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1
Greasley, A. "Simulating windows [window manufacturing]". Manufacturing Engineer 82, nr 1 (1.02.2003): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/me:20030103.
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Almasri, Amin H. "Smarter Window Selection for Smarter Energy Consumption: The Case of the United Arab Emirates". Buildings 14, nr 4 (24.03.2024): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040876.
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The energy consumption levels of buildings in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are among the highest in the world. One of the main reasons for this energy consumption is the need to cool buildings due to the hot climate of the UAE. As a large part of the heat accumulated inside buildings comes from windows, in this study, the effects of window size and direction in a typical building in the UAE on energy consumption and thermal performance are investigated through numerical modeling. The modeling process includes thermal conductivity, thermal convection, and solar radiation simulation. The energy performance of any building at any location can be obtained based on local weather data and the computational thermal characteristics of the building elements, such as its walls, roofs, windows, and doors. The study covered all different seasons of the year and different orientations for the windows, allowing the daily and yearly energy consumption associated with the windows to be obtained. Furthermore, the energy consumption was obtained for solar radiation and heat gain separately for both single- and double-glazed windows. It was found that north-facing windows consume significantly less annual energy (36% less), when compared with windows facing in the other three directions. Furthermore, the east- and west-facing windows consumed about 41% and 35% more daily cooling energy in August, when compared to north- and south-facing windows, respectively. The use of a window with a height equal to that of the wall can cause a clear greenhouse effect; hence, it is recommended to limit the window’s height to two-thirds of the wall height, which can save about one-third of the associated yearly cooling energy. This study should be considered as a general guideline, as the thermal performance of any specific building will be affected by its own thermal characteristics.
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Chen, Bin, i Hui Meng Zheng. "The Design of Omni-Bearing Translation and Rotary Windows". Advanced Materials Research 580 (październik 2012): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.580.130.
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In view of many problems of the windows existing in the current market ,to design omni-bearing translation and rotary windows can solve the problems of cleaning the ordinary windows .At the same time, regulating the rotation angle of the windows can change the ventilated area arbitrarily and improve the residential environment .The windows includes five parts: gearing mesh structure, cap button device, window frame guide groove structure, magnetic induction structure and window locked structure.
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Kowalczyk, Zbigniew, i Marcin Tomasik. "Economic and Energy Analysis of the Operation of Windows in Residential Buildings in Poland". Energies 16, nr 19 (25.09.2023): 6810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16196810.
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This article presents the results of the economic and energy analysis of the operation of five types of windows in residential buildings. The aim of this study was to determine (a) to what extent the construction and various insulation parameters of windows affect the operating costs of buildings, when using different heating systems, (b) to what extent the significant cost of purchasing windows with better insulation is compensated by lower building operation costs (heating and the lifecycle of windows), (c) how the temperature difference inside the building affects heat loss through windows and, as a result, heating costs when using different heating systems. Five types of windows were selected for detailed analysis: a double- and a triple-glazed PVC window, double- and triple-glazed wooden window, and triple-glazed aluminum window. When wooden double-glazed windows are replaced with aluminum windows, the return on investment occurs in just 2 to 4.4 years. It was also found that of the five types of windows tested, the total economic balance of the operation period is the most favorable for PVC windows, regardless of the type of glazing and the heating system. The operating costs of PVC windows in a model residential building are over 30% lower than in the case of wooden windows and almost 20% lower compared to aluminum windows.
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Yu, Lu, Jiashuo Wang i Runqi Liang. "Exploration on Effects of Tinted Glazing on Outdoor Views and Visual Experience Inside Hotel". Buildings 14, nr 6 (14.06.2024): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061799.
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Modern lifestyles result in people spending 90% of their time indoors, where windows serve as a unique component providing an outdoor view and enabling visual experiences. Chromogenic windows, which adjust both thermal and visual conditions, represent a promising fenestration system for achieving energy savings. However, the tinting properties and their effects on human responses to filtered window views have not been thoroughly explored. This study conducted an experimental test using a customised questionnaire to investigate eight distinct window conditions in a hotel building. Forty-five participants took part in this evaluation by observing photographs. The conclusions drawn are as follows: (1) All tinted windows were found to be less acceptable than clear windows; however, the bronze window was relatively preferred. (2) In terms of visual capacity, the red window had the most negative effect, followed by the blue window. (3) Considering the window views, the tinted windows significantly disturbed the view outside. These results have the potential to guide the development of chromogenic windows in practical applications in the future, particularly from the perspective of colour selection.
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Christensen, Ole, Hong Oh Kim i Rae Young Kim. "Regularity of Dual Gabor Windows". Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/747268.
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We present a construction of dual windows associated with Gabor frames with compactly supported windows. The size of the support of the dual windows is comparable to that of the given window. Under certain conditions, we prove that there exist dual windows with higher regularity than the canonical dual window. On the other hand, there are cases where no differentiable dual window exists, even in the overcomplete case. As a special case of our results, we show that there exists a common smooth dual window for an interesting class of Gabor frames. In particular, for any value ofK∈ℕ,there is a smooth functionhwhich simultaneously is a dual window for all B-spline generated Gabor frames{EmbTnBN(x/2)}m,n∈ℕfor B-splinesBNof orderN=1,…,2K+1with a fixed and sufficiently small value ofb.
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Kim, Seok-Hyun, Hakgeun Jeong i Soo Cho. "A Study on Changes of Window Thermal Performance by Analysis of Physical Test Results in Korea". Energies 12, nr 20 (10.10.2019): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203822.
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The interest in zero energy buildings is increasing in South Korea. Zero energy buildings need to save energy by using passive technology. The window performance is important to the thermal insulation of the building. Also, the government regulates the window performance through regulation and standards. However, it is difficult to predict window performance because the components of the window have become complicated due to the various materials used in the glass and frame. Based on window performance standards and regulations, the quality of window performance was managed. In this research, to consider thermal performance in proper window design in South Korea, we confirmed the impact on the thermal performance of the window through various kinds of materials and shapes. The authors also propose a window shape classification and frame calculation method based on actual test results. The authors analyzed the thermal performance data of the windows provided by the Korea Energy Agency and confirmed the change in the thermal performance of the windows by year and by frame material. The average U-value of the window decreased from 2012 to 2015 and maintained similar values until 2017. In 2018, this value was decreased to comply. Also, the authors confirmed the U-value of the windows through actual physical experiments and confirmed the change in thermal performance by the construction of the windows based on the results. The results show, in the case of aluminum windows, the U-value corresponding to Grade 3 (1.4–2.1 W/m2·K) was as high as about 60%. Regarding the analyzed results of the U-values of PVC windows, Grade 3 (U-value of 1.4–2.1 W/m2·K) accounted for about 35%, and Grade 2 (U-value of 1.0–1.4 W/m2·K) for about 29%. This paper also confirmed that the frame U-value of the PVC windows is lower than the frame U-value of the aluminum windows. Therefore, the authors proposed the performance index of the glazing part in PVC and aluminum window design. The results of this research can be used as basic data to identify problems in the method of determining the performance of windows in Korea.
