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Malinowski, Ryszard, Edward Meller, Ireneusz Ochmian, Katarzyna Malinowska i Monika Figiel-Kroczyńska. "Chemical Composition of Industrial Wood Waste and the Possibility of its Management". Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 32, nr 4 (1.12.2022): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2022-0051.
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Abstract Organic wood waste (sawdust, shavings, pieces of wood and bark), is widely used as a secondary raw material and, after composting, for soil fertilisation and substrate production in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, urban landscaping and rehabilitation of degraded land. However, problematic to process is wood waste that is very dirty with soil. They have limited calorific value and cannot be used in the R10 recovery process of land treatment benefiting agriculture or improving the environment. However, the morphological composition of these wastes indicates that they have good properties and can be used for agricultural use and for the reclamation of degraded land. The research involved wood waste with the code 03 01 99 (other unspecified waste from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture) generated during the preparation of deciduous tree logs for the veneer production process, and ashes from the burning of wood waste generated in the veneer production factory. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical composition of these wastes and the possibility of their agricultural use. In the samples of wood waste and ashes there was determined: pH; chlorines content; conductivity; hydrolytic acidity; content of micro and macroelements and heavy metals. The morphological composition of the waste is dominated by sawdust, with a smaller share of shavings, bark and earth parts, and a small addition of pieces of wood of various sizes. It is rich in easily bioavailble as well as total macroelements and is not contaminated with heavy metals. Analyzed wood waste has deacidifying properties, high sorption and buffering capacity. Studies have shown that the wood waste produced at the veneer factory, can be used as an organic fertiliser, a component of other organic fertilisers, for soil mulching, horticultural substrate and soil and land reclamation.The ash obtained from burning wood is strongly alkaline and rich in alkaline cations, mainly Ca, Mg and K. It is not contaminated with heavy metals. The ash can be used for soil deacidification and fertilization, especially for soil reclamation. The waste from the heap can be used as an organic fertilizer, a component of other organic fertilizers, for mulching soils and as a gardening substrate. However, the possibilities for non-agricultural (e.g.: for the production of pallet, particle board) use are limited due to the high proportion of earthy parts.
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Ulma, Riri Oktari, Yusma Damayanti, Dewi Sri Nurchaini, Yulismi Yulismi i Mukhlis Mukhlis. "Effectiveness of Using Wood Powder and Litter Fertiliser on Rice Paddy Farming (Implementation in Tanjung Harapan Farmer Group, Setiris Village, Maro Sebo District, Muaro Jambi Regency)". Unram Journal of Community Service 5, nr 2 (12.06.2024): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ujcs.v5i2.636.
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The use of wood powder and leaf litter fertilizer in wetland rice farming has proven to be effective in improving agricultural productivity sustainably. The research was conducted in Setiris Village, particularly in the Tanjung Harapan Farmer Group, in Jambi Province. This organic fertilizer, besides reducing the environmental damage caused by wood powder waste, has also brought about positive changes in farming practices. Training and counseling have been conducted to enhance farmers' understanding of using organic fertilizer. Wood powder and leaf litter fertilizers enhance crop productivity and quality, improve soil structure, and reduce production costs. Thus, the use of these fertilizers supports sustainable and environmentally friendly farming in Setiris Village.
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Manu, Christian Daniel, Angela Merici Minggu i Yuningsih Nita Christiani. "Inovasi Pembuatan Pupuk Berbasis Limbah Kayu dan Manajemen Usaha di Kelurahan Oesapa". PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 8, nr 5 (30.09.2023): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/pengabdianmu.v8i5.4963.
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The trend of healthy living has become a choice for the wider community. One way to support a healthy life is by planting various plants, which are a source of natural vitamins and herbal medicines. Communities in the Kupang City area are also moved to follow the growing trend of healthy living, namely, back to nature. In supporting the community's activities of growing plants for daily consumption and sources of herbal medicines, the effort that can be taken is to provide natural fertilizers that can be obtained quickly and cheaply by the community. Therefore, this community service activity responds to the phenomenon by teaching the manufacture of organic fertilizer from wood waste. This activity can be a business option for the community to create a new source of income. The community is also equipped with knowledge about business management so that they can run new types of businesses. The method used in this PKM activity is to conduct initial discussions with people who are willing to produce organic fertilizer from wood waste, conduct surveys of furniture business locations in the Kupang City area to obtain wood sawdust raw materials, carry out the organic fertilizer production process, mentoring product packaging, product labeling, and marketing, as well as explaining simple business management processes that the community can apply. The output of this PKM is wood waste organic fertilizer products, product labeling, and a simple business management model.
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Aqidah, Nur, Bakhtiar Ibrahim i Maimuna Nontji. "ANALISIS UNSUR HARA MAKRO PUPUK ORGANIK BERBAHAN DASAR SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU DAN LIMBAH KOTORAN AYAM DENGAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM-4 (EM-4)". AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 3, nr 1 (24.05.2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v3i1.197.
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This study aims to determine the best composition of wood sawdust and chicken manure on the macronutrient content of organic fertilizers made from sawdust and chicken manure, to determine the best effect of volume Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) on macronutrient content in organic fertilizer based on wood sawdust and chicken manure waste, to determine the interaction effect of organic fertilizer composition and volume of Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) on organic fertilizer based on wood sawdust and chicken manure waste. This research was conducted in Pekaloa village, Towuti sub-district, East Luwu district, South Sulawesi province. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors. Factor 1 is the ratio of agathis wood sawdust: chicken manure waste (1kg: 3kg, 2kg: 2kg and 3kg: 3kg). Factor 2 is the volume of Effective microorganisms-4 (50ml and 150ml). The results showed that the best composition of organic fertilizer was the composition with a comparison treatment of 1kg of wood sawdust: 3kg of chicken manure which had the highest N and P values of 0.51% and 12.94 mg/100g, the composition with a comparison treatment of 3kg of agathis wood sawdust. : 1 kg of chicken manure which has the highest K value of 1.36%, the composition with a comparison treatment of 2 kg of agathis wood sawdust: 2 kg of chicken manure which has the highest C-Organic value of 6.21%. The best volume Effective microorganism-4 (EM4) is 50ml EM4 volume which has the highest K and C-Organic values of 1.36% and 6.21%, 150ml EM4 volume which has the highest N and P values of 0.51% and 12.94 mg/100g. Interaction Comparison of sawdust and chicken manure with the addition of EM4 gave a very significant effect on all nutrient content except nitrogen content
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Leiva-Vega, Javier, Luis Ríos-Soto, Daniela Pino-Acuña i Carolina Shene. "Evaluation of the physiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) grown using silvoagroaquaculture waste". Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 77, nr 2 (1.05.2024): 10691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v77n2.109341.
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Soil acidity poses a challenge to crop production by limiting the availability of nutrients for plants. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a natural waste-based fertilizer composed of Mytilus chilensis seashells, coffee bean wastes, banana peels, and wood ashes on lettuce growth and physiological quality. The seashells were used with organic matter (W-OM), without organic matter (Wo-OM), and a mixture of equal parts of W-OM and Wo-OM (50:50). The coffee bean wastes, banana peels, and wood ashes were used as ingredients. The soil pH, chlorophyll index in the lettuce leaves, and nitrogen level (in the soil and leaf) were measured for a period of 66 days. Vitamin C content in the harvested leaves was measured. The W-OM fertilizer allowed for an increase the soil pH from less than 6.5 to 7.0±0.5. The nitrogen provided by the coffee bean waste was partially available to the plant root, which decreased the chlorophyll index in the lettuce leaves. The studied fertilizer (W-OM, Wo-OM, and 50:50) allowed to increase of vitamin C content in the lettuce leaves. In conclusion, the natural waste-based fertilizer showed a promising effect in alleviating soil acidity and enhancing the nutritional quality of lettuce plants.
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Vera Purnama dan Lusiana. "PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK ORGANIK LIMBAH KULIT KOPI DAN KONSENTRASI CUKA KAYU (Wood Vinergar) KINA (Chinchona spp) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BENIH KOPI DI PERSEMAIAN". AGRO TATANEN | Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 4, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55222/agrotatanen.v4i1.686.
