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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Women's Centre (Bombay, India)"
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GOODALL, HEATHER, i DEVLEENA GHOSH. "Reimagining Asia: Indian and Australian women crossing borders". Modern Asian Studies 53, nr 04 (7.12.2018): 1183–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000920.
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AbstractThe decades from the 1940s to the 1960s were ones of increasing contacts between women of India and Australia. These were not built on a shared British colonial history, but on commitments to visions circulating globally of equality between races, sexes, and classes. Kapila Khandvala from Bombay and Lucy Woodcock from Sydney were two women who met during such campaigns. Interacting roughly on an equal footing, they were aware of each other's activism in the Second World War and the emerging Cold War. Khandvala and Woodcock both made major contributions to the women's movements of their countries, yet have been largely forgotten in recent histories, as have links between their countries. We analyse their interactions, views, and practices on issues to which they devoted their lives: women's rights, progressive education, and peace. Their beliefs and practices on each were shaped by their respective local contexts, although they shared ideologies that were circulating internationally. These kept them in contact over many years, during which Kapila built networks that brought Australians into the sphere of Indian women's awareness, while Lucy, in addition to her continuing contacts with Kapila, travelled to China and consolidated links between Australian and Chinese women in Sydney. Their activist world was centred not in Western Europe, but in a new Asia that linked Australia and India. Our comparative study of the work and interactions of these two activist women offers strategies for working on global histories, where collaborative research and analysis is conducted in both colonizing and colonized countries.
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Zecchini, Laetitia. "Practices, Constructions and Deconstructions of “World Literature” and “Indian Literature” from the PEN All-India Centre to Arvind Krishna Mehrotra". Journal of World Literature 4, nr 1 (6.03.2019): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00401005.
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Abstract This essay explores two different ways by which ideas and “problems” of the “world,” “India,” “Indian literature,” and “world literature” were experienced, discussed, translated, imagined and remade in specific spaces like Bombay or journals such as The Indian PEN. I focus on one relatively formalized organization, the PEN All-India Centre, which was founded in Bombay in 1933 as the Indian branch of International PEN, and on a contemporary poet, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, and the informal network of writers and artists close to him. Through the widely different agendas, practices, concerns, contexts and forms of writer collectivization which I outline in this essay, the PEN All-India Centre in the 1940s and 1950s, and the Bombay poets of the 1960s did try to eat the corners of the world and of world literature away. They aimed to break on the world stage, reclaimed an “India” that included what was non-Indian, and put forward, through translation and a cut-and-paste “collation” of the world and world literature, an idea of internationalism and interconnectedness where provincialism was the enemy. By discussing the situated, critical, and imaginative processes of reworlding that were at stake, and the struggles they gave rise to in the case of the PEN All-India Centre, I explore how these writers also put forward defiant practices of cosmopolitanism that reallocated the Eastern and the Western, the peripheral and the significant.
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Sen, Samita. "“Without His Consent?”: Marriage and Women's Migration in Colonial India". International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (kwiecień 2004): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000067.
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An examination of the diverse patterns of women's migration challenges abiding stereotypes of Indian history: the urban worker as a male “peasant-proletariat” and women as inhabiting a timeless rural past. When men opted for circulation between town and country, wives and children undertook the actual labor of cultivation for the survival of “peasant-proletariat” households. Men retained their status as heads of the family and, even though absent for long periods, their proprietary interests in the village. Yet towards the end of the nineteenth century, many unhappy, deserted, and barren wives, widows, and other women were able to escape to the burgeoning cities of Calcutta and Bombay and the coal mines, where they experienced new processes of social and economic marginalization.Much attention has been given to women's migration to overseas colonies and the Assam teagardens. Such migration has been seen as doubly negative, not only harnessing women to the exploitative contract regimes, but also subjecting them to sexual violation. A general assumption is that women were deceived, decoyed and even “kidnapped,” since there was no possibility of “voluntary” migration by women. Such a view of women's recruitment was produced by a variety of interests opposed to women's, especially married women's, migration, and eventually influenced the colonial state to legally prohibit, in 1901, women's “voluntary” migration to Assam plantations. This provision was an explicit endorsement of male claims on women's labor within the family.
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Bird, Emma. "A platform for poetry: The PEN All-India Centre and a Bombay poetry scene". Journal of Postcolonial Writing 53, nr 1-2 (4.03.2017): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2017.1282927.
