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1
Mulia, Nina. "Questioning Sex: Drug-Using Women and Heterosexual Relations". Journal of Drug Issues 30, nr 4 (październik 2000): 741–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260003000405.
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Kuther, Tara L. "Sex and Sex-Role Differences in Locus of Control". Psychological Reports 82, nr 1 (luty 1998): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.188.
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The relations among of sex, measures of sex-role orientation, and locus of control were examined with 240 undergraduates (150 women and 90 men). Although there were no sex differences on mean locus of control scores, a significant relation between scores on sex-role orientation and locus of control was observed for women but not for men.
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Galvão, Marli Teresinha Gimeniz, i Jussara Marcondes-Machado. "Use of a condom in sex relations by HIV carriers". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 34, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822001000200005.
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The frequency with which condoms are used in sex relations by subjects with HIV was determined by interviewing 132 individuals, 82 men and 50 women, most of them from São Paulo state and some from other regions of the country, all of them seen at an outpatient clinic of the School of Medicine in Botucatu. The women were younger, were of lower educational level and had poorer professional qualification than men. Also, a greater proportion of women were widowed, separated or divorced. We observed that 43.9% of men and 72% of women had been contaminated by the sexual route, but only 41.2% of the men and 31.8% of the women reported the use of a condom after the diagnosis of infection, with most men and women preferring sexual abstinence. The results enable the conclusion that there is still a need to continue to provide information about the use of condoms and to guarantee their free-of-charge distribution due to the low levels of education and professional qualification of the individuals studied. The data also suggest that campaigns for the dissemination of preventive measures should consider the social and cultural differences of infected women.
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Simkhada, Padam, E. Van Teijlingen, P. Regmi, P. Bhatta, R. Ingham i N. Stone. "Nepalese Trekking Guides: A Quantitative Study of Sexual Health Knowledge & Sexual Behaviour". Health Renaissance 12, nr 3 (25.07.2016): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v12i3.15319.
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Background: Tourism, a global industry, brings with it a number of public health problems, one of which is the spread of sexually transmitted infections transmitted between travellers and hosts. Previous studies have largely focused on sex workers and sex tourists.Objective: To assesses sexual behaviour, knowledge and condom use among male trekking guides in Nepal.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey (n=324) was conducted using snowball sampling amongst men working as mountain trekking guides in Nepal. Results: Most respondents (59%) had initiated sex before the age of 18. Most (84 %) reported sexual relations with a woman other than their partner, 46% reported foreign partners, 43% had Nepalese partners, and 28% had concurrent foreign and Nepalese partners. Most (70 %) reported ever having sex with a foreign woman and two-thirds had had sexual intercourse with foreign women in the previous 12 months. Participants’ age, education status, age of first sex, smoking and drinking habits and English proficiency were significant predictors of having sex with foreign women. About 60% reported condom use during their most recent occasion of extra-martial sex. A similar proportion had used a condom during last sexual intercourse with a foreign woman. The likelihood of condom use was associated with a guide’s age, educational level, ethnicity, age of first sex and work experience.Conclusions: Most trekking guides reported sexual relations with foreign women as well as irregular use of condoms. Although sexual health knowledge about among trekking guides is high, some misconceptions still result in unsafe sex. Hence there is an urgent need to revise the existing training for trekking guides and implement appropriate health promotion programmes.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 180-189
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Simkhada, P., E. Van Teijlingen, P. Regmi, P. Bhatta, R. Ingham i N. Stone. "Nepalese Trekking Guides: A Quantitative Study of Sexual Health Knowledge And Sexual Behaviour". Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 1, nr 4 (1.02.2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.12000.
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Tourism, a global industry, brings with it a number of public health problems, one of which is the spread of sexually transmitted infections transmitted between travelers and hosts. Previous studies have largely focused on sex workers and sex tourists. This study assesses sexual behavior, knowledge and condom use among male trekking guides in Nepal. A self-administered questionnaire survey (n=324) was conducted using snowball sampling amongst men working as mountain trekking guides in Nepal. Most respondents (59%) had initiated sex before the age of 18. Most (84 %) reported sexual relations with a woman other than their partner, 46% reported foreign partners, 43% had Nepalese partners, and 28% had concurrent foreign and Nepalese partners. Most (70 %) reported ever having sex with a foreign woman and two-thirds had had sexual intercourse with foreign women in the previous 12 months. Participants’ age, education status, age of first sex, smoking and drinking habits and English proficiency were significant predictors of having sex with foreign women. About 60% reported condom use during their most recent occasion of extra-marital sex. A similar proportion had used a condom during last sexual intercourse with a foreign woman. The likelihood of condom use was associated with a guide’s age, educational level, ethnicity, age of first sex and work experience. Most trekking guides reported sexual relations with foreign women as well as irregular use of condoms. Although sexual health knowledge about among trekking guides is high, some misconceptions still result in unsafe sex. Hence there is an urgent need to revise the existing training for trekking guides and implement appropriate health promotion programmes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.12000Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health SciencesVol. 1, Issue 4, 2015Page: 35-42
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Zegers, Lara DA, i Richard HC Zegers. "(Un)safe sex in James Bond films: what chance for sex education?" Scottish Medical Journal 63, nr 4 (listopad 2018): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933018809601.
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Background and aims Many women in Bond films make love to James Bond (alias 007). Our objective was to quantify the practice of (un)safe sex in Bond films. Methods and results All 24 Bond films were watched together by the authors and the following data were recorded: if the women had sex with 007, whether the women consumed any alcohol before they had sex, whether contraceptives were mentioned and/or used by 007 or the women and whether the women survived the film. Bond had sexual relations with a total of 58 different women. Twenty-two percent of the women had consumed alcohol. In none of the films was any type of contraception mentioned or used. A total of 28% women did not survive the film. Conclusion If he were real, Bond outnumbers the British men at least fivefold when it comes to the number of sexual partners over a lifetime. Nevertheless, over time casual sex is becoming less frequent for 007. Sexually transmitted diseases, safe sex and (unwanted) pregnancies seem not to exist in the films. Some suggestions were made to promote safe sex in future Bond films as movies can play an important role in sex education.
