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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Wood geography"
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Warnock, Peter, i Michael Pendleton. "The Wood of the Ulu Burun Diptych". Anatolian Studies 41 (grudzień 1991): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642933.
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In the fall of 1988, Cemal Pulak, acting field director and assistant director of the Ulu Burun excavations, asked the authors to identify the wood used in the diptych found on the fourteenth- or very early thirteenth-century Ulu Burun shipwreck. Although it has been stated generally that Greco-Roman writing tablets were made of boxwood, other woods were also used for writing tablets in various periods of antiquity. The second oldest known writing-boards, from 8th-century Nimrud, were made of walnut (Juglans nigra), and from Assyrian records we know that writing-boards were constructed of tamarisk, cypress and cedar woods. Geography clearly played a role in the choice of wood. At the port of Roman London, for example, “most of the twenty-two fragments of writing tablets recovered from the recent waterfront excavations were of the wax-impressed type made from larch, cedar or silver fir, suggesting that they … were brought over [from the continent] as finished products”; the only boxwood tablet, perhaps locally made, was not of the type that held wax.
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Hess, M. "Economic Geography. Places, Networks and Flows * Andrew Wood and Susan Roberts". Journal of Economic Geography 12, nr 4 (7.02.2012): 927–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs001.
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Nishihara, Noriko, Lisa Ito, Leticia dos Muchangos i Akihiro Tokai. "Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation from Imported Woody Biomass Fuels". Journal of Sustainable Development 16, nr 2 (13.02.2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v16n2p50.
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With the promotion of woody biomass power generation in Japan, wood fuel imports have increased yearly. However, the environmental impact of the transportation process is expected to increase compared to procuring the fuel domestically. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of biomass power generation using imported woody fuel. Human health, ecosystem, and global warming were evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method under four scenarios: three scenarios for importing woody fuel and one scenario for procuring woody fuel domestically. The results reveal that replacing heavy oil with liquefied natural gas (LNG) or ammonia as ship fuel at the time of importation could reduce the environmental impact to the same level or up to 86% compared to the case wherein wood fuel is procured domestically. Thus, using next-generation vessels to import wood fuel and generate biomass power effectively reduces environmental impact. Furthermore, the use of wood fuel—a renewable energy source whose generation can be adjusted—should be promoted toward achieving carbon neutrality.
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Garrido, Pablo, Lars Edenius, Grzegorz Mikusiński, Anna Skarin, Anna Jansson i Carl-Gustaf Thulin. "Experimental rewilding may restore abandoned wood-pastures if policy allows". Ambio 50, nr 1 (9.03.2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01320-0.
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AbstractLarge herbivores play key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Continuous defaunation processes have produced cascade effects on plant community composition, vegetation structure, and even climate. Wood-pastures were created by traditional management practices that have maintained open structures and biodiversity for millennia. In Europe, despite the broad recognition of their biological importance, such landscapes are declining due to land-use changes. This calls for finding urgent solutions for wood-pasture conservation. To test whether introducing an ecological replacement of an extinct wild horse could have positive effects on wood-pasture restoration, we designed a 3-year rewilding experiment. Horses created a more open wood-pasture structure by browsing on seedlings and saplings, affected tree composition via selective browsing and controlled the colonization of woody vegetation in grassland-dominated areas. Thus, rewilding could be a potential avenue for wood-pasture restoration and biodiversity conservation. However, such benefits may not materialize without a necessary paradigm and political shift.
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Morente Pacheco, Francisco J. "Wood, Andrew y Roberts, Susan (2011). Economic Geography: places, networks and flows". Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica 59, nr 3 (19.09.2013): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.102.
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Vanchan, Vida. "Economic Geography: Places, Networks and Flows - By Andrew Wood and Susan Roberts". Economic Geography 88, nr 4 (18.06.2012): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01165.x.
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Wohl, Ellen. "Wood process domains and wood loads on floodplains". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, nr 1 (15.12.2019): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4771.
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Pandey, C. N., i T. S. Rangaraju. "India's industrial wood balance". International Forestry Review 10, nr 2 (1.06.2008): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.10.2.173.
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Rahayu, Istie Sekartining, Aqila Alya Nabila Sabarna, Irma Wahyuningtyas, Rohmat Ismail, Esti Prihatini, Wayan Darmawan, Gilang Dwi Laksono i Irsan Alipraja. "The Effect of Synthetic and Commercial Nano-Magnetite on the Electromagnetic Absorbance Behavior of Magnetic Wood". Jurnal Sylva Lestari 12, nr 2 (9.04.2024): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v12i2.889.
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Magnetic wood with good electromagnetic wave absorption properties was prepared by comparing synthetic and commercial nano-magnetite (Fe3O4-NP) as sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood impregnation solution. The co-precipitation method produced a synthetic nano-magnetite with NH4OH as a weak base precursor. Meanwhile, the commercial one was purchased from a supplier. Three levels of nano-magnetite concentration (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) were dispersed in deionized water. The impregnation process was done by applying a vacuum of 0.5 bar for 120 minutes, followed by a pressure of 1 bar for 120 minutes. The results showed that the commercial nano-magnetite caused more improvements in weight percent gain, density, and hardness than the synthetic nano-magnetic, although they were insignificantly different. There was also a reduction in brightness with the overall color change being categorized into other colors because the color became darker with increasing nano-magnetite concentration in both woods. The absorbance capacity of the synthetic nano-magnetite-treated wood was larger than the commercial nano-magnetite-treated wood. This synthetic nano-magnetite-treated wood had been optimally treated at a 5% concentration, making it suitable for use as electromagnetic wave shielding material because it can absorb almost 100% electromagnetic waves. Keywords: Fe3O4, impregnation, nano-magnetite, sengon wood, shielding materials
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Erni, Matthias, Vanessa Burg, Leo Bont, Oliver Thees, Marco Ferretti, Golo Stadelmann i Janine Schweier. "Current (2020) and Long-Term (2035 and 2050) Sustainable Potentials of Wood Fuel in Switzerland". Sustainability 12, nr 22 (23.11.2020): 9749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229749.