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Wang, Shu Ping, Zhi Hong Wang, Wen Juan Chen, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu i Li Ping Ma. "Comparison of Environmental Impact Analysis of Two Typical Construction Windows Production". Materials Science Forum 787 (kwiecień 2014): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.97.
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The energy consumption of window accounts for nearly half of buildings. The purpose of this study is to compare the environmental impact of plastic windows and aluminum alloy windows production, including resource and energy consumption, waste emission. The result shows that energy consumption of plastic window production is only 0.24 times of aluminum alloy window production, and the overall environmental impact of the former is 30% of the later. This study is a quantitative description of energy consumption and environmental impact of two windows production pattern, which intends to fill the blank in LCA field of windows in China.
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Søndergaard, Lars Sommer, Birgit Rasmussen, Rune Egedal i Rasmus Stahlfest Holck Skov. "Applicability of ISO 16283-3 for field measurement of sound insulation of partially open windows". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 6070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0906.
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Façade sound insulation regulations are typically focused on closed windows. However, many people prefer open windows for ventilation purposes, or simply because of the psychological effect of having an open window. As such it is important to be able to correctly quantify the sound insulation, also with open windows. The international standard ISO 16283-3 describes a field method for test of façade sound insulation of facades or façade elements, e.g. a window, which is further explained in the scope: "The element methods aim to estimate the sound reduction index of a façade element, for example, a window. The most accurate element method uses a loudspeaker as an artificial sound source. Other less accurate element methods use available traffic noise". However, the standard is probably primarily meant for closed windows, and not for open windows. The applicability of ISO 16283-3 for open windows is therefore under investigation for such conditions which are included in an additional Danish environmental noise guideline. Generally, it can be concluded that the traffic noise method is applicable, but care should be taken by using the loudspeaker method for partially open windows, since the results depend highly on the window opening position compared to the loudspeaker position.
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Basok, Borys, Borys Davydenko, Аnatoliy Pavlenko, Volodymyr Novikov i Svitlana Goncharuk. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Combination of Two Double-chamber Windows". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 25 (2023): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2023.031.
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Low-emissivity coatings on glass surfaces, inert gas instead of air between glasses, and double-glazed windows are usually used to reduce heat loss from a room through windows. This effect can also be achieved by installing two double-chamber windows in one window opening at a certain distance from each other. This work uses numerical modelling to study the characteristics of heat transfer through a system of two two-chamber windows. The distributions of temperature and airflow velocity due to natural convection in the chambers of double-chamber windows and the space between the windows are analyzed. The distributions of temperatures and heat fluxes over the surfaces of windows are determined depending on the distance between the windows. The dependences on the distance between the windows of radiation, convective, and total heat flow through a system of two double-chamber windows are studied. It is shown that two double-chamber windows located at a certain distance from each other make it possible to increase the heat transfer resistance compared to one two-chamber window without a low-emission coating by 2.6...2.8 times. As the distance between windows increases, a given system's overall heat transfer resistance increases. However, this increase becomes insignificant if this distance is greater than 80 mm.
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Lehman, Katherine R., i William S. Marras. "The Effects of Human Interface Design on Wrist Biomechanics during Scanning". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, nr 10 (październik 1994): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801016.
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Two window, or “bi-optic” scanners have ergonomic potential to minimize cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) among grocery checkers. However, not all checkers utilize both windows when scanning. Four, two window scanners were tested to see whether the number of windows used had an effect on wrist acceleration, one of the most predictive indicators of CTD risk. Out of 32 subjects, 14 used only one window while scanning. These subjects were seen to have significantly higher cumulative peak wrist accelerations than those subjects that used both windows. In addition, the productivity of the one window users was significantly lower than two window users. The results indicate that two window scanners can not only increase productivity, but can reduce the risk of CTDs. However, this will only occur if checkers appreciate and choose to use both windows in their scanning activity. The large number of subjects (14 out of 32) that only used one window when scanning indicates a serious human interface problem with these types of scanners. This paper identifies the need for better scanner designs that will indicate to the user the three-dimensional scan zone created by the two windows. The design should influence one to use both windows while scanning so that wrist motions will be reduced. Most importantly, this paper identifies the importance of the relationship between cognitive and biomechanical issues when approaching a human interface problem in a product's design.
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Kolář, Radim, i Jindřich Sobotka. "Double Windows in Heritage Listed Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (grudzień 2016): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.247.
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Heritage listed buildings, or their parts, are subject to the decisions of state authorities in the field of heritage preservation. When windows are reconstructed, the requirements concerning the new design are most often based on the original appearance of the windows. In the case of double windows - the traditional style with space and reveal in between - the outer window is installed with insulated glazing while the inner window has a simple glazing, in order to meet the conditions of thermal related technical standards. For this reason, the contact between the window frame and the reveal must be tight with very low air permeability. The article presents the measurements of surface temperatures of both of the window parts and explores the issue of thermal humidity condition in the area between the windows.
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Tikhomirov, Arsenii, Aleksandr Konstantinov, Ksenia Kurushkina i Maya Lambias Ratnayake. "Conception of a complex window design method". E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199105018.
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Windows are an essential part of almost every civil building. The existing approach for designing windows is based on ensuring minimum requirements to provide natural lighting functions, thermal protection, etc. This approach does not take into account the interrelationship of certain technical characteristics of windows (for example, heat and lighting characteristics). This leads to the appearance of typical problems at the stage of operating the building (insufficient day light, poor ventilation, etc.). In this work, an analysis of functional and technical requirements of windows of civil buildings was conducted. The review of modern researches of optimal window designs and interrelation of certain technical characteristics of window between themselves was conducted. On the basis of this analysis, the concept of a new complex window design method was proposed. This method is based on the fact that windows are both bearing and enclosing elements of the building. The use of this method will create the standard design solutions of windows for civil buildings of different functional purposes and different climatic areas of construction.
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Wang, Hong Wei, Ya Dong Zheng i Fang Wen Tu. "Influences of External Windows on Energy Consumption of Industrial Buildings in Cold Areas". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maj 2011): 3055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3055.
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Shenyang is located in the cold areas and main industy city in China. The most current industrial buildings can’t meet the demand of energy-saving standard because of the thermal insulation performance of the windows.This paper aims at using DeST software to analyze industrial workshop energy consumption, according to different types of external windows and window-wall ratio of buildings to provide reference for energy saving design of industrial buildings in Shenyang area.The thermal performance of the windows has great effect on the heat load. The lower the heat transfer coefficient of windows is, the more beneficial for energy saving of the buildings. The window-wall ratio has great effect on the energy consumption, and different heat-transfer coefficients possess various sensitivity for window-wall ratio, and reflective glass varis smaller than the others.It is better for energy saving to replace the conventional windows with plastic-steel reflective glass windows.