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Daugherty, Timothy K., i Linda M. McLarty. "Religious Coping, Drinking Motivation, and Sex". Psychological Reports 92, nr 2 (kwiecień 2003): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.643.
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The relations for religious coping with types of drinking motivation were examined in 178 college students. Participants completed the Ways of Religious Coping Scale and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. As expected, correlations suggested that amount of alcohol used as well as social and enhancement motives for using were negatively related to religious coping scores. These relations were more clearly evident among women than among men. Coping motivation for alcohol use and religious coping were not significantly correlated.
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Young, Gay, Mona J. E. Danner, Lucía Fort i Kim M. Blankenship. "Gender and Sexual Practice in Structural Context: Condom Use among Women Doing Sex Work in Southern India". Gender & Society 32, nr 6 (20.07.2018): 860–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218787757.
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In this study, we elaborate connections among gender, structure, and practice to suggest how social structural relations shape social sexual practice and, in the process, reshape gender relations. Using survey data from a study of a community mobilization intervention, we investigate the connection between institutional arrangements and condom use practice in sexual encounters with commercial clients and intimate partners among 410 women engaged in sex trade in a semiurban town in southern India. Multinomial logistic regression analysis uncovers the effects of 16 measures of gendered structural relations in three contexts—livelihood resources, household circumstances, and community mobilization intervention priorities. We compare women who practice either consistent or inconsistent condom use with both clients and partners with a reference group of women who practice consistent condom use with clients but not with partners. Results reveal the importance of household and community relations for consistent safer sex practice over and above the organization of sex trade. Our analysis advances gender theory in two interrelated ways: We contribute to gender theorizing in the implementation of health interventions, and to gender change more generally by thinking through possibilities emerging from recursive influences between reordered institutional configurations and altered expectations in interaction.
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Lavacca, Jeanine, i Wesley A. Kayson. "Relations of Story Wording and Sex to a Recommended Prison Sentence". Psychological Reports 70, nr 3 (czerwiec 1992): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3.883.
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The purpose of this experiment was to see whether the wording of a story, the sex of the subject, and sex of the person committing a murder would affect the recommended prison sentence. A questionnaire contained a story about a youth committing a murder. The same story was told in three different ways changing the name of the youth in each; one showed the student in a favorable light, one in a negative light, and one in a neutral manner. The sex of the student was changed, and the sex of the participant was also studied. Subjects were asked to sentence the youth. It was hypothesized that the favorable account would elicit a more lenient prison sentence than the neutral account or negative account, also that the women would be more lenient and that female murderers would be treated more leniently. The design was a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed design. The hypothesis for wording of the story was confirmed. Sex of subject and of murderer were not significant. It was concluded that the wording of a story affects subjects' judgment. Further research should be conducted.
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LUEPTOW, LLOYD B., MARGARET B. GUSS i COLLEEN HYDEN. "Sex Role Ideology, Marital Status, and Happiness". Journal of Family Issues 10, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251389010003005.
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Research suggests that women's, but not men's, sex role ideology may be negatively related to marital happiness and stability. Analysis of General Social Survey data from 1974 to 1986 supports that proposition. Nontraditional women are less happy and more likely to be separated or divorced. These relations are stronger for attitudes about women's personality than about roles, and are not eliminated by controls for age, year, education, or work status. They are also stronger for women constrained in marriage by opposition to divorce. All in all, the results are consistent with the idea that modern sex role ideology is negatively related to marital success for women.
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Andini, Budi Asty, Khobibah Khobibah i Mimi Ruspita. "Peran Gender dalam Hubungan Seks pada Wanita Hamil". Jurnal Kebidanan dan Kesehatan Tradisional 5, nr 2 (21.09.2020): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/jkkt.v5i2.158.
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Background: Sexual intercourse during pregnancy is a physiological need for pregnant women that is influenced by factors of perception from within oneself and previous experience and gender role factors in the family with the aim of knowing the relationship between gender roles and sexual relations in pregnant women. Methods: Non-experimental research with a population of all pregnant women in the village of Curugsewu in the District of Patean. The total sample of pregnant women receiving antenatal care was 30 with the Kendal statistical test. Results: significance T = 0.022 <0.005 there is a relationship between gender roles and sexual relations of sufficient strength in the negative direction -391*.Conclusion: there is a relationship between gender roles and sexual relations, the husband's role is very dominant but the frequency of sex in early pregnancy is largely not done because it is influenced by cultural factors and a history of previous abortion sex.
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Yamauchi, Hirotsugu. "Effects of Verbal Cues on Fantasy of Fear of Success". Psychological Reports 65, nr 1 (sierpień 1989): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.25.
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To examine the effects of verbal cues on fantasy of fear of success, four cue sentences, consisting of a combination of the hero's sex and sex-linked jobs, were administered to college students. The percentages of fear of success in both men and women were significantly higher than in the traditionally incongruous relations between hero and job than in the congruous relations.
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Feyisetan, Bamikale, i Kola A. Oyediran. "Can married or cohabiting women negotiate protective sex? Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys of two West African countries". Journal of Biosocial Science 52, nr 6 (12.12.2019): 785–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000798.
