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Kleinschmidt, Rachel E. "Soil sisters : independent land owning women in Coles and Douglas counties, Illinois, 1870-1930 /". View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131458612.pdf.
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Baser, Heather Jane Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Lima and women farmers in Zambia". Ottawa, 1987.
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Provost, Ruth A. "An analysis of the construct of role overload in farmwomen". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Morupisi, Joseph. "Women farmers' representation in Botswana Agrinews Magazine". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6567.
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The Government of Botswana recognises the important role that women can play in the economic development of the country, particularly in the agricultural sector, with respect to food security at both household and national levels. The study sought to investigate how women in agriculture are represented in the Botswana Agrinews Magazine. Moreover, it sought to establish whether, and how, messages conveyed to audience by the Botswana Agrinews Magazine promote any type of social or economic interaction between farming communities, individuals and/or government and other stakeholders. The sources of data were the articles that reported on women farmers from the sample of the Botswana Agrinews Magazine, over 24 months, that is, from January 2012 to December 2013. This magazine under study is a government publication targeting the broad Botswana farming community. Critical discourse analysis revealed that women farmers participated in events associated with commercial horticultural farming, dry land farming (field crop production), in the arable farming sector, at Consumer Fairs and Regional Agricultural shows for Commercial Farmers respectively, as well as in pastoral farming sector events at Agricultural shows. They also participated in the arable farming sector agricultural activities for commercial horticultural farmers and those for subsistence dry land farming. Furthermore, the results revealed that women farmers encountered constraints in the different ventures, they undertook in both arable and pastoral farming. However, the reports showed that they received support from the government and/or other stakeholders to counteract their constraints. Furthermore, the analysis identified the coverage on the themes of (1) arable farming, (2) pastoral farming, (3) integrated farming, and (4) attitudes of both women in agriculture and Ministry of Agriculture workers, which promoted women farmers’ participation in the agricultural sector.
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Peoples, Susan J., i n/a. "Farm women : diverse encounters with discourse and agency". University of Otago. Department of Geography, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071127.160311.
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This thesis contributes to the established literature on farm women within the context of family farming. It recognises that not enough is yet known about the discourses and agency which influence their lives. Consequently, this study has sought to establish what dominant discourses shape the lives of farm women, their responses to these discourses and how their discursive positioning influences their agency.
This study employed a qualitative case study approach involving interviews with a diverse mixture of independent farm women, along with women farming in marital relationships. This thesis engages these narratives to showcase the colourful, complex life-experiences of farm women. In addition, and where present, women�s partners were interviewed to provide male farmers� perspectives about women in family farming.
This research has found that women�s lives are shaped by positioning and contextualising discourses, with which they comply to ensure that the family farm survives. Their subservient discursive positioning limits the agency they can express, although they are able to mobilise indirect agency through supporting their partner; an implicit form of agency which has previously been unrecognised or understated.
Cumulatively, this thesis highlights the need to recognise the diversity of farm women, and how they are able to exercise agency from their constrained subject positions within the family farming context. Furthermore it emphasises that agency is a dynamic, and far more varied concept than previously understood.
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Smyth, Jolene D. "Doing gender when home and work are blurred : women and sex-atypical tasks in family farming". Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/j_smyth_071507.pdf.
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Savran, Al-Haik Havva. "Exploring Women Farmers' Experiences: A Case Study of Gender Inequality on Small Turkish Farms". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78355.
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In many countries, including Turkey, agriculture is a major component of the rural population income, and in these rural areas women are the cornerstones of the agricultural production. Resources, especially water, land, livestock, crops, and knowledge about agricultural production are crucial for preserving the livelihoods of most of the world's rural families. Access to, control over, and management of these resources determines which farming activities are pursued, what goods may be produced, and whether the lives of rural households are enhanced or diminished. Yet, gender influences who has access to these resources and what level of access they have. Although women work in the fields, the homes, outside the farm, and at the markets, their male counterparts often maintain control of the decision making over the household and its economy. Thus, women, more than men, bear the burdens - physical, psychological, social, moral, economic, and legal- of these gender inequalities. Previous studies focused on the women farmers' unpaid work in agriculture and household duties, their access to technical information, credit, extension services, critical inputs such as fertilizers and water, and marketing around the world including Turkey. However, there are not many studies addressing the Turkish women farmers' gender inequality positions from a feminist standpoint lens. Drawing on the feminist standpoint theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the gender inequality experiences of women farmers on small farm practices in Turkey. Utilizing qualitative methods through the lens of feminist inquiry as a methodological approach, this study explored several aspects addressed by research questions associated with social positions: gender division labor; women's work in agriculture and household; decision making dynamics of rural families; accessing resources and knowledge; agrarian change; and effect of gender on small farm practices from Turkish women farmers' standpoints. Feminist standpoint data were collected through 23 individual in-depth interviews, and five focus group sessions with women farmers in their villages, located in southern region of Konya province, in Turkey. Data were analyzed thoroughly following the constant comparative method by using the computer software, Atlas.ti. Initial codes used in data analysis were based on concepts and themes drawn from both the literature and theoretical framework. The results demonstrated that there are gendered roles and responsibilities on small farm practices; women participants carry out both farm and household tasks, and in this sense bearing a heavier workload burden than men. Moreover, women's work in agricultural production, subsistence production, providing care for family members, or work in the extended family house, is invisible. The results also highlighted that these rural women's formal education level is low and they lack access to extension education services. Further, they lacked decision making power, compared to their husbands, on household resources and income on these small farm practices. Additionally, this study pointed out that there is an ongoing depeasantization in these rural villages and the migrating rural women hold unemployable positions in the cities due to their limited skills and poor education background. This study concludes with recommendations for individuals, community organizations, Turkish government agricultural policy makers, and extension education systems to better assist these women in their work.Ph. D.
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Shayo, Asha. "Socio-Cultural Practices That Impact Women Farmers' Land Ownership: A Case of Sukuma Women in Tanzania". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73160.
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In Tanzania women, farmers are main producers of agricultural food products, yet they don't have legal ownership of land. Customary practices often require women to access land through their husbands, fathers, brothers, or other men who control the land. Men as the heads of household, control everything including the type of crops to cultivate and the price. The fact that women farmers do not have legal ownership of land makes them vulnerable and decreases agricultural productivity. When women lose their connection to this male relative, either through death, divorce or migration, they can lose their land, home, and means of supporting themselves and their families.
In the Sukuma tribe, the subject of this case study, many women do not have knowledge about their rights. Instead, they believe what they are told by their elders according to their culture. In the Sukuma society men are the heads of the household and women have no say in any decision about any family matter. The Sukuma tribe are still very conservative and continue to practice harmful traditions that affect agricultural production and the economy.
This study used qualitative interviews, observations, note-taking and artifacts method to determine how cultural practices impact Sukuma women farmers land ownership. The findings show that large proportion of both men and women in the Sukuma society still lacks formal education, and is ignorant about their rights. Many believe in their subjective norms which are derived from beliefs about what their elders, traditional leaders, and ancestors (because these are the people they trust) say or think the person should do and the individual's motivation to comply with their wishes.