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Mooney, Edward S. "Solve It!: Window Panes". Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 14, nr 2 (wrzesień 2008): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.14.2.0095.
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Diana designs stained-glass windows. She has a large supply of square glass window panes. Some panes are yellow, and some panes are red. She wants to place them in windows like the one below in such a way that no two windows are the same, even when the design is rotated or reflected. How many different window designs can she create using any combination of red and yellow panes?
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Swaddle, John P., Lauren C. Emerson, Robin G. Thady i Timothy J. Boycott. "Ultraviolet-reflective film applied to windows reduces the likelihood of collisions for two species of songbird". PeerJ 8 (16.09.2020): e9926. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9926.
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Perhaps a billion birds die annually from colliding with residential and commercial windows. Therefore, there is a societal need to develop technologies that reduce window collisions by birds. Many current window films that are applied to the external surface of windows have human-visible patterns that are not esthetically preferable. BirdShades have developed a short wavelength (ultraviolet) reflective film that appears as a slight tint to the human eye but should be highly visible to many bird species that see in this spectral range. We performed flight tunnel tests of whether the BirdShades external window film reduced the likelihood that two species of song bird (zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata and brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater) collide with windows during daylight. We paid particular attention to simulate the lighting conditions that birds will experience while flying during the day. Our results indicate a 75–90% reduction in the likelihood of collision with BirdShades-treated compared with control windows, in forced choice trials. In more ecologically relevant comparison between trials where all windows were either treated or control windows, the estimated reduction in probability of collision was 30–50%. Further, both bird species slow their flight by approximately 25% when approaching windows treated with the BirdShades film, thereby reducing the force of collisions if they were to happen. Therefore, we conclude that the BirdShades external window film will be effective in reducing the risk of and damage caused to populations and property by birds’ collision with windows. As this ultraviolet-reflective film has no human-visible patterning to it, the product might be an esthetically more acceptable low cost solution to reducing bird-window collisions. Further, we call for testing of other mitigation technologies in lighting and ecological conditions that are more similar to what birds experience in real human-built environments and make suggestions for testing standards to assess collision-reducing technologies.
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Basok, Borys, Аnatoliy Pavlenko, Volodymyr Novikov, Hanna Koshlak, Svitlana Goncharuk i Dmytro Davydenko. "Influence of Ventilation Air Supply into the Space Between Two Glass Units on the Energy Characteristics of this Transparent System". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 26 (28.02.2024): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2024.007.
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By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined.
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Lick, Erhard, Angela Bargenda i Dhoha Trabelsi. "Windows to the sold: verbo-visual multimodality in storefront windows". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, nr 5 (8.04.2020): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2019-0227.
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PurposeThe article seeks to enrich the body of research on store atmospherics by identifying how storefront window design impacts store entry decisions. An innovative multimodal design approach is presented, considering both visual and verbal constituents.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 draws on a corpus of high-end storefront windows to create a categorization regarding different levels of verbo-visual complexity. The survey in Study 2 (n = 234) serves two purposes: first, to confirm these levels of complexity and second, to investigate the relation between the complexity of window design and store entry decisions.FindingsStudy 2 confirms the order of complexity established in Study 1. The results reveal an inverted-U relationship between window complexity and store entry propensity. Windows of medium level of complexity produce shoppers' relatively highest store entry propensity.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that retailers would benefit from adopting verbo-visual window designs of medium complexity, as this combination optimizes the likeliness of consumers to enter stores.Originality/valueResearch on store atmospherics has until recently primarily focused on in-store cues. Studies on store windows remain vastly underrepresented in extant scholarship. The article not only fills this gap but also incorporates an original interdisciplinary angle on multimodality, which offers new methodological perspectives for research in retail and distribution scholarship.
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Kim, Taesik, Suleyman Deveci, Inmo Yang, Bob Stakenborghs i Sunwoong Choi. "Visual, Non-Destructive, and Destructive Investigations of Polyethylene Pipes with Inhomogeneous Carbon Black Distribution for Assessing Degradation of Structural Integrity". Polymers 14, nr 5 (7.03.2022): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051067.
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Carbon black (CB) is used in polyethylene (PE) pipes to protect against thermal and photooxidation. However, when CB is not properly dispersed in the PE matrix during processing, white regions having little or no CB concentration, known as “windows,” appear within the CB/PE mixed black compound. In some cases, windows can drastically affect the structural integrity of both the pipe and butt fusion joint. In this work, PE pipes with varying amounts of windows were investigated for their characteristic window patterns, as well as quantifying the area fraction of windows (% windows). Tensile test on specimens with known % windows determined a critical limit above which the fracture strain rapidly degrades. Micro-tensile and micro-indentation results showed tear initiation at the window–black PE matrix boundary; however, they did not confirm the mechanism of tear initiation. In support of this work, a method of making thin shavings of a whole pipe cross section was developed, and the best viewing windows under cross-polarized monochromatic light were identified. In addition, a phased array ultrasonic test (PAUT) and microwave imaging (MWI) were directly applied to the pipe and confirmed the presence and patterns of the windows.
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Lu, Xiao Dong, Jin Hong Wang i Wei Ling Wang. "Windows Sound Insulation Research with Different Glass". Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (lipiec 2014): 1868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1868.
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As the weak area of the residence envelope’s, window’s sound insulation is very important in the way of indoor quiet assurance. Base on the road traffic noise as sound sources, the sound insulation comparative studies is made between the insulating laminated glass and double insulated glass. The article choose two similar rooms near the Gaoerji road in Dalian assembled with the different windows, one room’s window was assembled with the insulating laminated glasses, and the other was assembled with double insulated glasses. Research shows that sound insulation effect of the wall with insulating laminated glass is better than the wall with double insulated glass 4dB.
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Ismail, Kamal A. R., Fátima A. M. Lino, Jorge R. Henríquez, Mohamed Teggar, Abdelghani Laouer, Carlos T. Salinas i Daniel Rodríguez. "Contribution of advanced windows and façades to buildings decarbonization: A comprehensive review". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 8, nr 2 (6.05.2024): em0258. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/14580.