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Wood fuel has become central in environmental policy and decision-making processes in cross-sectoral areas. Proper consideration of different types of woody biomass is fundamental in forming energy transition and decarbonization strategies. We quantified the development of theoretical (TPs) and sustainable (SPs) potentials of wood fuel from forests, trees outside forests, wood residues and waste wood in Switzerland for 2020, 2035 and 2050. Ecological and economic restrictions, timber market situations and drivers of future developments (area size, tree growth, wood characteristics, population growth, exporting/importing (waste wood)) were considered. We estimated a SP of wood fuel between 26.5 and 77.8 PJ/a during the three time points. Results demonstrate that the SP of wood fuel could be significantly increased already in the short term. This, as a moderate stock reduction (MSR) strategy in forests, can lead to large surpluses in SPs compared to the wood fuel already used today (~36 PJ/a), with values higher by 51% (+18.2 PJ) in 2020 and by 59% (+21.3 PJ) in 2035. To implement these surpluses (e.g., with a cascade approach), a more circular economy with sufficient processing capacities of the subsequent timber industries and the energy plants to convert the resources is required.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Wood geography"
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Smith, Robert John. "The preservation and degradation of wood in wetland archaeological and landfill sites". Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13206.
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This study has investigated the patterns and processes responsible for oak wood degradation in different burial environments by characterizing the biological, chemical and physical nature of sediments from a variety of 'in situ' wetland archaeological and landfill sites. It has used oak wood as the complimentary organic biomarker to help determine the main factors responsible for the unwanted decay of archaeo-organic materials in wetIand archaeological sites and identify the useful deterioration of organic materials in landfill sites. A laboratory-based simulation (lysimeter study) has been used to act as a representation of the conditions that exist within the burial environments chosen for this research. The main parameters which characterize all burial contexts were artificially manipulated within the lysimeters. These were subsequently measured by using a number of technological applications in order to produce a multi-disciplinary analysis of each environment studied. The interpretation of the data generated from these techniques highlighted patterns within the sediments which were responsible for the degradation of oak wood. As a result of these findings, this study has not only illustrated the key environmental parameters that are responsible for oak wood degradation over a variety of time scales, i.e. the short- (lysimeter study), medium- (landfill sites) and long-term (wetland archaeological sites), but also determined the most appropriate conditions which are able to preserve wood in wetland archaeological sites and optimize organic waste degradation in landfill sites.
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Mercer, Theresa. "An experimental study of the environmental impacts of CCA-treated wood waste land application". Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:2683.
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Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK; up until its partial ban in 2004. The preservative prolongs the service life of wood by 20-50 years by making it resistant to biological attack. As such, in-service CCA treated wood is expected to be a major component of the UK wood waste stream in the future. Concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation to ensure that such waste is disposed of safely in Hazardous Waste Landfills. Despite this, studies have shown that this waste can still enter into the landscape mulch market due to inadequate detection methods and increasing societal pressures to recycle. A series of laboratory and field-based simulations were used to quantify leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood waste mulch and evaluate the factors involved in promoting leaching. The distribution and behaviour of the metals in the soil column and leachate were also assessed. The samples generated in the study were analysed for a range of physico-chemical measurements, elemental and speciation concentrations. Results show that arsenic, chromium and copper leaches from CCA waste wood; at times to levels exceeding regulatory thresholds by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the more toxic and mobile species of arsenic (As III) and chromium (Cr VI) were detected in both soil and leachate samples. A mass balance was produced which demonstrated that CCA wood tends to leach on initial exposure to a leachant and also during weathering of the wood. When in contact with soil, metal(loid) transport is reduced due to complexation reactions. With higher water application or where the adsorption capacity of the soil is exceeded, the metal(loid)s are transported through the soil column as leachate. Overall, there was a loss of metal(loid)s from the system that could be due to loss of water, volatilisation of arsenic and plant uptake. Due to the toxicity and concentration levels of the leached elements identified in the current study, it is apparent that adverse environmental and human health impacts may result from direct and indirect exposure to the environmental media.
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Law, Justine. "Sustainable and Equitable Energy? The Diverse Economies of Wood Energy in Central Vermont and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405429080.
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Hu, Lihua. "Comparative study of methods for quantifying wood smoke in the UK atmosphere". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3505/.
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The thesis investigates the inorganic aerosol concentrations and wood smoke tracer potassium and levoglucosan concentrations in Birmingham, UK. Also a multi-wavelength aethalometer was utilized as a carbonaceous aerosol detector to directly measure the local wood smoke PM mass and traffic PM mass. To achieve this, daily PM2.5 inorganic ions sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, and organic compound levoglucosan were measured over a period of more than one and half years at four sampling locations. There were: (1) Elms road, University of Birmingham; (2) North Kilworth Mill Observatory Site; (3) Churchill Pumping Station Site; and (4) Budbrooke, Warwick Sampling Site. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and seasonal variation were examined for those inorganic and organic elements and compounds. The results were used to provide comprehensive spatial and temporal distributions, intra-site and inter-site comparison differentiations. Wood smoke potassium and levoglucosan were used as wood smoke tracer to determine the local resident wood smoke PM mass concentrations in this thesis. Budbrooke, Warwick Sampling Site for example, a mean value of 62ng m-3 wood smoke potassium was measured at winter periods but the mean value of only 17ng m-3 was measured during summer periods. This significant difference demonstrated a frequent wood smoke activity in this area during winter periods. Also a multi-wavelength aethalometer was used as wood smoke mass detector to measure the local resident wood smoke PM mass and local traffic PM mass concentrations. These three methods have their unique processes of acquiring the wood smoke mass concentrations, thus the results from these method have considerable variations. Therefore these three methods have inter-compared with each other to achieve better wood smoke concentrations results in order to obtain the best method of measuring local wood smoke mass.
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Mathieu, Valentin. "Wood, Cities, and Trade : An Economic Analysis of the Global Urban Demand for Wood Products and the Dynamics of International Wood Trade". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0267.