Recommendations are made to put emphasis on education both formal and informal for both women and men so as to understand human rights and to change their behavior and perceptions about women farmers' rights to resources. The Sukuma tribe has many clans with different cultural practices, therefore generalization should be made very carefully. More research should be conducted to identify the differences for easy planning and implementing land programs and strategies in Sukuma communities and Tanzania as a whole.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Kapungu, Sheila T. "A study of rural women farmers' access to markets in Chirumanzu". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80238.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigated the issues that rural smallholder women face in accessing markets in developing countries. Market access for rural smallholder farmers is increasingly being promoted as a means towards catalysing sustainable rural development. However, without addressing the gender specific issues that rural smallholder women farmers face in accessing markets, market access as a strategy towards sustainable rural development may fail to achieve its ends. This thesis gathered evidence from a group of smallholder women farmers in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, who are part of a market access project run by Oxfam, in order to highlight the issues that they face in accessing markets for their produce. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. First, a literature review was conducted to assess the issues that smallholder rural women farmers in developing countries face in accessing markets and how the issues differ to those faced by male smallholder farmers. A thematic assessment of the issues was conducted, beginning with the production for market through to the actual market engagement. Secondly, primary data was collected in Chirumanzu, from rural smallholder women farmers who are participating in a market access project being facilitated by Oxfam. Data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and document review. Five focus group discussions were held with a total of 40 participants in August 2011. Some of the key findings were that rural smallholder women farmers face challenges in terms of meeting the labour demanded for market production, accessing market information and having to contend with high transport costs. The data was then compared with the points raised in the literature review. The comparison showed that most of the key issues raised in the Chirumanzu case study were similar to those identified in the literature review. The study came to the conclusion that rural smallholder women farmers face different issues and more challenges in accessing markets compared to male farmers. Market access initiatives that do not recognise and address the gender specific challenges that women smallholder farmers face may therefore not be catalysts for sustainable rural development. Therefore recommendations are that market access initiatives should go beyond facilitating access to markets to address the structural social, economic and cultural issues that present special challenges and constraints to women smallholder farmers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ondersoek ingestel na die kwessies waarvoor landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande te staan kom om toegang tot markte te verkry. Marktoegang vir landelike kleinboere word toenemend aangemoedig as ’n manier om volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Indien die geslagspesifieke kwessies van marktoegang waarmee landelike vrouekleinboere te kampe het egter nié hanteer word nie, kan marktoegang as strategie vir volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling in gebreke bly om sy doel te bereik. Hierdie tesis het bewyse ingesamel van ’n groep vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, wat deel is van ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam, ten einde die soeklig te werp op die uitdagings wat hulle ervaar om marktoegang vir hul produkte te bekom. Die studie het van primêre sowel as sekondêre data gebruik gemaak. Eerstens is ’n literatuuroorsig onderneem om te verken watter probleme landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande ondervind om marktoegang te verkry, en hoe dit verskil van die uitdagings waarvoor hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom. Die kwessies is tematies beoordeel en het gestrek van markgerigte produksie tot en met werklike markskakeling. Tweedens is primêre data ingesamel onder landelike vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu wat aan ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam deelneem. Data is deur middel van fokusgroepbesprekings, onderhoude met sleutelinformante sowel as ’n dokumentoorsig bekom. Vyf fokusgroepbesprekings is in Augustus 2011 met altesaam 40 deelnemers gehou. Van die belangrikste bevindinge was dat landelike vrouekleinboere bepaald uitdagings ervaar wat betref die vereiste arbeid vir markgerigte produksie, toegang tot markinligting sowel as hoë vervoerkoste. Daarná is die data met die hoofpunte uit die literatuuroorsig vergelyk. Die vergelyking toon dat die meeste van die kernbevindinge in die Chirumanzu-gevallestudie met die bevindinge in die literatuuroorsig ooreenstem. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat landelike vrouekleinboere voor andersoortige kwessies en meer uitdagings as hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom ten einde marktoegang te verkry. Marktoegangsinisiatiewe wat nié hierdie geslagspesifieke uitdagings van vrouekleinboere erken en hanteer nie, kan dus in gebreke bly om waarlik volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Daarom beveel die studie aan dat marktoegangsinisiatiewe oor méér as die blote fasilitering van marktoegang handel, en ook aandag skenk aan die strukturele maatskaplike, ekonomiese en kulturele kwessies wat besondere uitdagings en beperkings vir vrouekleinboere inhou
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Mackrell, Dale Carolyn, i n/a. "Women as Farm Partners: Agricultural Decision Support Systems in the Australian Cotton Industry". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070305.131533.
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Australian farmers are supplementing traditional practices with innovative strategies in an effort to survive recent economic, environmental, and social crises in the rural sector. These innovative strategies include moving towards a technology-based farm management style. A review of past literature determines that, despite a growing awareness of the usefulness of computers for farm management, there is concern over the limited demand for computer-based agricultural decision support systems (DSS). Recent literature indicates that women are the dominant users of computers on family farms yet are hesitant to use computers for decision support, and it is also unclear what decision-making roles women assume on family farms. While past research has investigated the roles of women in the Australian rural sector, there is a dearth of research into the interaction of women cotton growers with computers. Therefore, this dissertation is an ontological study and aims to contribute to scholarly knowledge in the research domain of Australian women cotton growers, agricultural DSS, and cotton farm management. This dissertation belongs in the Information Systems (IS) stream and describes an interpretive single case study which explores the lives of Australian women cotton growers on family farms and the association of an agricultural DSS with their farm management roles. Data collection was predominantly through semi-structured interviews with women cotton growers and cotton industry professionals such as DSS developers, rural extension officers, researchers and educators, rural experimental scientists, and agronomists and consultants, all of whom advise cotton growers. The study was informed by multiple sociological theories with opposing paradigmatic assumptions: Giddens' (1984) structuration theory as a metatheory to explore the recursiveness of farm life and technology usage; Rogers' (1995) diffusion of innovations theory with a functionalist approach to objectively examine the features of the software and user, as well as the processes of technology adoption; and Connell's (2002) theory of gender relations with its radical humanist perspective to subjectively investigate the relationships between farm partners through critical enquiry. The study was enriched further by drawing on other writings of these authors (Connell 1987; Giddens 2001; Rogers 2003) as well as complementary theories by authors (Orlikowski 1992; Orlikowski 2000; Trauth 2002; Vanclay & Lawrence 1995). These theories in combination have not been used before, which is a theoretical contribution of the study. The agricultural DSS for the study was CottonLOGIC, an advanced farm management tool to aid the management of cotton production. It was developed in the late 1990s by the CSIRO and the Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), with support from the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC). CottonLOGIC is a software package of decision support and record-keeping modules to assist cotton growers and their advisors in the management of cotton pests, soil nutrition, and farm operations. It enables the recording and reporting of crop inputs and yields, insect populations (heliothis, tipworm, mirids and so on), weather data, and field operations such as fertiliser and pesticide applications, as well as the running of insect density prediction (heliothis and mites) and soil nutrition models. The study found that innovative practices and sustainable solutions are an imperative in cotton farm management for generating an improved triple bottom line of economic, environmental and social outcomes. CottonLOGIC is an industry benchmark for supporting these values through the incorporation of Best Management Practices (BMP) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, although there were indications that the software is in need of restructuring as could be expected of software over five years old. The evidence from the study was that women growers are participants in strategic farm decisions but less so in operational decisions, partly due to their lack of relevant agronomic knowledge. This hindered their use of CottonLOGIC, despite creative attempts to modify it. The study endorsed the existence of gender differences and inequalities in rural Australia. Nevertheless, the study also found that the women are valued for their roles as business partners in the multidisciplinary nature of farm management. All the same, there was evidence that greater collaboration and cooperation by farm partners and advisors would improve business outcomes. On the whole, however, women cotton growers are not passive agents but take responsibility for their own futures. In particular, DSS tools such as CottonLOGIC are instrumental in enabling women cotton growers to adapt to, challenge, and influence farm management practices in the family farm enterprise, just as CottonLOGIC is itself shaped and reshaped. Hence, a practical contribution of this study is to provide non-prescriptive guidelines for the improved adoption of agricultural DSS, particularly by rural women, as well as increasing awareness of the worth of their roles as family farm business partners.