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On a global level the building sector consumes about 45.00% of energy consumption, contributes about 40.00% to emission, uses 30.00% of water and impacts the environment by generating 30.00% of waste. Although windows are important components of a building that provide natural lighting and ventilation and establish necessary contact with the external environment necessary for healthy indoor ambient, they permit entry of undesirable solar heat in summer and allow escaping heat from the indoor ambient in cold seasons, which aggravate the building needs for energy and increase its contribution to atmospheric emissions. The present investigation provides a review on research, development, and applications of advanced windows in the building sector. The introduction highlights the importance and contribution of advanced glazing technology to improving energy, comfort, and thermal performance of buildings. The review includes natural illumination and ventilation, thermal comfort and discusses the effects of window to wall ratio on natural illumination and ventilation of windows and façades. The review also covers recent developments in glazed windows and façades including performance enhancements by using reflective solar films, vacuum glazing, windows with filling materials, windows with water flow, window with phase change material, window with stagnant inert gas filling, ventilated windows and façades and windows with aerogel. A special section was also included on smart glazing for windows and façades showing the new tendencies and applications in the building industry. Since commercial programs and open access codes are handy tools for simulation and performance calculations a section is dedicated to these codes. The conclusion section contains the most relevant conclusion of the review as well as future trends in research and developments in the area. The topics included in this review can be helpful for experienced and young researchers, practicing engineers and general readers interested in windows and façades.
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Tian, Hao, Wei Zhang, Lingzhi Xie, Yupeng Wu, Yanyi Sun, Mo Chen, Wei Wang i Xinwen Wu. "Study on the Energy Saving Potential for Semi-Transparent PV Window in Southwest China". Energies 11, nr 11 (21.11.2018): 3239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113239.
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To study Semi-Transparent photovoltaic (STPV) windows, experiments were conducted to test the energy potential of STPV window installed in buildings. Two identical rooms were built up as experimental units; one was fitted with amorphous silicon (a-silicon) photovoltaic (PV) windows, and another was fitted with a conventional window. The interactional influence was analyzed among air conditioning energy consumption, lighting energy consumption, and energy generation. It can be concluded that STPV windows could provide 0.26 kWh/per day and save 29% on comprehensive building load on a typical sunny day. In order to further investigate, buildings installed with STPV windows in four typical cities with different climate environments in southwest China were simulated and analyzed. The cooling load of the buildings were all decreased while the heating energy consumption and lighting energy consumption were lightly increased. The energy generation of STPV windows was highest in Lhasa at 402.1 kWh/year. The energy saving potential of STPV windows was predicted with good values; 54% in Kunming.
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Chen, Huaguo, Cheuk Lun Chow i Denvid Lau. "Deterioration Mechanisms and Advanced Inspection Technologies of Aluminum Windows". Materials 15, nr 1 (4.01.2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010354.
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Aluminum windows are crucial components of building envelopes since they connect the indoor space to the external environment. Various external causes degrade or harm the functioning of aluminum windows. In this regard, inspecting the performance of aluminum windows is a necessary task to keep buildings healthy. This review illustrates the deterioration mechanisms of aluminum windows under various environmental conditions with an intention to provide comprehensive information for developing damage protection and inspection technologies. The illustrations reveal that moisture and chloride ions have the most detrimental effect on deteriorating aluminum windows in the long run, while mechanical loads can damage aluminum windows in a sudden manner. In addition, multiple advanced inspection techniques potential to benefit assessing aluminum window health state are discussed in order to help tackle the efficiency problem of traditional visual inspection. The comparison among those techniques demonstrates that infrared thermography can help acquire a preliminary defect profile of inspected windows, whereas ultrasonic phased arrays technology demonstrates a high level of competency in analyzing comprehensive defect information. This review also discusses the challenges in the scarcity of nanoscale corrosion information for insightful understandings of aluminum window corrosion and reliable window inspection tools for lifespan prediction. In this regard, molecular dynamics simulation and artificial intelligence technology are recommended as promising tools for better revealing the deterioration mechanisms and advancing inspection techniques, respectively, for future directions. It is envisioned that this paper will help upgrade the aluminum window inspection scheme and contribute to driving the construction of intelligent and safe cities.
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Lee, Judy P., i Melvin B. Comisarow. "Advantageous Apodization Functions for Absorption-Mode Fourier Transform Spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy 43, nr 4 (maj 1989): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202517.
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A systematic examination of the efficacy of window functions for reduction of the spectral skirt of absorption-mode Fourier transform spectra is reported. A window which has its maximum at the beginning and its minimum at the end of the time-domain data gives a satisfactory absorption line shape. In contrast, a symmetrical window with its minima at the ends and its maximum in the middle gives an unsatisfactory absorption line shape. These symmetrical windows are satisfactory for apodization of magnitude spectra. The efficacy for reducing the spectral skirt is examined for the general case of a damped time-domain signal, with specific cases ranging from undamped to essentially completely damped signals. The choice of the window is dependent upon the required dynamic range and the amount of damping in the time-domain data. For a dynamic range of 100:1, the Noest-Kort absorption window and the Norton-Beer F3 windows are the windows of choice. For a dynamic range of 1000:1, either the Filler E0.20 window or the Kaiser-Bessel window can be recommended. The sensitivity change accruing from windowing is reported for all windows examined, for a damping range from zero to essentially complete damping
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Rak, R., V. Sulc, F. Vlach, D. Kopencova i V. Hudecova. "Identifying the Age of a Vehicle for Commercial Safety and Forensic Purposes Using “Window Stamps”". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1247, nr 1 (1.07.2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1247/1/012003.
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Abstract This paper deals with the issue of rapid, indicative identification of the age of a vehicle using time stamps on various components of the vehicle for technical, commercial, safety and forensic purposes. The main aim of the paper is the possibility of using markings of individual vehicle windows or “window stamps”, in which the times of production of the windows are encrypted in various ways. An analysis of time markings on vehicle windows was conducted on the basis of an extensive collection of photographs of windows from 980 basic vehicle models manufactured between 1991 and 2021, and acquired between 2015 and 2021 as part of the Europe-wide initiative eCall. Research found that 98.8% of all common motor vehicle window panes on the European market come with one of only three basic types of window stamps, which were named Euro-American, Japanese and Korean. The paper provides a detailed description of the structure and decoding of vehicle window stamps of the three specified basic types.
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Han, Yilong, Wei Liu, Xu Huang, Shugen Wang i Rongjun Qin. "Stereo Dense Image Matching by Adaptive Fusion of Multiple-Window Matching Results". Remote Sensing 12, nr 19 (24.09.2020): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193138.
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Traditional stereo dense image matching (DIM) methods normally predefine a fixed window to compute matching cost, while their performances are limited by the matching window sizes. A large matching window usually achieves robust matching results in weak-textured regions, while it may cause over-smoothness problems in disparity jumps and fine structures. A small window can recover sharp boundaries and fine structures, while it contains high matching uncertainties in weak-textured regions. To address the issue above, we respectively compute matching results with different matching window sizes and then proposes an adaptive fusion method of these matching results so that a better matching result can be generated. The core algorithm designs a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to predict the probabilities of large and small windows for each pixel and then refines these probabilities by imposing a global energy function. A compromised solution of the global energy function is utilized by breaking the optimization into sub-optimizations of each pixel in one-dimensional (1D) paths. Finally, the matching results of large and small windows are fused by taking the refined probabilities as weights for more accurate matching. We test our method on aerial image datasets, satellite image datasets, and Middlebury benchmark with different matching cost metrics. Experiments show that our proposed adaptive fusion of multiple-window matching results method has a good transferability across different datasets and outperforms the small windows, the median windows, the large windows, and some state-of-the-art matching window selection methods.
