Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Wind turbines- Structural engineering

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Wind turbines- Structural engineering”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Roddier, Dominique, i Joshua Weinstein. "Floating Wind Turbines". Mechanical Engineering 132, nr 04 (1.04.2010): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-apr-2.

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This article discusses the functioning of floating wind turbines. The engineering requirements for the design of floating offshore wind turbines are extensive. Wind turbine design tools usually consist of an aerodynamic model (for flow around the blades) coupled with a structural code. Aero-elastic models used in the design of fixed turbines calculate all the necessary loading parameters, from turbine thrust and power generation, to blade and tower deflections. The design of floating structures usually involves hydrodynamics tools such as WAMIT Inc.’s software for studying wave interactions with vessels and platforms, or Principia’s DIODORE, to predict the hydrodynamic quantities, such as added mass, damping and wave exciting forces, which are used as a kernel in the time domain simulations. In marine projects, design tools typically need to be validated against model tests in a wave tank or basin. Such work is performed frequently, and scaling laws are very well defined.

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Hua, Xugang, Qingshen Meng, Bei Chen i Zili Zhang. "Structural damping sensitivity affecting the flutter performance of a 10-MW offshore wind turbine". Advances in Structural Engineering 23, nr 14 (15.06.2020): 3037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220927260.

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Classical flutter of wind turbine blades is one of the most destructive instability phenomena of wind turbines especially for several-MW-scale turbines. In the present work, flutter performance of the DTU 10-MW offshore wind turbine is investigated using a 907-degree-of-freedom aero-hydro-servo-elastic wind turbine model. This model involves the couplings between tower, blades and drivetrain vibrations. Furthermore, the three-dimensional aerodynamic effects on wind turbine blade tip have also been considered through the blade element momentum theory with Bak’s stall delay model and Shen’s tip loss correction model. Numerical simulations have been carried out using data calibrated to the referential DTU 10-MW offshore wind turbine. Comparison of the aeroelastic responses between the onshore and offshore wind turbines is made. Effect of structural damping on the flutter speed of this 10-MW offshore wind turbine is investigated. Results show that the damping in the torsional mode has predominant impact on the flutter limits in comparison with that in the bending mode. Furthermore, for shallow water offshore wind turbines, hydrodynamic loads have small effects on its aeroelastic response.

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Abreu, Rafael, Daniel Peter i Christine Thomas. "Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures". Wind Energy Science 7, nr 3 (20.06.2022): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1227-2022.

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Abstract. Reducing wind turbine noise recorded at seismological stations promises to lower the conflict between renewable energy producers and seismologists. Seismic noise generated by the movement of wind turbines has been shown to travel large distances, affecting seismological stations used for seismic monitoring and/or the detection of seismic events. In this study, we use advanced 3D numerical techniques to study the possibility of using structural changes in the ground on the wave path between the wind turbine and the seismic station in order to reduce or mitigate the noise generated by the wind turbine. Testing a range of structural changes around the foundation of the wind turbine, such as open and filled cavities, we show that we are able to considerably reduce the seismic noise recorded by placing empty circular trenches approx. 10 m away from the wind turbines. We show the expected effects of filling the trenches with water. In addition, we study how relatively simple topographic elevations influence the propagation of the seismic energy generated by wind turbines and find that topography does help to reduce wind-turbine-induced seismic noise.

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Asim, Taimoor, Sheikh Zahidul Islam, Arman Hemmati i Muhammad Saif Ullah Khalid. "A Review of Recent Advancements in Offshore Wind Turbine Technology". Energies 15, nr 2 (14.01.2022): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020579.

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Offshore wind turbines are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher wind energy harnessing capabilities and lower visual pollution. Researchers around the globe have been reporting significant scientific advancements in offshore wind turbines technology, addressing key issues, such as aerodynamic characteristics of turbine blades, dynamic response of the turbine, structural integrity of the turbine foundation, design of the mooring cables, ground scouring and cost modelling for commercial viability. These investigations range from component-level design and analysis to system-level response and optimization using a multitude of analytical, empirical and numerical techniques. With such wide-ranging studies available in the public domain, there is a need to carry out an extensive yet critical literature review on the recent advancements in offshore wind turbine technology. Offshore wind turbine blades’ aerodynamics and the structural integrity of offshore wind turbines are of particular importance, which can lead towards system’s optimal design and operation, leading to reduced maintenance costs. Thus, in this study, our focus is to highlight key knowledge gaps in the scientific investigations on offshore wind turbines’ aerodynamic and structural response. It is envisaged that this study will pave the way for future concentrated efforts in better understanding the complex behavior of these machines.