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Špinar, Zdeněk V., i Marcela Hodrová. "New knowledge of the genus Indobatrachus (Anura) from the Lower Eocene of India". Amphibia-Reptilia 6, nr 4 (1985): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00353.
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AbstractNew finds of Indobatrachus pusillus (Owen, 1847) from the Bombay (India) region are described. Some hitherto unknown skeletal elements have been revealed which render more precise the systematic position of this species. Other recently described Indobatrachus species are shown to be synonyms of I. pusillus. The opinion of Noble (1930) and Lynch (1971) on the systematic position of Indobatrachus in the subfamily Myobatrachinae of the family Leptodactylidae is confirmed. New ideas on the paleogeography of the genus Indobatrachus and its probable spread from the supposed centre of origin during the Mesozoic are presented.
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Jammulamadaka, Nimruji. "Bombay textile mills: exploring CSR roots in colonial India". Journal of Management History 22, nr 4 (12.09.2016): 450–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-07-2016-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the Bombay textile mills of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to provide an account of the roots of business–society relationship in India and contribute to postcolonial perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This search is premised on the understanding that India has embarked on industrialisation from a set of productive relations that differ from European feudalism. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study have been obtained from published works on Bombay Textile Mills such as Chandavarkar (1994, 2008), Morris (1965), Wolcott (2008) and Clark (1999) and some Annual Reports of Bombay Mill Owners Association. Further Kydd (1920) has been used for history of factory legislation in India. Findings Evidence suggests that practices in mills were informed by notions of custom and fairness, which resulted in flexible hours, socially acceptable wage outcomes and work sharing. Individual reputations built through use of discretion within networks of patronage spanned both workplace and neighbourhood, interlinking the social, ethical, political and economic lives of owners, jobbers and workers. Jobbers’ authority was earned in return for providing support to a production process, mirroring Birla’s (2009) “layered sovereignty” differing markedly from delegated managerial authority. Workers’ share in surplus value was important along with autonomy, both of which were negotiated through customary networks and protest. Research limitations/implications The paper suggests that a postcolonial approach to CSR implies an expansive notion of responsibility that goes beyond a Western focus on wages to encompass worker autonomy and countervailing power. Postcolonial accounts of CSR history can only be understood as emerging from a triadic interaction of imperial interest, subordinated native business and native societal relationships. This contrasts with conventional approaches that look at CSR’s emergence simply as a process internal to that society. Account of Indian CSR trajectory is in part a journey of native business from responsible practices to a messy tessellation of legal exploitation and illegal customary concerns. Practical implications The findings of this paper suggest that it is possible that customary practices of care and concern might still be surviving in Indian business even if only in the illegal and informal realm. Thus CSR programs in the Indian context might be useful to bring to centre stage these customary practices. Originality/value This study documents the evolution of business–society relations in a post-colonial context and shows how they are different from the Western trajectory.
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Patel, Vikram. "A view from the road: experiences in four continents". Psychiatric Bulletin 18, nr 8 (sierpień 1994): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.8.500.
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Since graduating from medical school eight years ago, I have had the chance of experiencing clinical psychiatry in four countries on four continents; Bombay and Goa, India, my home, where I trained in medicine and began my psychiatric training; Oxford and London, United Kingdom, where I acquired a taste for academic psychiatry and completed my clinical training; Sydney, Australia, where I worked in a liaison unit in a large general hospital and a community mental health centre; and now, Harare, Zimbabwe, where I am conducting a two year study on traditional concepts of mental illness and the role of traditional healers and other care providers in primary mental health care.
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JONES, JUSTIN. "‘Acting upon our Religion’: Muslim women's movements and the remodelling of Islamic practice in India". Modern Asian Studies 55, nr 1 (2.03.2020): 40–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1900043x.
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AbstractIn the last 15 years, India has witnessed the expression of a variety of new non-conformist religious practices performed by Muslim women. A range of vibrant campaigns has been pioneered by Muslim women's associations, asserting women's claims to hold and lead congregational prayers, enter and manage mosques, visit shrines, officiate Muslim marriages, and issue shari‘ah-based legal decisions. This article explores the twin questions of why these experimental remodellings of women's Islamic observance and leadership have been so pronounced in the Indian context compared with much of the Islamic world, and furthermore, why Muslim women's rights activists have put such confessional matters at the centre of their work. Exploring a series of specific female-led assertions of religious agency centring upon mosques, shari‘ah councils, and a Sufi shrine, the article argues that India's variant of ‘secularism’, which has normalized the state's non-intervention in religious institutions and laws, has given women the freedom to embark upon overhauls of Islamic conventions denied to their counterparts elsewhere. Simultaneously, this same framework for handling religious questions has historically given intra-community and clerical voices particular influence in regulating Muslim community affairs and family laws, compelling activists to seek women's empowerment in individual and local community contexts to further their objectives, including through the assertion of experimental forms of religious conduct.