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Mbachu, C. B. "Height Adjustable Triangular (HAT) Window Function for Impulse Response Modification of Signal Processing Systems". European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, nr 3 (27.03.2020): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1442.
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A widow function, in signal processing and statistics, is a mathematical function that has zero values outside its chosen interval or limit of sequence, normally symmetric around the middle of the interval. Usually the middle of the window is either maximum or near maximum and tappers smoothly as it moves away to the sides. When another function or sequence of data is mathematically multiplied by the window function it forces the product to assume its nature of zero-value outside the interval and tapering from middle to the sides. Windows are finite functions and their main function is to modify an infinite impulse response sequence so as to make it finite within its chosen interval in system design. Several windows are in existence and they include Hamming, rectangular, Han, Kaiser, Triangular, Blackman, Sine, Blackman-Harris, Gaussian, Doph-Chebyshev and Lanczos, windows. Others are Parzen, Nuttall, flat top, Turkey, windows and many more. The window to apply in the design depends on the characteristics of the signal to be processed, types of system to be implemented and quality of output desired. In this paper, a new window called Height Adjustable triangular (HAT) window function is developed and added to the list of windows for signal processing system designs. The effectiveness of the window is tested by examining its characteristics. The adjustment parameter varies the amplitude or height of the window. Result shows that it is stable and linear.
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Mbachu, C. B. "Height Adjustable Triangular (HAT) Window Function for Impulse Response Modification of Signal Processing Systems". European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, nr 3 (27.03.2020): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.3.1442.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A widow function, in signal processing and statistics, is a mathematical function that has zero values outside its chosen interval or limit of sequence, normally symmetric around the middle of the interval. Usually the middle of the window is either maximum or near maximum and tappers smoothly as it moves away to the sides. When another function or sequence of data is mathematically multiplied by the window function it forces the product to assume its nature of zero-value outside the interval and tapering from middle to the sides. Windows are finite functions and their main function is to modify an infinite impulse response sequence so as to make it finite within its chosen interval in system design. Several windows are in existence and they include Hamming, rectangular, Han, Kaiser, Triangular, Blackman, Sine, Blackman-Harris, Gaussian, Doph-Chebyshev and Lanczos, windows. Others are Parzen, Nuttall, flat top, Turkey, windows and many more. The window to apply in the design depends on the characteristics of the signal to be processed, types of system to be implemented and quality of output desired. In this paper, a new window called Height Adjustable triangular (HAT) window function is developed and added to the list of windows for signal processing system designs. The effectiveness of the window is tested by examining its characteristics. The adjustment parameter varies the amplitude or height of the window. Result shows that it is stable and linear.
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Brown, Barbara B., Sabrina Santos i Natalia Ocampo-Peñuela. "Bird-window collisions: Mitigation efficacy and risk factors across two years". PeerJ 9 (28.07.2021): e11867. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11867.
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Background Research on bird-window collision mitigation is needed to prevent up to a billion bird fatalities yearly in the U.S. At the University of Utah campus (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), past research documented collisions, especially for Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) drawn to fruiting ornamental pears in winter. Mirrored windows, which have a metallic coating that turns window exteriors into mirrors, had frequent collisions, which were mitigated when Feather Friendly®bird deterrent markers were applied. Bird-friendly windows–ORNILUX®ultraviolet (UV) and fritted windows–also reduced collisions when data were collected across fall and winter. Extending this prior research, we evaluated additional mitigation and tested the replicability of effects for pear trees, mirrored windows, and bird-friendly windows across two years. Methods Using published data from eight buildings monitored for collisions in year 1 (Fall and Winter, 2019–2020), we added another year of monitoring, Fall and Winter, 2020–2021. Between years, Feather Friendly®mitigation markers were added to collision-prone areas of two buildings, including both mirrored and transparent windows. Results The two buildings that received new Feather Friendly®mitigation had significantly fewer collisions post-mitigation. Control areas also had nonsignificant decline in collisions. The interaction of area (mitigation vs. control) by time (year 1 vs. 2) was significant, based on generalized estimating equations (GEE). The total yearly collisions across all eight buildings declined from 39 to 23. A second GEE analysis of all 8 buildings showed that mirrored windows, pear trees, and bird-friendly windows were each significant when analyzed separately. The best-fit model showed more collisions for mirrored windows and fewer collisions for bird-friendly windows. We found pear tree proximity to be related to more collisions in winter than fall. In addition, pear trees showed reduced collisions from year 1 to 2, consistent with new mitigation for two of three buildings near pear trees. Discussion Feather Friendly® markers can mitigate collisions with transparent windows, not only mirrored windows, compared to unmitigated areas over 2 years. Results also underscore the dangers of pear tree proximity and mirrored windows and the efficacy of bird-friendly windows. Thus, bird collisions can be prevented by window mitigation, permanent bird-friendly windows, and landscape designs that avoid creating ecological traps.
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Pachauri, Rahul, Rajiv Saxena i Sanjeev N. Sharma. "Studies on Z-Window Based FIR Filters". ISRN Signal Processing 2013 (1.09.2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/148646.
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As per classification of the window functions, the Z-windows are grouped in the category of steerable side-lobe dip (SSLD) windows. In this work, the application of these windows for the design of FIR filters with improved filter parameters has been explored. The numbers of dips with their respective positions in the side-lobe region have been compositely used to tailor the window shape. Filter design relationships have been established and included in this paper. Simultaneously, an application of these Z-window based FIR filters in designing two-channel quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank has been presented. Better values of reconstruction and aliasing errors have been achieved in contrast to the Kaiser window based QMF bank.
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Konstantinov, Aleksandr, i Maya Lambias Ratnayake. "Calculation of PVC windows for wind loads in high-rise buildings". E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183302025.
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In the following article we examine problems faced when designing PVC windows for high-rise buildings, which are usually not considered when constructing objects for massive sites, using a high-rise residential complex as an example. We address the matters related to wind loads on windows & statistical calculation of the impact of wind loads on them. We have presented variants of installing load-bearing elements of PVC windows which accept wind loads. We conducted a laboratory experiment by simulating wind loads on the window design, which is actually used for glazing the examined high-rise building. In the course of the experiment we determined additional factors which need to be considered when constructing PVC window structures for glazing high-rise buildings. We can determine that the following calculation method for the impact of wind load on PVC windows gives higher values of the desired statistical characteristics of load-bearing elements of a window compared to the results of laboratory experiments. We provide prerequisites to improve the analytical method of calculating impact of wind loads on load-bearing elements of PVC windows.