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Li, Jiawen, Jingyu Bian, Yuxiang Ma i Yichen Jiang. "Impact of Typhoons on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 5 (17.05.2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050543.

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A typhoon is a restrictive factor in the development of floating wind power in China. However, the influences of multistage typhoon wind and waves on offshore wind turbines have not yet been studied. Based on Typhoon Mangkhut, in this study, the characteristics of the motion response and structural loads of an offshore wind turbine are investigated during the travel process. For this purpose, a framework is established and verified for investigating the typhoon-induced effects of offshore wind turbines, including a multistage typhoon wave field and a coupled dynamic model of offshore wind turbines. On this basis, the motion response and structural loads of different stages are calculated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the maximum response does not exactly correspond to the maximum wave or wind stage. Considering only the maximum wave height or wind speed may underestimate the motion response during the traveling process of the typhoon, which has problems in guiding the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines. In addition, the coupling motion between the floating foundation and turbine should be considered in the safety evaluation of the floating offshore wind turbine under typhoon conditions.

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Gong, Sen, Kai Pan, Hua Yang i Junwei Yang. "Experimental Study on the Effect of the Blade Tip Distance on the Power and the Wake Recovery with Small Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, nr 5 (22.04.2023): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050891.

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In order to investigate the output power and wake velocity of small multi-rotor wind turbines compared to single-rotor wind turbines, which operate in the same swept area at various blade tip distances, this paper used the wind tunnel test method to examine single-rotor wind turbines with diameter D of 0.4 m and 0.34 m corresponding to the triple-rotor wind turbines and double-rotor wind turbines with a single rotor diameter D of 0.24 m, respectively. The experimental results indicated that, without rotation speed control, the triple-rotor wind turbine produced more power than the single-rotor wind turbine with an equivalent swept area and that the output power tended to rise initially and then fall as the distance between each rotor increased. Moreover, the power increase reached a maximum of 8.4% at the 0.4D blade tip distance. In terms of wake measurement, triple-rotor wind turbines had smaller wake losses and faster recovery rates than single-rotor wind turbines. The smaller the blade tip distance, the earlier the wake merged and fused and the faster the recovery rate. In designing small multi-rotor wind turbines, the above discussion can serve as a guide.

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Moll, Jochen. "Damage detection in grouted connections using electromechanical impedance spectroscopy". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, nr 3 (26.03.2018): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218764226.

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Grouted connections are structural joints formed by a cementitious grout cast between two concentric circular tubes. They are widely used in the offshore construction of oil and gas platforms, and for offshore wind turbines (monopiles and jackets). However, their application in offshore wind turbine installations can be critical due to the high bending moments coming from wind loading. Recently, it was found that grouted connections show limited performance in offshore wind turbine installations leading to settlements between the steel tubes and steel/grout debonding. Hence, structural health monitoring techniques for grouted connections are needed that ensure a safe and reliable operation of offshore wind turbines. This short communication describes the successful application of electromechanical impedance spectroscopy for damage detection in grouted connections.

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Xia, Yaping, Minghui Yin, Ruiyu Li, De Liu i Yun Zou. "Integrated structure and maximum power point tracking control design for wind turbines based on degree of controllability". Journal of Vibration and Control 25, nr 2 (26.06.2018): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318783363.

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A linearization model is obtained for a three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) consisting of blades and a drive-train. Sensitivity analysis of the degree of controllability (DOC) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency with respect to the structural parameters of wind turbines is discussed by numerical simulations. It is observed from the simulation results that higher MPPT efficiency can be achieved with the increase of DOC. Based on the observation, this paper proposes a new integrated design method based on DOC to design and optimize the structural parameters of a HAWT. The designed turbine is tested by the commercial simulation software of wind turbines named Bladed. It is observed from simulations that when using the identical MPPT control strategy, the wind turbine whose structural parameters are optimized for a larger value of DOC can achieve higher MPPT performance.

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Manolas, Dimitris I., Panagiotis K. Chaviaropoulos i Vasilis A. Riziotis. "Assessment of Vortex Induced Vibrations on wind turbines". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2257, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2257/1/012011.