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This study aims to determine: The effect of the interaction of organic fertilizer dose of coffee husk waste and quinine wood vinegar concentration on the growth of coffee seeds in nurseries. The research was carried out on the land of the Faculty of Agribusiness and Agricultural Engineering, Subang University, West Java Province with an altitude of 118 meters above sea level with an average temperature of 28 – 30 C, the experiment was carried out from May to July 2019, the type of rainfall was very wet. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a Randomized Block Design with a factorial pattern consisting of 2 treatment factors. The first factor is the dose of coffee husk waste (P) consisting of 4 treatment levels, namely p0 = 0 t ha-1 organic fertilizer for coffee husk waste; p1 = 5 t ha-1 organic fertilizer from coffee husk waste; p2 = 10 t ha-1 organic fertilizer from coffee husk waste; p3 = 15 t ha-1 organic fertilizer from coffee husk waste. The second factor is the concentration of quinine vinegar (C) which consists of 4 levels of treatment, namely c0 = 0% quinine vinegar; c1 = 1% quinine vinegar; c2 = 2% quinine vinegar; and c3 = 3% quinine vinegar. The results showed that for the treatment of organic fertilizer coffee husk waste at 6 WAP and 8 WAP there was an increase in growth at a dose of 5 t ha. Wood vinegar concentration of 3% gave significant growth at 6 WAP observations and the best results. There was no interaction between the use of organic fertilizer dose of coffee husk waste and quinine wood vinegar concentration on the growth of coffee seeds in the nursery.
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Venner, Kirsty, Caroline Preston i Cindy Prescott. "Characteristics of wood wastes in British Columbia and their potential suitability as soil amendments and seedling growth media". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, nr 1 (luty 2011): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09109.
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Venner, K. H, Preston, C. M. and Prescott, C. E. 2011. Characteristics of wood wastes in British Columbia and their potential suitability as soil amendments and seedling growth media. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 95–106. In British Columbia, alternative uses for poor-quality wood-waste fines (approximately 50 mm or less) are being sought to replace traditional methods of disposal, including landfilling and burning without energy recovery. As a complement to associated field trials to assess the potential suitability of woody wastes as soil amendments, we determined chemical, physical and spectroscopic characteristics of a variety of wood wastes, co-composts and wood chips and carried out a plant (Betula papyrifera) bioassay. Chemical properties and 13C NMR spectra indicated similarity to other woody wastes, and suitability for site rehabilitation if applied under conditions to avoid excessive leachate. Seedlings grew poorly in the wood waste materials (final height <4 cm), except for co-composts prepared with municipal biosolids (final height 93 cm). Seedlings also grew poorly in wood chips unless fertilizer was added, indicating that nutrient deficiencies were the primary cause of the poor growth in wood chips. Even with nutrient addition, seedling growth was low in the finest wood chips (<10 mm), probably as a consequence of retention of excessive moisture. This problem could be overcome by applying larger particles or by incorporating the wood chips into soil rather than leaving them as a surface mulch. In conjunction with results from field trials, these results support the application of woody wastes for site rehabilitation, where in situ mixing with mineral soil should reduce bulk density and improve water-holding capacity, and fertilization can compensate for N immobilization by wastes with high C:N ratios.
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Tleuova, Zhulduz Omerbekovna, Lyudmila Anatolyevna Makeeva, Zulfia Erzatovna Bayazitova, Gulzhanat Askerbaevna Kapbassova i Zinep Mamanovna Shaimerdenova. "Stabilization of organic municipal solid waste by composting". Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 105, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg1/116-121.
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The article examines the process of vermicomposting of municipal organic waste. To determine the optimal composition of bio humus, various options and proportions of mixing organic waste with soil are considered. In the course of the study, three different variations of organic waste were developed, mixed with manure: 1 — soil, paper, vegetables, fruits, wood waste, cow manure (1:0.5:1); 2 — soil, vegetables and fruits, wood waste (1:1); 3 — soil, cow manure (1:1). The results of the experiment showed that all substrates have high germination of tomato seeds. However, a mixture of soil, paper, vegetables, fruits, wood waste, cow manure increases the yield of tomatoes by 11 % compared to other experimental substrates. Vermicomposting E. was performed using E. fetida worms. This kind of worms is characterized by high yield. For vermic content, the moisture content must be at the level of 60 %. Bacteria also play an important role in vermicompost. With air humidity below 40 %, their activity decreases and stops at temperatures below 10 %. In this experiment, solid organic waste processing technology reduces the shortage of cheap organic fertilizers in the market and offers new opportunities for profit for small enterprises. The results obtained can be used for processing organic waste of the city on an industrial scale and applied as fertilizer in agriculture.
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Gil-Ortiz, Ricardo, Miguel Ángel Naranjo, Antonio Ruiz-Navarro, Sergio Atares, Carlos García, Lincoln Zotarelli, Alberto San Bautista i Oscar Vicente. "Enhanced Agronomic Efficiency Using a New Controlled-Released, Polymeric-Coated Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice". Plants 9, nr 9 (11.09.2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091183.
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Fertilizer-use efficiency is one of the most critical concerns in rice cultivation to reduce N losses, increase yields, and improve crop management. The effects of a new polymeric-coated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) were compared to those of other slow-release and traditional fertilizers in a microscale experiment, which was carried out in cuvettes under partly controlled ambient conditions, and a large-scale field experiment. To evaluate the fertilizer’s efficiency, nitrogen and water-use efficiency were calculated using the measurement of different photosynthetic and crop yield parameters. Improved responses regarding some of the analyzed physiological and growth parameters were observed for those plants fertilized with the new CRF. In the microscale experiment, significantly increased yields (ca. 35%) were produced in the plants treated with CRF as compared to traditional fertilizer. These results were in accordance with ca. 24% significant increased levels of N in leaves of CRF-treated plants, besides increased P, Fe, Mn, and cytokinin contents. At the field scale, similar yields were obtained with the slow-release or traditional fertilizers and CRF at a 20% reduced N dose. The new controlled-release fertilizer is a urea-based fertilizer coated with lignosulfonates, which is cheaply produced from the waste of pulp and wood industries, containing humic acids as biostimulants. In conclusion, CRF is recommended to facilitate rice crop management and to reduce contamination, as it can be formulated with lower N doses and because it is ecological manufacturing.
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Huotari, Noora, Eila Tillman-Sutela, Anneli Kauppi i Eero Kubin. "Fertilization ensures rapid formation of ground vegetation on cut-away peatlands". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 5 (maj 2007): 874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-292.
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Mechanical harvesting of peatlands completely changes the original bog ecosystem and without afteruse causes long-lasting disturbance in the environment due to the limited restoration capacity of the habitat. We studied the effects of fertilization on the establishment of vegetation on a cut-away peatland in Finland. Six treatments of different quantities and mixtures of wood ash, peat ash, biotite, or forest P–K fertilizer were replicated in three plots. Although all the fertilizers accelerated the revegetation of a cut-away peatland significantly, ash-based fertilizers had the greatest and most immediate impact on the formation of vegetation. Ash fertilizers especially increased the coverage of small fire-loving moss species such as Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid., Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., and Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils. in the early stages of the succession. Furthermore, the succeeding coverage of vascular plants improves nutritional conditions through the rapid accumulation and decomposition of plant-derived litter. The rapid formation of ground vegetation on bare peat surface after ash fertilizer application indicated that wood and peat ash are suitable for mined peatlands. This being the case, peat and wood ash should be regarded more as a recyclable constituent rather than as waste in afforestation of cut-away peatlands.
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Okmanis, Modris, Dagnija Lazdiņa i Andis Lazdiņš. "The Composition and Use Value of Tree Biomass Ash". Rural Sustainability Research 34, nr 329 (1.12.2015): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plua-2015-0011.
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Abstract Wood-based ash landfilling is increasing issue not only in Latvia but in the whole world as more biomass is used for energy production. Utilization of wood burning waste as fertilizer is already used worldwide, but there is lack of information about chemical composition of wood ash obtained from Latvia plants, so the aim of this study was to determine chemical composition and analyse possible utilization options of wood-based ash from Latvia plants. Therefore wood ash samples from 53 companies were collected, sieved and chemical composition of samples was determined. It was concluded that within higher capacity of furnace more coarse fraction of wood ash was observed which is less valuable as fertilizer. Wood ash is good liming material consisting alkali compounds and other biogenic elements but also heavy metals, which are pollutants and could cause environmental problems.
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R. Ahmed, Rand, i Aziz I. Abdulla. "Recycling of Food Waste to Produce the Plant Fertilizer". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.37 (13.12.2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24096.