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Basok, Borys, Volodymyr Novikov, Аnatoliy Pavlenko, Borys Davydenko, Hanna Koshlak, Svitlana Goncharuk i Oksana Lysenko. "CFD Simulation of Heat Transfer Through a Window Frame". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 26 (28.02.2024): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2024.006.
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The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design.
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Hendinata, Laurentius Kevin, Nur Abdillah Siddiq, Ahmad Ilham Rokhul Fikri, Michael Alfano Suprapto i Ribka Prilia. "Passive Window Energy Performance in Buildings: Modeling of Apartment Buildings in Indonesia". Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture 2, nr 2 (19.08.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jarina.v2i2.6729.
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Along with urban growth in urban areas and energy consumption, which continues to increase every year, the selection of windows in the initial design is essential to obtain buildings that are not energy intensive. Selecting the correct window in the blueprint design reduces building energy consumption. Smart windows, especially thermochromic windows, are one of the most promising window technologies because they are the most economical and have passive control with zero energy input, which holds good promise for energy-saving applications. Apart from that, double-glazing windows are also frequently used in energy-saving applications. Therefore, a study compared the energy-saving potential of thermochromic and double-glazing windows to clear glass windows, using computer modeling through EnergyPlus, in high-rise apartment buildings in cities throughout Indonesia's diverse climates. From the modeling results, total energy consumption can be reduced by around 8.91% to 10.96% of total building energy consumption by replacing the conventional clear glass with double-glazing windows or more able to reduce about 20.22% to 24.19% by replacing the conventional clear glass with thermochromic windows. Furthermore, this potential varies depending on geometric shapes, materials, building facades, local climate, and building orientation. Nevertheless, considering the potential benefits, these windows are highly suitable for application in buildings seeking to reduce their energy consumption and improve energy efficiency.
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Jokelainen, Janne. "Palkseina tihtimismaterjalide omadused / Properties of Log Wall Stuffings". Studia Vernacula 6 (5.11.2015): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2015.6.88-111.
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Replacing old wooden windows with new ones is a common way of improving the energy efficiency of the buildings, although there is no general agreement on whether changing windows is a rational step to take. The architectural and the cultural changes, as well as the building waste generated by the removed windows, have been seen as problematic. Nor has a consensus been reached on the amount and significance of the energy savings achieved by such changes.In this study, the thermal and physical properties of old windows and the effect which different renovation methods have on them were investigated. The renovation methods used in this study were light, and therefore there was no need to work on the wooden parts or to take out the frames.The energy efficiency of a window consists of its airtightness, heat conductivity and radiance permeability. The large air leakages of the test window were fixable by stuffing and taping, but it was found that the result was unsatisfactory when rubber sealants were used. The U-value of the test window was improved by changing the selective glass in the inner frames. The energy efficiency of the test window improved significantly when the appropriate renovation and replacement work was done. On the other hand, even after the repairs, the energy consumption was still almost twice as high as that of modern windows. Both renovating and replacing the windows are reasonable attempts to decrease energy expenditure, but they are not cost-effective. Culturally and architecturally speaking, replacing windows is a destructive action.Arriving at an answer to the question of what to do with old wooden windows will depend on one’s viewpoint, and we cannot promulgate a single, invariably correct, course of action. As a compromise, it can be recommended to always seal the windows carefully at the beginning of the heating season and to change the selective glass in the inner frames during the renovation.
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Jokelainen, Janne. "Palkseina tihtimismaterjalide omadused / Properties of Log Wall Stuffings". Studia Vernacula 6 (5.11.2015): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2015.6.88-111.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Replacing old wooden windows with new ones is a common way of improving the energy efficiency of the buildings, although there is no general agreement on whether changing windows is a rational step to take. The architectural and the cultural changes, as well as the building waste generated by the removed windows, have been seen as problematic. Nor has a consensus been reached on the amount and significance of the energy savings achieved by such changes.In this study, the thermal and physical properties of old windows and the effect which different renovation methods have on them were investigated. The renovation methods used in this study were light, and therefore there was no need to work on the wooden parts or to take out the frames.The energy efficiency of a window consists of its airtightness, heat conductivity and radiance permeability. The large air leakages of the test window were fixable by stuffing and taping, but it was found that the result was unsatisfactory when rubber sealants were used. The U-value of the test window was improved by changing the selective glass in the inner frames. The energy efficiency of the test window improved significantly when the appropriate renovation and replacement work was done. On the other hand, even after the repairs, the energy consumption was still almost twice as high as that of modern windows. Both renovating and replacing the windows are reasonable attempts to decrease energy expenditure, but they are not cost-effective. Culturally and architecturally speaking, replacing windows is a destructive action.Arriving at an answer to the question of what to do with old wooden windows will depend on one’s viewpoint, and we cannot promulgate a single, invariably correct, course of action. As a compromise, it can be recommended to always seal the windows carefully at the beginning of the heating season and to change the selective glass in the inner frames during the renovation.
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Palková, Adela, i Milan Palko. "Material Properties of Windows in the Building Energy Concept". Advanced Materials Research 855 (grudzień 2013): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.116.
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The window is an exposed part of the external cladding. Assessment of windows regarding the heat transfer coefficient. Categorization of thermo-technical requirements for windows. Experimental measurement and determination of heat transfer coefficient. Calculation and determination of linear thermal transmittance. Material base of windows for passive energy building standard.
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Swaddle, John P., Blythe Brewster, Maddie Schuyler i Anjie Su. "Window films increase avoidance of collisions by birds but only when applied to external compared with internal surfaces of windows". PeerJ 11 (2.02.2023): e14676. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14676.
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Window collisions are one of the largest human-caused causes of avian mortality in built environments and, therefore, cause population declines that can be a significant conservation issue. Applications of visibly noticeable films, patterns, and decals on the external surfaces of windows have been associated with reductions in both window collisions and avian mortality. It is often logistically difficult and economically prohibitive to apply these films and decals to external surfaces, especially if the windows are above the first floor of a building. Therefore, there is interest and incentive to apply the products to internal surfaces that are much easier to reach and maintain. However, there is debate as to whether application to the internal surface of windows renders any collision-reduction benefit, as the patterns on the films and decals may not be sufficiently visible to birds. To address this knowledge gap, we performed the first experimental study to compare the effectiveness of two distinct window films when applied to either the internal or external surface of double-glazed windows. Specifically, we assessed whether Haverkamp and BirdShades window film products were effective in promoting the avoidance of window collisions (and by inference, a reduction of collisions) by zebra finches through controlled aviary flight trials employing a repeated-measures design that allowed us to isolate the effect of the window treatments on avoidance flight behaviors. We chose these two products because they engage with different wavelengths of light (and by inference, colors) visible to many songbirds: the BirdShades film is visible in the ultraviolet (shorter wavelength) range, while the Haverkamp film includes signals in the orange (longer wavelength) range. We found consistent evidence that, when applied to the external surface of windows, the BirdShades product resulted in reduced likelihood of collision and there was marginal evidence of this effect with the Haverkamp film. Specifically, in our collision avoidance trials, BirdShades increased window avoidance by 47% and the Haverkamp increased avoidance by 39%. However, neither product was effective when the films were applied to the internal surface of windows. Hence, it is imperative that installers apply these products to exterior surfaces of windows to render their protective benefits and reduce the risk of daytime window collision.