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Mackrell, Dale Carolyn. "Women as Farm Partners: Agricultural Decision Support Systems in the Australian Cotton Industry". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365290.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Australian farmers are supplementing traditional practices with innovative strategies in an effort to survive recent economic, environmental, and social crises in the rural sector. These innovative strategies include moving towards a technology-based farm management style. A review of past literature determines that, despite a growing awareness of the usefulness of computers for farm management, there is concern over the limited demand for computer-based agricultural decision support systems (DSS). Recent literature indicates that women are the dominant users of computers on family farms yet are hesitant to use computers for decision support, and it is also unclear what decision-making roles women assume on family farms. While past research has investigated the roles of women in the Australian rural sector, there is a dearth of research into the interaction of women cotton growers with computers. Therefore, this dissertation is an ontological study and aims to contribute to scholarly knowledge in the research domain of Australian women cotton growers, agricultural DSS, and cotton farm management. This dissertation belongs in the Information Systems (IS) stream and describes an interpretive single case study which explores the lives of Australian women cotton growers on family farms and the association of an agricultural DSS with their farm management roles. Data collection was predominantly through semi-structured interviews with women cotton growers and cotton industry professionals such as DSS developers, rural extension officers, researchers and educators, rural experimental scientists, and agronomists and consultants, all of whom advise cotton growers. The study was informed by multiple sociological theories with opposing paradigmatic assumptions: Giddens' (1984) structuration theory as a metatheory to explore the recursiveness of farm life and technology usage; Rogers' (1995) diffusion of innovations theory with a functionalist approach to objectively examine the features of the software and user, as well as the processes of technology adoption; and Connell's (2002) theory of gender relations with its radical humanist perspective to subjectively investigate the relationships between farm partners through critical enquiry. The study was enriched further by drawing on other writings of these authors (Connell 1987; Giddens 2001; Rogers 2003) as well as complementary theories by authors (Orlikowski 1992; Orlikowski 2000; Trauth 2002; Vanclay & Lawrence 1995). These theories in combination have not been used before, which is a theoretical contribution of the study. The agricultural DSS for the study was CottonLOGIC, an advanced farm management tool to aid the management of cotton production. It was developed in the late 1990s by the CSIRO and the Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), with support from the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC). CottonLOGIC is a software package of decision support and record-keeping modules to assist cotton growers and their advisors in the management of cotton pests, soil nutrition, and farm operations. It enables the recording and reporting of crop inputs and yields, insect populations (heliothis, tipworm, mirids and so on), weather data, and field operations such as fertiliser and pesticide applications, as well as the running of insect density prediction (heliothis and mites) and soil nutrition models. The study found that innovative practices and sustainable solutions are an imperative in cotton farm management for generating an improved triple bottom line of economic, environmental and social outcomes. CottonLOGIC is an industry benchmark for supporting these values through the incorporation of Best Management Practices (BMP) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, although there were indications that the software is in need of restructuring as could be expected of software over five years old. The evidence from the study was that women growers are participants in strategic farm decisions but less so in operational decisions, partly due to their lack of relevant agronomic knowledge. This hindered their use of CottonLOGIC, despite creative attempts to modify it. The study endorsed the existence of gender differences and inequalities in rural Australia. Nevertheless, the study also found that the women are valued for their roles as business partners in the multidisciplinary nature of farm management. All the same, there was evidence that greater collaboration and cooperation by farm partners and advisors would improve business outcomes. On the whole, however, women cotton growers are not passive agents but take responsibility for their own futures. In particular, DSS tools such as CottonLOGIC are instrumental in enabling women cotton growers to adapt to, challenge, and influence farm management practices in the family farm enterprise, just as CottonLOGIC is itself shaped and reshaped. Hence, a practical contribution of this study is to provide non-prescriptive guidelines for the improved adoption of agricultural DSS, particularly by rural women, as well as increasing awareness of the worth of their roles as family farm business partners.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text
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Taylor, Georgina M. "Ground for common action Violet McNaughton's agrarian feminism and the origins of the farm women's movement in Canada /". Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada, 1999. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ26870.pdf.
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Endeley, Joyce Bayande Mbongo. "Women farmers'perceptions of the economic problems influencing their productivity in agricultural systems : Meme Division of the southwest province, Cameroon /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487326511716681.
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Isaya, Elizabeth Lucas. "Sources of Agricultural Information for Women Farmers in Hai and Kilosa Districts, Tanzania". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420647091.
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Amjad. "Does participation lead to empowerment? : the case of women potato farmers in Pakistan". Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/990.
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Pakistan is a developing country with the majority of the people living in rural areas and dependent on the agricultural sector for their livelihood. Women constitute more than half of the rural population, thus should be included in developmental strategies for rural areas. This requires understanding of their participation in economic activities. This research project attempts to measure the current level of participation of women potato farmers and its impact on income and empowerment.
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Kamara, Isatu S. "Rural women and their access to useful information : communication networks in selected villages in Moyamba district, south Sierra Leone". Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368661.
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Paris, Thelma Romero. "Bringing women from the margin to the mainstream of rice research and technology development : strategies and lessons learned /". View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030424.101632/index.html.
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Mangena, E. D. "Problems and challenges faced by umemployed women in Shoromong Village of Mopani Disrict". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2364.
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Thesis (M.Ed. (Community and Continuing Education)) --University of LimpopoUnemployment is a crucial problem in the whole world. There are still a high number of unemployed rural women in the world in general and in South Africa in particular. Rural women are still marginalized and stay in poor conditions because they are unemployed, poor and lack skills required by the market. Black rural women form the majority of illiterates and unemployed in the country and this have a negative impact on the development of the country. This means that rural women stay in conditions of squalor because they are unemployed, poor and lack skills required by the labour market. This study focuses on the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women. It was conducted in Shoromong village of Greater Tzaneen Municipality in Mopani District. Unemployed rural women need to be empowered through ABET (Adult Basic Education and Training) programmes to stand up and fight poverty, ill health and other social ills they face. Chapter one outlined the background of the problem of unemployment based on the education in the past (before 1994). I also discussed different types of unemployment, causes and their effects. I formulated the following aim of the study: To investigate the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village. In order to achieve the aim outlined above, I formulated the following main research question: What are the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village? It is the objective of this study to develop a detailed picture of the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village, explore the unemployed rural women’s feelings and attitude about their present situation, to contribute towards the development of a programme that will address problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women, to contribute towards empowerment of rural women in order to enable them to take their rightful place in society and to bring awareness to the local government about poor living conditions in Shoromong village. Chapter two outlines the theoretical framework of the study. It is based on the readings of the relevant literature and preliminary discussions with the unemployed women of Shoromong village. I have also defined the following concepts: social exclusion, poverty, unemployment and adult education. The following critical factors are discussed: loss of respect and dignity, financial constraints, lack of education and skills and poor living conditions. In chapter three, I described the design of the study. One path of data collection, being fieldwork is the main focus. The fieldwork is divided into phases, namely: Introductory phase, extensive fieldwork phase, and observation. Extensive fieldwork comprises of four stages of interviews. An exploratory design was chosen for this study. An explanation and discussion of the instruments that were utilized to collect data from different role players in various phases of data collection is also given. I further explained how the data that has been collected from various phases was analysed using qualitative data analysis method. Chapter four presents the empirical findings and analysis of the study. I have also outlined the detailed views of interviewees in relation to the critical factors of the study. Results of observations of the study are also given. The results of the study indicate that unemployed women are faced with multiple problems and challenges. Those problems and challenges not only affect them as individuals but also affect their children, spouses/husband, relatives, the community and the whole society. The reality is the burden is on the individual who experience unemployment from day to day. Chapter five is the final chapter of my study. It presents the final conclusion and recommendations of the study. It also provides suggestions of what can bring solutions to problems and challenges of unemployed rural women in Shoromong village. This chapter mentioned areas that need to be further researched as ABET field seems to be under- researched. The chapter concludes by discussing “reflections”. It is a section that is about my learning experiences and difficulties that I encountered during the process of this research.
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Baker, Tagen Towsley. "The Farm as Place in a Changing Climate: Capturing Women Farmers' Experiences in Idaho, United States and Victoria, Australia". DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7675.
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In Australia and the US, women play a vital role in the agricultural sector. However, historically farmwomen’s contributions to agriculture as well as their individual knowledge and social resilience to stressors like climate and climate change have been unrecognized and rendered invisible. Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship from geography and the humanities, this dissertation explores the farm as place in a changing climate, drawing on women farmers’ experiences, under three distinct themes: identity, place, and photography. The dissertation research includes three distinct parts. First, incorporating non-fiction writing and photography, I explore my agricultural and religious heritage, as well as familial connections to the landscape of rural Idaho. Second, and in conjunction with The Invisible Farmer Project, the largest ever study of Australian women on the land, I analyze women’s photo voices, relying primarily on interview and Facebook data, as well as photographs, to understand women’s emotive connections to the farm as place, farmer identities, and roles in the agricultural sector. Analysis of the Facebook posts revealed how women are establishing a new dialog about what it means to be a woman farmer and how emotion is the foundation for establishing community and connection. Women's posted photo voices allow us to gain new insights into the women farmers' connections to the farm as place as well as their diversified perspectives and identities. Third, using integrative methods, I study women farmers and ranchers in Idaho, United States and Victoria, Australia through an environmental history lens. Examining the history of water in each region, and how the layering of social and environmental factors shapes the farm as place, resilience, and women’s work, I study how the identities of the women farmers and the farm as place cannot be separated. In both the second and third parts, I seek to redefine "farmer" by revealing experiences that have been invisible in the traditional agricultural sector. Rural women farmers have diverse identities and experiences, and their contributions to the agricultural sector are significant. They perceive and adapt to climate impacts and they are resilient. Their experiences with the farm as place is at the center of their identities, resilience, day-to-day work, and shapes their adaptation strategies and emotional well-being.
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Rennie, Bradford James. "The United Farmers and Farm Women of Alberta, the development of a movement, 1909-1921". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37331.pdf.
