and twenty of whom participated in the blitz. Both organizing campaigns were successful and resulted in a union contract. I asked employees about their feelings towards the campaigns and their participation in the union after the campaigns ended. I found that workers from the "comprehensive campaign" perceived the union as a business and this conception of the union discouraged activism and left employees ultimately dissatisfied. Workers from the blitz, however, developed a "union as workers" framework. This framework motivated employees to be active after the organizing campaign and gave workers a sense of fulfillment. The findings from this study suggest that organizing strategies involve more than the ability of unions to increase the number of their rank-and-file. They are a crucial method in which workers learn to become active agents within the union.
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Quinn, Esther. "The rise and fall of the women's structures in the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 1985-2005". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/40908/.

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This thesis charts the rise and fall of women's structures in the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) from their introduction in 1985 to their demise in 2005. It explores the factors leading to the establishments of the Women in USDAW structures, analyses the achievements and challenges, and seeks to explain why they were disbanded. The research is set in the context of what happened in the trade union and wider labour movement and the women's movement in that period. The thesis argues that that the introduction of the Women in USDAW structures was more about increasing women's membership at a time of significant decline, rather than increasing female participation and representation. It finds that USDAW women were more visible, more active and more involved in campaigning, contributing to a higher profile for women's issues. The oral testimonies from Scottish women involved with the Women in USDAW committees complement the documentary evidence and demonstrate how the women's structures provided new avenues for female participation not available to them in the mainstream structure. Evidence shows that progress for women was not linear. The research highlights the continuing under-representation of women in the union, and the ongoing male resistance and hostility to separate women's structures. On the demise of the women's structures, the thesis argues that a significant factor is that in their composition and operation they remained firmly in the control of the male leadership and that this hindered the development of autonomous women's structures. The thesis plays a part in retrieving women trade unionists from obscurity and including them in the historical record. It contributes to the historiography of women in trade unions, specifically to the debate on separate women's structures.
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Kohen, Matthew. "Workers, unions, and the globalization of production : structural and institutional challenges for organized labor in the United States". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001691.

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Książki na temat "Workers' union structure"

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Black, John. Size isn't everything: Some lessons about union size and structure from the National Union ofLock and Metal Workers. Wolverhampton: Management Research Centre, Wolverhampton Business School, University of Wolverhampton, 1996.

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Ruskin College, Oxford. Trade Union Research Unit. Developing support structure for workers cooperatives. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1986.

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Structure and functions of rural workers' organisations: A workers' education manual. Wyd. 2. Geneva: International Laour Office, 1990.

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Highsmith, Carol M. Union Station: A decorative history of Washington's grand terminal. Washington, D.C: Chelsea Pub., 1988.

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Highsmith, Carol M. Union Station: A decorative history of Washington's grand terminal. Washington, D.C: Chelsea Pub., 1988.

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Paré, Luisa. Caña brava: Trabajo y organización social entre los cortadores de caña. México, D.F: Biblioteca de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 1987.

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Ted, Landphair, red. Union Station: A decorative historyof Washington's grand terminal. Washington, D.C: Chelsea Pub, 1988.

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Cross, George M. The complete iron worker directory, 1864-2002. Washington, D.C: International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental & Reinforcing Ironworkers, 2002.

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A creeping transformation?: The European Commission and the management of EU structural funds in Germany. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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1927-, Koles Richard T., red. Springfield. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004.

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Części książek na temat "Workers' union structure"

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Peterson, Larry. "The social structure of the communist opposition". W German Communism, Workers’ Protest, and Labor Unions, 257–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1644-2_8.

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Andræ, Gunilla, i Björn Beckman. "Textile Unions and Industrial Crisis in Nigeria: Labour Structure, Organization and Strategies". W Workers in Third-World Industrialization, 143–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21679-6_6.

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Konings, Piet. "12. Occupational change, structural adjustment and trade union identity in Africa: the case of Cameroonian plantation workers". W How Africa Works, 229–44. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440248.012.