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Pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable et de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, une compréhension approfondie des différents facteurs qui contribuent à l'économie du bois, ainsi qu'une prévision précise de l'offre et de la demande de bois, sont essentielles. De telles analyses s'appuient sur des modèles, appelés dans cette thèse “modèles de flux commerciaux de bois” lorsqu'ils étudient la production, le commerce et la consommation de bois. L'utilisation de modèles pour expliquer et prédire des phénomènes économiques se heurte à plusieurs difficultés méthodologiques. Face à ces difficultés, comment évaluer la capacité d'un modèle à conduire de telles analyses ? Cette thèse considère trois aspects essentiels et interdépendants de la modélisation pour évaluer la capacité d'un modèle à atteindre ses objectifs. Le premier aspect consiste à déterminer si les fondements théoriques des modèles peuvent être testés empiriquement. Le deuxième aspect consiste à déterminer si un modèle prend en compte des facteurs importants pour l'analyse heuristique et prédictive des phénomènes économiques. Le troisième aspect concerne la disponibilité et la qualité des données sur lesquelles une théorie peut être testée et à partir desquelles des facteurs peuvent être identifiés et quantifiés. Cette thèse est structurée autour de ces trois aspects et est divisée en quatre chapitres. Les deux premiers chapitres portent sur deux des aspects de la modélisation considérés : (i) les facteurs pris en compte ou à prendre en compte dans la modélisation de l'économie du bois, et (ii) l'élaboration de modèles fondés sur une théorie empiriquement vérifiable. Les deux derniers chapitres traitent du troisième aspect de la modélisation : la qualité des données et ses implications pour la modélisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une revue des facteurs considérés pour modéliser les flux commerciaux de bois, et de proposer une analyse économique de la demande urbaine en bois et du commerce international des produits bois. Le chapitre 1 présente une méta-analyse des concepts de modélisation des flux commerciaux du bois. Il conclut que les modèles économiques s'appuient sur un ensemble restreint de quatre catégories de facteurs, négligeant ainsi d'autres facteurs importants, comme l'urbanisation. Le chapitre 2 développe une modélisation spatiale de la demande urbaine en bois. En prenant en compte l'urbanisation comme facteur de l'économie mondiale du bois, le modèle propose une représentation réaliste et précise des phénomènes économiques forestiers, suggérant un rôle déterminant des dynamiques urbaines dans l'économie globale du bois. Le chapitre 3 met en évidence plusieurs incohérences entre les données d'exportation et d'importation et propose une méthode pour tenir compte des erreurs de mesure dans les analyses commerciales. Ce chapitre suggère que ces disparités sont significatives et que le fait de ne pas corriger les modèles pour tenir compte des erreurs dans les données commerciales biaise les résultats des modèles. Le chapitre 4 effectue une analyse de réseau du commerce du bois rond. Bien que cette analyse soit principalement descriptive, elle fournit un modèle réaliste et mécaniste d'évaluation de la structure du réseau commercial et ses dynamiques. Les contributions scientifiques de cette thèse sont triples: elle propose de nouvelles méthodes pour modéliser l'économie mondiale du bois, intègre la dynamique urbaine comme un facteur qui façonne l'économie mondiale du bois, et met en avant un besoin de meilleures pratiques dans l'analyse du commerce des produits bois. Elle s'inscrit dans les enjeux globaux en mettant en avant la nécessité d'anticiper la future demand urbaine en bois, questionne l'efficacité des politiques de régulation économique appliqués aux forêts et aux produits bois, et suggère des stratégies commerciales visant à minimiser les risques de marchéTo achieve sustainable development and sustainable natural resource management, a thorough understanding of the various factors that contribute to the wood economy, as well as an accurate forecast of wood supply and demand, are essential. Such analyses rely on models, referred to in this thesis as "wood trade flow models" when studying wood production, trade and consumption. The use of models to explain and predict economic phenomena comes up against several methodological difficulties. Given these difficulties, how can we assess a model's ability to conduct such analyses? This thesis considers three essential and interdependent aspects of modeling to assess a model's ability to achieve its objectives. The first is whether the theoretical framework of models can be tested empirically. The second aspect is to determine whether a model takes into account factors that are important for the heuristic and predictive analysis of economic phenomena. The third aspect concerns the availability and quality of data on which a theory can be tested and from which factors can be identified and quantified. This thesis is structured around these three aspects and is divided into four chapters. The first two chapters deal with two of the modeling aspects considered: (i) the factors taken into account or to be taken into account in modeling the wood economy, and (ii) the development of models based on empirically testable theories. The last two chapters deal with the third aspect of modelling: data quality and its implications for modelling. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a review of the factors considered in modeling wood trade flows, and to propose an economic analysis of urban demand for wood and international trade in wood products. Chapter 1 presents a meta-analysis of wood trade flow modeling concepts. It concludes that economic models rely on a narrow set of factor categories, thus neglecting other important factors, such as urbanization. Chapter 2 develops a spatial model of urban demand for wood. By taking urbanization into account as a factor in the global wood economy, the model offers a realistic and accurate representation of forest economic phenomena, suggesting a crucial role of urban dynamics in shaping the global wood economy. Chapter 3 highlights several discrepancies between export and import data, and proposes a method for accounting for measurement errors in trade analyses. This chapter suggests that these discrepancies are significant, and that failing to correct models for errors in trade data biases model results. Chapter 4 performs a network analysis of the roundwood trade. Although this analysis is primarily descriptive, it provides a realistic and mechanistic model for assessing the structure of the trade network and its dynamics. The scientific contributions of this thesis are threefold: it proposes new methods for modeling the global wood economy, integrates urban dynamics as a factor shaping the global wood economy, and highlights a need for best practices in the analysis of wood product trade. It addresses global issues by highlighting the need to anticipate future urban demand for wood, questions the effectiveness of economic regulation policies applied to forests and wood products, and suggests commercial strategies aimed at minimizing market risks
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Kitts, Duncan Renfield. "The hydraulic and hydrological performance of large wood accumulation in a low-order forest stream". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/185791/.
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Large wood and its accumulations are poorly understood despite being an important feature in the functioning of forested river channels and floodplains. Large wood has previously been removed from rivers in order to reduce flow resistance and increase channel conveyance. However, recently there has been an appreciation of the role of large wood accumulations in creating important aquatic habitat, increasing geomorphic diversity, re-connecting river channels to their floodplains and in the development of multi-channel anastomosed river patterns. This thesis examines the role that large wood plays at a range of scales in a low-order forested stream in the New Forest, Southern England. The study river was subject to restoration measures, involving the addition of large wood to the river channel, as part of an EU LIFE III project. An empirical and Froude-scaled flume approach is taken to determine the role of large wood accumulations upon the reach-scale flow resistance values. Large wood accumulations from a variety of environments are assessed to determine the hydraulic effects of accumulations of different architecture in different environments. Field data from the study catchment is used to show the role of large wood in increasing the frequency and duration of reach-scale, floodplain inundation. Hydrological data shows the impact the restoration has upon both flood peak magnitude and flood peak travel time highlighting the potential benefits of large wood to downstream flood risk. A 2-Dimensional model is produced which simulates the effect of a range of large wood accumulations upon the inundation extent. An approach using spatial diversity metrics, widely used in ecological sciences, is conducted in an attempt to quantify the flow depth and flow velocity diversity, which can influence flow habitat diversity. Results show that large wood can initiate an anastomosing flow pattern which allows increases flow depth diversity by up to 49% and flow velocity diversity by up to 48%
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Osei, Nana Akwasi. "Large wood in fluvial systems : quantity, structure and landforms, sediment retention, and riparian seed bank development". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8813.