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Kyogoku, Sae, i Hideki Takebayashi. "Effects of Upward Reflective Film Applied to Window Glass on Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Environments in a Mid-Latitude City". Sustainability 15, nr 4 (20.02.2023): 3848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043848.
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The effect of upward reflective film applied to a window on the thermal environment inside and outside the window was investigated, considering the reflection and transmission characteristics depending on the angle of incident solar radiation. In terms of controlling the amount of solar radiation on a building’s windows, it is sufficient if the reflected solar radiation returns upward and does not need to be retroreflected in the azimuthal direction. Therefore, in this study, only the incident angle was considered and treated in two dimensions. The amount of incident solar radiation on the vertical façade is greater around 9:00 and around 16:00. Therefore, it is important to take measures in the morning for east-facing windows and in the afternoon for west-facing windows. The indoor MRT in front of upward reflective film is lower than in front of a transparent window due to lower transmittance. The outdoor MRT in front of upward reflective film is suppressed to the same level as in front of a transparent window, because the downward reflectance does not increase as much as in transparent windows. Upward reflective films applied to windows can improve the indoor thermal environment without worsening the outdoor thermal environment compared to thermal barrier films.
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Kapalo, Peter, i Orest Voznyak. "Comparison of the Intensity of Ventilation at Windows Exchange in the Room - Case Study". Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 12, nr 1 (27.06.2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2017-0006.
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Abstract Doing the replacement of old wooden windows in a new plastic windows, in the old buildings, we get the great reducing of the building heat loss. Simpler maintenance and attendance of window is the next advantage. New windows are characterized by better tightness. The aim of the article is determination due to the performed experimental measurements, how much more are reduce the uncontrolled ventilation that is caused of the infiltration windows. In the article there is presented the experimental measurement of indoor air quality in the room in two phases. In the first phase there is the room installed by 55 year old wood window. In the second phase there is the same room installed by new plastic window. Due to the experimental measurement of indoor air quality it is calculated intensity of ventilation - infiltration. These results of ventilation intensity are reciprocally compared.
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Su, Xiao Ping, i Wei Dong Sun. "The Energy-Saving Design and Construction Study on Exterior Windows in the Building". Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (sierpień 2014): 1556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1556.
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Doors and windows,especially the exterior windows, are the weak parts to preserve or insulate heat in the exterior protected construction of a building, and the main contents in energy-saving architectural designs. The energy-saving design of exterior windows should start from such aspects as size, shape, frame form, glass type, gap sealing, etc. The size of the exterior window holes should be determined according to the window-wall area ratio specified in the relevant rules. It is priority to choose side-hung window in energy-saving design, to choose the low heat transferring window frame, to take measures to break the “thermal bridge”, and to select the energy-saving glass such as decalescence glass, coated glass, hollow glass and vacuum glass. The gaps should be sealed tightly between wall and window frame, window frame and sash, glass and window sash to reduce the air permeable.
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Tabunshchikov, Jurii A., Marianna M. Brodach i Nikolay V. Shilkin. "Windows with Variable Thermal Protection for Buildings in the Far North". Light & Engineering, nr 04-2021 (sierpień 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2021-041.
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A window is, first, an element of daylighting and visual comfort, but, in addition, the window can be an element of an air-conditioning system. In a building with natural ventilation, the outside air inflow is conducted, as a rule, through leaks in the fillings of window openings or through window elements – vents, transoms. The window is also an element of the building’s thermal protection. It gets special significance in buildings built in the climatic conditions of the Russian Far North. This region is characterized by a very short duration or even complete absence of solar time in winter (in the polar night conditions). In these conditions, the role of the window as an element of daylighting and visual comfort is turned off. The task of increasing the heat-shielding characteristics of windows becomes essential. In the Far North, a window can have the same thermal protection as a wall with proper design solutions. In temperate climate conditions, it is possible to increase the thermal protection of windows in public buildings during the period when the building is not in use: at night, on weekends and holidays. The paper provides an overview of new technologies for changing the optical properties and heat-shielding characteristics of windows, depending on changes in climatic conditions, time of day and people’s preferences, and discusses the possibilities of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings in the Far North conditions using windows with variable heat protection, as well as new designs of “smart windows”.
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Lin, Yi-An, Ying-Chieh Chan i Wan-Chen Lee. "Effects of Window Position and Exhaust Flow Rate on Residential Kitchen Hood Performance: A Validated Numerical Approach". Indoor Air 2024 (17.04.2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8834373.
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Previous studies showed that opening windows could help with kitchen ventilation in pollutant removal. However, no studies have systematically examined the impacts of window positions on kitchen hood performance, and there is insufficient information on indoor airflow characteristics and pollutant distribution from makeup air through open windows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a validated computational fluid dynamics approach with CO2 as an indoor air quality indicator (a surrogate for cooking emissions) to understand the impacts of exhaust flow rate and the window opening position on the flow characteristics, concentration distribution, and capture efficiency (CE) of the hood. We conducted four-point validation tests of the numerical models based on CO2 concentration and temperature measurements under steady-state conditions. The validated models were subsequently used in simulations to understand the effects of six different window opening positions and the two exhaust flow rates on exposure. We found that the CO2 concentration could be better reduced by having windows open at the higher location. Generally, the front windows were more effective with CE>80%, followed by the back and the side windows, respectively. We also found that as the exhaust flow rate increased from 6.72 to 12.16 m3/min, CE reached >75% for all window positions, where the most significant increase was 1.58 times for the lower side window. To sum up, changing the relative position of the window and the exhaust hood could help disperse the incoming airflow from the window, improve the kitchen’s overall ventilation, and reduce pollutant concentration.
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Balková, Milada. "Assessing of Daylight Factor Values Depending on Window Opening Structures in Model Room". Acta Technologica Agriculturae 16, nr 4 (1.12.2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2013-0024.
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Abstract In this article, there are compared the types of opening structures in terms of their size and in terms of covering of opening structures with curtains or blinds. Two windows were used in the first case and three windows in the second case. In the third case, the window was divided into three parts, and in the fourth case, the window was divided into three parts covered with curtains. The size of opening structures in the first half of the room, near the windows, has the greatest impact on lighting. In the rear part of the room, the difference is not so great. If the windows are covered with curtains or blinds, the difference in room lighting is significant.
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Kruszka, Leopold, i Ryszard Rekucki. "Performance of Protective Doors and Windows under Impact and Explosive Loads". Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (lipiec 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.422.