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AbstractCan married or cohabitating women in patriarchal societies, who are often disproportionately affected by STI/HIV infections, negotiate protective sex when perceived necessary by refusing sex or asking for condom use during sex? Protective sex negotiation was examined through measures of power relations related to whether or not a woman has a say in sexual activities within marriage. The study hypothesis was that women who are more able to refuse sex or ask for condom use before sexual intercourse will be more able to discuss and reach agreement with their spouses on protective sex practices when needed. The study used data from DHS surveys conducted in Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to predict women’s ability to negotiate protective sex in Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria. The findings show that moderately high percentages of women in both countries reported the ability to negotiate protective sex, with a higher percentage reporting the ability to refuse sex compared with the ability to ask partners to use a condom. The logistic regression results showed that, in the two countries, women’s ability to refuse sex or ask their partners to use a condom, varied by gender- and power-mediating factors, women’s characteristics and behavioural factors. The study draws attention to the need to intensify efforts to promote more-egalitarian relationships between partners through culturally appropriate interventions.
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Scherer, Robert F., Peggy R. Brooks i Gwen S. Morgan. "Dimensionality of Sex-Role Behavior: Factor Stability of the Male-Female Relations—Female Form". Psychological Reports 70, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.371.
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The initial validation study of the 1980 Male-Female Relations questionnaire of Spence, Helmreich, and Sawin provided evidence for the instrument's construct validity, discriminant/convergent validity, and reliability with undergraduate students. In the current study the factorial structure of the Male-Female Relations—Female Form was replicated on a sample of 273 women who typified a community sample of women. Social interaction and male preference factors in the current study were congruent with those in the earlier Spence, et al. study. Results indicate that the two factors are stable and appropriate for use with a community sample of women.
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Grossman, Nienke. "Achieving Sex-Representative International Court Benches". American Journal of International Law 110, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.110.1.0082.
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Twenty-five years ago, in this Journal, Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright argued that the structures of international law “privilege men.” As shown in Table 1, which summarizes data from a forthcoming article, on nine of twelve international courts of varied size, subject-matter jurisdiction, and global and regional membership, women made up 20 percent or less of the bench in mid 2015. On many of these courts, the percentage of women on the bench has stayed constant, vacillated, or even declined over time. Women made up a lower percentage of the bench in mid 2015 than in previous years on two-thirds of the courts surveyed.
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Levin, Ross. "Relations among Nightmare Frequency and Ego Strength, Death Anxiety, and Sex of College Students". Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, nr 3_suppl (grudzień 1989): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.3f.1107.
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The present study was designed to investigate empirically the relationship between self-reports of nightmare frequency and ego strength and death anxiety in both men and women. In addition, the interrelations among these variables were assessed. 20 undergraduates with high frequencies of nightmares and 20 with low frequencies (10 men and 10 women per group) were administered the Barron Ego Strength Scale and a death anxiety scale. Significant differences were found between nightmare groups on the Barron scale for men and women but none on the death anxiety scale either by nightmare frequency or sex. A significant negative correlation of −.47 between death anxiety and ego strength was found for women and in one high frequency group. Women with high frequencies of nightmares showed the highest correlation, −.83. These data suggest that nightmare frequency may be a mediating factor in the relationship between ego strength, death anxiety, and sex of subject.
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Levin, Ross. "Relations among Nightmare Frequency and Ego Strength, Death Anxiety, and Sex of College Students". Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, nr 3-2 (grudzień 1989): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125890693-208.
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The present study was designed to investigate empirically the relationship between self-reports of nightmare frequency and ego strength and death anxiety in both men and women. In addition, the interrelations among these variables were assessed. 20 undergraduates with high frequencies of nightmares and 20 with low frequencies (10 men and 10 women per group) were administered the Barron Ego Strength Scale and a death anxiety scale. Significant differences were found between nightmare groups on the Barron scale for men and women but none on the death anxiety scale either by nightmare frequency or sex. A significant negative correlation of -.47 between death anxiety and ego strength was found for women and in one high frequency group. Women with high frequencies of nightmares showed the highest correlation, -.83. These data suggest that nightmare frequency may be a mediating factor in the relationship between ego strength, death anxiety, and sex of subject.
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Khan, Sharful Islam, Nancy Hudson‐Rodd, Sherry Saggers i Abbas Bhuiya. "Men who have sex with men's sexual relations with women in Bangladesh". Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, nr 2 (marzec 2005): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050412331321258.
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Crawford, C. B. "Effects of Sex and Sex Roles on Avoidance of Same- and Opposite-Sex Touch". Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, nr 1 (sierpień 1994): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.107.
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Touch and touch avoidance are important facets of interpersonal relations. Touch avoidance has been related to sex, but the relationship between touch and sex roles has not been widely substantiated. 259 undergraduate students participated in a procedure designed to test the relationship between sex, sex roles, and same-sex and opposite-sex touch avoidance. Significant differences were reported between men and women on same-sex touch avoidance but not on opposite-sex touch avoidance. Participants high on androgyny reported less same-sex and opposite-sex touch avoidance than did subjects low on androgyny. No interactive effect between sex and androgyny was found for either same-sex or opposite-sex touch avoidance. Regression procedures indicated predictive models for sex and androgyny in relation to same-sex and opposite-sex touch avoidance. Specific conclusions regarding the relationships among sex, androgyny, and touch avoidance were stated.
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Caudwell, Jayne. "Sporting Gender: Women’s Footballing Bodies as Sites/Sights for the (Re) Articulation of Sex, Gender, and Desire". Sociology of Sport Journal 20, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.20.4.371.
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Past and present participation in the game of football (soccer) by women and girls in the UK is mostly through organizational structures and legal and discursive practices that differentiate players by sex and incidentally gender. In this article, the author argues that the emphasis on sex and gender differentiation in football underpins a sporting system that is unable to move beyond sex as pregiven and the sex/gender distinction. The author engages with feminist–queer theory to illustrate how sex, gender, and desire are regulated in order to uphold social relations of power. The focus on women’s footballing bodies demonstrates how the sexed body is socially constructed to inform gender and sexuality. In addition, the author highlights resistance to the compulsory order woman-feminine-heterosexual and presents examples of rearticulations of sex-gender-desire.