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This thesis investigates the characteristics and impacts of large wood accumulations within river reaches of different size and style. Four reaches were studied: (i) a wide, braided, headwater reach, characterised by dead wood (Tagliamento River, Italy); (ii) a lower gradient, wide, braided reach, characterised by resprouting wood (Tagliamento River, Italy); (iii) a low gradient, single thread reach with a natural supply of dead wood (Highland Water, UK), and (iv) a low gradient, single thread reach that has been restored by felling trees into the river (River Bure, UK). In each reach, quantities of wood, types of accumulation and their association with sediment retention, landform and propagule bank development were investigated, generating four main findings: 1. There were marked differences in the size and character of large wood accumulations among the four reaches. 2. Retention of fine sediment and organic matter by wood was observed on all four reaches, giving rise to notable spatial heterogeneity in surface sediments. 3. Sediment retention resulted in the development of different landforms among the four reaches. In the two multi-thread reaches, accretion of finer sediment around large wood led to island development. In the naturally-functioning single-thread reach, wood jams spanned the river channel, accumulating sediment and organic matter to produce unvegetated wood jams, and inducing other landforms, notably pools and bars. Such geomorphic heterogeneity was anticipated in the restored reach, but to date this has not significantly occurred. 4. Spatio-temporal variations were observed in propagule abundance and species richness within different wood-related mesohabitats. Higher abundance and species richness were associated with finer, more organic sediments retained within wood accumulations and related mesohabitats. In the restored reach such associations were not statistically significant, further indicating that responses to wood emplacement take longer than the 4 years since restoration. iv Overall, this research has strengthened the evidence concerning the differing nature of wood accumulations in rivers of different size and style, and it has demonstrated the importance of large wood for retaining organic matter and plant propagules, resources essential for riparian vegetation succession and for the success of river restoration efforts.
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Marston, Bryce Kendrick. "Influence of the Mountain Pine Beetle disturbance on large wood dynamics and channel morphology in mountain streams". Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35499.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Geography
Charles W. Martin
Disturbance regimes are important determinants of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem structure and function. Disturbances may linger in the landscape and lag temporally, influencing stream ecosystem form and function for decades, if not centuries. The recent enhanced Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) infestation in pine forests of the Rocky Mountain region has resulted in extensive tree mortality, producing the potential for significant increases in carbon supply to stream channels. To better understand MPB impacts on in-stream large wood (LW), a census was conducted in 30 headwater streams within the Medicine Bow National Forest in south-central Wyoming, across the temporal spectrum from early- to late-stage MPB-infestation. A subset of those streams exhibiting mean conditions at each level of infestation was surveyed to determine any significant differences in channel morphology or aquatic ecosystem function. Results indicate that wood loads related to the MPB-infestation significantly increase with time since initial infestation. However, even in late-stage infestation streams, many of the fallen MPB-killed trees are bridging across the channels and have yet to break and ramp down sufficiently enough to enter between the channel margins. Wood loads will continue to increase as more trees fall and bridging pieces decompose, break and then enter the channel. Measurable increases in the amount of LW with time since initial beetle infestation have both positive and negative effects on channel form and function. Although forest MPB-infestation has peaked in the study area, streams are still early on a curve of rapidly increasing wood loads that are beginning to affect streams and have the potential to dramatically increase the carbon base of regional stream ecosystems.
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Vann, Barry. "Factors Affecting Wood Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impacts in Warren County, Kentucky". TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1835.
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The purpose of this research is to identify factors that contribute to wood fuel consumption as a space heating source and estimate a county-wide proportion for wood fuel consuming households. In addition, environmental problems associated with deforestation such as erosion and loss of wildlife habitat are delineated; moreover, air pollution resulting from wood fuel emissions are discussed.
An exhaustive literature review provided the basis for the study. Data on Warren County wood fuel consumption patterns were derived from a mail survey. Proportion estimates were tested by using a classical two-tail test of hypothesis. Subsequently, factors were identified and used in a multiple regression analysis.
The study found that low income households equipped with electric space heating systems located in rural areas are the most wood intensive. Unlike homes equipped with other alternate heating systems, electric space heat equipped households tend to consume wood fuel proportionally to income. The study also found that 26.3 percent of single family residences in the county use wood for space heating.
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Mazzochin, Marinez da Silva. "Indústria madeireira mundial e brasileira: o caso Paranaense". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/112.
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-08This study seeks to understand the relationship of the process of capital accumulation in the wood processing industry and its relationship with the production of geographical space. The analysis of such a process takes into account the contradictions inherent in their development process. We seek to understand these contradictions, by pointing the main factors that encouraged the development of modern forestry, based on scientific research, especially in relation to raw material, meeting the industrial needs. It was intended in this work demonstrate the relationship between the various geographical scales as the focal point of socio-spatial training for the consolidation of the timber industry in the state of Parana.
O presente trabalho busca compreender a relação do processo de acumulação de capital no setor de transformação de madeira e sua relação com a produção do espaço geográfico. A análise de tal processo leva em consideração as contradições inerentes ao seu prodesso de desenvolvimento. Buscamos compreender essas contradições apontando os principais fatores que propiciam o desenvolvimento de uma moderna silvicultura, baseada em pesquisas científicas, sobretudo em relação à matéria-prima, atendendo as necessidades industriais. Pretendeu-se no decorrer do trabalho demonstrar a relação entre as diversas escalas geográficas como ponto central da formação sócio-espacial para a consolidação da indústria madeireira no Estado do Paraná.
Książki na temat "Wood geography"
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Carver, Craig M. American regional dialects: A word geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1986.
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Ranta, Tapio. Logging residues from regeneration fellings for biofuel production-a GIS-based availability and supply cost analysis. Lappeenranta, Finland: Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2002.
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Belchnerowska, Aleksandra. Nazwy wód stojących w dorzeczu Bałtyku między dolną Odrą a dolną Wisłą. Szczecin: Wydawn. Nauk. Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 1993.
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Müllerott, Hansjürgen. Quellen zum Waidanbau in Thüringen, mit einem Exkurs in die Waidanbaugebiete Europas und Vorderasiens: Industriearchäologie, historische Geographie, Flurnamenkunde, Alte Geschichte, Siedlungs- und Territorialgeschichte, Archäobotanik, Botanik. Arnstadt: Thüringer Chronik-Verlag, 1992.
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Ester, Kerkhoff, i Peters Jordi 1985-, red. Zo word je National Geographic junior-fotograaf!: Leren fotograferen met Ruben Smit. [Washington, DC]: National Geographic Junior, 2010.