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Gadio, Coumba Mar. "Women's Changing Roles, Issues, and Decisionmaking: The Case of Lebou-Wolof Women Farmers in Thieudeme". Connect to resource, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1217871703.
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Paris, Thelma Romero. "Bringing women from the margin to the mainstream of rice research and technology development : strategies and lessons learned". Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/455.
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This study discusses the strategies and lessons learned by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in targeting rice research toward poor women.The strategies include socio-economic research on gender issues;technology development for women-specific tasks through participatory research; collaborative research with national agricultural research systems (NARS) and networks; research-oriented training on gender analysis; organization of conferences and workshops on gender issues; recognition of female rice scientists; gender audit of research projects and appointment of a social scientist to coordinate gender-related activities.A revised conceptual framework of farming systems research and gender analysis was used to better understand the complex interrelationship between the environment (physical, socio-economic, cultural), and intra-household dynamics, particularly men and women's roles and responsibilities in rice-based farming systems.Case studies were conducted in the Philippines and eastern India.Improved seed management and adoption of improved glutinous rice varieties showed potential for increasing yields and income.Women's narratives were interwoven within the quantitative analysis to make their voices heard in the story.The most important lesson learned from the author's experience is that targeting research toward poor rural women can be an effective strategy in providing them with choices, opportunities and abilities to enhance their role as food producers. This will hopefully help improve their social and economic status
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Tuxhorn, Rebecca J. "How Are Women Farmers "Doing" and "Undoing" Gender?: An Exploration of Women's Gender Practices in Farming". OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1923.
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The number of women farmers in the US continues to grow even at a time when the number of men farmers is decreasing. But even as women are experiencing growing representation in this historically men-dominated occupation, they are more likely to operate smaller farm operations, own less land, and earn less than men farmers. Additionally, there are barriers to accessing the full farmer identity due to their invisibility in the largely patriarchal structure of agriculture. In this dissertation, I endeavor to learn more about how women farmers navigate the gendered structure of farming, including barriers to accessing occupation-related resources and their farmer identity, and how women farmers are “doing” or “undoing” gender. Utilizing in-depth qualitative interviews, I interviewed 32 women farmers from 11 states and the country of Italy. I find that three main gendered structural barriers were experienced by the women farmers in this study, including access to capital-related resources, learning how to farm, and the women’s perception of conventional agriculture as a masculine occupation. I contributed to the growing “doing and undoing gender” literature by showing that the women in this study were actively engaged in interactions within and outside of their occupation that both conformed to and resisted traditional gendered expectations, demonstrating that doing and undoing gender is contextual and more of a spectrum than mutually exclusive categories of either/or. I also contributed to the “doing difference” literature by including women farmers of color, whose perspectives have been absent from previous research of women farmers. Their narratives included examples of discrimination and unequal treatment due to their race and gender, demonstrating a clear need for an intersectional analysis of women farmers. I conclude with a discussion of these implications and make policy recommendations based on knowledge gained from this research and offer suggestions for future research.
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Stone, Margaret Priscilla. "Women, work and marriage: A restudy of the Nigerian Kofyar". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184499.
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Most scholars of female farmers of sub-Saharan Africa have come to agree that the transition from subsistence to market agriculture has hurt women's independent agricultural enterprises and incomes. Research conducted among a group of farmers known as the Kofyar of central Nigeria provides a case study which runs counter to this general consensus. Kofyar women have not suffered a loss of economic or social independence with the introduction of cash-cropping but have in fact embraced the new opportunities of the markets to produce crops for sale independently of their households. The Kofyar farming system as a whole is outlined, and the system of independent production is described within this context. The recent history of the Kofyar is sketched including, most importantly, their migration into an agricultural frontier, the adoption of yams as the primary cash crop, and the evolution of a complex set of mechanisms for mobilizing labor. The role of women in the cooperative labor network and in household labor is described and women's important contributions to all types of labor are linked to their access to labor for their own independent production. One of the basic arguments is that Kofyar women are prospering relative to other African women because their labor has been so crucial to the agriculture of the Kofyar both before and since the introduction of cash-cropping. The other basic argument for Kofyar women's relative success is that they are successfully exploiting the flexibility inherent in their farming system to maximize their own production. The use of intensive techniques such as intercropping and taking advantage of the flexibility in the timing of certain agricultural tasks on their major crops of groundnuts and yams are examples of this strategy. Women have, in other words, evolved a system of independent production which fits around rather than competes directly with male/household farming. The dissertation goes on to place women's independent farming within the broader social system by analyzing differences between women in marriage and childbearing statuses and histories. Regular differences in magnitude of independent production are found between women with contrasting social characteristics (e.g. age, marital status, divorce history, numbers of children). The portrait of the most prosperous woman is sketched. Kofyar women's activities are seen as an essential part of Kofyar development. The system in general has become more prosperous and women as important contributors to that prosperity are also benefiting as individuals from these changes.
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Parker, Robert Jennings. "Stoic farmers, silent women the portrayal of the Icelandic family in two novels by Halldór Laxness /". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8233.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Germanic Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Nickolai, Carol A. "Ella Sharp's Hillside Farm expressions of class and gender in nineteenth century rural Michigan /". Columbia, S.C. : South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50564150.html.
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Sechrest, Etta K. "Agroforestry Practice Adoption Among Solomon Island Women On The Island Of Malaita". DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/187.
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The goal of agricultural training is the adoption and diffusion of introduced agriculture techniques. New subsistence agricultural techniques have been introduced mainly to the male population in many developing countries, even though most subsistence farmers are women. Therefore, an understanding of how new subsistence agricultural techniques can be introduced and adopted by women would be important to achieve. This study focuses on women's adoption of agricultural techniques. It takes place on the island of Malaita, in the Solomon Islands. The study looks at the adoption of agroforestry and several other subsistence techniques that were introduced under a joint program by Peace Corps and the Malaita Agriculture Division between 1983 and 1989. Two Peace Corps volunteers were posted in North Malaita at Malu'u from 1983 to 1986. The Malu'u volunteers lived in the village of Karu for two and one-half years while introducing and teaching new agricultural practices. Two other Peace Corps volunteers were posted at the Dala Agricultural Training Center from 1987 to 1989, and worked with the residents of the nearby village of Kakara. In 1991, a two-month survey was conducted in the areas where the Peace Corps volunteers were posted, as well as in an area that did not have any Peace Corps volunteers posted. The findings of this study indicate that adoption of new agroforestry techniques is based on several factors. Who introduced the technology, the farmer's wealth, and being able to obtain income from market vegetables and other identified factors improved a respondent's chances of adopting new agroforestry techniques.
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Mortimer, Allyn M. "Power in the garden exploring the lives of Missouri farm women and their vegetable gardens during the Great Depression /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4749.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 6, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Motsetsela, Nteboheleng. "Small scale egg production for enhanced food security empowerment of women in agriculture in Thaba-Nchu area : project management base line /". [Bloemfontein] : Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/78504017.html.
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Taylor, Georgina M. "Ground for common action, Violet McNaughton's agrarian feminism and the origins of the farm women's movement in Canada". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ26870.pdf.
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Proulx, Francine Pamela. "The impact of farm women's external employment on farm and family functioning: a case study of Virginia". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45922.
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Many American farmers have faced financial stress in the early 1980s unprecedented since the Depression. Simultaneously, farm wives have joined the off-farm labor market at rates exceeding urban women. Since prior research has found different correlates of family functioning and of external employment for rural and urban families, this descriptive study of Virginia farm wives (N = 128) investigated the impact of farm wives' external employment on the functioning of the farm and the farm family. While the sample did not represent the total Virginia farm population, it did appear to represent the financially stressed farm population. A comparison of employed farm wives (E = 57) and non-employed wives (N = 71) was analyzed to determine differences. Dependent variables affecting farm functioning included the farm's debt-to-asset ratio indicating the financial _ stress level, the wife's mental strain due to economic pressures, and lifestyle satisfaction. Dependent variables affecting family functioning were the wife's marital adjustment, psychological well being, and overall life satisfaction. The results indicated that the wife's external employment had a significantly negative impact on farm functioning. Wives working off the farm were more likely to come from farms with greater financial stress and were less satisfied with the equity factor of their lifestyle satisfaction. While mental strain was not significantly higher, more than one-third of employed wives experienced high mental strain. A signficantly negative impact on family functioning was not found although employed farm wives reported lower marital adjustment and overall life satisfaction with proportionately fewer employed farm wives than nonemployed wives reporting positive psychological well-being.