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Sumi, Katsunori, i Koji Kanda. "Type a Behavior, Social Support, and Sex in Japanese College Students". Psychological Reports 88, nr 3 (czerwiec 2001): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.797.
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The relations among self-report scores for Type A behavior with social support and sex were examined in 239 female and 213 male Japanese college students. Scores on Type A behavior were inversely correlated with those for social support for both women and men separately. There were no significant differences in the magnitudes of these coefficients for women and men.
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Adam, Rahma I., Maria da Luz Quinhentos, Pauline Muindi i Jessica Osanya. "Gender relations along the maize value chain in Mozambique". Outlook on Agriculture 49, nr 2 (26.11.2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019888661.
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This article offers insights into gender relations at every node of the maize value chain in rural Mozambique. Data were collected using mixed methods, including a survey of 295 households, key informant interviews with 29 individuals (breeders, agro-dealers, traders, and processors), and 12 sex-disaggregated focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. The findings show that in terms of the gender division of labor in maize production, there is no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households concerning the participation of men, women, children, and hired labor. In addition, due to their culturally prescribed role as head of household, men are responsible for maize marketing and for making decisions both at the farm level and across the higher nodes of the value chain. Moreover, cultural restrictions on women’s mobility and gender disparities in access to transportation tend to exclude women from participating in the markets. However, women from matrilineal villages are shown to have more autonomy than those from patrilineal villages in making decisions about the quantity of maize to sell, participation in the market, and control of revenue. Finally, whether the woman belongs to the patriarchal or matriarchal system, she still faces challenges as she accedes to the higher nodes of the value chain, for example, participating as a trader, because of her dual roles as mother/homemaker and business woman.
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Leeds, Rebecca, Ari Shechter, Carmela Alcantara, Brooke Aggarwal, John Usseglio, Marwah Abdalla i Nathalie Moise. "Elucidating the Relationship Between Insomnia, Sex, and Cardiovascular Disease". Gender and the Genome 4 (1.01.2020): 247028972098001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470289720980018.
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Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have been attributed to differences in pathophysiology between men and women and to disparities in CVD management that disproportionately affect women compared to men. Similarly, there has been investigation of differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia attributable to sex. Few studies have examined how sex and insomnia interact to influence CVD outcomes, however. In this review, we summarize the literature on sex-specific differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia as well as existing research regarding the relationship between insomnia and CVD outcomes as it pertains to sex. Research to date indicate that women are more likely to have insomnia than men, and there appear to be differential associations in the relation between insomnia and CVD by sex. We posit potential mechanisms of the relationship between sex, insomnia and CVD, discuss gaps in the existing literature, and provide commentary on future research needed in this area. Unraveling the complex relations between sex, insomnia, and CVD may help to explain sex-specific differences in CVD, and identify sex-specific strategies for promotion of cardiovascular health. Throughout this review, terms “men” and “women” are used as they are in the source literature, which does not differentiate between sex and gender. The implications of this are also discussed.
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Chehabi, H. E. "GENDER ANXIETIES IN THE IRANIANZŪRKHĀNAH". International Journal of Middle East Studies 51, nr 3 (18.06.2019): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000345.
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AbstractThezūrkhānahis the traditional gymnasium of Iranian cities. Athletes exercised in a homosocial milieu that occasionally allowed for same-sex relations. Beginning in the 20th century, modern heteronormativity made such relations problematic, while gender desegregation allowed women to enter them. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, gender segregation was again imposed, while heteronormativity was maintained. In recent years, women have endeavored to make thezūrkhānahmore inclusive. This article analyzes the contradictions and paradoxes of gender relations in thezūrkhānahby using classical poetry, modern novels, anthropological accounts, autobiographies, travelogues, and press reports.
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ADHIKARI, HARASANKAR. "Why So Much Sexual Violence Against Women In Globalized India?" Gender Studies 13, nr 1 (1.12.2014): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/genst-2015-0014.
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Abstract This paper attempts to discuss the causes of violence against women in India in relation to their body-revealing dress and conditional consent to sexual relations. Historically, women in Indian society have been victims of gender practices under the typical patriarchy. Culturally, women are treated as sex objects and their status is bounded within the periphery of feminine role-relations as housekeepers and pro-creators of generation. Women's education and participation in the workforce are not bringing with them the expected changes in gender stereotyped-ness. Even the work done on gender justice and women's human rights has failed to establish their status as anything more than sex objects. The rampant sexual violence against women is a reminder that the problem is deeply rooted in Indian society. In such a situation we may not be able to avoid considering the responsibility of women. Their body-revealing clothing and conditional consent to sexual relation are significant in provoking men into treating them as sex objects. So we should think about how to bring about a change in gender practices and this should start in each and every family. The family as a correctional institution should teach its offspring about gender equality and their behavior and attitude towards gender should regard the physical and physiological differences between the sexes as minor. This might perhaps be a step towards reducing violence against women.
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Ślęzak, Izabela. "Przyjemność seksualna pracownic agencji towarzyskich – definicje, warunki, konteksty". Forum Socjologiczne 8 (24.04.2018): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-7763.8.10.