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Mishra, Debasish, Pankaj Parida, Smita Mahapatra i Binay Bhusan Sahoo. "Resolving blood group discrepancy in patients of tertiary care centre in Odisha, India". International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, nr 7 (25.06.2018): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182815.
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Background: Blood grouping consists of both forward grouping; reverse grouping and both procedures should agree with each other.A blood group discrepancy exists when results of red cell testing do not agree with serum testing, usually due to unexpected negative or positive results in either forward or reverse typing. ABO and Rh blood group discrepancy is associated with incompatible transfusion reaction.Blood group discrepancy should be resolved before transfusion and blood group to be properly labeled to prevent transfusion reaction.Methods: A prospective study was carried in SCB blood bank which is under the Department of Transfusion Medicine, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha from January 2015 to October-2016. Total 25,559 blood samples of patients were included in the study and hemolysed samples excluded. The ABO and Rh D typing was done by tube technique using monoclonal IgM (Tulip Diagnostic P Ltd.) Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D and pooled A, B and O cell.Results: A total of 25,559 blood group testing were done where we found 57 blood group discrepancies with overall frequency was 0.22%. Out of 57 discrepancies we were found 20 (35.09%) cases of technical error and 37 (64.91%) cases of sample related error. Among these sample related problems, we found weak/missing antibody, weak antigen expression, rouleaux, cold autoantibodies, cold alloantibodies, Bombay phenotype with the frequency of 13.51%, 2.70%, 2.70%, 54.06%, 8.11%, 18.92% respectively.Conclusions: Mistyping either a donor or a recipient can lead to transfusion with ABO-incompatible blood, which can result in severe hemolysis and may even result in the death of the recipient. Any discrepancy between forward and reverse blood grouping methods should be resolved before transfusion of blood components.
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YILDIZ, HATICE. "PARALLELS AND CONTRASTS IN GENDERED HISTORIES OF INDUSTRIAL LABOUR IN BURSA AND BOMBAY 1850–1910". Historical Journal 60, nr 2 (8.11.2016): 443–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000340.
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AbstractTextile manufacturing in India and the Ottoman Empire transformed fundamentally in the nineteenth century, when mass-produced goods imported from Europe permeated local markets. Faced with increasing competition from abroad, local producers changed their techniques, materials, designs, and target customers. At the same time, processing industries emerged in places with intense mercantile activity, introducing new meanings, relations, and patterns of work. This article investigates the role played by gender in the shaping of labour markets and class politics in two export-oriented industries that developed simultaneously: the silk-reeling industry in Bursa and the cotton-spinning industry in Bombay. It shows that the secondary economic value attributed to women's work, combined with rural connections of workers, brought down wages and subsidized capitalist profits in both sectors. Within the emerging industrial workforce, ideas about appropriate roles for women and men provided the vocabulary and constituted boundaries of class politics. Bringing gender into the debate of industrial development and class, the article reveals parallels and contrasts in two non-European settings that are rarely compared in the existing historiographies.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Women's Centre (Bombay, India)"
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Runkle, Susan Catherine Wadley Susan Snow. "Becoming cosmopolitan Constructing gender and power in post-liberalization Bombay (India) /". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Women's Centre (Bombay, India)"
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(Bombay, India) Women's Centre. The last five years. [Bombay: Women's Centre], 1985.
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Majlis, (Organization :. Bombay India) Legal Centre. Access to justice: District lawyer's initiative, a Majlis Legal Centre project. Mumbai: Majlis Legal Centre, 2007.
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Neera, Desai, i Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University. Research Centre for Women's Studies., red. A Decade of women's movement in India: Collection of papers presented at a seminar organized by Research Centre for Women's Studies, S.N.D.T. University, Bombay. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House, 1988.
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Bombay Metropolitan Regional Development Authority. i Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design., red. International Finance and Business Centre, Bandra-Kurla Complex, Bombay. Ahmedabad: The Foundation, 1994.