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Around 5000 tons of food waste is produced every day in Iraq which accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of them. Waste sent to landfill for disposal may break down and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect, as well as cause odor, epidemics, and disease because of the disintegration. The research aims to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic refuse food which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Have been working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (chlorination water supply) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the result that the use of "domestic wastewater" which it is rich in living organisms is the best and fastest in the process of manufacturing organic fertilizer than the use of "water supply", to contain the latter on the amount of chlorine of weakens the growth of microorganisms. And the use of dried plant waste, in the mixture as source of carbon was successful, and it gave the best organic fertilizer production results because these wastes are easy to decompose compare with sawdust wood. The felicitous fertilizer is it rich with nutrient such as nitrogen 2.3 %, phosphorus 13%, and potassium 20%, etc. There are some important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, moisture content in the mixture. Carbon to nitrogen is a major factor, where each 20-30 part of the carbon should be taken into account for the decomposition of 1 part of the nitrogen to produce the compost properly, the high proportion of carbon about 30%, causes low-temperature mixture, and it leads to slow compost composition, and less than 20% leads to excess nitrogen, which lost in the air in the form of ammonia, and the higher pH value, could be toxic to some microorganisms.
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Losacco, Daniela, Claudia Campanale, Mariangela Triozzi, Carmine Massarelli i Vito Felice Uricchio. "Application of Wood and Vegetable Waste-Based Biochars in Sustainable Agriculture: Evaluation on Nitrate Leaching, Pesticide Fate, Soil Properties, and Brassica oleracea Growth". Environments 11, nr 1 (6.01.2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments11010013.
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Environmental pollution is caused by the unsustainable use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and pesticides. Biochar (BC) is a carbon-based material applied to remove excess nutrients and pesticides from the environment. In pot experimental research, N fertilizer and pesticides alone and different biochar types were applied in the soil to evaluate cauliflower growth, soil quality, and leaching of agricultural contaminants. BC addition had increased nutrient availability based on feedstock origin. The surface structure results by SEM showed that the BC pore size was equal to 8.94 and 7.24 µm for mixed biochar and wood biochar, respectively. Nitrate concentrations in percolation water were 43.78 and 76.82 mg/L in mixed biochar and wood biochar, respectively. In soil treated with fertilizer and pesticides, NO3− was equal to 106.76 mg/L. Biochar’s binding with pesticides depends on its nature and structure. Adding wood biochar significantly reduced the leaching of fungicide compared to unamended soil, with a contraction of 327.86 and 3576 ng/L. Mixed biochar was more efficient for herbicide mitigation. FTIR was used to identify the functional groups on biochar-amended soil that play a role in the adsorption of agricultural compounds. Research shows that the BC application greatly affects the pesticide fate and N compounds of agricultural origin in soil.
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Foereid, Bente. "Phosphorus availability in residues as fertilizers in organic agriculture". Agricultural and Food Science 26, nr 1 (3.04.2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.59307.
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Phosphorus (P) should be recycled from organic wastes as much as possible, and input is needed in stockless organic agriculture. Seven organic residues were assessed and compared them to mineral P fertilizer and rock phosphate as fertilizer for barley. P availability in the mixtures and residual P availability were also assessed by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). The best availability was found in digested liquid manure followed by wood ash, fish sludge, composted solid manure and composted food waste. Meat and bone meal, the commercially available product Ladybug plus and rock phosphate had low P availability at the same level as no P. Only wood ash had significant P available for the next crop. The pH level of the soil did not affect P availability for any of the P sources. DGT predicted P availability moderately well, as it measures P supply over a short period without any biological factors.
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ENEMALI S.I, ALFA J, YUSUF O.Y i MUAZU I. "Liquid organic fertilizer availability and utilization in Nigeria: A review". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, nr 2 (30.11.2023): 820–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.2.2296.
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The word as in general has the responsibility to respond to the emerging food crisis to match the growing population. Africa and many other Low Income Countries under Stress [LICUS] will face a stiffer challenge. Africa and specifically Sub-Saharan Africa depends much on synthetic fertilizers with disease burden. The concept and awareness of Organic Fertilizer and its Utilization in Agro farming with attendant benefits in Nigeria is at its lowest ebb. This review highlighting availability, of Liquid Organic Fertilizer in Nigeria agro-allied market among farmers and the awareness/benefits in Organic farming reveals much on the scale of 10. 1-3 reliable fertilizers companies are visible with most emphasis on synthetic fertilizer blending only. 1-2 reliable fertilizer company manufactures urea and synthetic fertilizer from which other companies get involved in the distribution. 1-2 claimed that their fertilizers are purely organic in powdered sachet forms. 1-3 claimed to produce liquid organic fertilizer alongside synthetic fertilizer formulation. 1-2 notable liquid organic fertilizers available claimed foliar mode of application. 2 out of 10 makes use of solid human wastes for liquid organic fertilizer. 5 out of 10 liquid organic fertilizer were found to be compost in nature while 2 out of 10 claimed to be organic liquid in nature. 1 3 Liquid Organic Fertilizers encountered cannot be verified by literature on their composition, materials and process of production. The available liquid organic fertilizer in Nigeria is with mixed acceptance. Synthetic fertilizer manufacturers claimed that their products can be used as organic fertilizer. Droppings from animal waste claimed their products are manures and fertilizers. Other liquid organic fertilizer companies claimed use of sea weeds without clear mechanism of actions. Nevertheless, a liquid fertilizer company located in Kuje, Abuja has been identified to possess state of art product line facilities with purely organic materials as source.
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Brod, Eva, Trond Knapp Haraldsen i Tor Arvid Breland. "Fertilization effects of organic waste resources and bottom wood ash: results from a pot experiment". Agricultural and Food Science 21, nr 4 (18.12.2012): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5159.
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We conducted a pot experiment to study the fertilization effects of four N- and P-rich organic waste resources alone and in combination with K-rich bottom wood ash at two application rates (150 kg N ha–1 + 120 kg K ha–1, 300 kg N ha-1 + 240 kg K ha–1). Plant-available N was the growth-limiting factor. 48–73% of N applied with meat and bone meal (MBM) and composted fish sludge (CFS) was taken up in aboveground biomass, resulting in mineral fertilizer equivalents (MFE%) of 53–81% for N uptake and 61–104% for yield. MFE% of MBM and CFS decreased for increasing application rates. Two industrial composts had weak N fertilization effects and are to be considered soil conditioners rather than fertilizers. Possible P and K fertilization effects of waste resources were masked by the soil’s ability to supply plant-available P and K, but effects on plant-available P and K contents in soil suggest that the waste resources may have positive effects under more nutrient-deficient conditions.
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Aldian, Errin. "PEMANFAATAN ASAP CAIR (LIQUID SMOKE) DARI HASIL PEMBAKARAN KAYU MERBAU (Intsia bijuga) SEBAGAI MEDIA PUPUK CAIR". JURNAL TECHLINK 5, nr 1 (2.10.2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.59134/jtnk.v5i1.517.
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This study aims to reduce organic waste that is still a problem today by making organic waste into liquid smoke as well as materials used using biomass from merbau wood so that it can be used as liquid fertilizer as well as organic pesticides. The parameters measured in this study were using C-Organic, Macro Nutrient (N,P,K), N-Organic and pH acidity levels produced by liquid smoke from merbau wood based on the decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019. Based on the results of research liquid smoke from merbau wood produced within 5 hours has a different mass weight with a temperature ratio of 250oC and 450oC. The result of utilization of merbau wood waste into liquid smoke is the resulting content value has not been able to meet the standard quality standards that have been set.
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Wang, Lan, Tianyu Qin, Jianshe Zhao, Yicheng Zhang, Zhiyuan Wu, Xiaohui Cui, Gaifang Zhou, Caihong Li, Liyue Guo i Gaoming Jiang. "Exploring the nitrogen reservoir of biodegradable household garbage and its potential in replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in China". PeerJ 10 (18.01.2022): e12621. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12621.
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Biodegradable household garbage contains a large amount of nitrogen, which could be used as organic fertilizer to produce organic food and significantly reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. There is limited information on how large the nitrogen reservoir of biodegradable household garbage is in a certain country or region. Here we took China as a case, analyzed the amount of biodegradable household garbage resources and their nitrogen reservoirs. It was noted that the biodegradable household garbage mainly included food waste, waste paper and wood chips, with the amount being 31.56, 29.55, and 6.45 × 106 t·a−1, respectively. Accordingly, the nitrogen reservoirs were 65.31 × 104, 6.80 × 104, and 3.81 × 104 t·a−1 in China. The nitrogen reservoir of food waste accounted for 86% of the total nitrogen reservoir of biodegradable household garbage, which was equivalent to 11% of the amount of actual absorption for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers (6.20 × 106 t·a−1) by agriculture plants in China. Our findings provided a scientific basis for the classification and utilization of biodegradable household garbage.