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Denys, Catherine. Geography of Crime. Redaktorzy Paul Knepper i Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.37.
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The historical transformation in the distribution of crime between towns and rural areas in the Western world between 1750 and 1950 remains a complex and debated issue. The few comparative studies on long-term crime seem to indicate a sharp decrease in urban crime, although with considerable variation in chronology and intensity. Conversely, the rapid urbanization of industrial cities was accompanied by outbreaks of violence, before declining as well. Certain types of crime are directly related to their environment, such as rural wood theft, arson, poaching, or urban street gang violence; yet most types of crime in towns and countryside share common characteristics. Accordingly, rural banditry shares many features with organized crime in the urban underworld, while the social and economic motivations behind urban riots may not differ so much from rural revolts as previously thought. A geographical history of crime should therefore consider both broader and more specific historical phenomena including the influence of war, immigration, and urban policies, as well as the definition and registration of criminal offenses by the police. Finally, in each country, crime rates were affected differently by the evolution in the relationship between state and society at the national and regional levels.
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A system of geography for the use of schools: Illustrated with more than fifty cerographic maps, and numerous wood-cut engravings. New York: Harper & Bros., 1986.
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A system of geography for the use of schools: Illustrated with more than fifty cerographic maps, and numerous wood-cut engravings. New York: Harper & Bros., 1985.
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Arthus-Bertrand, Yann. Earth From Above: Limited Edition (with special wood boards and display table). Abrams Books, 2007.
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books, Ying rustic Log. Notebook Alternate Blank and Lined Pages: Rustic Wood Notebook Alternate Blank and Lined Pages / Ideal for Study - Geography, Science,art / 8. 5x11. Independently Published, 2020.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Wood geography"
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Bustillo Revuelta, Manuel. "Wood and Cork". W Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 539–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65207-4_18.
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Hatakeyama, Tatsuko, i Hyoe Hatakeyama. "Silk and Wool". W Biomass with Culture and Geography, 55–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0368-5_3.
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Ospischev, R. N., S. N. Gorbov i A. M. Yaroslavtsev. "The Dynamics Peculiarities of the Xylem Sap of Coniferous Woody Plants on the Example of Picea Abies in Rostov-on-Don". W Springer Geography, 123–30. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37216-2_10.
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Allen, Harriet. "Mediterranean Forests, Woods and Shrublands". W Geography in Britain after World War II, 171–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28323-0_8.
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Linares, María José Carrillo, i Edurne Garrido Anes. "Middle English word geography: Methodology and applications illustrated". W English Historical Linguistics 2006, 67–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.297.05lin.
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Wang, Fang. "“The Language of Bamboo and Wood” Cases". W Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context, 261–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0489-6_11.
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Stenroos, Merja. "Chapter 8. Land documents as a source of word geography". W Records of Real People, 175–202. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ahs.11.08ste.
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Georgiadou, Yola, Ourania Kounadi i Rolf A. de By. "Digital Earth Ethics". W Manual of Digital Earth, 785–810. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_25.
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Abstract Digital Earth scholars have recently argued for a code of ethics to protect individuals’ location privacy and human dignity. In this chapter, we contribute to the debate in two ways. First, we focus on (geo)privacy because information about an individual’s location is substantially different from other personal information. The compound word (geo)privacy suggests that location can be inferred from people’s interests, activities, and sociodemographics, not only from traditional geographic coordinates. (Geo)privacy is a claim of individuals to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent location information about them is communicated to others. Second, we take an interdisciplinary perspective. We draw from (geo)computing to describe the transformation of volunteered, observed, and inferred information and suggest privacy-preserving measures. We also draw from organization studies to dissect privacy into ideal types of social relationships and privacy-preserving strategies. We take the point of view of Alice, an individual ‘data subject’ encountered in data protection legislation, and suggest ways to account for privacy as a sociocultural phenomenon in the future. Although most of the discussion refers to the EU and the US, we provide a brief overview of data protection legislation on the African continent and in China as well as various global and regional ethics guidelines that are of very recent vintage.
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Friend, Donald A. "Mountain Geography". W Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0015.
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The raw facts alone make mountains worthy of geographic interest: mountains constitute 25 per cent of the earth’s surface; they are home to 26 per cent of the world’s populace; and generate 32 per cent of global surface run-off (Meybeck et al. 2001). More than half the global population depends directly on mountain environments for the natural resources of water, food, power, wood, and minerals; and mountains contain high biological diversity; hence they are important in crop diversity and crop stability (Ives 1992; Smethurst 2000; UNFAO 2000). Elevation, relief, and differences in aspect make mountains excellent places to study all processes, human and physical: high energy systems make mountains some of the most inhospitable of environments for people and their livelihoods, and strikingly distinct changes in environment over short distances make mountains ideally suited to the study of earth surface processes. Mountains are often political and cultural borders, or in some cases, political, cultural, and biological islands. With ever-increasing populations placing ever-increasing environmental pressure on mountains, mountain environments are heavily impacted and are therefore quickly changing. Moreover, they are more susceptible to adverse impacts than lowlands and are degrading accordingly. Whatever environmental change or damage happens to mountain peoples and environments then moves to lower elevations, thus affecting all. Three seminal texts indicate an ongoing interest in mountain geography: the oldest, Peattie (1936), is still in print; the newest, Messerli and Ives (1997) is contemporary; and Price (1981) is now being rewritten. Indeed, mountain geography as a field in its own right has led to the recent formation of the Mountain Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (Friend 1999). With increasing importance placed on sustainability science (Kates et al. 2001), mountain geography is at the cutting edge of inter- and multidisciplinary research that serves to unify rather than further specialize scholarly geography (Friend 1999). The United Nations proclaimed 2002 the International Year of Mountains and has devoted an entire chapter (13) of its Agenda 21 from the Rio Earth Summit to mountain sustainable development (Friend 1999; Ives and Messerli 1997; Ives et al. 1997a, b; Messerli and Ives 1997; Sène and McGuire 1997; UNFAO 1999, 2000).
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Zallen, Jeremy. "Lard Lights and the Pigpen Archipelago". W American Lucifers, 136–67. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653327.003.0005.