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Sexual pleasure experienced by escort agencies’ female sex workers — definitions, conditions, contexts Subject matter of the article is the analysis of manners, which women providing sex services in escort agencies report they experience during commercial sex. Furthermore, the analysis was employed in case of their definition of sexual pleasure in commercial as well as private sex life. Two reported manners of erotic sensations felt by sex workers during commercial sex can be differentiated. First, the feeling of denial that it is possible to feel pleasure in this context. Orgasm experienced by escort agencies’ employees is presented as a myth developed for the clients’ needs. The second thing, the sex workers can and do feel sexual pleasure during meetings with clients. According to a part of the researched women, the denial that satisfying relations with clients do not take place is the myth. Both perspectives were compared with accounts of those women regarding their sex lives. An empirical basis for the article is posed by data collected within the scope of the qualitative research project carried out in escort agencies in Łódź.
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Katayama, Takeshi, Hiroshi Ono, Kazuhiko Furuta, Manabu Akahane i Shohei Omokawa. "CLINICAL RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE WRIST WITHOUT OSTEOARTHRITIS AND ITS RELATIONS TO AGE AND SEX IN JAPANESE". Hand Surgery 20, nr 01 (styczeń 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810415500082.
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The purpose of this study was to identify a clinical radiographic features containing the measurements of carpal alignment, configuration, and joint space width of the wrist without osteoarthritis (OA) in Japanese. We also aimed to analyse age-related correlations in these parameters with reference to the difference between men and women. A total of 184 cases were analysed to establish the following relations: (1) Sex-related differences in the morphology and joint space width of the wrist without OA; (2) correlation coefficient between these parameters and age according to sex. This study suggests that carpal height ratio (CHR) was higher in men than in women. Also the ulnar variance (UV) increased and the radial inclination (RI) decreased with age in both men and women, and the volar tilt (VT) decreased with age in women.
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Holway, Giuseppina Valle, i Kathryn Harker Tillman. "Timing of Sexual Initiation and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Marital and Cohabiting Unions". Journal of Family Issues 38, nr 12 (2.11.2015): 1675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15613826.
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Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this research examines the association between timing of oral sex initiation and marital and cohabiting relationship satisfaction among young adults. Findings indicate that women who transition to oral sex “late” or who have no oral sex experience report higher levels of relationship satisfaction in their current coresidential unions than do women who transition at a “normative” age. Higher levels of relationship satisfaction among women who transition “late,” however, appear to be explained by their lower likelihood of experiencing forced sexual relations and sexually transmitted infections. We find no evidence of any association between timing of oral sex initiation and relationship satisfaction among men. To best promote healthy relationships, researchers, practitioners, and educators need to better understand the various types of sexual activities in which young people engage.
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Storch, Eric A., i Jason B. Storch. "Organizational, Nonorganizational, and Intrinsic Religiosity and Academic Dishonesty". Psychological Reports 88, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.2.548.
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The present study was a preliminary examination of the relations among the Organizational, Nonorganizational, and Intrinsic dimensions of religiosity and academic dishonesty. 244 college students completed the Duke Religion Index and nine questions assessing academic dishonesty. Analysis indicated that (1) regardless of sex, High Nonorganizational and Intrinsic religiosity was associated with lower reported rates of academic dishonesty, and (2) there was an interaction between Organizational religiosity and sex, with High Organizational women and men reporting similar rates of academic dishonesty. Furthermore, the frequency of academic dishonesty reported by High Organizational women was higher than the rates reported by Moderate and Minimal Organizational women.
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Hughes-Wiener, Gail, i Paul H. Wiener. "Sex Differences in Perception of Attributes Important for Intercultural Relationships". Psychological Reports 58, nr 2 (kwiecień 1986): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.2.473.
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128 young adults experienced in intercultural relations were asked to rate each of 121 personal attributes hypothesized to be important to successful intercultural relationships. An analysis of responses yielded the unexpected finding that men and women differ significantly in their perceptions of which attributes are most important.
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PARRY, JONATHAN. "Sex, Bricks and Mortar: Constructing Class in a Central Indian Steel Town". Modern Asian Studies 48, nr 5 (8.04.2014): 1242–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1400002x.
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AbstractBased on a case study of informal sector construction labour in the central Indian steel town of Bhilai, this paper explores the intersection and the mutually constitutive relationship between social class on the one hand, and gender (and more specifically sexual) relations on the other. It is part of an attempt to document and analyse a process of class differentiation within the manual labour force between aspirant middle class organized sector workers and the unorganized sector ‘labour class’. With some help from the (pre-capitalist) ‘culture’ of their commonly work-shy men-folk, their class situation forces ‘labour class’ women onto construction sites where they are vulnerable to the sexual predation of supervisors, contractors and owners. That some acquiesce reinforces the widespread belief that ‘labour class’ women are sexually available, which in turn provides ‘proof’ to the labour aristocracy that they themselves are a different and better breed, superior in culture and morals. Class inequalities produce a particular configuration of gender relations; gender relations (and in particular sexual relations) produce a powerful ideological justification for class differentiation. This proposition has strong resonances with processes reported from other parts of the world; but in the Indian context and in its specific focus on sex it has not been clearly articulated and its significance for class formation has not been adequately appreciated.
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Luque Salas, Bárbara. "Aging and Women’s Sexuality". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 4, nr 3 (7.08.2014): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1989/ejihpe.v4i3.75.
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We present results of our research, which has been aimed at understanding the experience, practice, and sexual life in women over 50 years of age. We studied a sample of 729 women of between 50 and 80 years of age. The research is part of qualitative feminist research methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected through focus groups and a questionnaire drawn up by our research team. The results show the satisfaction of older women-of all ages-with their sex life and the importance of contextual and relational sexuality issues of women. Autoeroticism is the most established sexual practice in this group of older women and highlights who want to experience some changes in their current sex life around the desire for a more sensual and emotional sexuality, with a claim of more passionate and frequent relations. The data collected reveal a qualitative difference in the reality of sex over the age of 70.
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Luque Salas, Bárbara. "Aging and Women’s Sexuality". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 4, nr 3 (7.08.2014): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe4030026.