Master of Science
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Owusu-Amankwah, Georgette. "AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND CONTRACT PARTICIPATION AS A MECHANISM FOR ENHANCING SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAMS: THE CASE OF WOMEN FARMERS IN GHANA". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/75.
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The dissertation consists of three studies that seek to identify school caterer and women farmer constraints that have hindered the buy-local policy mandate of the Ghana School Lunch program, and to explore gendered agricultural technology adoption and contract participation strategies that could facilitate the policy mandate.
The first study documents the constraints that have minimized caterer purchases of school food items from local farmers. The study presents an overview of the Ghana School Lunch Program and the buy-local policy mandate issued to school caterers. Survey data and descriptive analysis are employed to document and discuss the constraints that prevent school caters from purchasing from local farmers as well as the constraints faced by smallholder women farmers in supplying to school caters. The study subsequently discusses school caterers’ compensating variation of a hypothetical policy that requires them to firstly provide recommended portions of vegetables and protein, and secondly include fruits in the lunch of the schoolchildren.
The second study analyses the factors underlying the probability that women smallholder farmers - compared to male farmers - adopt less a) improved seeds, b) fertilizer, c) herbicides and d) pesticides. The study further examines the sensitivity of gender differences in technology adoption to crop choice, particularly maize and legume, as well as the possible heterogeneity of technology adoption differences within rural and peri-urban communities. The adoption of these improved technologies is modeled using multivariate probit regressions. A gender gap is observed among legume farmers for improved seed and pesticide adoption. Moreover, the findings indicate that female maize farmers who have input into all cash crop production decisions are more likely to adopt improved seeds and pesticides. Among legume farmers, the results indicate that female farmers who are educated and have access to credit are more likely to adopt fertilizer, while female legume farmers who have a say in what the use of income generated from cash crop farming are more likely to adopt pesticides. These results imply that policy-makers and development practitioners in sub-Saharan Africa should consider strategies to target and increase educational, financial and productive assets of female farmers in order to close the gender technology gap and increase multiple technology adoption.
The third study examines the use of farm-to-school contracts as a means to provide access to credit for women farmers in rural and peri-urban areas and facilitate the buy-local policy mandate. In particular, the study examines the factors influencing male and female smallholder farmers’ minimum willingness to accept (WTA) farm-to-school-lunch contracts for maize and cowpea beans. The minimum WTA simultaneously measures the decision to participate as well as the minimum price at which the smallholder farmer accepts the contract. Using sex-disaggregated data from a field experiment, a Tobit model is applied to explain the underlying factors influencing male and female smallholder farmer’s minimum WTA for a set of hypothetical maize and cowpea beans contracts. The results for the pooled sample indicate that the delivery at harvest option increases farmers’ minimum willingness to accept both the maize and beans contracts. The study further examines heterogeneity in the minimum WTA among smallholder farmers. The results in the female specification indicate that, the advance pay option lowers the minimum WTA for maize contracts. Additionally, women farmers who own non-farm business, compared to a male with a non-farm business, have a lower minimum WTA for the maize and beans contracts. The results suggest that if the government considers contractual arrangements between school caterers and local farmers to facilitate the buy-local policy mandate, an advance pay option to women farmers may yield lower premiums for contracted food items.
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Paris, Thelma Romero, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University i Faculty of Social Inquiry. "Bringing women from the margin to the mainstream of rice research and technology development : strategies and lessons learned". THESIS_FSI_SEL_Paris_T.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/455.
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This study discusses the strategies and lessons learned by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in targeting rice research toward poor women.The strategies include socio-economic research on gender issues;technology development for women-specific tasks through participatory research; collaborative research with national agricultural research systems (NARS) and networks; research-oriented training on gender analysis; organization of conferences and workshops on gender issues; recognition of female rice scientists; gender audit of research projects and appointment of a social scientist to coordinate gender-related activities.A revised conceptual framework of farming systems research and gender analysis was used to better understand the complex interrelationship between the environment (physical, socio-economic, cultural), and intra-household dynamics, particularly men and women's roles and responsibilities in rice-based farming systems.Case studies were conducted in the Philippines and eastern India.Improved seed management and adoption of improved glutinous rice varieties showed potential for increasing yields and income.Women's narratives were interwoven within the quantitative analysis to make their voices heard in the story.The most important lesson learned from the author's experience is that targeting research toward poor rural women can be an effective strategy in providing them with choices, opportunities and abilities to enhance their role as food producers. This will hopefully help improve their social and economic statusDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Ngwexana, Tulile. "Access to land and productive resources among female farmers in Stellenbosch: Implications for women’s empowerment and household food". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6695.
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Magister Commercii - MComWomen play an important role in food security. Growing, processing, purchasing, preparing and serving food to their families is a common and distinctive relationship they have to food in most societies in the world. They also play a critical role in food security. Yet, studies show that women are the most vulnerable to household food insecurity. At the heart of women’s differential vulnerability to household food insecurity is their lack of ownership of the means of food production, mainly land. Food is grown on land and access to land for productive purposes is vital for food security, especially for women who have little other means of securing food aside from performing subsistence farming for household food security. Thus, analyzing women experiences of accessing land and productive resources, and the manner in which such access shapes their empowerment and ability to achieve household food security is important. In this dissertation, women’s empowerment refers to a process where women gain the ability to make strategic life choices; I take the position that for women to be empowered, their access to resources, individual capacities and agency must be improved. Thus, this dissertation aims to examine the lived experiences of female farmers in Stellenbosch in terms of access to land and productive resources, and the implications this kind of access has for women’s empowerment and household food security.
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Kinunda, Nives [Verfasser], Rebekka [Akademischer Betreuer] Habermas, Richard [Gutachter] Hoelzl i Albert Sengulo [Gutachter] Mselem. "Negotiating Women`s Labour: Women Farmers, State, and Society in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, 1885-2000 / Nives Kinunda ; Gutachter: Richard Hoelzl; Albert Sengulo Mselem ; Betreuer: Rebekka Habermas". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176808826/34.
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Sebolai, Bridget. "Rural women's participation in commercial farming in Tweespruit". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20466.
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This study assesses the challenges confronted by rural women participating in small-scale commercial farming in Tweespruit, a rural town of the Free State Province. A qualitative, descriptive and explorative study was used for the study, and data was collected using focus group discussions during August 2015. The study found that rural women farmers are extremely challenged, as they are inadequately equipped as farmers, and they do not receive adequate aid from government or other entities, to enable them to turn their form of farming from subsistence farming to a more beneficial, commercialized form of farming. As a result, the study made the following recommendations. Firstly, the government should intensify programmes and strategies aimed at assisting rural women involved in farming activities. Secondly, it should also assist these farmers with training, especially in modern farming technologies, so as to grow their business into a commercialized form of farming. Finally, it was recommended that government facilitates these farmers to obtain funding from foreign donors to further grow their business.
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Lavirotte, Lucy. "Loss and damage from droughts: material and non-material impacts of water scarcity on women farmers in Gugulethu, Cape Town". Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31602.
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Climate change is causing loss and damage (L&D) to those who are unable to adapt to its impacts. Coming from a growing recognition that adaptation to climate change has limits, the concept of L&D is a relative new-comer to the international agenda on climate change. To reduce L&D and compensate for it, the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) first needs to understand what these residual impacts of climate change are. However, the literature on lived-experiences of L&D is limited, especially on non-material L&D which is more difficult to measure. Using Warner et al. (2013) definition of L&D, this study first assesses what material and non-material losses and damages from the Cape Town drought have been on a group of urban-poor women farmers. Then, this research uses a barriers and enablers to adaptation framework to understand how to reduce these losses and damages. This qualitative case-study investigates women farmers’ lived-experiences of L&D during the 2015-2017 drought in Gugulethu, a low-income settlement in Cape Town, to feed into broader debates on ways to reduce L&D in global south cities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six women farmers from the Umthunzi Farming Community and five other actors involved in urban agriculture in Gugulethu. The findings suggest that women farmers in this context are already experiencing L&D, with psychological, physical and social implications which appear to be particularly pertinent to their group. All participants had to reduce or stop farming which led to L&D on their urban agriculture benefits as well as L&D on their institutional trust towards the City of Cape Town. Most of these L&D were non-material. Some of the barriers to adapt and reduce L&D were a lack of external support (from the city and NGOs), a lack of financial capacity to adopt coping measures and a lack of knowledge on the possible coping measures and external support options. Enablers to reduce L&D from the drought were access to support from the Western Cape Department of Agriculture (DoA), higher levels of education, a diversity of livelihoods and a strong network with other farmers. In conclusion it emerged that external support from government departments and NGOs to urban-poor women farmers is important for adapting to the possibility of future droughts. The vulnerability of these women farmers in low-income areas need to be addressed at their roots. These emerging conceptual openings emphasise the importance of exploring lived-experiences of L&D to better reduce the risk of L&D in vulnerable communities. Further research is necessary on compensation for unavoidable L&D, which is beyond the limits of this research.