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In the Ohio Valley, a pork industry emerged in the geographic and ecological interstices of slavery and free labor to propel millions of hogs from farms and cornfields into a constellation of seasonal deathscapes centered in Cincinnati. This geography of life and death unmade hogs so successfully that, in combination with the new industrial chemistry of sulfuric acid, wage-worked by-product industries in stearine candles, lard oil, and soap became not only possible but enormously profitable. One of the most important formations to emerge in this geography was what this chapter calls “the pigpen archipelago.” Hogs in the antebellum Ohio Valley were born, raised, and marched toward death through spaces their captors increasingly circumscribed by constructing chains of wood-enclosed islands. From breeding pens to field pens to fattening pens to the pens on the ferries and railroads, at the “hog hotels” where droves rested and refueled, and in the massive pens surrounding slaughterhouses, the always contested movements of the hogs within and between the pigpens transformed the region. This chapter looks at how both human and nonhuman actors were responsible for making Cincinnati and its hinterlands into the epicenter of a new dialectic of mass-produced animal life and death and light.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Wood geography"
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Muth, David J., Douglas S. McCorkle, Daniel A. Ashlock i Kenneth M. Bryden. "Developing Multiple Diverse Potential Designs for Heat Transfer Utilizing Graph Based Evolutionary Algorithms". W ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99560.
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This paper examines the use of graph based evolutionary algorithms (GBEAs) to find multiple acceptable solutions for heat transfer in engineering systems during the optimization process. GBEAs are a type of evolutionary algorithm (EA) in which a topology, or geography, is imposed on an evolving population of solutions. The rates at which solutions can spread within the population are controlled by the choice of topology. As in nature geography can be used to develop and sustain diversity within the solution population. Altering the choice of graph can create a more or less diverse population of potential solutions. The choice of graph can also affect the convergence rate for the EA and the number of mating events required for convergence. The engineering system examined in this paper is a biomass fueled cookstove used in developing nations for household cooking. In this cookstove wood is combusted in a small combustion chamber and the resulting hot gases are utilized to heat the stove’s cooking surface. The spatial temperature profile of the cooking surface is determined by a series of baffles that direct the flow of hot gases. The optimization goal is to find baffle configurations that provide an even temperature distribution on the cooking surface. Often in engineering, the goal of optimization is not to find the single optimum solution but rather to identify a number of good solutions that can be used as a starting point for detailed engineering design. Because of this a key aspect of evolutionary optimization is the diversity of the solutions found. The key conclusion in this paper is that GBEA’s can be used to create multiple good solutions needed to support engineering design.
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Khomutnikova, Elena A. "Semantics And Etymology Of English Astionyms In The Aspect Of Linguistic Geography". W X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.60.
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Díaz, Mark, Isaac Johnson, Amanda Lazar, Anne Marie Piper i Darren Gergle. "Addressing Age-Related Bias in Sentiment Analysis". W Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/852.
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Recent studies have identified various forms of bias in language-based models, raising concerns about the risk of propagating social biases against certain groups based on sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, race, geography). In this study, we analyze the treatment of age-related terms across 15 sentiment analysis models and 10 widely-used GloVe word embeddings and attempt to alleviate bias through a method of processing model training data. Our results show significant age bias is encoded in the outputs of many sentiment analysis algorithms and word embeddings, and we can alleviate this bias by manipulating training data.
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Bergsagel, Dan, i Timothy D. Lynch. "Harvesting New York City - Old-Growth Urban Forestry". W IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0831.
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<p>New York is known as a metropolis of skyscrapers; however less than 1.5% of the 1 million buildings in the city stand over seven stories tall. Over 95% are thought to be of wood-frame or masonry and wood construction.</p><p>Most of this building stock was constructed using wood sourced from old-growth forests across the eastern seaboard. The city now sits on a stockpile of wood which germinated before New Amsterdam became New York, and which was felled while signatories of the Declaration of Independence were still President; this is structurally valuable hard, dense and high strength-to-weight ratio wood. As our buildings degrade and require renovation or replacement the city must ensure that this resource is not wasted, for environmental and economic reasons.</p><p>The total number of buildings is large, but because of the rapid and repetitive way that NYC was constructed the variation in building type and structural element sizes across the building population is small. Cross referencing NYC department databases using geographic information systems allowed the Department of Buildings to produce an estimate of the number of buildings in the city of each type. Assessment of historic pattern books, prescriptive regulations, and inspection of existing buildings allows generic estimates of wood dimension and quantity per building type. Combined, this data allows the estimation of the annual rate of release of wood from demolition in NYC - a predicted supply available for future use. A review of existing practices in wood salvage, processing and reuse is then assessed in context, outlining proposals for future local policy and research work.</p>
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Mihailov, Irina, i Svetlana Bacal. "Stafilinidofauna lemnului mort (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Omaliinae, Tachyporinae, Habrocerinae, Aleocharinae, Scaphidiinae, Staphylininae) din Republica Moldova". W International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.51.
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The paper presents a complementary contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of Staphylinides in dead wood studied in 6 points in the Republic of Moldova: The Prince’s Forest (Padurea Domneasca), Codrii Forest, Plaiul Fagului Forest, Flaminda Forest, Codrii Tigheci, Zabriceni Forest. During the period 2015-2016, 34 species of Staphylinides were identified, of 23 genres in 6 subfamilies: Omaliinae (1 species), Habrocerinae (1), Tachyporinae (8), Aleocharinae (10), Scaphidiinae (2), Staphylinins (12 species). For each species, are presented data on: the place of collection, membership in trophic classification, specification of the geographic element, highlighting common Staphylinides for some investigated stations, etc.
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Mieses, Alejandrio. "Synthesizing the Gaseous State: Mapping the Geographic Convergence of Knowledge". W 2017 ACSA Annual Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.amp.105.27.
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Synthesizing the Gaseous State is an ongoing research effort that uses neural networks to map word relations, hierarchies, gaps, and foci of terms within large data sets of architecture and urban theory, as they are graphed geographically by epoch. It chooses to extend the usual application of algorithms from structural, physical, spatial, or mathematical purposes, to include theoretical concerns. The methodology employed in order to achieve this relies on each term stored according to its contextual relations (words directly surrounding the term in a sentence) that are referenced according to their place in multiple texts and occurrences within the same text.
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Felix Andrade, Dayane, Sofia Araújo Lima Bessa i Marco Antônio Penido de Rezende. "Vernacular architecture in Brazilian semiarid region: survey and memory in the state of Sergipe". W HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15127.