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Abstract Modern wind turbines are prone to Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV). In the present work, an engineering semi-empirical framework is proposed that assesses VIV aero-elastic instabilities of wind turbine configurations. The procedure employs engineering tools relying on airfoil polars. It uses the state-of-the-art aero-elastic tool hGAST along with the EUROCODE VIV framework for steel structures extended to wind turbine configurations. The aero-elastic tool provides the missing modal input data (i.e. modal frequencies, total structural plus aerodynamic modal damping and modeshapes) to evaluate the semi-analytical expressions of the displacement and load amplitudes. Numerical results for single- and two-bladed configurations of the NREL 5MW Reference Wind Turbine (RWT) during assembly are presented, assessing turbine loads under the most unfavourable VIV scenarios examined.

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Shaler, Kelsey, Amy N. Robertson i Jason Jonkman. "Sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind and wake characteristics on wind turbine loads in a small wind farm". Wind Energy Science 8, nr 1 (4.01.2023): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-25-2023.

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Abstract. Wind turbines are designed using a set of simulations to determine the fatigue and ultimate loads, which are typically focused solely on unwaked wind turbine operation. These structural loads can be significantly influenced by the wind inflow conditions. Turbines experience altered inflow conditions when placed in the wake of upstream turbines, which can additionally influence the fatigue and ultimate loads. It is important to understand the impact of uncertainty on the resulting loads of both unwaked and waked turbines. The goal of this work is to assess which wind-inflow-related and wake-related parameters have the greatest influence on fatigue and ultimate loads during normal operation for turbines in a three-turbine wind farm. Twenty-eight wind inflow and wake parameters are screened using an elementary effects sensitivity analysis approach to identify the parameters that lead to the largest variation in the fatigue and ultimate loads of each turbine. This study uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW baseline wind turbine, simulated with OpenFAST and synthetically generated inflow based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Kaimal turbulence spectrum with the IEC exponential coherence model using the NREL tool TurbSim. The focus is on sensitivity to individual parameters, though interactions between parameters are considered, and how sensitivity differs between waked and unwaked turbines. The results of this work show that for both waked and unwaked turbines, ambient turbulence in the primary wind direction and shear are the most sensitive parameters for turbine fatigue and ultimate loads. Secondary parameters of importance for all turbines are identified as yaw misalignment, streamwise integral length, and the exponent and streamwise components of the IEC coherence model. The tertiary parameters of importance differ between waked and unwaked turbines. Tertiary effects account for up to 9.0 % of the significant events for waked turbine ultimate loads and include veer, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, air density, and several wake calibration parameters. For fatigue loads, tertiary effects account for up to 5.4 % of the significant events and include vertical turbulence standard deviation, lateral and vertical wind integral lengths, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, and all wake calibration parameters. This information shows the increased importance of non-streamwise wind components and wake parameters in the fatigue and ultimate load sensitivity of downstream turbines.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Fégeant, Olivier. "Noise from wind turbines". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggnader och installationer, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3100.

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A rapid growth of installed wind power capacity is expectedin the next few years. However, the siting of wind turbines ona large scale raises concerns about their environmental impact,notably with respect to noise. To this end, variable speed windturbines offer a promising solution for applications in denselypopulated areas like the European countries, as this designwould enable an efficient utilisation of the masking effect dueto ambient noise. In rural and recreational areas where windturbines are sited, the ambient noise originates from theaction of wind on the vegetation and about the listener's ear(pseudo-noise). It shows a wind speed dependence similar tothat of the noise from a variable speed wind turbine and cantherefore mask the latter for a wide range of conditions.However, a problem inherent to the design of these machines istheir proclivity to pure tone generation, because of theenhanced difficulty of avoiding structural resonances in themechanical parts. Pure tones are deemed highly annoying and areseverely regulated by most noise policies. In relation to thisproblem, the vibration transmission of structure-borne sound tothe tower of the turbine is investigated, in particular whenthe tower is stiffened at its upper end. Furthermore, sincenoise annoyance due to wind turbine is mostly a masking issue,the wind-related sources of ambient noise are studied and theirmasking potentials assessed. With this aim, prediction modelsfor wind-induced vegetation noise and pseudo-noise have beendeveloped. Finally, closely related to the effect of masking,is the difficulty, regularly encountered by local authoritiesand wind farm developers, to measure noise immission from windturbines. A new measurement technique has thus been developedin the course of this work. Through improving thesignal-to-noise ratio between wind turbine noise and ambientnoise, the new technique yields more accurate measurementresults. Keywords: Masking, vibration transmission, diffraction,ambient noise, pseudo-noise, cylindrical shell, perturbationmethods, structural mobility, acoustic outdoor measurement.
QC 20100616

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Nguyen-Sy, Lam. "The theoretical modelling of circular shallow foundation for offshore wind turbines". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa4000fb-8de6-4093-b528-3e60d774dea0.