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We present results of our research, which has been aimed at understanding the experience, practice, and sexual life in women over 50 years of age. We studied a sample of 729 women of between 50 and 80 years of age. The research is part of qualitative feminist research methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected through focus groups and a questionnaire drawn up by our research team. The results show the satisfaction of older women-of all ages-with their sex life and the importance of contextual and relational sexuality issues of women. Autoeroticism is the most established sexual practice in this group of older women and highlights who want to experience some changes in their current sex life around the desire for a more sensual and emotional sexuality, with a claim of more passionate and frequent relations. The data collected reveal a qualitative difference in the reality of sex over the age of 70.
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Gaffney, Justin, i Kate Beverley. "Contextualizing the Construction and Social Organization of the Commercial Male Sex Industry in London at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century". Feminist Review 67, nr 1 (marzec 2001): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01417780150514556.
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Feminist theories are concerned to analyse how women can transform society so that they are no longer subordinated, by understanding how patriarchal relations control and constrict them. (Abbott and Wallace, 1997: 284) Feminisms start from the position that women are oppressed within a society, which is patriarchal and socially constructed within knowledge which is malestream. This traditionally defines men such that they are rendered subordinate, within a social world constructed by men. Feminisms are engaged with making transparent patriarchal constructs, and illuminating the ‘spaces’ within which women-realities can become more visible. This paper presents research undertaken by two key services working with male sex workers in central London. The insights gained from this research are discussed, as they allow comparison between the traditionally subordinate position of women and the contextual experiences of the ‘hidden’ population of male sex industry workers. It demonstrates, that like women, for male sex workers, hegenomic and heterosexist constructs ensure that they also occupy a subordinated position within society.
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Lunga, Violet. "Empowerment through Inclusion: The Case of Women in the Discourses of Advertising in Botswana". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 1, nr 1 (2002): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915002100419745.
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AbstractSuccess in the fight against HIV/AIDS is related to the degree to which women are acknowledged as and indeed become active stakeholders in the negotiation process of sex relations. As part of that awareness, advertisement campaigns in Botswana attempt to make room for the participation of women in the fight against HIV/AIDS by including women's voices in the discourse around sex as significant actors in negotiation processes of sex and condoms. Using a critical approach, this paper deconstructs notions of equity and assumptions of empowerment in order to expose the limits of the discourse of inclusion of women in public. Advertisements campaigns that seek to empower women in Botswana, while a useful beginning, are examined for the ways they perpetuate cultural attitudes and stereotypes as well as maintain male hegemony. In addition, the paper suggests that the discourse of women's empowerment and inclusion in sexual negotiations cannot be isolated from the socio-cultural, economic and psychological contexts of women.
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Mary, Ann. "Reworking Mollywood". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, nr 11 (28.11.2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i11.10110.
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Gender studies, a form of scholarship with strong connections to women’s studies and LGBTQI studies primarily challenges what Gayle Rubin refers to as the “sex/gender system”, which positions heterosexuality as the only normal form of sexual relations and thus bifurcates humans into “males” and “females”. To better ensure the distinction of these two sexes, the sex/gender system demands that the males always behave in ways conventionally understood as “masculine” while females must behave in a traditionally “feminine” manner. By linking these sexes to these specific genders, Rubin argues, the sex/gender system works as a powerful regulator of individual behavior and social relations, particularly with regard to the subjugation of women.
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Delmotte, Florence. "NORBERT ELIAS AND WOMEN: LIFE, TEXTS AND NEW PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER ISSUES". Sociologia & Antropologia 12, nr 1 (kwiecień 2022): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752022v1213.
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Abstract Sex, gender and gender relations are generally considered minor issues in Norbert Elias’s historical sociology. However, the sociologist placed greater emphasis on gender relations and inequalities than many of his contemporaries did. For Elias’s readers, gender relations and their transformations in terms of the power balance between sexes are falling under the theory of established-outsiders relations and represent a rather crucial aspect of the civilising process(es). Gender relations and their transformations also refer, in Elias’s work, to the emancipatory role of law and rights, to transformations of sensibilities, to increasing individualisation and integration of humanity. Starting not from gender studies but from a situated reading of Elias’s texts, this article also suggests that re-exploring certain aspects of Elias’s life, like his relationship to women and men, makes sense so we can better understand his sociology and its topicality in the post-#MeToo context.
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Panciuchin, Joanna. "Czy robot jest kobietą?" Prace Kulturoznawcze 21, nr 3 (27.09.2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.21.3.6.
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Is the robot a woman?The article is devoted to the question of the impact of machines on gender relations. The author points to phenomena that may contribute to maintaining patriarchal patterns of behavior or the deepening of existing stereotypes about the role and position of women and men in contemporary societies. This issue is considered on the example of two types of machines: sex-robots and personal robots, including voice assistants.
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Bezerra, Elys de Oliveira, Maria Lúcia Duarte Pereira, Ana Clara Patriota Chaves i Priscila de Vasconcelos Monteiro. "Social representations of adolescents on sexual relations and the use of condoms". Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem 36, nr 1 (marzec 2015): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2015.01.45639.
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The objective of this investigation was to identify how adolescents structure the social representations of sexual intercourse and use of condoms. Exploratory and descriptive research was conducted with a convenience sample consisting of 234 students of a public secondary school in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, between July 2009 and April 2010. Data were collected using a questionnaire with variables on socioeconomic status and sexual behaviour, and Free Association test with three terms: 'sex', 'unprotected sex' and 'sex with a condom'. Sexual intercourse was represented by love and affection among the women, while men associated sex to pleasure, desire and attraction toward the female body. The condom was considered important by both groups, but men represented condoms as being something bad that restricts pleasure. Health professionals are granted the opportunity to identify vulnerabilities of this population to DST/HIV/AIDS and work with these vulnerabilities in the most appropriate way.