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Sa'dah, Nailus, Agus Halim i Zaitun Zaitun. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Biochar Embedded Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Selada Merah (Lactuca sativa var.red rapids)". Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, nr 2 (1.05.2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i2.20072.
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Abstrak. Biochar adalah arang hayati yang diperoleh dari hasil pembakaran biomassa dari limbah pertanian, kemudian dibakar dalam kondisi oksigen terbatas dan mengandung senyawa karbon C tinggi. Biochar dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi tanah dapat pula sebagai sumber utama bahan untuk konservasi karbon organik di dalam tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan biochar embedded dan perbedaan antara biochar dan biochar embedded terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman selada merah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Biochar Research Station Universitas Syiah Kuala pada bulan Maret sampai Agustus 2021 menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok non faktorial dengan 8 perlakuan yaitu, kontrol (B0), pupuk anorganik (B1), biochar sekam padi 10 ton ha-1 + pupuk anorganik (B2), biochar tempurung kelapa 10 ton ha-1 + pupuk anorganik (B3), biochar limbah serutan kayu 10 ton ha-1 + pupuk anorganik (B4), biochar sekam padi embedded 10 ton ha-1 (B5), biochar tempurung kelapa embedded 10 ton ha-1 (B6) dan biochar limbah serutan kayu embedded 10 ton ha-1 (B7) diulang sebanyak 3 kali ulangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk anorganik, biochar sekam padi embedded, biochar tempurung kelapa embedded, dan biochar limbah serutan kayu embedded memberikan hasil yang sangat nyata pada tinggi tanaman 14 HST. Perlakuan biochar embedded memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman The Effect of Embedded Biochar Application on Growth and Yield of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var.red rapids)Abstract. Biochar is the result of heating organic biomass under limited oxygen conditions containing high C carbon. Biochar can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and can also be the main source of material for conserving organic carbon in the soil. This study aimed to find out the effect of embedded biochar aplication and the difference between biochar and embedded biochar on the red lettuce growth and yield. The research was conducted at Biochar Research Station, Universitas Syiah Kuala on March to August 2021 using randomize block design non factorial consist of 8 treatments were control (B0), inorganic fertilizer (B1), rice husk biochar 10 t ha-1 + inorganic fertilizer (B2), coconut shell biochar 10 t ha-1 + inorganic fertilizer (B3), wood shaving waste biochar 10 t ha-1 + inorganic fertilizer (B4), embedded rice husk biochar 10 t ha -1 (B5), embedded coconut shell biochar 10 t ha -1 (B6), embedded wood shaving waste biochar 10 t ha -1 (B7) and 3 replication. The results showed that the treatment of inorganic fertilizers, embedded rice husk biochar, embedded coconut shell biochar, and embedded wood shavings waste biochar gave very significant results at a plant height of 14 DAP. Biochar embedded treatment gives good results on plant growth.
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Vandecasteele, Bart, Koen Van Loo, Sarah Ommeslag, Siebert Vierendeels, Maxim Rooseleer i Elke Vandaele. "Sustainable Growing Media Blends with Woody Green Composts: Optimizing the N Release with Organic Fertilizers and Interaction with Microbial Biomass". Agronomy 12, nr 2 (8.02.2022): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020422.
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The aim of the current study was to create a high quality growing medium blend that replaces 70 vol% peat with 40 vol% woody green compost and 30 vol% bark compost and organic fertilizers (i.e., blood meal and chitin), all locally sourced. A range of “woody composts”, i.e., green composts based on feedstock selection with mainly woody material from tree prunings, were produced for this purpose at green compost facilities. First, the woody composts were characterized chemically and biologically, including their microbial biomass and net N release. In comparison with regular green composts or vegetable, fruit and garden (VFG) waste composts, woody composts are more suitable for use in growing media due to their lower pH, EC and inorganic C content; however, the woody compost had a low N mineralization rate. Three types of composts supported a higher microbial biomass than wood fiber or bark compost. The additional mineral N release after 100 days for compost mixed with blood meal was tested for different VFG and green composts. A significantly higher additional net N release was measured for composts with higher initial mineral N concentrations (317 mg Nmin/L) as well as VFG composts (417 mg Nmin/L) than for green composts with a lower initial mineral N concentration (148 mg Nmin/L). In a last step, woody compost, bark compost, wood fiber, coir and peat were mixed in different ratios, resulting in six blends ranging from 100% peat-free to 100% peat. Two batches of woody compost were compared, and the blends were mixed with blood meal or chitin. A strong effect of both the organic fertilizer and the blend composition on the mineral N release was observed, with a clear link between the microbial biomass and the net N release. There was a significant negative correlation between the net change in microbial biomass and the net N release (R = −0.85), which implies that a larger increase in microbial biomass during incubation with the organic fertilizer resulted in less N mineralization. The blends containing woody compost scored better for nitrification activity, as the NH4-N concentrations were lower in these than for the blends without woody compost. For the peat blends, no effect on the microbial biomass was observed after addition of organic fertilizers; mineral N did increase, however. Woody composts have the potential to be used in high vol% in growing media blends, but the blends still need further optimization when supplemented with organic fertilizers.
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Reyes Moreno, Giovanni, Aquiles Enrique Darghan Contreras i Diego Andrés Ramírez Lesmes. "Design of a surface response model to determine the optimal value for wood volume in Acacia mangium Willd, by applying different doses of biochar to the soil". DYNA 86, nr 211 (1.10.2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n211.78331.
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The low fertility of soils of the eastern plains of Colombia makes it necessary to search for methods of improving different soil properties. Fertile soils increase yields of different crops in the region, and particularly agroforestry agroecosystems will increase wood volume. Including stabilized waste residues such as biochar will probably increase fertility. The objective of this research was to estimate the optimal volume of Acacia mangiumwood that can be obtained, when using two fertilizers applied to the soil at two levels, fitting a central composite design with star points. In the model, two levels of treatment were applied: 40 and 80 ton · ha-1of biochar and 50 and 100 g per plant ofsynthetic fertilizer 15-15-15. The optimum wood volume was found at 8566.9 cm3when the biochar was combined with 63.1 ton·ha-1and 15-15-15 at a dose of 84.4 g per plant.
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Dudkin, D. V., I. M. Fedyaeva i A. A. Pimenova. "RECLAMATION ROLE OF LIQUID HUMIC FERTILIZERS ON DRY GRASSLANDS OF THE MIDDLE TAIGA OF WESTERN SIBERIA". Innovations and Food Safety, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2020-27-1-55-65.
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An evaluation of the effectiveness of application of liquid humic fertilizer of new generation Gumovit, Lignovit, Gumovit-NPK and Lignovit-KP, on a natural upland grassland site. Fertilizers are distinguished from their analogues by the waste-free technology of their production from wood waste and top peat by an energy-efficient mechanochemical method. The influence of fertilizers on the floral diversity of meadow vegetation, productivity of grassland, as well as on changes in the agrochemical composition of soil horizons under meadow vegetation was evaluated. The research was conducted on a pilot site located on the upper terrace of the middle taiga of Western Siberia in the vicinity of Khanty-Mansiysk, with a podzolic type of soil cover on sedge-grass meadow vegetation. It is shown that a five-fold annual data entry of humic fertilizers on vegetative phytomass with a treatment interval of 10 days c working solution concentration of fertilizer in the working solution 50 ml/l and a consumption of 2l/m2 provided increase of productivity of terrestrial phytomass of hay at 1.5–2.0 times. At the same time, the feed value of meadow phytomass is significantly improved. Changes in the quality characteristics of herbage are expressed in an increase in the share of legumes and cereals against the background of a decrease in sedge species. There is a change in the agrochemical characteristics of the natural meadow, which is expressed in the deoxidation of root-fed soil horizons, their accumulation of a noticeable amount of soil organic matter and nutrients. The positive reclamation effect affects all soil horizons, including the podzolic subhorizon. The most effective should be the use of sophisticated and integrated liquid humic fertilizer Gumovit-NPK and Lignovit-KP.
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Chong, Calvin, i Peter Purvis. "(100) Use of Raw and Composted Paper Mill Sludges, Municipal Waste Composts, and Other Waste Ingredients in Container Nursery Substrates". HortScience 40, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 1048D—1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1048d.