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Raj, Maithreyi Krishna. The first women's studies centre in India: A quarter century saga. Mumbai: Research Centre for Women's Studies, SNDT Women's University, 2001.
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Centre for Women's Development Studies (New Delhi, India), red. Confronting myriad oppressions: Voices from the women's movement in India : report of a consultation in Bombay, 7-9 January 1994. New Delhi: Centre for Women's Development Studies, 1995.
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National Symposium on Metallography and NDT, Interactions in Materials Evaluation (1986 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre). National Symposium on Metallography and NDT, Interactions in Materials Evaluation, February 19-21, 1986, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay. Bombay: Library & Information Services, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1986.
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Pumps, Valves &. Process Equipment Expo (2014 Mumbai India). Strategic report on pumps, valves & process equipment: Pumps, Valves & Process Equipment Expo 2014, 9-11 October 2014, Bombay Exhibition Center, Mumbai, India : concurrent exhibition, INDIA CHEM 2014, October 9-11, 2014, Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai, India. New Delhi: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, 2014.
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Centre for Women's Development Studies (New Delhi, India). The first six years and forward. New Delhi: Centre for Women's Development Studies, 1987.
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Saheli Women's Resource Centre (New Delhi, India), red. 25 years of continuity-- and change. New Delhi: Saheli, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Women's Centre (Bombay, India)"
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Bharti, Dr Sarita. "DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN'S STUDIES". W Futuristic Trends in Social Sciences Volume 3 Book 20, 132–36. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bbso20p7ch3.
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The inception of Women's Studies in India has a distinctive historical significance. The genesis of this phenomenon may be attributed not just to influential people but also to the historical context in which it emerged. The establishment of its site at the esteemed SNOT Women's University in Mumbai was spearheaded by Dr. Neera Desai, a distinguished Professor of Sociology at the institution above. The author's research on women's problems in her Master's thesis, together with her active participation in the women's movement, provided her with the necessary foundation to conceptualize the idea that a women's university should not only focus on teaching women various academic subjects but also participate in critical analysis of the status and experiences of women. The same objective drove the establishment of the Research Centre for Women's Studies in 1974 as the publication of the report on equality by the Government of India occurred one year later. An educationist first initiated the establishment of the institution. Shri Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded a generous contribution by the businessman Shri Damodar Thackersey, resulting in the institution being christened SNDT Women's University in honour of his mother, ShrimathiNathibai Damodar Thackersey. This centre was established by capable and visionary executives at the university, who played a leading role in its growth. As a result, the centre has emerged as a prominent advocate for addressing women's concerns
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Sehgal, Manu. "Organizing Warfare and Diplomacy in Western India, 1778–83". W Creating an Early Colonial Order, 1–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124502.003.0001.
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This chapter examines the origins of a distinctive system of organizing military conquest in the final quarter of the eighteenth century. It seeks to de-centre the study of politics and military contestation by looking at the war against the Marathas (1778–82) from the vantage point of the region most directly affected by it—the western peninsular territory of the Bombay presidency. The advantage in shifting the focus away from the politically dominant Bengal presidency allows identification of a critical component in the political economy of conquest—the transfer of political authority from a civilian council to the commander of a military force. This shift in political power was essential to the success of the EIC regime of conquest even as it became a perennial source of conflict within the governing structures of the Company state. The debate and dissension that accompanied the deployment of military force both enabled the success of the machine of war and characterized the creation of a distinctive early colonial ideology of rule that subverted civilian control of the military.
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Ahluwalia, Sanjam. "“Tyranny of Orgasm”". W Global History of Sexual Science, 1880-1960. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293373.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the global governance of sexuality from the 1930s to the 1950s through a close textual reading of the discussions on female orgasms in the International Journal of Sexology (IJS), issued from Bombay between August 1947 and August 1955, with A. P. Pillay as editor in chief. The IJS featured views by contributors from India, Europe, and the United States about the “authenticity, normality, abnormality, of women's orgasms.” While some participants were sexual scientists, the public, especially women themselves, also shared their opinions in the form of letters and commentary. The chapter considers some of the issues addressed in the IJS in relation to female orgasm, including women's frigidity, pregnancy, female sterility, and miscarriage. It shows that the story of sexology was a global rather than an exclusively modern “Western” scientific enterprise.