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Phalane, Manthiba Mary. "Gender, structural adjustment and informal economy sector trade in Africa : A case study of women workers in the informal sector of North West Province, South Africa". Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/608.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Sociology)) --University of Limpopo, 2009The thesis, Gender, Structural Adjustment and Informal Economy Sector Trade in Africa: A Case Study of Women Workers in the Informal Sector of North West Province, South Africa, comprises of five chapters{PRIVATE } CHAPTER 1 is mainly introductory and deals specifically with the general orientation of the study as outlined in the background and problem statement. This chapter presents the motivation for the study, main aim and objectives and the significance of the study. It also deals with methodology and attendant problems. The chapter also addresses stages of research such as research design, population and sampling, data collection techniques, data analysis of this study. Finally the limitations of the study are outlined. CHAPTER 2 comprises the literature background for the study. The literature focuses largely on the theoretical orientation of the study and on the position of women in the economy. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is more general in the sense that it focuses on theorising gender using the gender approach to make a substantive argument. It also focuses on the different definitions of the informal economy sector and the impact of economic reform measures on women in the informal economy sector. This first part further argues the predominance of women in the informal economy sector. Attention in the literature is also focused on women’s employment opportunities in the informal sector and on the marginalization of women through economic reform measures introduced. Such reform measures have been advanced by government means to improve the economy. The second part attempts to illuminate some characteristics of informal work in South Africa. The unit of analysis here is women and their employment or underemployment in the economy. CHAPTER 3 focuses on the effects of macro-economic reform policies on women in the informal economy sector. This chapter discusses the current neo-liberal economic reforms (i.e. Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs); Growth Employment and Redistribution-GEAR) that have been imposed by governments all over Africa and beyond in areas such as Latin America and Asia. The chapter also indicates the negative effects of these on the poor (women in particular) and on why economic reforms have hit women hardest in the mainstream economy and in the informal sector. As a concluding argument and points raised, the chapter argues for alternative policy approaches that could be used as references to means of improving the lot of operators in the informal economy sector, especially with regard to women. The point raised in this chapter is that legislation alone does not change attitudes, traditions, trade relations and power relations. Thus, alternatives from a female perspective are outlined here to position the situation of women in terms of accessing resources in terms of the policy climate in South Africa in particular economically. From this perspective one can understand whether or not there is adequate protection and promotion of women’s rights in the economy. CHAPTER 4 consists of the empirical data for the study. The findings of the study from fieldwork on the impact of neo-liberal GEAR on women in the informal economy sector is reported, analyzed and relevant interpretations are made. The findings in this study are presented as raw totals and in percentages, where useful cross-tabulations are carried out to reflect the relevant data, which influenced the findings.Qualitative data analysis method is used to analyse data from in-depth interviews, audio and visual recordings. The data is coded and variables and their relationships are generated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Key words and phrases are categorised and underlined for the possibility of salient themes and summaries and possible explanatory statements are made. CHAPTER 5 gives a summary of the findings of the study and the implications thereof. A comparative survey of these findings and those discussed in the literature in chapter 2 is made. Finally, a conclusive statement is made and suggestions and recommendations for improving the informal economy sector as a valuable economic entity for women. The conclusion is that the informal economy sector does help to meet the needs of the general low income population while maintaining women’s economic activities to support their families. Thus, change on the thinking and application of socio- economic policies should start by fully refuting the more male oriented economic ideology premise on which current policy approach is based.
Council for the Development of Social Research in Africa (CODESRIA)
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Schmitz, Aline Motter. "O trabalho das mulheres agricultoras familiares na atividade leiteira". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/37.
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On this research it has been analyzed the family farmers women participation on the milky activity. It has been used the patriarch concept for that, which consist in a domination system where there is the man supremacy on the woman. Such system exist as conductor as in social relations as economic and cultural, which the women have a inferior role, as in the public space as private. The Southwest region of Parana, especially the counties of Francisco Beltrão and Salto do Lontra, the objects of research are composed by a family agriculture, colonized from a patriarch and capitalist logic. The agriculture of this region has as base the production of grains from a technological package and the milky production that has become an important income source for the families for the farms since 1990. The milky production, which used to be an activity performed basically by women started being managed by men after the agriculture modernization. The sexual division of work is very intense in a patriarch system and the women are responsible for the daily chores (which demands more time) and the most of the time the work that is not paid ( as the house chores, cooking, taking care of children and elders). Besides to verify the devaluation of women work, it has been realized that the most of the cases are the men who represent the family in public spaces and the decision makings, being as a leader or even as a participant in the courses for technician capacitation. In this sense, although it has been standing out some social and economical advancements, mainly from the women struggles, specifically in the region of Southwest of Parana, through the unions and Women Movements, etc., even so the women were not able to break the patriarchal system of subordination and in the case of farmers they keep on dependents of men, mainly financially, because they are considered the bosses of productive units and most important representative of institutions related to family agriculture.
Nesta pesquisa, procuramos analisar a participação das mulheres agricultoras familiares na atividade leiteira. Para tanto, utilizamos o conceito de patriarcado, o qual consiste em um sistema de dominação, em que há supremacia do homem sobre a mulher. Este sistema vigora como condutor tanto de relações sociais quanto econômicas e culturais, em que as mulheres são relegadas a um papel inferiorizado, tanto no espaço público quanto no privado. A mesorregião Sudoeste Paranaense, em especial os municípios de Francisco Beltrão e Salto do Lontra, objetos de nossa pesquisa, são compostos por uma agricultura familiar, colonizada a partir da lógica capitalista e patriarcal. A agricultura desta mesorregião tem como base a produção de grãos a partir do pacote tecnológico da agricultura e a produção leiteira que se tornou importante fonte de renda para as famílias agricultoras principalmente a partir da década de 1990. A produção leiteira, que era uma atividade desempenhada predominantemente pelas mulheres, após modernização da agricultura e da própria atividade pecuária, passa a ser administrada pelos homens. A divisão sexual do trabalho é intensa no patriarcado e, as mulheres ficam responsáveis pelos trabalhos cotidianos (os quais demandam mais tempo) e pela maior parte do trabalho não remunerado (como na casa, com a alimentação, cuidado de crianças e idosos). Além da onstatação da desvalorização do trabalho da mulher, percebemos que na maioria dos casos são os homens que representam a família nos espaços públicos e de tomadas de decisões, seja como dirigente ou mesmo participantes das entidades representativas. Assim são eles que participam dos cursos de capacitação técnica. Neste sentido, embora destacamos que tenham ocorridos vários avanços sociais e econômicos, principalmente a partir das lutas das mulheres, no caso da mesorregião Sudoeste Paranaense, seja a partir do Movimento Popular de Mulheres, da participação das mulheres no sindicalismo, etc. ainda assim, as mulheres não romperam com o sistema patriarcal de subordinação e, no caso das agricultoras, continuam dependentes dos homens, principalmente financeiramente, pois eles são considerados os chefes das unidades produtivas e os principais representantes das entidades relacionadas a agricultura familiar.
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Byrne, Kenneth. "AN ANALYSIS OF BARRIERS TO THE USE OF THE SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL FOODS PROGRAM FOR WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN (WIC) FARMERS' MARKET NUTRITION PROGRAM". OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/581.