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Plug-rooted liners of deutzia (Deutzia gracilis), dogwood (Cornus alba `Argenteo-marginata'), forsythia (Forsythia×intermedia `Lynwood Gold'), and ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) were grown in 6-L containers. There were 36 different treatment substrates formulated in factorial combinations: two types of paper mill sludge (raw or composted) each at three rates (25%, 33%, or 50%, by volume) mixed with one of three sources of municipal waste compost (cities of Guelph, Toronto, or Waterloo; 25%, 33%, or 50%), and the remainder consisting of one of two base supplements (pine bark or 1-year-old wood chips; 50%, 33%, or 0%). The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Dogwood (no treatment interaction and responding only to the main effect of compost sources) grew equally well with Toronto and Waterloo composts, but less well with the Guelph compost. Ninebark tended to grow better with Toronto compost, intermediate or similar with Waterloo compost, and least with Guelph compost. Forsythia grew equally well in all bark-based substrates, regardless of sludge type and rate or compost source. With wood-chip-based substrates, however, forsythia grew better with Waterloo than with Guelph compost, and better with raw than with composted sludge when mixed with Toronto compost. Deutzia responded similarly to most substrates, but grew marginally better with raw than with composted paper sludge when Waterloo or Toronto compost was present. Despite these differences in species responses, all plants were of marketable size at the end of the season. There was no sign of nutrient toxicity or deficiency due to any of the substrates.
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Silva, Edna Maria Bonfim, Pollyanna Yoko Takenaka, Júlio José Nonato, Salomão Lima Guimarães i Tonny José Araújo da Silva. "Productive characteristics of peanut cultivars fertilized with wood ash". April 2020, nr 14(04):2020 (20.04.2020): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2482.
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Aiming to assist small farmers, the search for low cost fertilizers and soil acid correctives has intensified. The wood ash waste is an alternative, which can act as fertilizer and corrective. It is also from available materials, which are reuse-able with less environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of wood ash doses (0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 g dm-3) on the productive characteristics of peanut cv. IAC OL3 and IAC 503. The experiment was carried in a complete randomized block in factorial scheme 2x6 with five replications in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Mato Grosso campus of Rondonópolis, MT. The substrate was Cerrado Oxisol to fill 1.5 dm3 pots. The analysis of variance with sequential polynomial regression test was employed. The results showed that incorporation of wood ash to the soil was beneficial to the productive characteristics of peanuts. The dry mass of pods was influenced by wood ash application with higher results found for cultivar IAC 503. To the variables leaf dry mass, root dry mass, number of pods, grains pot-1 and grains yield showed no significant interaction between wood ash and cultivars. This study recommends wood ash doses in the range between 22.34 g dm-3 and 29.78 g dm-3.
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Li, Yuncong, Edward Hanlon, George O'Connor, Jianjun Chen i Maria Silveira. "Land Application of Compost and Other Wastes (By-products) in Florida: Regulations, Characteristics, Benefits, and Concerns". HortTechnology 20, nr 1 (luty 2010): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.41.
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Compost is the product resulting from the controlled biological decomposition of organic material that has been sanitized through the generation of heat and processed to further reduce pathogens as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and stabilized to the point that the compost is beneficial to plant growth. Organic materials used for composting in Florida are mainly yard wastes (trash) and food wastes. More than 5.7 million tons of composts could be produced from yard trash and food waste in the state. Animal manure and biosolids (treated sludge) can also be composted, but are not discussed in this article. “Other wastes” as discussed herein [food processing wastes, coal ash, wood ash, drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), and phosphogypsum] are by-products of leading Florida industries and are available in large quantities for reuse. About 5 million tons of food processing waste [citrus (Citrus spp.) and vegetables alone], 1.85 million tons of coal ash (from 28 coal-burning power plants), 0.05 million tons of wood ash, 1000 million tons of phosphogypsum (from the state's phosphate fertilizer industry), and significant, but unknown, amounts of WTRs are available. Due to the growing interest in sustainable agriculture practices, this article is intended to discuss the current regulations and guidelines for composting and the use of composts and other wastes in Florida, the characteristics, benefits, and concerns of Florida compost and other wastes, and current research and needs of research and extension for incorporating compost and other waste materials in Florida's sustainable agriculture. Our literature search was largely limited to studies conducted in Florida.
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Jansone, Baiba, Valters Samariks, Modris Okmanis, Dārta Kļaviņa i Dagnija Lazdiņa. "Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)". Sustainability 12, nr 22 (14.11.2020): 9479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229479.
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Wood ash recycling can be a reasonable method for energy producers to decrease waste problems. Using wood ash as a fertilizer or liming material could improve soil macro and micronutrient content in peat soils. Therefore, the effect of wood ash on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) juvenile growth and nutrient content in the soil after spreading wood ash in medium to high doses before and after planting seedlings was investigated in peat forests in the Eastern part of Latvia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of wood ash on soil properties and the growth of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings up to 10 years after experiment establishment. Wood ash was applied a year before planting seedlings in doses of 5 and 10 t ha−1 and right after planting in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1. Changes in macronutrient content (i.e., phosphorus [P], and potassium [K]) and tree height and diameter at breast height were measured at one and 10 years after establishing the experiment. Fertilization one year prior to planting the seedlings exhibited a positive response on tree height and diameter growth compared to fertilization after the seedlings were planted. Soil samples from fertilized plots one year after establishment contained more P and K in the soil than the control plots. Wood ash application of the highest doses did not reach the overdose limit, as the tree growth (height and diameter at breast height) results of fertilized plots were similar to those of the control fields; therefore, no significant negative effect on tree growth was discovered.
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Sari, Noor Mirad, Lusyiani Lusyiani, Khairun Nisa, Muhammad Faisal Mahdie i Diana Ulfah. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Sekam Padi untuk Campuran Pupuk Bokashi dan Pembuatan Biobriket sebagai Bahan Bakar Nabati". PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2, nr 2 (1.09.2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/pengabdianmu.v2i2.60.
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The rice husk waste often becomes a problem for people in Tatah Makmur district. The mountainous of a stack of rice husk has not been utilized by farmers as a useful material. The science activities for the people aimed to provide knowledge about the utilization of rice husk waste into a charcoal husk, biobricket, and bokashi. The target people of this program are Kelompok Tani Bina Desa Jaya RT. 07 and Yasinan Group RT. 06 in Tatah Makmur district. The types of outcomes generated through the science activities of the people are biobricket and bokashi. The socialization, counseling, and training activities were held from May to October 2015 in Pemangkih Village, Tatah Makmur district, South Kalimantan. The people in the village enthusiastically participated in extension activities as they gained knowledge about the making of bokashi and biobricket so that it can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and wood fuels. The science activities for this people can solve the problems of the farmers in the utilization of rice husk waste and at the same time can overcome the farmers� difficulties in obtaining organic fertilizer.
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Volodin, V. V., A. A. Shubakov, S. O. Volodina, N. N. Shergina i R. G. Vasilov. "Trends in the development of methods of disposal of bark and bark-wood waste of long-term storage (review)". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 23, nr 5 (25.10.2022): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.5.611-632.
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The present review analyzes the problem of accumulation and utilization of bark and bark-wood waste from wood-working and pulp and paper industries. The methods of utilization are systematized, which differ for "fresh" bark and bark-wood waste of a long shelf life. The essence of biotechnological methods of deep biotransformation of bark-wood waste of long shelf life is described in more detail: composting with the use of mineral fertilizers, stimulation of native microflora, use of activated sludge and artificial consortia of microorganisms, creation of biotechnical systems in the body of bark dumps, solid-phase fermentation of bark-wood waste by xylotrophic fungi. Successful examples of the implementation of methods of biotransformation of bark-wood waste of long-term storage in the bark dumps of pulp and paper enterprises of the Perm Region of Rusian Federation are given. The algorithm of utilization of bark-wood waste by solid-phase fermentation with the help of xylotrophic fungi at the bark dumps of Syktyvkar woodworking plant (Republoc of Komi, Russia) is proposed in order to obtain soil-like substrates and fertilizers, fruit bodies of edible xylotrophic fungi and valuable fungal metabolites for medicine.
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Ahmed, Rand R. "Produced The Compost by Recycling The Municipality Waste". Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, nr 1 (31.03.2020): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.27.1.015.
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Around 5000 tons of food waste are prooduced every day in Iraq, accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of .Waste sent to landfill for disposal may breakdown and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect ,as well as odour , epidemics , and disease because of the disintegration. The aims of the research are to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic food waste which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for the purpose of ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (tap water) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the resalt that the use of "domestic wastewater" rich in living organisms and bacteria to hydrate the mixture is better than the use of "tap water". The felicitous fertilizer is rich with nutrient nitrogen 2.3%, phosphorus 13% and potassium 20% etc. There are a number of important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, and moisture content in the mixture, which ranges from 40-60% to provide a suitable medium for microorganisms within the mixture. Where less than 40% lead to dry mixture and kill organisms.