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Currently, much research is being directed at alternative energy sources to supply power for modern life of today and the future. One of the most promising sources is wind energy which can provide electrical power using wind turbines. The increase in the use of this type of energy requires greater consideration of design, installation and especially the cost of offshore wind turbines. This thesis will discuss the modelling of a novel type of shallow foundation for wind turbines under combined loads. The footing considered in this research is a circular caisson, which can be installed by the suction technique. The combined loads applied to this footing will be in three-dimensional space, with six degrees of freedom of external forces due to environmental conditions. At the same time, during the process of building up the model for a caisson, the theoretical analyses for shallow circular flat footing and spudcans also are established with the same principle. The responses of the soil will be considered in both elastic and plastic stages of behaviour, by using the framework of continuous plasticity based on thermodynamic principles. During this investigation, it is necessary to compare the numerical results with available experimental data to estimate suitable values of factors required to model each type of soil. There are five main goals of development of the model. Firstly, a new expression for plasticity theory which includes an experimentally determined single yield function is used to model the effects of combined cyclic loading of a circular footing on the behaviour of both sand and clay. This formulation based on thermodynamics allows the derivation of plastic solutions which automatically obey the laws of thermodynamics without any further assumptions. A result of this advantage is that non-associate plasticity, which is known to be a proper approximation for geotechnical material behaviour, is obtained logically and naturally. A FORTRAN source code called ISIS has been written as a tool for numerical analysis. Secondly, since there are some characteristics of the geometric shape and installation method which are quite different from that of spudcans and circular flat footing, another objective of this study is to adapt the current model which has been developed in ISIS for spudcans to the specific needs of caissons. The third goal of this research is the simulation of continuous loading history and a smooth transition in the stress-strain relationship from elastic to plastic behaviour. The model is developed from a single-yield-surface model to a continuous plasticity model (with an infinite number of yield surfaces) and then is discretized to a multiple-yield-surface model which can be implemented by numerical calculation to be able to capture with reasonable precision the hysteretic response of a foundation under cyclic loading. This can not be described by a conventional single-yield-surface model. Fourthly, as a method to simplify the numerical difficulties arising from the calculation process, a rate-dependent solution will be introduced. This modification is implemented by changing the dissipation function derived from the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, in order to control the model to capture the real behaviour, many parameters are proposed. A parametric study will be implemented to show the effects of these parameters on the solution.

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Folster, Kaylee. "Influence of geometry on the dynamic behaviour of steel tubular towers for onshore wind turbines". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25282.

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South Africa has recently experienced challenges regarding electricity consumption and availability. As part of the country's Integrated Resource Plan, these challenges are to be addressed. This involves a 20 year plan which aims to increase electricity supply capacity as well as reduce the reliance on coal power as part of the global trend to become more environmentally friendly. Wind power, specifically, is to account for a large portion of the renewable energy that is expected to become available by 2030. This results in the need for the understanding of wind turbine design by South African engineers. The dynamic analysis of wind turbine structures, is of particular interest to Civil Engineers. Wind turbine towers are recently of the monopole or tubular type tower, predominantly constructed of either concrete or steel or a combination of both. Steel tubular towers above a height of 80m are generally not recommended for wind turbines owing to cost concerns as well as difficulties in meeting dynamic behaviour requirements. Concrete towers and steel-concrete hybrid towers are recommended for this height regime. The aim of this study was to assess the prospective use of steel tubular towers of varying geometric shape for wind turbines with tower heights of 80m or greater. The study focussed on the analysis of natural frequency and assessing the applicability of steel tubular towers of geometric shapes that have not been previously explored or reported. The turbine of choice for this study was the Vestas V112 3MW type as this is one of the most commonly used and more efficient turbines for towers of this height regime. The results of this study showed that steel monopole towers of heights of 80m and more are still viable options for wind turbine towers. Various geometric tower cases of heights varying from 80m to 120m, produced acceptable fundamental natural frequencies within the allowable frequency range for a Vestas V112 3MW turbine.

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Gwon, Tae gyun. "Structural Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower for 3 kW Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/600.