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Cummings, Scott L. "Grocery Workers". W An Equal Place, 264–310. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190215927.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and union strength, in the grocery sector. It focuses on the confrontation with Wal-Mart in the separately incorporated city of Inglewood, a historically working-class African American community in South Los Angeles. There, a community-labor coalition, led by LAANE, organized to stop Supercenter development through legislative and legal challenges—a technique known as a “site fight” because it aimed to block Wal-Mart at a specific location. The chapter examines three phases of the fight, tracing how the coalition mobilized law to defeat the Inglewood proposal, design innovative policies to limit Wal-Mart’s entry into the Los Angeles market, and thwart Wal-Mart’s effort to bypass those policies by opening a small-format grocery store in historic Chinatown. In evaluating the campaign, the chapter suggests that the outcome was, in part, a product of Wal-Mart’s political miscalculation: The company’s drive for a Supercenter in Inglewood failed despite evidence of public support, in large measure because of an ill-conceived attempt to gain voter approval through a city initiative that would have completely circumvented the local planning process. Yet Wal-Mart’s defeat was not merely self-inflicted. The company’s miscalculation of the local response to the initiative was politically consequential precisely because there was a sophisticated team of activists and lawyers who used Wal-Mart’s disregard of public input to successfully mobilize community opposition to the Supercenter and build new anti-big-box policy. In that sense, the presence of a political-legal support structure, with experience mounting development-oriented campaigns from the community benefits context, was essential to Wal-Mart’s defeat—strengthening grocery labor standards in Los Angeles going forward.
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"Another look at the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: Women, industry structure and collective action". W Women, Work, and Protest, 100–123. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203104026-11.

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Preminger, Jonathan. "Neoliberalism, Neocorporatism, and Worker Representation". W Labor in Israel. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501717123.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 lays out the book’s theoretical framework. Accepting the claim that Israel is a neoliberalizing society, it asserts labor’s agency and its potential to thwart neoliberalism as part of a struggle taking place on the ideological or symbolic level too. It then proposes neocorporatism as a useful conceptual approach, and links this to union revitalization and concepts of power. These theoretical terms and concepts are used to anchor the three “spheres” of union activity which structure the book: union democracy, or workers’ relationship to their representative organization; the balance of power between labor and capital, and the way the potential clash of interests between them is viewed and played out; and the relationship of labor to the political establishment and wider political community. Finally, a short coda explains the research process and approach that led to the book.
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Boris, Eileen. "Outwork". W Making the Woman Worker, 155–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874629.003.0006.

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This chapter charts the road to the Home Work Convention, 1996 (No. 177), whose passage paved the way for “excluded” workers to press for rights and recognition at the ILO. Changes in the global economy led international union federations and ILO sectorial meetings to support a convention. Efforts of the Programme on Rural Women also proved crucial. The Self Employed Women’s Association of India (SEWA) led by Ela Bhatt became the most important group organizing home-based workers and documenting their lives. It lobbied for international redress as a strategy to enact and enforce national measures. However, the campaign by an emerging transnational network of women in HomeNet International required amplification by the labor federations. Research alone was insufficient to gain the attention of the Governing Body or win at the International Labour Conference, though lack of statistics served as an excuse for inaction. Support by the Workers’ group proved necessary, galvanized by Dan Gallin of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF). Conflicts over who was an employee and rejection by the entire Employer’s group revealed cracks in the ILO’s structure.
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Flek, Vladislav, Martin Hála i Martina Mysíková. "How do youth labor flows differ from those of older workers?" W Youth Labor in Transition, 195–236. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0007.

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This chapter analyzes youth labor market dynamics, their structure, and their policy implications, focusing on selected European Union countries during the various stages of the Great Recession and comparing flows between labor market statuses for young people (aged 16–34 years) with those for prime-age individuals (aged 35–54 years). The flow approach views labor market transitions as a state-dependent process, simultaneously involving all movements of individuals between employment, unemployment, and inactivity. The main result is that young workers are more likely to move between employment and unemployment in both directions. This is instructive for assessing the gap in the labor market prospects of the two age groups and particularly for understanding differences in the evolution of youth and prime-age unemployment rates. The socioeconomic determinants of transitions between employment and unemployment in both directions are estimated, with the aim of illustrating the depth of age-based labor market segmentation and marginalization.
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Bank Muñoz, Carolina. "Leveraging Power". W Building Power from Below. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501712883.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 presents the analytical framework for the book. The warehouse union can be characterized by strategic democracy, whereas the retail unions are characterized by flexible militancy. The warehouse workers have significant structural power, a tradition of political education, leaders with trade union experience, and a deeper culture of union democracy. As a result they have been particularly successful in achieving economic gains. The retail workers are newer unions with weaker social power but a strong culture of autonomy and militancy, and democratic structures. They have achieved some economic gains and have significantly and effectively challenged Walmart culture. These two models of unionism set up the case studies in chapters 4 and 5.
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Smale, Bob. "General Union Identity". W Exploring Trade Union Identities, 47–64. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204070.003.0004.