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Griyanitasari, Gresy, i Iwan Fajar Pahlawan. "Characteristics of organic fertilizer derived from fleshing waste with teak (Tectona grandis) wood scrap". Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik 36, nr 2 (23.12.2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v36i2.6393.
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Yang, Dongmei, Ting Gao i Zhenya Mao. "Study on the nitric acid pulping, delignification course, and waste-liquid recovery". BioResources 14, nr 4 (23.09.2019): 8892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8892-8903.
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The pulping of birch wood using dilute aqueous nitric acid solution under atmospheric pressure was studied. The pulping conditions, delignification reaction course, and waste-liquid recovery were studied in detail. The optimum cooking conditions were 9.2% nitric acid for 4.3 h at 85 °C. The pulp yield at these conditions was 51.1%, the lignin content was 5.1%, and the brightness was 50%. The delignification course during the pulping involved two phases, namely, bulk and residual phases. The bulk phase was 0 to 1.5 h long, and the delignification level was 92.6% of the total dissolved lignin. The residual phase was 1.5 h to 4.5 h long, and the delignification level reached about 7.4% of the total dissolved lignin. The waste liquid could no longer be used after six rounds of recycling. The contents of nitrogen and organic matter in the organic fertilizer prepared using the final-round of recycled waste liquid were in line with the indicators for the preparation of organic fertilizer.
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McDonald, M. A., B. J. Hawkins, C. E. Prescott i J. P. Kimmins. "Growth and foliar nutrition of western red cedar fertilized with sewage sludge, pulp sludge, fish silage, and wood ash on northern Vancouver Island". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 2 (1.02.1994): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-042.
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The fertilizer efficacy of a variety of organic wastes was tested in a 9-year-old plantation of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) growing on a cutover of cedar–hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest on northern Vancouver Island. Seven treatments were compared: municipal sewage sludge, sewage sludge plus pulp sludge, fish silage and wood ash, silage and ash plus pulp sludge, wood ash alone, ammonium nitrate with triple super phosphate, and control (untreated). Each treatment was replicated three times. Rates of application were 225 kg N•ha−1 in the inorganic fertilizer and about 500 kg N•ha−1 in the organic wastes (except wood ash). The height and diameter of the cedar trees 2 years after fertilization were greatest in the plots treated with inorganic fertilizer (average height was 274 cm, vs. 211 cm in control plots; average diameter at 30 cm was 49 mm, vs. 34 mm in control plots). Smaller but significant growth responses were achieved with sewage sludge and fish silage plus ash. Mixtures of sewage sludge or silage with pulp sludge produced smaller height growth responses, but did not affect diameter growth. Wood ash alone had no effect on tree growth. All treatments except wood ash increased the concentrations of macronutrients in foliage. Foliar N concentrations were greatest in trees treated with fish silage or inorganic fertilizer. Stagnated plantations of western red cedar appear to provide an opportunity for recycling these organic wastes.
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Shirazi, A. M., i L. H. Fuchigami. "Application of Processed Fiber for Nursery Crop Production". HortScience 33, nr 3 (czerwiec 1998): 523a—523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.523a.
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Composted Tillamook Methane-digested dairy manure (processed fiber) plus woodwaste from landfills at Tillamook, Ore., was compared with Langerwerf, Calif., processed fiber amended with woodwaste from Tillamook, a mixture of peatmoss and pumice, and two commercial mixes from Black Gold Inc., Hubbard, Ore. Electrical conductivity, water-holding capacity, pH, cation exchange capacity, and mineral contents of Tillamook processed fiber with a mixture of wood waste were within the acceptable range for production of some nursery crops. Tillamook processed fiber with a mixture of wood waste media were favorable for the germination and growth of the lettuce and radish cultivars. The performance for seed germination was comparable to the performance of both Black Gold media and better than the other media. The growth of marigold `Bonanza Yellow', petunia `Plum Maddness', and salvia `Purple Sizzler' in Tillamook processed fiber wood media, supplemented with weekly feeding of fertilizer, was comparable to their growth in Black Gold media and better than the other media. The growth of `Double Delight' rose plants in Tillamook processed fiber wood media was similar to their performance in Black Gold media.
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Costa, Gabriel Dias, i Breno Mourão de Souza. "Use of composting to produce organic fertilizer from horse stall residues". MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 8, nr 5 (12.10.2023): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2023.08.00289.
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The development of agriculture in Brazil has changed the role of horses from working animals to animals for sport competition and recreation. Horse breeding is a relevant activity in Brazilian agribusiness and approximately 6 million animals are currently involved in such activity. Recreation and sport horses are usually confined in stalls, where the animals spend the days. A variety of materials are used for bedding horse stalls, such as wood shavings, rice husks and dry grasses. These materials are removed daily or weekly. Horse manure is not well regarded as good plant fertilizer. The present work aims to develop a methodology for the reuse of waste from equine stalls (wood shavings, feces, urine, and animal food remains) through composting, characterizing, and evaluating the potential of the final product as a biofertilizer. For this, beds of 2 horses were used, composed of wood shavings, feces, urine, and food leftovers dropped by the animals on the bedding. Two types of wood shavings were tested – sawdust and chips. After 15 days of confinement, the litter was removed and went through a composting process with daily control of temperature, humidity, aeration, and smell until stabilization of the compost, which occurred after approximately 60 days. After this period, part of the material was collected for analysis of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration, and C/N ratio. The results obtained indicate that the final compost is suitable for use as organic fertilizer.
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Marble, Stephen C., Charles H. Gilliam, Jeff L. Sibley, Glenn B. Fain, H. Allen Torbert, Tom V. Gallagher i John W. Olive. "Evaluation of Composted Poultry Litter as a Substrate Amendment for WholeTree, Clean Chip Residual, and Pinebark for Container Grown Woody Nursery Crops". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, nr 2 (1.06.2010): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-28.2.107.
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Abstract WholeTree (WT) and clean chip residual (CCR) are potential new nursery substrates that are by-products of the forestry industry containing high wood content. Initial immobilization of nitrogen is one concern when using these new substrates; however the addition of composted poultry litter (CPL) to substrates containing high wood content could balance initial nitrogen immobilization and provide an inexpensive fertilizer source for growers. This study evaluated five woody nursery species being grown in WT, CCR, and pinebark (PB) with the addition of CPL or peat as a substrate amendment. Results indicate that these species can be grown successfully in WT and CCR substrates 6: 1 (by vol) with CPL. Use of CPL in WT and CCR substrates may provide an alternative to traditional PB plus peat based combinations in container plant production while providing poultry producers an environmentally sound means of waste disposal.
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Pavelek, Miloš, i Tereza Adamová. "Bio-Waste Thermal Insulation Panel for Sustainable Building Construction in Steady and Unsteady-State Conditions". Materials 12, nr 12 (22.06.2019): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12122004.
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Apart from being used as an oil stock for bio-fuels production, an annual crop plant Brassica napus, thought to be an agro-waste, and used either as an animal feed, soil fertilizer or biomass for combustion and thermal energy production. Alternatively, as a bio-based and locally bio-sourced cellulosic material, it could be used as a thermal insulation in sustainable building fabrication, likewise woodchips, a bio-waste from the wood industry. In this study, the above-mentioned bio-waste materials’ thermal properties were identified using a sandwich panel from medium density fibreboard (MDF) and wood studs. Premanufactured panels have been filled in with randomly oriented short-cut rapeseed and with short-cut woodchips. A modified guarded hot box method was used to designate steady and un-steady state thermo-physical parameters of such insulation panels. The examined bio-waste materials absorbed thermal fluctuations of the exterior environment and kept the indoor building environment at constant temperature regardless of such fluctuations. The ability of bio-based sandwich panels to store heat energy was found to be similar to mineral wool. Additionally, VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions of tested materials were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) to declare materials’ harmlessness to indoor environmental quality and human wellbeing. In conclusion, bio-based short-cut materials proved to be a viable environmentally friendly and energy efficient alternative to conventionally used thermal insulations.
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Dewa, Paksi Bali, I. Made Sudarma i I. Dewa Putu Oka Suardi. "STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PEMASARAN PUPUK KOMPOS ORGANIK PADA YAYASAN PEMILAHAN SAMPAH TEMESI, KABUPATEN GIANYAR". JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 7, nr 2 (4.10.2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2019.v07.i02.p05.