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Structure analyses of a steel tower for Cal Poly's 3 kW small wind turbine is presented. First, some general design aspects of the wind turbine tower are discussed: types, heights, and some other factors that can be considered for the design of wind turbine tower. Then, Cal Poly's wind turbine tower design is presented, highlighting its main design features. Secondly, structure analysis for Cal Poly's wind turbine tower is discussed and presented. The loads that are specific to the wind turbine system and the tower are explained. The loads for the static analysis of the tower were calculated as well. The majority of the structure analysis of the tower was performed using the finite element method (FEM). Using Abaqus, commercial FEM software, both static and dynamic structural analyses were performed. A simplified finite element model that represents the wind turbine tower was created using beam, shell, and inertia elements. An ultimate load condition was applied to check the stress level of the tower in the static analysis. For the dynamic analysis, the frequency extraction was performed in order to obtain the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the tower. Using the results, the response spectrum analysis and the transient dynamic analysis, which are based on the modal superposition method, were performed in order to see the structure's response for earthquakes that are likely to happen at the wind turbine installation site.

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Moss, Andrew M. "Analysis of a Gravity Hinge System for Wind Turbines". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1624479290234317.

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Rastegar, Damoon. "Modification of Aeroelastic Model for Vertical Axes Wind Turbines". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3388.

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In wind turbines, flow pressure variations on the air-structure interface cause aerodynamic forces. Consequently the structure deforms and starts to move. The interaction between aerodynamic forces and structural deformations mainly concerns aeroelasticity. Since these two are coupled, they have to be considered simultaneously in cases which the deformations are not negligible in comparison to the other geometric dimensions. The purpose of this work is to improve the simulation model of a vertical axis wind turbine by modifying the structural model from undamped Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with lumped mass matrix to the more advanced Timoshenko beam theory with consistent mass matrix plus an additional damping term. The bending of the beam is then unified with longitudinal and torsional deformations based on a fixed shape cross-section assumption and the Saint-Venant torsion theory. The whole work has been carried out by implementing the finite element method using MATLAB code and implanting it in a previously developed package as a complement. Finally the results have been verified by qualitative comparisons with alternative simulations.

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Di, Pietro Joshua (Joshua Michael). "Structural analysis and design of floating wind turbine systems". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50575.

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Thesis (S.M. in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-140).
As oil supply rates approach potential maximums and the global detrimental effects of carbon emitting energy technology are becoming more comprehensively understood, the world is searching for environmentally benign energy technology which can be reliably and economically harvested. Deep water offshore wind is a vast, reliable and potentially economical energy source which remains globally untapped. In order to harvest this resource, potential floating turbine systems must be analyzed and designed for economic production and deployment, reliable operation, and adequate service life. The Laboratory of Ship and Platform Flow (LSPF) has created trusted hydrodynamic modeling software used to perform a Pareto Optimization which resulted in an optimized Floating Wind Turbine (FWT) design which is a Tension Leg Platform (TLP); hereto called MIT TLP-1. This thesis details the structural design aspects of Floating Wind Turbines (FWT) in a rationally based optimization approach for incorporation into existing LSPF hydrodynamic optimization approaches. A steel structural design is created based on the geometry and loading of the MIT TLP-1 for a 10m significant wave height. The design is based on similar system analysis, classic linear structural theory, American Bureau of Shipping rules and American Petroleum Institute recommended practices. The design is verified using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The results of this work show that the MIT TLP-1 design is technically feasible from a structural integrity, performance and producibility standpoint.
by Joshua Di Pietro.
S.M.in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

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Al-Khudairi, Othman. "Structural performance of horizontal axis wind turbine blade". Thesis, Kingston University, 2014. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/32197/.