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Buildings with earth in their composition have been common since the beginning of the Brazilian territory’s settlement. Until this day, wattle-and-daub homes are frequent in the Northeast region of the country. This technique uses a structural cage made of the weft of woods whose interlocking voids are covered with thrown wet clay. Due to the current association of these buildings as shelters for insects that may contain Trypanosoma cruzi (which transmits the Chagas disease) numerous public policies guide eradication and replacement of these buildings by others built with masonry. Due to the destruction of these buildings, built with vernacular earthen techniques, this research aims to survey buildings that still resist in the semiarid region of Sergipe state. Therefore, literature review was carried out on architecture in the semiarid region and building investigation techniques using digital tools. Considering Sars-Cov-2 pandemic as a prohibitive condition that caused difficulties in collecting data in the field, it was necessary to seek out methods that could be used for a remote survey. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis was carried out with digitally available tools in which it was possible to observe popular buildings built with earth in the legal semi-arid region. Initially, data was collected from the latest demographic censuses carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), as well as the socioeconomic data of Brazilian families in poverty situations registered with the government. This initial data, however, did not present information on geographic positioning of the dwellings, making it necessary to conduct a survey through Google Street View software, allowing the visualization of images at ground level, being effective on searching for wattle-and-daub residences. From these data, a catalog of the constructions found was generated and, by georeferencing these dwellings, the documentation produced may contribute to the preservation of vernacular constructive memory of this study’s location object.
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Vu, Tin, Solluna Liu, Renzhong Wang i Kumarswamy Valegerepura. "Noise Prediction for Geocoding Queries using Word Geospatial Embedding and Bidirectional LSTM". W SIGSPATIAL '20: 28th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397536.3422201.
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Kang, Jianjun, i Li Hou. "Data Mining of Logical Relationship Nodes of Cultural Geography Concepts and Theories based on Word Vector Matching Algorithm". W 2022 International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecaa55415.2022.9936497.
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Panova, Elizaveta. "Word-image interaction in the treatise “Voyage en Siberie”". W 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.14163p.
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“Voyage en Siberie” describes a journey through Russia carried out by Jean Chappe d'Auteroche to observe the passage of Venus across the Sun. Besides the description of this phenomenon the book contains the author’s travel notes and study of the Russian political, historical, geographic and military conditions in the middle of the 18th century. “Voyage en Siberie” was accompanied by the cycle of illustrations performed by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. As these works were among the first examples of the costume images on the Russian subject, they became crucial in the career of the artist who is considered to be the creator of “Russerie” in French art. This paper discusses the nature of the text and illustrations developing according to the logic of ideas of the Enlightenment. The author intends to show that although Chappe d'Auteroche and Le Prince worked together on the book they had different visions of the problem.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Wood geography"
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Boyle, M. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area: 2021 data summary. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303257.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identi?ed by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks? natural vegetation. 2021 marked the ?rst year of conducting this monitoring e?ort at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT). Thirty vegetation plots were established throughout the park from June through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-speci?c cover and constancy, species-speci?c woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in 2021. Data were strati?ed across two dominant broadly de?ned habitats within the park, including Piedmont Upland Forests and Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation and three land parcels: North?from Bowman?s Island to Abbotts Bridge, Middle?from Medlock Bridge to Gold Branch, and South?from Sope Creek to Palisades. Noteworthy ?ndings include: 299 vascular plant taxa were observed across 30 vegetation plots, including 29 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly de?ned habitat included: Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation: Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), and smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Piedmont Upland Forests: tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera var. tulipifera), eastern poison ivy, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), muscadine, mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), and black edge sedge (Carex nigromarginta). Sixteen non-native species categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2023) were encountered during this monitoring e?ort, including two not previously detected within the park?miniature beefsteak plant (Mosla dianthera) and Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta). Chinese privet and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) were the most frequently encountered and abundant invasive plant within the park. One species of special concern listed for Georgia (GADNR 2024) was observed during this monitoring e?ort?large-fruited sanicle (Sanicula trifoliata). Tuliptree, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), boxelder (Acer negundo var. negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), and sweetgum were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area; white oak (Quercus alba), loblolly pine, tuliptree, and mockernut hickory were the most dominant species of Piedmont Upland Forests. Chinese privet was the most abundant species within the sapling and seedling strata of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands. The mortality rate of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) within Piedmont Alluvial Wetland plots was high, and it is likely these trees succumbed to impacts from emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring pest of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and is native to Asia. Since its discovery in the U. S. in the early 2000s, the insect has been responsible for the death of tens of millions of ash trees in the eastern and midwestern parts of the country. At this time, it is not certain whether the declining health of ash within Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area is due to emerald ash borer, edaphic factors that are responsible for natural mortality and decline, or other factors. Other threats to native vegetation within the park are: (1) the high prevalence of non-native, invasive plant species; (2) ?re suppression within oak-hickory; and (3) impacts from heavy browse by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). All plots monitored during this sampling e?ort are scheduled to be resampled in 2024.
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Evans, Hugh, Cathal Ryan, Andy Bourke, Bjørn Økland, Jostein Gohli, Andrej Kunca, Christo Nikolov i in. Range expansion of bark beetles in the genus Ips (ECLIPSE - Ecological Co-factors Lead IPS Expansion). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240279299.
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Bark beetles, particularly those in the genus Ips, are major pests of conifer trees in Europe, causing extensive damage to both natural and commercial forests. The ECLIPSE project has analyzed the history of Ips infestations, focusing on factors driving their geographic spread. Key findings indicated that the availability of suitable host trees, largely due to extensive afforestation with conifers, was a primary factor enabling beetle infestations. Climatic factors, such as extreme weather events, further exacerbated infestations by weakening trees. Long-distance dispersal through both beetle flight and human movement of infested wood contributed to the spread. The project also highlighted the importance of monitoring beetle arrivals and source populations to manage risks effectively. Policy recommendations emphasized the need for integrated pest risk assessments that consider both natural dispersal and trade-related movements. The obtained results underscored the necessity of international collaboration and timely information sharing to mitigate the impact of bark beetle infestations.
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Kindt, Roeland, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini i James M Roshetko. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21001.pdf.
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A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich i David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.
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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.