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Parry, Jonathan. "Striving for Leverage in Baghdad". W Promised Lands, 80–110. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181899.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the main eastern Ottoman province: the pashalik of Baghdad. Its capital city was the centre of road and river communications to the Persian Gulf, Persia, Syria, and Kurdistan, and a great Asian commercial mart. The chapter argues that no Ottoman town east of the Levant could match Baghdad's strategic, political, and economic importance. The chapter also assesses how British officials in Bombay valued the Gulf for its extensive trade, on which their revenues relied. It then introduces Samuel Manesty, son of a Liverpool slave trader, who became the dominant British figure in the Gulf by building extensive trade networks with Bombay. The chapter then jumps to recount the concerns of the Indian government in Calcutta about the region, especially the potential role of Persia in any European attack on India—by France or by Russia, which was manifestly extending its informal influence in northern Persia. Ultimately, the chapter considers the idea of possessing an island in the Gulf—Qishm, or Hormuz, or Kharaq further north, near Bushehr. Though this island strategy was always contentious, the underlying argument for a strong British naval presence in the Gulf was not.
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Little, I. M. D. "Indian Planning, Africa, and Aid (I958-I965)". W Collection and Recollections, 75–81. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198295242.003.0009.
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Abstract The original MIT India Project team consisted of only three members: George Rosen, who was already working closely with the Reserve Bank in Bombay, and Trevor Swan and myself, who were established with an office in New Delhi. Our terms of reference agreed with the Government (that is, the Planning Commission) were very vague, but I think we were supposed to galvanize empir¬ical economic research in liaison with four existing institutions: the National Council of Applied Economic Research under Dr Lokanathan, the Economic Growth Centre of the Delhi School of Economics under V. K. R. V. Rao (both in Delhi), the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta under P. C. Mahalanobis, and the Gokhale Institute in Poona under Dr Gadgil. These terms of reference were totally unrealistic for reasons of time, distance, personality, and lack of any research material. Outside government there were almost no up-to-date figures for anything, and we had neither the time (Swan and I were in India for only nine months) nor the resources to create data. Nor was this what we were sup¬ posed to do.
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Desmond, Ray. "Sir William Jones". W The European Discovery of the Indian Flora, 52–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546849.003.0005.
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Abstract In the summer of 1793 William Roxburgh was summoned to Calcutta to be considered for the post of the first salaried Superintendent of its botanical garden. The English flag had been hoisted over a small settlement on the banks of the River Hooghly in Bengal in 1690 and within a century Calcutta’s population had swollen to half a million. Its trade had outstripped the ports of the Coromandel coast and when Surat, once the dominant commercial centre of all India, was weakened by internal wars, its position became unassailable. The East India Company created a Georgian city on a former malarial swamp. The Victorians, admiring its broad roads fronting large mansions with classical facades, stuccoed and whitewashed, and set in smooth lawns with shrubberies and shadegiving trees, called it the City of Palaces. But it was also a city of contrasts: European elegance was surrounded by open drains, mud huts, and the stench and filth of narrow streets in crowded bazaars. Parliament’s Regulating Act of 1773 elevated the Governor of Bengal, Warren Hastings, to Governor-General with authority over the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay. Calcutta became the seat of the Government of British India and the location of the new Supreme Court of Judicature. It boasted theatres, an orchestra and choir that performed Handel’s Messiah to home-sick Britons, a race-course, and a learned society presided over by (Sir) William Jones (1746-94).
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Baral, S. K., Durga Madhab Mahapatra i Soumendra Kumar Patra. "Facets of the Gender Gap in Labour Force Participation and Economic Empowerment Disruption". W Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 146–61. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8258-9.ch009.
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According to Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) data, the average employment for January 2019-March 2020 was 403 million, which declined to 282 million in April 2020 and recovered steadily thereafter to reach 393million by August 2020. In India, female labour force participation is abysmally poor and has declined over the years, despite a rise in education. The causes for this are complex and, aside from objective factors, include a whole variety of social and cultural aspects. One of the factors causing this is the social mentality of women becoming homemakers. Furthermore, the scarcity of schooling and work-oriented courses, the lack of mobility, and sexism in the workplace have been deterrents to women's access to the public workspace. Therefore, initiatives that aim to fix this void need to be holistic. Legislation alone is not enough, and to close this gap, all stakeholders should join hands. The chapter attempts to analyse facets of the gender gap in labour force participation and economic empowerment disruption through the pandemic.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Women's Centre (Bombay, India)"
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Goyal, Anubhav. "ESTRATEGIAS Y ENFOQUES PERTINENTES AL ESPACIO PÚBLICO PARA HACER FRENTE A LAS INUNDACIONES". W Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10153.