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This chapter introduces general union identity, drawing a clear distinction between what are termed ‘true general unions’, including Unite and GMB, which are prepared to recruit virtually any worker into membership, and ‘niche general unions’ that project some niche characteristics by organising either horizontally, as in the case of Prospect, which is a ‘horizontal general union’, or vertically as with Unison, which is a ‘vertical general union’. A further distinction is drawn between major general unions, all of which were observed to practice niche unionism through sectionalised structures and minor general unions that tend not to do so. The chapter explores the observable characteristics of general union identity together with the impact of mergers, membership benefits, affiliations and political alignment. The work also considers what are termed ‘new generation unions’ such as IWUGB, some of which project a general union identity.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Workers' union structure"

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Kalça, Adem. "Is Knowledge Economy the End of Union Action?" W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01225.

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Production methods transform social structures, including the economy. In the societies that are shaped by old production methods, the existence of those people who earn their living working through these methods will be destroyed altogether and their lives will be harder than they used to be, which will lead to conflicts. It is true that changes make transformations inevitable Labor in the agriculture society was a very important production factor. In the industrial society, on the other hand, workers will serve their labor for the needs of people with a huge capital rather than serving their own ends, which make union action all the same very important. It is true that the potential role of labor as a vital component of the production has been weakened in the industrial societies. The reason for this is that there are now millions of people who can easily replace others in industrial societies. For this reason, the laborers who have faced huge challenges against the capital in this framework started to initiate union action in order to protect their rights. The function or the roles of union actions to have appeared in the industrial societies have changed when faced with information society in the 21.century. Information society forced unions towards change in union actions. Today, there is need for unionists to agree on a new road map in the 21.century for union organizations and activities.
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DREJERSKA, Nina. "http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/conferences/urban_rural/doc/caseconclusions.pdf". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.122.

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Labour market in rural areas is diversified across Poland. Different processes have been influenced it during the last years. The study deals with spatial approach to sectoral structure of employment, including also characteristics for males and females. It was based on the data of the Central Statistical Office of Poland refereeing to the numbers of employees in three sectors: (a) agriculture, forestry and fishing like services; (b) industry and construction; (c) services. A new European Union typology of: predominantly rural, intermediate, and predominantly urban regions, based on a variation of the OECD methodology, was applied. Graphical presentation of the sectoral employment structures across NUTS 3 regions was used. Generally in Poland, very similar proportions of rural inhabitants work in agriculture, forestry and fishing like in the sector of services (third sector). In 2013, in predominantly rural regions, 37 % of inhabitants worked in agriculture, forestry and fishing (respectively 38 % of males, 37 % of females), 25 % of inhabitants worked in industry and construction (respectively 36 % of males, 15 % of females), and 37 % of inhabitants worked in services. Industry and construction is a sector important for employment of male rural inhabitants whereas services were typical for female employment. Agriculture, forestry and fishing is a very important sector of employment in the south-eastern part of Poland whereas the second and third sectors are more popular in the north-western part of Poland. Identification of these spatial patterns contributes to spatial characteristics of rural economies across Poland as well as it proves existence of a functional region, exceeding regional administrative boundaries, of high important of agriculture in the economy.
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Wallace, Wayne, i Peter J. Carrato. "Squirter™ DTI’s Make SCR/HRSG Bolting Easy". W 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26018.

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Field installation and inspection of structural bolts in SCR’s and HRSG’s consume thousands of man-hours. Bolts are installed by various qualities of labor: ironworkers, boilermakers, pipefitters, millwrights, laborers, or non-union workers, especially in offshore locations. Project schedules require rapid assembly of steelwork so that the mechanical systems can be located and made operational in the least possible time. Tightening specifications for bolts used in these applications change frequently, and field personnel often have difficulty keeping abreast of the changes. Direct Tension Indicating (DTI) washers have made bolt tightening in these applications more or less foolproof for twenty or more years, but their installation and inspection has been labor-intensive. With the development of the DTI ‘Squirter Washer’, bolts can be tightened and inspected in about one-half the time previously devoted to this operation. Duke/Fluor Daniel, Bechtel, Babcock & Wilcox, The Industrial Company, and other contractors are now using Squirter DTI’s and sharing the savings with their client power project owners.
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