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ALTAMIRANO, DEBORAH R. "For the Love of Women: Gender, Identity, and Same-Sex Relations in a Greek Provincial Town:For the Love of Women: Gender, Identity, and Same-Sex Relations in a Greek Provincial Town". American Anthropologist 108, nr 2 (czerwiec 2006): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.424.
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Myrne, Pernilla. "Slaves for Pleasure in Arabic Sex and Slave Purchase Manuals from the Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries". Journal of Global Slavery 4, nr 2 (6.06.2019): 196–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00402004.
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Abstract Women probably made up the majority of the slave population in the medieval Islamic world, most of them used for domestic service. As men were legally permitted to have sexual relations with their female slaves, enslaved women could be used for sexual service. Erotic compendia and sex manuals were popular literature in the premodern Islamic world, and are potentially rich sources for the history of sex slavery, especially when juxtaposed with legal writings. This article uses Arabic sex manuals and slave purchase manuals from the tenth to the twelfth century to investigate the attitudes toward sexual slavery during this period, as well as the changing ethnicities and origins of slaves, and the use of legal manipulations.
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Khambaty, Tasneem, Ashley Splain, Leslie I. Katzel, Michele K. Evans, Alan B. Zonderman i Shari R. Waldestein. "RACE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN RELATIONS OF DIABETES BIOMARKERS WITH PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING BEFORE DIABETES ONSET". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1.12.2023): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1490.
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Abstract It remains unclear if declines in physical functioning linked to Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) occur even before T2DM onset. We examined the longitudinal associations of T2DM biomarkers with upper and lower extremity strength among adults without T2DM at baseline. Participants were 1,572 African American (AA) and White adults (M(SD) age at baseline = 47.3 (9.7) years, 55% female, 53% AA) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, assessed on up to 3 time points between 2004-2017. Participants provided blood samples for measurement of fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and completed dominant and nondominant handgrip strength assessment, and a chair stands task to assess upper and lower extremity strength, respectively. Linear mixed effects regression models estimating relations of HbA1c on age-related change and adjusting for race, sex, literacy, and poverty status revealed significant four-way interactions of HbA1c, race, sex, and age (B = -.2.59, t(2853) = -2.0 p = 0.04), and to a lesser extent of fasting glucose, race, sex, and age (B = -.07, t(2863) = -1.84 p = 0.06) on change in the chair stands task, but not on handgrip strength (ps > 0.29). Among younger AA and White men, and younger White women, increasing HbA1c was related to worse lower extremity strength. However, among AA women, and older White women, increasing HBA1c was related to better lower extremity strength. Our findings suggest differential relations of worse glucose regulation on physical functioning amongst African American and White men and women.
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Kinsella, Helen M. "Sex as the secret: counterinsurgency in Afghanistan". International Theory 11, nr 1 (18.12.2018): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971918000210.
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AbstractI explore the construction of women as the secret for the ‘successful’ prosecution of war in Afghanistan. To do so, I take up the mobilization of gender in the US counterinsurgency doctrine as deployed in Afghanistan. I draw on the 2006 Counterinsurgency Field Manual, human rights and humanitarian reports, and scholarly works to identify and analyze this mobilization, paying attention to the colonial histories upon which COIN explicitly and implicitly relies. By critically integrating these sources and the paradigmatic moments that exemplify COIN, I demonstrate the constitutive relationship of gender and COIN. The valence of the secret – of women as concealing, revealing, being, and bearing the secret – is still a lesser explored element in the analysis of the gendering of COIN and of its ‘military orientalism’. Even as scholars have powerfully shown how, in the case of Afghanistan and elsewhere, the veil functions as an overdetermined and ‘multilayered signifier’ in its own right, symbolizing the ‘tension between disclosure and concealment that defines the dominant conception of the secret’, less subject to detailed analysis in case of Afghanistan is the ways in which Afghan women are constituted through COIN in polysemous relation to the notion of the secret.
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Chathukulam, Jos, i M. S. John. "The Primacy of Gender in STD and HIV Prevention Programmes". Indian Journal of Gender Studies 9, nr 2 (wrzesień 2002): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152150200900203.
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Intervention projects aimed at preventing STD and HIV generally tend to target women sex workers and through them their clients. This approach sees women sex workers as agents of change, with the attendant burden, but has failed to recognise gender issues surrounding sexual health, particularly power relations existing in society. While gender justice is a recognised legitimate concern, the discourse has excluded sex workers from its purview making them the moral 'other'. Sexual health projects implemented currently in different parts of Kerala are not sensitive to gender issues because they mistakenly assume that sex workers are autonomous subjects. In the sexual health project for female sex workers implemented in the Kottayam municipal area some gender issues were tackled with modest success. This paper makes a strong plea for more gender sensitivity in sexual health projects and for men to take their fair share of responsibility for HIV transmission.
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Djama, Nuzliati T., i Amira BSA. "Hubungan Karakteristik dan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil dengan Perilaku Hygiene Tentang Keputihan (Flour Albus) di Puskesmas Kalumpang Kota Ternate Tahun 2013". Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Ternate 7, nr 1 (26.04.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32763/juke.v7i1.72.
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Abstract : Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013
Whiteness or Flour Albus is an abnormal vaginal secretion in women. Many women are not aware that they regard whitish vaginal discharge as common and trivial. Survey of health workers at the Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Incidence of Flour Albus / Whitish in pregnant women and pregnant women about the knowledge of flour albus / whiteness, from 100% of pregnant women around 55% of women do not know flour albus / discharge is physiological and pathological. The purpose of this study is to reveal Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013. The study design was descriptive correlational, design is cross sectional survey, with 30 samples of working mothers. The statistical analysis use in this study was bivariate.The results Relations knowledge of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013, Based on the results showed a significant association (p = 0.036 ). Based on the Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013, can be considered in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the area of sex organs.