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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in America. There is a significant body of research which has and continues to study the connection between a diet high in fruits and vegetables and the prevention of the leading causes of death in America from chronic disease. One population that doesn't get enough fruits and vegetables are those in poverty. Government programs like the Supplemental Foods Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) were designed to reduce food insecurity in such populations, and the FMNP may have the potential to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. However, redemption rates for participants enrolled in the WIC FMNP were 47% for the state of Illinois. There is a paucity of research on the FMNP; therefore, the goals for this study were to identify potential barriers to redemption of FMNP checks, evaluate the magnitude of agreement between WIC coordinators and WIC participants, and to surmise if perceived barriers vary by ethnicity. This was a mixed methods study which employed focus groups, interviews, and a survey instrument. Surveys were sent to all WIC offices that participated in the FMNP and 2,409 participant surveys and 16 WIC coordinator surveys were analyzed. Mean participants agreement responses all fell in the range of disagreement to barrier statements. WIC coordinators and WIC participants showed significantly different means for barrier statements on 7 of 14 barriers tested (p ≤ 0.05). Response means for barriers varied significantly by ethnicity for all 14 barriers tested (p ≤ 0.05). The results suggest that future studies may need to study other constructs of the Health Belief Model in conjunction with perceived barriers to further contribute to the understanding of low redemption rates for WIC FMNP checks.
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Lamborn, Sandra. "Rural Women and the Consequences of Drought : A case study of how severe droughts can affect female farmers living in Babati District in Northern Tanzania, and how this may reflect a global context". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3715.
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This is a thesis regarding a local event that occurred in Babati district in North-Eastern Tanzania during the autumn of 2009. In the district the period between June-November is normally a dry period, but this year the serenity of the drought was considered as harsher than usual. The majority of the workforce in Tanzania and in Babati is within the agricultural sector, and thus are directly dependant on the weather for the cultivation of the crops. A severe drought that wipes out the larger amount of the yield is devastating for the farmer-households, both socially and economical. The drought in question may or may not have been a result of climate changes, but it can be used as a mirror to future and present events that actually happens due to a changed climate. The reactions and consequences that this drought had on the people who got affected can tell us something about how future changes of the climate, or even temporary fluctuations of the weather, may concern people globally.
My field study confirms the gendered imbalance in resilience against ecological changes, by illuminating how the women-headed households were the group that had been hardest hit of the farmers that I interviewed. This can be connected to a pandemic structure where poor, rural women constitute the most vulnerable group when it comes to ecological catastrophes and changed patterns in weathers and/or climate. The social impacts that the drought had on the inhabitants of Babati in general, and it’s female inhabitants maintaining on agricultural in particular, works as a general example on how people that already constitute a marginalized group in society, are the least resilient when it comes to endure natural catastrophes.
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Toro, Bigboy. "Rural women and the land question in Zimbabwe: the case of Mutasa District". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006945.
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Zimbabwean rural women make significant contribution to agriculture and are the mainstay of the farm labour. Although women do the majority of agricultural work, men, for the most part continue to own the land, control women‟s labour and make agricultural decisions supported by patriarchal social systems. Thus, rural women faced difficulties than men in gaining access to land under Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Women‟s relationship with land is therefore through husbands, fathers, brothers or sons. Therefore, this study has undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of land distribution programme with respect to its contribution to women‟s empowerment in the study area. The Gender and Development approach was employed to assess women access to land under the FTLRP. Such an approach to rural development can help in reducing the gender gap between women and men in order to achieve gender-balanced development. The study used qualitative research methodology where semi-structured interviews gather data from women in Mutasa District. Findings indicate that there are a number of challenges and constraints that are experienced by rural women under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme which include male land registration, no access to credit, inadequate government input support, lack of government laws and policies awareness on women land rights, shortage of farm implements and irrigation water supply and lack of agriculture training. On the other hand, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household. It was generally assumed that the programme did not improve women access to land. To improve women access to land, in future, the study recommends that a serious intervention by the state should occur coupled with the revitalization of the programme and a paradigm shift towards an effective food security programme which emphasizes women and their important role in agriculture.
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Souza, Wanessa Alves Pereira de. "A participação das mulheres na agroecologia". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/178.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-07This study aims to visualize the work performed by women in agriculture. Part assumption that live in a society patriarchal, activities in the life of reproduction are considered less important by do not generate direct income. It has the objective of presenting the reality of rural women workers and the importance of his work for food security and agroecology. Thus verifying, the context of agrarian issues experienced by them; identifying women's access to public policies; confirming the work performed by them; by viewing their forms of agricultural production; and ascertaining conception of agroecology and feminism by women. To analyze this context was used the method of qualitative research. Within the agricultural universe, was only researched women, aiming to evidence their looks over the reality. The research shows that women are being impacted by the agribusiness model and that still find difficult to advance in production in their territories by the difficult access to public policies. Women's work within the production is directed to the subsistence of the family, not being recognized as an indirect source of income; the same is based on an ecologically-based production, generating a diversity of products that ensures the family food security. It is concluded that there is a difference of reality between women that are inserted or not in social organizations; that still facing the limitations caused by the sexual division of labor; and that their work makes a significant contribution in ensuring food security and in the construction of agroecology.
Este estudo busca visibilizar os trabalhos executados pelas mulheres na agricultura. Parte do pressuposto de que vivemos em uma sociedade patriarcal, em que as atividades de reprodução da vida são consideradas como menos importantes por não gerarem renda direta. Possui como objetivo apresentar a realidade das mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e a importância de seu trabalho para a segurança alimentar e para a agroecologia. Verificando assim, o contexto da questão agrária vivida por elas; identificando o acesso das mulheres às políticas públicas; comprovando o trabalho executado por elas; visibilizando suas formas de produção agrícola; e averiguando a concepção de agroecologia e feminismo pelas mulheres. Para analisar este contexto utilizou-se o método da pesquisa qualitativa. Dentro do universo agrícola, foram pesquisadas somente as mulheres, tendo como objetivo evidenciar seus olhares sobre a realidade. A pesquisa mostra que as mulheres vêm sendo impactadas pelo modelo do agronegócio e que ainda encontram dificuldades de avançarem na produção em seus territórios pelo difícil acesso às politicas públicas. Seu trabalho dentro da produção é direcionado para a subsistência da família, não sendo reconhecido como uma fonte de renda indireta; o mesmo se baseia em uma produção de base ecológica, gerando uma diversidade de produtos que garante a segurança alimentar da família. Conclui-se que existe uma diferença de realidade entre mulheres conforme estejam inseridas ou não em organizações sociais; que ainda enfrentam as limitações advindas da divisão sexual do trabalho; e que seu trabalho contribui de forma significativa na garantia da segurança alimentar e na construção da agroecologia.
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Arisunta, Caroline. "Women, land rights and HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: the case of Zvimba communal area in Mashonaland West Province". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/233.
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This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure system. It examines how the changes in land tenure, access and rights to land as a consequence of HIV/AIDS are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty, with a specific focus on women who have lost their husbands to HIV/AIDS in Zvimba. Zvimba is a village community located in Zvimba District in the Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The study also discusses policy responses designed to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on local communities especially women living with HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the vulnerability of widows to land rights violations, mainly inflicted by relatives but sometimes by the wider community. The main form of abuse encountered included the use of abusive language, threats of evictions and at times, beatings. The legal route for seeking redress was rarely used. Fear of witchcraft, low educational levels and fear of causing conflict between children and their paternal relatives also led widows to abandon the fight for their rights. The study further reveals that widows are heavily exposed to dispossession of their land rights. HIV/AIDS has increased the vulnerability of widows and other women to threats and dispossession of their land and other property rights. Dispossession of arable fields was observed in the four wards. The dispossessions and threats to livelihoods were directly related to the HIV positive status of the widows. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant role that male members of the household or family have over land. Thus, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household.
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Verbowski, Vashti Carmell. "The effect of plant-based homestead food production with and without small-scale aquaculture on dietary intake of women farmers and their children in Prey Veng, Cambodia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55088.
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In 2011-2013, 15.4% of the Cambodian population was undernourished, compared to <5% in Canada. The Cambodian diet is rice-based and low in nutrient-dense animal-source foods. Homestead food production (HFP) and aquaculture are potential interventions to improve dietary intake. However, we lack comprehensive evidence that these interventions improve intake. Using a cluster randomized control trial, I aimed to determine whether women and children receiving HFP with or without aquaculture have higher intakes or lower prevalence of inadequate intakes of select nutrients, compared to controls in Prey Veng, Cambodia. Ninety villages of ten households each (n=900) were randomized to: HFP, HFP plus aquaculture, or control. After 22-months of intervention, interviewers collected 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) from women 18-50 y (n=429) and children 6 m-7 y (n=421). Repeat 24HRs were collected (n=139) to allow for adjustment of within-person variation in intake (using PC-SIDE software). Mean nutrient intakes were compared using generalized estimating equations (GEE) models. Prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was compared by applying the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method or probability approach and using GEE models. After intervention, women in the HFP group had higher mean intakes of zinc (+1.0 mg) and vitamin A (+139 Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE)), compared to controls (p<0.05). Women in the HFP plus aquaculture group had higher mean intakes of vitamin A (+191 RAE) and iron (+2.7 mg), and lower prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake (-19%) and iron intake at 10% bioavailability (-7%) and 5% bioavailability (-2%) levels, compared to controls (p<0.05). Among groups of children and between the HFP and HFP plus aquaculture groups for both women and children, there were no significant differences in nutrient intakes or prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. This research provides evidence that intervention with HFP in Cambodia results in higher zinc and vitamin A intakes, and intervention with HFP plus aquaculture results in higher vitamin A and iron intakes and reduced prevalence of inadequate vitamin A and iron intakes among women, compared to controls. Future research should assess the impact of these changes on clinical outcomes, the effect of seasonal changes on intake, and the feeding relationship between women and children.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Lubira-Bagenda, Faith-Mary. "Land-grabbing, Women and Food : An Investigation of Developmental Projects and Their Impact on Women’s Right to Food and Participation". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444045.