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Climate change and disasters are fast emerging as the most defining challenge of the 21st century as global risk. Changes in many extreme weather and climate events have been observed and linked with human influences, including an increase in extreme high sea levels and an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events. About 70 percent of the coastlines worldwide are projected to experience sea level change within 20 percent of the global mean. India, a developing country of global south and a major global contributor, is among the first ten countries in climate risk index. The country is witnessing average sea level rise of 1.7 mm/ year with rising sea projections in coastal cities. Further, India host a large percentage of urban population living in slums. Dharavi slum, Asia's biggest slum, located in the centre of Mumbai along the coast, host a population of more than a million in just 2.1 square kilometre. Slums are located at land which is usually unsuitable for formal development, being the low lying marshy areas along the river basins or coastal mangroves. As a direct cause, the physical location of the slums in developing world, makes them at a greater risk of flooding. Urban slums of metropolitan Mumbai, Kolkata and Surat in India, along with many others, are vulnerable to flooding. The present policy framework lack in providing for climate resilience and has thus compelled the slum dwellers to adapt to the risk of flooding with local community based measures involving public space retrofits.
The paper assess these adaptation measures and strategies from different coastal urban slums in India and aims to create a theoretical framework of measures and elements. Case study analysis approach is used to generate for adaptation strategies and presented in the parameters (type – time – role – intent and scale of adaptation). Results showcases a framework of adaptive and mitigation measures pertinent to local participation and public space retrofits for coastal urban slums. It enables the generation of a typology, lexicon of measures and elements, a toolkit to face extreme floods. Community mobilization with public space retrofits open new possibilities for addressing future floods and in gaining resilience.
Keywords: Adaptation, coping strategies, flood resilience in slums, public space retrofits. El cambio climático y las catástrofes se están convirtiendo rápidamente en el reto más definitorio del siglo XXI como riesgo global. Se han observado cambios en muchos fenómenos meteorológicos y climáticos extremos y se han relacionado con la influencia humana, como el aumento del nivel del mar extremadamente alto y el incremento del número de precipitaciones intensas. Se prevé que alrededor del 70% de las costas de todo el mundo experimenten un cambio en el nivel del mar dentro del 20% de la media mundial. India, un país en desarrollo del sur global y uno de los principales contribuyentes mundiales, se encuentra entre los diez primeros países en el índice de riesgo climático. El país está experimentando una subida media del nivel del mar de 1,7 mm/año con proyecciones de aumento del mar en las ciudades costeras. Además, India alberga un gran porcentaje de población urbana que vive en barrios marginales. El barrio marginal de Dharavi, el más grande de Asia, situado en el centro de Bombay a lo largo de la costa, alberga una población de más de un millón de personas en sólo 2,1 kilómetros cuadrados. Los barrios marginales están situados en terrenos que suelen ser inadecuados para el desarrollo formal, ya que son zonas pantanosas bajas a lo largo de las cuencas de los ríos o de los manglares costeros. Como causa directa, la ubicación física de los barrios marginales en el mundo en desarrollo hace que corran un mayor riesgo de inundación. Los barrios marginales del área metropolitana de Mumbai, Calcuta y Surat en India, junto con muchos otros, son vulnerables a las inundaciones. El marco político actual carece de resiliencia climática y, por tanto, ha obligado a los habitantes de los barrios marginales a adaptarse al riesgo de inundaciones con medidas locales basadas en la comunidad que implican la readaptación del espacio público.
El documento evalúa estas medidas y estrategias de adaptación de diferentes barrios marginales costeros de la India y pretende crear un marco teórico de medidas y elementos. Se utiliza un enfoque de análisis de casos para generar estrategias de adaptación y se presentan los parámetros (tipo - tiempo - función - intención y escala de la adaptación). Los resultados muestran un marco de medidas de adaptación y mitigación pertinentes para la participación local y la reconversión del espacio público para los barrios marginales urbanos de la costa. Permite generar una tipología, un léxico de medidas y elementos, una caja de herramientas para hacer frente a las inundaciones extremas. La movilización de la comunidad con la readaptación del espacio público abre nuevas posibilidades para hacer frente a futuras inundaciones y para ganar resiliencia.
Palabras clave: Adaptación, estrategias de afrontamiento, resiliencia a las inundaciones en barrios marginales, readaptación del espacio público.