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Shroff, Sara. "Bold Women, Bad Assets: Honour, Property and Techno-Promiscuities". Feminist Review 128, nr 1 (lipiec 2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01417789211016438.
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In June 2016, Qandeel Baloch, a 26-year-old Pakistani social media star, was murdered. Her death sparked both public outrage and a policy debate around ‘honour killing’, digital rights and sex-positive sexuality across Pakistan and its diasporas. Qandeel challenged what constitutes a proper Pakistani woman, an authentic Baloch and a respectable digital citizen. As a national sex symbol, she failed at the gendered workings of respectable heterosexuality, and during her short lifetime she optimised this failure and public fetish as a technologically mediated social currency (clicks, hashtags, comments, likes, reposts) to build a transnational celebrity brand. I centre Qandeel Baloch’s life and afterlives to think through the economic entanglements of honour, racialised ethnicity, coloniality, sexual violence and social media at the intersections of globalised anti-Blackness and honourable brownness as a matter of global capital. Within these complex registers of coloniality, Qandeel’s life and brutal murder necessitate a rethinking of categories of racialised ethnicity (Baloch), sexual labour (racial capital) and social media (digitality) as vectors of value for capitalism and nationalism. By centring Qandeel, I define honour as a form of racialised property relations. This rereading of honour, as an economic metric of heteropatriarchy, shifts my lens of honour killing from a crime of culture to a crime of property. Women’s honour functions as a necrocapitalist technology that constructs female and feminine bodies as the debris of heterosexual empire through racialised, gendered and sexualised property relations. These relations and registers of honour get further complicated by social media currency and discussions around digital rights, privacy and freedom of expression. Honour is, therefore, the economic management of sexual morality produced through race, religion and imperialism.
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Alexander, Larry. "Introduction to Issues 2 and 3: Symposium on Consent in Sexual Relations". Legal Theory 2, nr 2 (czerwiec 1996): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325200000409.
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Legal and social norms regarding gender relations have undergone dramatic changes in the past 25 years. The changes have come about largely because of the confluence of changing economic and technological realities, the unfolding of the norm dictating equal treatment of individuals, the sexual revolution and its corollaries of improved contraception and legal abortion, the rise of women as a self-conscious group and a presence in the academy, and the interrelations of all of these factors. As men and women have come to share dormitories and workplaces, and as the old mores governing sex—and male-female relations in general—have broken down, there has been struggle and uncertainty over what norms should apply to sexual relations.
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Tsu, Cecilia M. "Sex, Lies, and Agriculture: Reconstructing Japanese Immigrant Gender Relations in Rural California, 1900––1913". Pacific Historical Review 78, nr 2 (1.05.2009): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.171.
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This article argues that the conditions of Japanese immigrants' lives in rural California produced unstable gender relations and patterns of intra-ethnic conflict. Early twentieth-century inquest records of the Santa Clara County coroner reveal tensions stemming from gender imbalance, exacerbated by the difficulties of farm life, racial marginalization, and circumscribed economic opportunity. Immigrant men equated success in America and status among their compatriots with being economically viable farmers and supporting a family in America; some who could not achieve these goals resorted to violent behavior. Meanwhile, Japanese women encountered new options and freedoms in a predominantly male immigrant society but also found themselves battling new forms of aggression from their countrymen. The volatility of gender relations in this Japanese community highlights the disruptive effects of migration, as well as the process through which immigrant men and women negotiated new lives and identities in America.
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Newman, Jody L., Dale R. Fuqua, Elizabeth A. Gray i Namok Choi. "Sociotropy, Autonomy, and Masculinity/Femininity: Implications for Vulnerability to Depression". Psychological Reports 104, nr 2 (kwiecień 2009): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.549-557.
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To explore the magnitude of overlap between sociotropy and autonomy with sex-role orientation, relations of Beck's Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale with 6 measures of sex-role orientation were examined using a convenience sample of 153 undergraduate students. The sample included 95 women and 58 men whose mean age was 20.4 yr. A principal axis factor analysis yielded two clear factors, one masculine and one feminine. Sociotropy related strongly to the feminine factor, and Autonomy related strongly to the masculine factor. The mean score for women was significantly higher than that for men on Sociotropy, but the mean difference on Autonomy was not statistically significant. These findings suggest there may be some definitional overlap between vulnerability to depression and sex-role orientation.
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Zarrinjooee, Bahman, i Shirin Kalantarian. "Women’s Oppressed and Disfigured Life in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale". Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, nr 1 (1.02.2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.66.
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The present study attempts to analyze Margaret Atwood’s (1939- ) The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) based on theories of feminist thinker, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) and applies her theories presented in The Second Sex (1949) that leads to better apprehension of sex and gender. Beauvoir’s ideology focuses mainly on the cultural mechanisms of oppression which cause to confine women under the title of Other to man’s self. In her view woman cannot be a simple biological category, and she asserts that womanhood is imposed on woman by civilization. In her idea, the fundamental social meaning of woman is Other. She believes that biology is the main source for woman’s oppression within patriarchal society, and challenges the discourse through which women are defined based on her biology. She also believes that sexuality is another aspect of women’s oppression and exploitation and all functions of women. In Beauvoir’s view, prostitution and heterosexuality are exploitation of woman. She rejects the heterosexuality as the norm for sexual relations. This paper tries to show how Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale speculates feminist issues such as loss of identity, subordination of woman in a male dominated society and women’s exploitation in consumer society where woman’s body is treated as an object, a tool and consumable item. Atwood focuses on the problems such as gender inequality, and pitfalls of patriarchal system for women’s oppression.