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There has been a surge in demand for arable land as a resource for agricultural production for food and energy purposes. This surge can be attributed to increases in global food prices, climate change, population pressure, and escalating energy prices. The search for land has given rise to the practice of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA). Due to misconceptions and old colonial views of land in Africa, the continent has become the most targeted region for these land acquisitions. The establishment of these projects in Africa is justified in the name of development. Paradoxically, LSLA has left local communities, especially women, in a more disadvantageous position than before. This qualitative study explores and relates LSLA to the right to food and participation. The thesis also critically engages with SDG – 2 to examine if large-scale projects comply with the goal’s purpose. This thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon of LSLA and how they impact women’s right to food and participation. The author has used qualitative content analysis as a method and relied on peer-reviewed studies on women and land-grabbing in three different countries. Compared to the previous research, the thesis results showed that the impacts of LSLA are gendered and have had severe consequences on women and their access and right to food. The support for business interests that are permeated in SDG – 2 has, based on the cases examined, also exacerbated rather than alleviated hunger which does not comply with the purpose of the goal.
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Gatonye, Margaret. "Social Inclusivity and Equitable Development: Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture in Rural Communities of Kenya". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1586540674871228.
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Maduekwe, Ebelechukwu [Verfasser], Vries Walter Timo [Akademischer Betreuer] de, Vries Walter Timo [Gutachter] de, Stephan [Gutachter] Pauleit, Gertrud [Gutachter] i Buchenrieder [Gutachter]. "Examining the Economic Impact of Human Recognition for Women Farmers in Malawi / Ebelechukwu Maduekwe ; Gutachter: Walter Timo de Vries, Stephan Pauleit, Gertrud, Buchenrieder ; Betreuer: Walter Timo de Vries". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1210163683/34.
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Silva, Gabriela Bernardes. "Mulheres na agricultura familiar: terra, trabalho e família na comunidade ribeirão no município de Catalão (GO)". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6038.
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The modernization of agriculture around the 1970s, mainly in the state of Goias, reaches the big landowners. In this sense, farmers use several strategies to live and keep on the countryside. This terminology adopted for our work is characterized by rural production units, structured in family work, which are identified by the relationship between land, labor and family. Man has the provider function; “head of household”, while woman is reserved to the private and domestic sphere, and even performing activities on the production sphere , these are considered as “help”. It has constant been the adoption of different social and economic strategies by family rural production units, which has enabled women in contribution to the permanence of families in the countryside. The patriarchal culture, that is inserted both in the way of thinking of men and women, contributes to the view that the woman workplace is on the domestic sphere, linked to care with family and home, characterizing work in production as complementary. This research aims to understanding the main characteristics of family farming and analyze the woman participation in Ribeirao community in the Catalan municipality, (GO).Throughout the research were characterized men and women work. For qualitative analysis, were used data tabulations through forms with 18 farmers (the) family in field research. In addition, statistical and census data in (IBGE – Catalan Agency) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and(SEGPLAN) Secretary of State for Management and Planning Goias, were important in intuition to meet the economic and social realities of the municipality. From the (SIAB) Primary Care Information System linked to Municipal Catalan Health we collect data and information related to the community being studied as population characteristics. This system is developed from the data or information (PACS) Community Health Agents Program. On the women's work consider that out is the space of the man who produces the food it out to the market. In addition to the gender hierarchy related to the spaces , the spaces related to work. For the sexual division of labor in agriculture shows that women occupy a subordinate position and their work is seen to help, even when they work as much as men and even performing the same activities.
A modernização da agricultura por volta da década de 1970, principalmente no estado de Goiás, atinge os grandes proprietários. Nesse sentido, os(as) pequenos(as) agricultores(as) utilizam várias estratégias para viverem e permanecerem no campo. Essa terminologia adotada para nosso trabalho se caracteriza pelas unidades de produção rural, estruturadas no trabalho familiar, que se identificam pela relação entre terra, trabalho e família. O homem tem a função de provedor; “chefe da família”, enquanto a mulher é reservada à esfera do privado; doméstico, e mesmo exercendo atividades na esfera produtiva, estas são consideradas como “ajuda”. Tem sido constante a adoção de diferentes estratégias sociais e econômicas pelas unidades de produção rural familiar, o que tem viabilizado as mulheres nas quais contribuem para a permanência das famílias no campo. A cultura patriarcal, que está inserida tanto no modo de pensar dos homens quanto das mulheres, contribui para a visão de que o lugar do trabalho da mulher é na esfera doméstica, ligado aos cuidados com a família e a casa, caracterizando o trabalho na produção como complementar. Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as principais características da agricultura familiar e analisar a participação da mulher na comunidade Ribeirão, no município de Catalão (GO). Para a análise qualitativa, foram utilizadas tabulações de dados através de formulários com 18 agricultores(as) familiares em pesquisa de campo. Além disso, dados estatísticos e censitários no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE - Agência Catalão) e na Secretaria de Estado de Gestão e Planejamento Goiás (SEGPLAN), foram importantes no intuito de se conhecer as realidades econômicas e sociais do município. A partir do Sistema de Informação de Atenção Básica (SIAB) vinculada a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Catalão que obtemos dados e informações referentes à comunidade em estudo como as características da população. Esse sistema é elaborado a partir dos dados e informações do Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (PACS). Ao longo as pesquisa foram caracterizados o trabalho dos homens e o trabalho das mulheres. Sobre o trabalho feminino consideramos que fora é o espaço do homem, que produz os alimentos pra fora para o mercado. Além da hierarquização de gênero relacionado aos espaços, também os espaços relacionados ao trabalho. Pois, a divisão sexual do trabalho na agricultura nos mostra que as mulheres ocupam uma posição subordinada e seu trabalho é visto como ajuda, mesmo quando trabalham tanto quanto os homens e inclusive realizando as mesmas atividades.
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Vestling, Veronika, i Viktoria Forsberg. "The livelihoods of female seaweed farmers : A study about women's experiences of old and new techniques of seaweed farming on Zanzibar, Tanzania". Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40719.
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Seaweed has been hit hard by climate change around the world. The island of Zanzibar, which is the world’s third biggest exporter of seaweed, is one of the places where seaweed is affected. 80 percent of the seaweed farmers on Zanzibar are women who are directly affected by climate change since they are making a living from seaweed farming. New efforts to tackle the impact of climate change on seaweed has been made on Zanzibar through the SEA PoWer project which is a new technique of growing seaweed and enables twenty-four female seaweed farmers to grow in deep and cooler waters instead of the more traditional way which is in shallow waters. The aim of this study is to, from a livelihood perspective, examine women’s experiences and perceptions of the old versus the new techniques of farming seaweed on Zanzibar, Tanzania. The research questions for this study focus on finding out the women’s experiences and perceptions of the changes in the techniques in relation to opportunities for livelihoods through seaweed farming. Furthermore, this study investigates if women experience conflicts of interest with men regarding the use of ocean space. Semi-structured interviews with eleven women who have used the new technique of growing seaweed were conducted and the results was analyzed in the light of previous research, through the definitions of livelihood and gender, and the theoretical concept of feminist political ecology. The result has shown that all women experienced improvements in their livelihoods through the new technique of seaweed farming. One clear improvement was that there were no negative health effects when using the new technique. The study also found that there are no conflicts of interest between men and women regarding the use of ocean space when using the new technique of seaweed farming. The women had a positive view on the future and had high expectations, they had already noticed positive effects on their livelihoods in form of social, human, physical capital and health.