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Boyle, Maxwell. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore: 2022 data summary. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303291.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks? natural vegetation. 2022 marked the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Canaveral National Seashore (CANA). Fourteen vegetation plots were established throughout the park in April. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Canaveral National Seashore in 2022. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 176 vascular plant taxa were observed across 14 vegetation plots, including seven species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), dune greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), Elliott?s milkpea (Galactia elliottii), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii), and southern evergreen blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites). Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), saw palmetto, cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), dune greenbrier, and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Four non-native species categorized as invasive by the Florida Invasive Species Council (FISC 2019) were encountered within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. These included Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), common lantana (Lantana strigocamara), and caesarweed (Urena lobata). There were no invasive species observed in Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland plots. Two species listed as Endangered by the state of Florida (FDACS 2021) were encountered on the park during this monitoring effort and included hand fern (Cheiroglossa palmata) and Atlantic Coast Florida lantana (Lantana depressa var. floridana). Hand fern was observed in 30%of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots, while lantana was observed in one (10%) of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. An additional five vascular species categorized as Commercially Exploited by the state of Florida (FDACS 2021) were also observed in these vegetation plots. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) or South Florida slash pine (Pinus densa) and sand live oak (Quercus geminata) were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands within the park; cabbage palmetto and live oak were the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands, although 11 other species large enough to be measured as trees (i.e., more than 1.37 meters (4.5 ft) in height and greater than or equal to 10 centimeters (3.9 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH) were also present within these plots. Based on these baseline findings, the most immediate threat to vegetation resources within Upland Open Woodlands of Canaveral National Seashore is related to exclusion of fire and an altered natural fire regime. These factors have likely led to a reduction of canopy species (pines) across all woody stem strata?tree, sapling, seedling?and an increase in abundance of woody shrub species (e.g., saw palmetto). These characteristics (low canopy species density and high woody shrub abundance) were observed in monitoring plots of this habitat type. The most immediate threat to Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat within the park is from potential expansion of non-native, invasive plant species, like Brazilian peppertree and cogongrass. All plots are scheduled to be resampled during the summer of 2026.
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Boyle, Maxwell, i Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.
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Giacometti, Alberto, Mari Wøien Meijer i Hilma Salonen. Who drives green innovation in the Nordic Region? A change agency and systems perspective. Nordregio, marzec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:101403-2503.
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In addressing the critical challenge of systemic sustainability, this report explores the need for more than a one-size-fits-all approach in the Nordic Region. It investigates the role of change agency processes and the impact of policies and framework conditions on green transition changes in business sectors. Our two case studies reveal some of the bottlenecks and drivers of innovation and explore them from a systemic perspective and in different geographic scales, both from a place-based and place-less perspective. The methodology adopted in the report is comprehensive, including a deep dive into the evolution of innovation theory and policy, following by an in-depth analysis of green innovation in two sectoral developments, including multi-storey wood construction and the so-called ‘protein shift’. It examines the roles of different stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and communities, in fostering an environment conducive to systemic change. The report relies on the academic and policy evolution of innovation theory and practice, identifying, what is argued to be, an emerging generation of innovation policies focused not only on economic but also on societal and environmental goals, which has generated a heated debate. To add nuance to this debate, our report utilised sector-based case studies relying on expert interviews to shed light on the roles of different agents in producing, not only technological but systems innovation. Against the background of systems innovations theory, this study provides some insights into the relevance of place, and proximity – not just geographic, but cognitive, institutional, organisational and social proximity. regional innovation landscape. Key findings reveal that systemic green innovations in the Nordic region happen as a result of the sum of multiple actors intentionally and unintentionally driving change in place-based and place-less settings. Several obstacles hinder setting a clear direction to innovation and path creation as these barriers are deeply entrenched in governance complexities, social institutions, and place-based industrial and structural path dependencies. Disrupting technological and systems ‘lock-ins’, is therefore, not the role of single agents but the result of multiple ones acting on a place-based or technology-based setting, and requires enhanced policy frameworks, and entrepreneurial public institutions moving beyond setting the ‘rules-of-the-game’ to actively orchestrating action, mobilising stakeholders and facilitating co-operation. The report emphasizes the significance of knowledge exchange and the creation of trust-based networks to accelerate the adoption of green innovations. It concludes by demonstrating that different green innovations develop under very different conditions and processes.
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Boyle, Maxwell, i Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: 2019 data summary—Version 2.0. National Park Service, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2290196.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted on 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). A total of 23 vegetation plots were established in the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot include species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches (in)]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in 2019. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands, Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and three land parcels (Cedar Point, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Creek). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 157 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 23 vegetation plots, including nine species not previously known from the park. Three plots were located in the footprint of the Yellow Bluff Fire, and were sampled only two weeks following the fire event. Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), water oak (Quercus nigra), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetland habitat; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and gallberry (Ilex glabra) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Open Upland and Woodland habitat; and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides), and red bay (Persea borbonia) were the most frequently encountered species in Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. There were no exotic species of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list of invasive plants (FLEPPC 2020) observed on any of these plots. Both red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) were largely absent from the tree stratum in these plots; however, they were present (occasionally in high abundance) in the seedling and sapling strata across all habitat types. Buckthorn bully (Sideroxylon lycioides)—listed as Endangered in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020)—was observed in three Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. The tree strata in each broadly defined habitat were dominated by the following species: Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands-loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands-oaks (Quercus sp.) Most stems within the tree strata exhibited healthy vigor and only moderate dieback across all habitat types. However, there was a large amount of standing dead trees in plots within Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Downed woody biomass (fuel loads) were highest in the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek land parcels.
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Boyle, M. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park: 2021 data summary. National Park Service, lipiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299748.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2021 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU). Eight vegetation plots were established throughout the park in early May. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park in 2021. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, Coastal Plain Alluvial Wetlands and Coastal Plain Upland Forests. Noteworthy findings include: 142 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across eight vegetation plots, including 15 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Alluvial Wetlands: Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Coastal Plain Upland Forests: sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), winged elm (Ulmus alata), water oak (Quercus nigra), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), Japanese honeysuckle, American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), and multiple species of woody vines. Eleven non-native species invasive (Category 1 or Category 2) by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2023) were encountered within the park during this monitoring effort. Three of these species—Chinese privet, Chinese tallow, and Japanese honeysuckle—were among the most frequent and abundant of all species observed within Coastal Plain Alluvial Wetland plots. There were no observations of vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2023) within these monitoring plots. Sweetgum, red maple (Acer rubrum), swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora), and Chinese tallow were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Alluvial Wetland sites; water oak, loblolly pine, and sweetgum were the most dominant species of Coastal Plain Upland Forests. There were very few observable disturbances to natural and semi-natural vegetation communities documented during this monitoring effort, including very little to no impact of browsing by white-tailed deer, rooting by feral hogs, or presence of diseased or dying trees. The two most pronounced threats to native vegetation on the park are (1) the high prevalence of non-native, invasive plant species (particular within alluvial habitat, and (2) the altered hydrology of the park’s alluvial wetlands from conversion of large berms for vehicle and railroad traffic. Long-term monitoring data will aid in understanding how these threats over time impact the park’s forest communities.
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Boyle, Maxwell, i Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less