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The waste problem is not only related to the production and its transportation, but also concerning the sorting of organic and non-organic types. Temesi landfills in Gianyar Regency through the Yayasan Pemilahan Sampah Temesi (YPST) has a waste sorting activity to be used as a more economical product, namely compost fertilizer "Temesi Organik". The organic fertilizers usage in Bali Province in the last five years (2013-2017) has always been with an average of 28,897 tons. This potential will be a marketing opportunity for organic fertilizer producers in Bali Province. But YPST facing a problem lack of good planning in terms of product marketing. The purpose of this study was to analyze internal and external factors, formulate alternative strategies, and determine the priority strategies in developing marketing of compost fertilizer "Temesi Organik". Data analysis methods used are SWOT and AHP analysis. The results of the study based on the SWOT analysis obtained six alternative strategies namely improving product quality to maintain customer loyalty and the synergy of government policies, maintaining product continuity to reach the organic fertilizers market potential, maintaining the legality of organic certification, expanding market networks by utilizing social media and word of mouth marketing methods, complementing facilities and production infrastructure in composting, and improving the quality of human resources to produce products with a strong bargaining position. Based on AHP analysis obtained the main priority of six alternative strategies is to expand the market network by utilizing social media and the word of mouth marketing method.
Keywords: Marketing Strategy, Organic Compost Fertilizer, Yayasan Pemilahan Sampah Temesi
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Romanov, Evgeny, Dmitry Mukhortov i Tatiana Nureeva. "Application of organic waste composts when producing forest planting material". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, nr 113 (2016): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1613133r.
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Most seedlings and saplings of woody plants in the Russian Federation are produced in the open ground in forest nurseries. In order to produce high quality planting material it is necessary to support and preserve soil fertility, which can be obtained by using organic wastes and organic-based fertilizers. Our research is aimed at the assessment of the influence of non-conventional organic fertilizers on fertility of podzols and on the growth rate of seedlings and saplings of woody plants in forest nurseries. Our research shows, that the application of non-conventional organic fertilizers does not result in any accumulation of heavy metal salts in podzols, but optimizes hydro physical and agrochemical properties of the ploughed horizon. The efficiency of non-conventional organic fertilizers depends on their composition, physical and chemical characteristics of the original components, their doses applied and original fertility of soils. A combined application of non-conventional organic fertilizers and sand results in the optimization of practically all soil fertility parameters in middle clay-loam soils, while application of non-conventional organic fertilizers and clay is optimal for application on light soils. The optimal application dose of non-conventional fertilizers depends on soil texture, woody species and the fertilizer composition. An optimal application dose for Norway spruce on a light clay-loam soil is 50-80 tons/ha, and on a middle clay-loam soil is 149-182 tons/ha. It is 50 tons/ha for Scots pine growing on a sandy loam soil, and 100 tons/ha for the same species growing on a sandy soil or a light clay-loam. For Siberian larch growing on a light clay-loam soil the dose of fertilizer applied should be 150 tons/ha. It is recommended to apply composts containing over 50% (by weight) of Category II wastes (substrate) for the amelioration of light soils, and composts containing over 40% (by weight) of Category I wastes (filler) for the amelioration of heavy soils. It would allow for the optimization of soil properties and production of better quality planting material in forest nurseries.
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Dal Prà, Aldo, Francesca Ugolini, Martino Negri, Sara Bortolu, Pierpaolo Duce, Cristina Macci, Andrea Lombardo i in. "Wool Agro-Waste Biomass and Spruce Sawdust: Pellets as an Organic Soil Amendment". Sustainability 16, nr 6 (7.03.2024): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16062228.
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The production of wool is an economic burden and an issue for sheep breeders in many countries of the European Union because shorn greasy wool is defined as an animal byproduct (category 3) and must be sent to landfill as a special waste if not addressed in the textile supply chain. Nevertheless, wool is an important source of nitrogen, with high potential as agricultural renewable and sustainable organic fertilizer. To apply wool to soil, any contamination from harmful bacteria (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.) should be excluded. In this study, we developed sheep wool pellets to test their suitability for use as an organic fertilizer. Wool was rich in N (12% of dry material) and was mixed to spruce sawdust at sawdust: wool ratios of at 2:1; 1:1 (v/v) to increase soil organic carbon. Despite the different mix of wool and sawdust, pellets were similar in size (diameter and length), and the content of the elements suited the requirements of fertilizers and did not present harmful bacteria after pelletization. Therefore, wool pellets may represent a feasible solution to provide sheep wool with an added value, introducing it in a circular economy process. However, further study is needed to test the effects of the produced fertilizing pellets in real cropping systems.
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Riagbayire, Fortune, i Zannatul Nayem. "Biogas: An Alternative Energy Source for Domestic and Small-Scale Industrial Use in Nigeria". American Journal of Innovation in Science and Engineering 2, nr 1 (9.02.2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajise.v2i1.1217.
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In Nigeria today, there is a lot of waste that is being generated on a daily basis. From Domestic wastes to kitchen wastes, poultry and livestock not excluded. Due to the current energy crisis and climate change, the country could benefit greatly from an alternative energy source which is eco-friendly, renewable, sustainable and efficient. This alternative energy source is called ‘’Biogas”. Biogas is formed by anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biogas can be produced from kitchen wastes, cow dungs, poultry, pig faeces, etc. These wastes from the Bio-digester can later be treated as a by-product to give a nutrient rich organic fertilizer that can be used in farmlands and gardens. This paper outlines the benefits of organic waste and its potentials for domestic as well as industrial use when compared to other conventional fuels. The selected organic wastes that were thoroughly analyzed in this research work are; Human excreta, Pig excreta, sheep and goat excreta, abattoir waste, poultry excreta, cattle excreta, crop residue and municipal waste. Using computational techniques based on standard measurement. It was deduced that Nigeria generates about 591 million tons of the selected organic waste per annum. The results obtained from the research work shows that biogas has the potential of yielding about 32.29 billion m3 of biogas equivalent to 178 894 587.6 MWh. This estimated biogas yield will completely displace use of kerosene and coal for domestic cooking hereby reducing the consumption of wood fuel by 70%. The research also gives a recommendation for government and also the NGOs to encourage waste to energy mobilization and support its implementation in rural areas of the country.
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Zając, Grzegorz, Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, Wojciech Gołębiowski i Małgorzata Szczepanik. "Chemical Characteristics of Biomass Ashes". Energies 11, nr 11 (24.10.2018): 2885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112885.
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The aim of the conducted research was to obtain information on the main components of ashes from 35 biomass species used in combustion processes to obtain reference data for the development of utility possibilities for these ashes, with particular emphasis on agricultural use. The examined biomass samples were divided into groups depending on origin: woody biomass and energetic woody plants I-WWB, herbaceous and grassy energy plants II-EC, agricultural waste III-AR, forest waste IV-FR and waste from the agri-food industry V-AFIW. The analysis of the studied elements contents was carried out in the designated groups. The chemical composition of ash was dominated by the macroelements Ca, K, P and S, which suggests the possibility of their agricultural use. At the same time, the low content of toxic elements such as As and Pb should not be a limiting feature in their use, with the exception of wood biomass. In addition, ashes obtained from the biomass combustion were enriched with microelements such as Zn, Cu and Mn, which further increases their possibilities of fertilizer use. The potential use of ash from each type of biomass in the aspect of its chemical composition should be considered individually, regardless of the division into groups depending on the origin of biomass.
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Mayer, Elisa, Johanna Eichermüller, Felix Endriss, Björn Baumgarten, Rainer Kirchhof, Julian Tejada, Andreas Kappler i Harald Thorwarth. "Utilization and recycling of wood ashes from industrial heat and power plants regarding fertilizer use". Waste Management 141 (marzec 2022): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.027.
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Gousterova, A., M. Nustorova, I. Goshev, P. Christov, D. Braikova, K. Tishinov, T. Haertlé i P. Nedkov. "Alkaline Hydrolysate of Waste Sheep Wool Aimed as Fertilizer". Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 17, nr 2 (styczeń 2003): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2003.10817072.
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Winandy, Jerrold, i Zhiyong Cai. "Potential of using anaerobically digested bovine biofiber as a fiber source for wood composites". BioResources 3, nr 4 (10.10.2008): 1244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.4.1244-1255.