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Experimental bullet-proof investigations for two types of steel protective doors under comparative perforation tests using various bullets shot from short and long typical fire-arms are presented. Protective windows are tested under soft impact of 30 kg mass and under aerial shock wave from explosion of an explosive blowing charge (aluminum cash desk windows) and a fuel-air mixture (steel protective windows of warship). The structural material of door leaves used is Polish standard building steel, while the window leaves - Polish architectural protective glass of P4A class in cash desk windows and duplex hardened glass in warship windows.
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Parsaei, Nastaran, Rana Soleymanpour, Asl Navasar i Maryam Banaei. "Cultural Pathology of Double Glazed Windows in terms of Environmental Connectivity Culture in Iran". Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 1, nr 1 (26.06.2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v1i1.198.
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One of the main sustainable products for reducing fuel consumption is a double-glazed window. Despite the positive impacts of these windows in Iran, maybe usage of them has negative effects on environmental connectivity. Environmental connectivity is important in Iranian’s culture in different aspects of privacy and nature relatedness that has influenced the architecture of Windows. The aim of this research is to study the cultural pathology of double glazed windows in today's housing of Iran by analyzing Spearman correlation coefficient. Also, we suggest patterns from traditional windows to improve the environmental connectivity culture by focusing on sustainable designing.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: double glazed windows, environmental connectivity Culture, Sustainability, Iranian traditional window.
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Lee, Jong-Won. "Workflow for Window Composition Detection to Aid Energy-Efficient Renovation in Low-Income Housing in Korea". Buildings 14, nr 4 (1.04.2024): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040966.
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Enhancing the efficiency of windows is important for improving the energy efficiency of buildings. The Korean government has performed numerous building renovation projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate energy poverty. To reduce the costs and manpower requirements of conventional field surveys, this study presents a deep-learning model to examine the insulation performance of windows using photographs taken in low-income housing. A smartphone application using crowdsourcing was developed for data collection. The insulation performance of windows was determined based on U-value, derived considering the frame-material type, number of panes, and area of windows. An image-labeling tool was designed to identify and annotate window components within photographs. Furthermore, software utilizing open-source computer vision was developed to estimate the window area. After training on a dataset with ResNet and EfficientNet, an accuracy of approximately 80% was achieved. Thus, this study introduces a novel workflow to evaluate the insulation performance of windows, which can support the energy-efficient renovation of low-income housing.
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Shaikh, Salman Ahmed, Akiyoshi Matono i Kyoung-Sook Kim. "A Distance-Window Approach for the Continuous Processing of Spatial Data Streams". International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 11, nr 2 (kwiecień 2020): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.2020040102.
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Real-time and continuous processing of citywide spatial data is an essential requirement of smart cities to guarantee the delivery of basic life necessities to its residents and to maintain law and order. To support real-time continuous processing of data streams, continuous queries (CQs) are used. CQs utilize windows to split the unbounded data streams into finite sets or windows. Existing stream processing engines either support time-based or count-based windows. However, these are not much useful for the spatial streams containing the trajectories of moving objects. Hence, this paper presents a distance-window based approach for the processing of spatial data streams, where the unbounded streams can be split with respect to the trajectory length. Since the window operation involves repeated computation, this work presents two incremental distance-based window approaches to avoid the repetition. A detailed experimental evaluation is presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed incremental distance-based windows.
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Jokelainen, Janne. "Vanade puitakende energiatõhusesuse parandamine / The Energy Efficient Renovation of Old Wooden Windows". Studia Vernacula 5 (5.11.2014): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2014.5.112-134.
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Replacing old wooden windows with new ones is a common way of improving the energy efficiency of the buildings, although there is no general agreement on whether changing windows is a rational step to take. The architectural and the cultural changes, as well as the building waste generated by the removed windows, have been seen as problematic. Nor has a consensus been reached on the amount and significance of the energy savings achieved by such changes.In this study, the thermal and physical properties of old windows and theeffect which different renovation methods have on them were investigated. The renovation methods used in this study were light, and therefore there was no need to work on the wooden parts or to take out the frames.The energy efficiency of a window consists of its airtightness, heat conductivity and radiance permeability. The large air leakages of the test window were fixable by stuffing and taping, but it was found that the result was unsatisfactory when rubber sealants were used. The U-value of the test window was improved by changing the selective glass in the inner frames. The energy efficiency of the test window improved significantly when the appropriate renovation and replacement work was done. On the other hand, even after the repairs, the energy consumption was still almost twice as high as that of modern windows. Both renovating and replacing the windows are reasonable attempts to decrease energy expenditure, but they are not cost-effective. Culturally and architecturally speaking, replacing windows is a destructive action.Arriving at an answer to the question of what to do with old wooden windowswill depend on one’s viewpoint, and we cannot promulgate a single, invariably correct, course of action. As a compromise, it can be recommended to always seal the windows carefully at the beginning of the heating season and to change the selective glass in the inner frames during the renovation.
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Jokelainen, Janne. "Vanade puitakende energiatõhusesuse parandamine / The Energy Efficient Renovation of Old Wooden Windows". Studia Vernacula 5 (5.11.2014): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2014.5.112-134.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Replacing old wooden windows with new ones is a common way of improving the energy efficiency of the buildings, although there is no general agreement on whether changing windows is a rational step to take. The architectural and the cultural changes, as well as the building waste generated by the removed windows, have been seen as problematic. Nor has a consensus been reached on the amount and significance of the energy savings achieved by such changes.In this study, the thermal and physical properties of old windows and theeffect which different renovation methods have on them were investigated. The renovation methods used in this study were light, and therefore there was no need to work on the wooden parts or to take out the frames.The energy efficiency of a window consists of its airtightness, heat conductivity and radiance permeability. The large air leakages of the test window were fixable by stuffing and taping, but it was found that the result was unsatisfactory when rubber sealants were used. The U-value of the test window was improved by changing the selective glass in the inner frames. The energy efficiency of the test window improved significantly when the appropriate renovation and replacement work was done. On the other hand, even after the repairs, the energy consumption was still almost twice as high as that of modern windows. Both renovating and replacing the windows are reasonable attempts to decrease energy expenditure, but they are not cost-effective. Culturally and architecturally speaking, replacing windows is a destructive action.Arriving at an answer to the question of what to do with old wooden windowswill depend on one’s viewpoint, and we cannot promulgate a single, invariably correct, course of action. As a compromise, it can be recommended to always seal the windows carefully at the beginning of the heating season and to change the selective glass in the inner frames during the renovation.
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Nikulin, Valery Vladimirovich. "WINDOWS SECURITY AND WINDOWS DEFENDER". Vestnik obrazovatel'nogo konsortsiuma Srednerusskii universitet. Informatsionnye tekhnologii, nr 2 (2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52374/12569525_2021_18_2_7.
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