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Manure, an animal waste product with many negative economic and environmental issues, can today be converted using anaerobic digestion technology into a number of commercial products ranging from fertilizer, compost, animal bedding, and plant bedding. A number of new uses are now being explored such as bioenergy (both electrical and biofuel) and a lignocellulose-rich potential feedstock for engineered biocomposite products for building materials. This paper explores the engineering potential of using anaerobically digested bovine biomass (ADBF) as a feedstock material for biocomposite building materials. Our evaluation generally indicated that making dry-formed fiberboard using up to a 50/50% mixture of wood fiber and ADBF-fiber compared favorably with some commercial requirements for wood-based medium-density fiberboard and particleboard.
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Zawadzińska, Agnieszka, Piotr Salachna, Jacek S. Nowak i Waldemar Kowalczyk. "Response of Interspecific Geraniums to Waste Wood Fiber Substrates and Additional Fertilization". Agriculture 11, nr 2 (2.02.2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020119.
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Promotion of sustainable horticulture via wider use of peat substrate substitutes makes wood fiber an increasingly popular substrate component. Interspecific geraniums are plants of huge potential in the floriculture market, but there are not enough specific guidelines on their cultivation. This study investigated the effectiveness of enriching peat substrate with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% (by volume) waste wood fiber in the pot cultivation of interspecific geraniums cv. ‘Calliope Dark Red’. It also examined plant response to additional fertilization with nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2. Plants grown in the substrate with 10% and 20% of wood fiber did not differ in the leaf greening index, flower weight, and visual score from the plants grown in control (100% peat substrate). Wood fiber content of 40% negatively affected all growth parameters and leaf content of macro- and micronutrients. The plants growing in the peat substrate enriched with 20% of waste wood fiber and fertilized with nitrogen had the highest leaf greenness index, the greatest number of flowers, and the highest content of N, P, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. In summary, the study demonstrated that high quality ornamental plants can be successfully grown in peat substrate containing 20% of waste wood fiber and additionally fertilized with nitrogen.
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Suharno, Ahmad Fauzi, Muthia Syafika Haq, Teuku Beuna Bardant, Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan, Adhi Irianto Mastur, Sugeng Harianto, Rakhmat Ceha, Muhamad Dzikron, Anny Sulaswatty i Edi Iswanto Wiloso. "Assessing Green Supply Chain OperationReference with Life Cycle Inventory: The Case ofGamboeng Green Tea, Indonesia". Journal of Environmental Science and Management 25, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2022_1/04.
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This study aims to assess the performance of the Gamboeng green tea production system using the Green Supply Chain Operation Reference (GreenSCOR). Fifteen environmental performance indicators were incorporated in the five main processes in the supply chain: planning, sourcing, production, delivery and return. The data were collected from field observations of the supply chain structure and flow process inventory, then validated through in-depth interview with key informants. Data inventory of processes was utilized for measuring several indicators especially in the planning process and the realization of the plan in the production process. Gamboeng tea has an advantage score in indicator of realization (15%) for use of clean energy source (i.e., wood pellet) to substitute liquified petroleum gas as well as for using environmentally friendly packaging, zero waste disposal and total recyclable waste. Further improvements are recommended for the five performance indicators, particularly in the planning process, such as providing training and education for personnel about environmental awareness and management, planning for minimizing water usage, planning in minimizing inorganic fertilizer usage, screening suppliers, and using larger portions of wood pellets.
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Bryndina, Larisa, Anna Korchagina i Zoran Govedar. "Biofertilizer from wood waste and sewage sludge with a high nitrogen content". Forestry Engineering Journal 13, nr 3 (27.12.2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2023.3/1.
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In Russia, the issue of wood waste processing is acute. One of the ways to reuse sawdust is to process them into
biofertilizers, but due to the low nitrogen content in the composition, additional components must be added. In this
regard, the possibility of enriching sawdust with sewage sludge, which is waste from sewage treatment plants, has been
considered. In the work, the composition of the nutrient medium was optimized by the method of a full factorial
experiment to increase the efficiency of the production of biosuppression enzymes, the biodegradation capability of
microorganisms was evaluated. The biosynthesis of the consortium on the selected medium significantly increased the
enzymatic activity: proteolytic activity increased 3 times, lipolytic - by 32.8%, amylolytic – by 69.2%. Optimization of
the growing conditions of the consortium allowed reducing the level of wastewater pollution by 84.1%. The sediment
formed during purification, due to the modification of activated sludge by the biocomposition of selected
microorganisms, was a product of high biological value: the amount of organic matter increased by 25.7%, total
nitrogen increased by 1.7 times, and carbon – by 5.2%. The enrichment of sawdust with sewage sludge makes it
possible to use the mixture as a fertilizer with high nutritional value for plant growth and development. The introduction
of biocomposite into the soil allows to increase its fertility and improve the structure.
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Senbeta, Abate Feyissa. "Food Waste Bioeconomy: Sustainable Waste Management Options for Hawassa University Campuses, Ethiopia". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, nr 9 (16.10.2020): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.6.
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Food waste management is a challenge in University Campuses of developing countries. This study assessed food waste management challenges in Hawassa University and the possibility of cascading the waste through biomass bioeconomy model by using interviews, observations and published and unpublished documents. The results show that so far the food leftover is being used by poor people, collected by animal ranchers or damped in an openpit. Food leftover use by poor people was challenged due to poor hygienic quality, health implication to users, insecurity to campus community and theft of property in the campuses. The university’s animal enterprise was also forced to quiet its agreement with the university due people’s competition for the leftover. Generally food waste management at the University is reactive and long-term sustainability is needed. This study suggests the cascading use of biomass, i.e. using food waste as animal feed; animal waste as feedstock for biogas generation; biogas-slurryas an organic fertilizer for university farm and plantations. If implemented the model improves the waste management practices of the University; improves the resource use efficiency and energy security, and reduces fuel wood consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emission. Moreover the model creates circular economy that serves as a sustainability showcase in practice for research, training, recreation, experience sharing and income generation activities.
Keywords: Bio-economy, food waste, Hawassa University, sustainability
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Schroeter-Zakrzewska, Anita, i Magdalena Komorowicz. "The Use of Compost from Post-Consumer Wood Waste Containing Microbiological Inoculums on Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum Ramat./Kitam.)". Agronomy 12, nr 6 (26.05.2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061274.
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The purpose of the conducted study was to assess the possibility of using composts made from post-consumer wood containing waste of fibre boards and microbiological inoculums in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum Ramat./Kitam.) ‘Jewel Time’ cultivation. Five variants of composts (marked ask, KK, AL, AL + K, EM, EM + K) were prepared, each variant was duplicate. All variants consisted of fibreboard waste (60% of its weight), mixed with mature compost made from fibreboard waste (30%), Protohumovit-biologically active organic fertilizer with the chemical composition of cattle manure (3%), starch, sugar, corn oil (together 7%). A biological inoculum “Activit Las” was added to one half of reactors. “Activit Las” (produced by Atlas Planta S.C, Bydgoszcz) is biological inoculum containing of selected bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi, that is intended to accelerate the composting of lignocellulosic materials, including wood from forest and sawmill. The second part of reactors was implemented by microbiological inoculum (EM) from Greenland Technologia EM (Trzcianki, Poland). A Bio Best (produced by Atlas Planta S.C, Bydgoszcz) formulation of chicken manure was added to some of the reactors containing EM and Activit Las. Compost without any additional microorganisms and microelements was control for experiment. Plant quality depended on the dose of compost used as well as on the type of microbial inoculations used during the composting process. The addition of composts containing the EM microbial inoculation to peat stimulated the formation of inflorescences and inflorescence buds. It also had a positive effect on the size and number of leaves. An additional effect of using compost obtained from wood waste is the reduction in the consumption of natural resources such as peat.
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Arsad, Effendi. "TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN DAN PEMANFAATAN KARBON AKTIF UNTUK INDUSTRI". Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 2, nr 2 (31.12.2010): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v2i2.1146.
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The activated carbon is very important for has processed product activated carbon. In south Kalimantan has a big prospects due to the big potential of the raw material provided by the nature and industrial waste. There are a lot of raw materials that can be used for the manufacture of activated carbon such as agricultural waste, sugarcane waste, waste of sawn timber, lives stock waste and coal processing waste.Manufacture of activated carbon can be done in ways: chemical and physical processes. Activation is very important in the manufacture of activated carbon in addition to the raw materials used. Activated carbon is charcoal that has undergone changes in chemical properties and physical properties due to be activated with the activator chemical materials or can by heating at high temperatures, so that absorption , surface area, and the ability to absorb become as very good. Activated carbon is used as an absorbent to absorb heavy metals, in medicine and food, on liquor, petroleum chemical, shrimp farming, the sugar industry of gas purification, catalyst and fertilizer processing.Key wood : technology processed, activated carbon