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The power output from a wind turbine is proportional to rotor swept area and as a result in the past 30 years continuous effort has been made to design larger blades. In this period, the blade length has been increased about 10 times since 1980s to present time. With the longest blade currently measuring more than 100m in length, wind turbine blade designers and manufacturers face enormous challenges to encounter the effect of increased weight and other loads on fatigue durability of the blade. Wind turbine blades are mainly made from glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite. materials. As a result, in the design of various parts of wind turbine blades such as the shear web, spar cap and the aerofoil the fatigue behaviour of F RP materials is required. The performance of these parts as well as the adhesively bonded joint under fatigue loading is crucial for structural integrity of a long lasting blade. During operation, delamination can initiate and propagate shortening blade life; hence, characterisation of failure envelope of GFRP laminates under different loading mode is necessary. In this regard in this project, quasi-static tests were carried out to find mode 1, mode 11 and mixed mode I/11 delamination fracture toughness using DCB, ENF and MMB tests and the fracture envelope was established for various mode mixity. In the next stage, the stress-lifetime (S-N) diagrams of the GFRP was studied. Fatigue-life experiments on three different types of loading, i.e. tension-tension at R=0.1, 0.5, tension- compression at R=-1 and compression-compression at R=2 and R=10 were performed. From the results of S-N diagrams, the constant life diagrams (CLD) for 90 degree and 0 degree fibre directions were constructed. CLD diagrams are useful for prediction of fatigue lifetime for loading condition that no experimental data available. The analysis of delamination crack propagation under cyclic loading was next area of the research. The onset life and propagation delamination crack grth of 0//0 interface of GR P laminate in mode I loading using DCB specimens was investigated and the Gm. from the onset life test was determined. From the fitted curve to mode I experimental propagation data the Paris’ law coefficient for the laminated GFRP in mode I was determined. The mode II fatigue crack growth in laminated 0//0 GFRP material was also investigated using ENF specimens. The fatigue behaviour in this mode is analysed based on application of Paris’ law as a function of energy release rate for mode II loading. From the fitted curve to experimental data, the Paris’ law coefficient for the laminated GFRP in mode II was determined. The effect of fatigue delamination growth on fracture surface was studied by fractography analysis of SEM images of fracture surfaces. Studying the behaviour of GFRP under cyclic loading and delamination under static and dynamic load led to full-scale testing of wind turbine blade to establish damage tolerance of the blade under cyclic loading. The sensitivity of wind turbine blade to damage has considerable interest for turbine operators and manufacturers. For full-scale fatigue testing, calibration test and modal analysis of a 45.7m blade has been done and moment-strain diagram and natural frequencies of the blade were obtained. Next, the blade sensitivity to damage under fatigue loading was investigated. The blade has been damaged intentionally by initially inserting a crack of 0.2m between the shear web and spar cap and later it was extended to 1m. The effect of these damages on the modal shape, natural frequencies and strains at various locations of the blade were investigated. The damaged blade fatigue tested, the structural integrity and growth of damage were monitored, and the results were discussed. Finally for the improvement of delamination resistance for joints between spar beam and aero-shell stitching method was used. T-beam and box beam joint were chosen as the platform for testing the stitching effect on the delamination. Various pattern of stitching was applied and the optimum pattern was determined.

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Alhajali, Abdallah. "Analysis of existing offshore structures considering structural damage to investigate a vertical axis wind tower". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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The most common offshore structures are the Jackets which are tools used to extract the oil and natural gas in relative low water depth particularly exist in Adriatic Sea and a lot of them have been constructed in the last 50 years. When the offshore oil and gas resources exhaust, these structures must be replaced to another region containing underground resources or removed if reaching the design life, furthermore, another solution can be considered: changing life of the future working of these platforms by applying renewable energy and alternating them into offshore wind towers. This thesis proposes to study and examine the stiffness matrix of an existing Jacket which consider damaged components for reliability analysis of offshore installations. In this research it was used the 8-step simplified methodology which includes several step to analyze the ability of the offshore jacket structure to examine if it is tolerable to endure the effect of wind or wave loads (environmental forces) more than usual by simulating a minimizing of the stiffness matrix using several random cases which they are ten cases, firstly minimizing in the x direction ( 5 cases) and lastly in y direction and then comparing each of these cases with the original case .It was presented two of the most critical cases to show the effect of each step one in x direction and the other in y direction consequently. At the end it is showed that even the structure jacket is 50 years old it is standable and bearable to face some reduction of its stiffness

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Cantoni, Lorenzo. "Load Control Aerodynamics in Offshore Wind Turbines". Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291417.

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Due to the increase of rotor size in horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) during the past 25 years in order to achieve higher power output, all wind turbine components and blades in particular, have to withstand higher structural loads. This upscalingproblem could be solved by applying technologies capable of reducing aerodynamic loads the rotor has to withstand, either with passive or active control solutions. These control devices and techniques can reduce the fatigue load upon the blades up to 40% and therefore less maintenance is needed, resulting in an important money savings for the wind farm manager. This project consists in a study of load control techniques for offshore wind turbines from an aerodynamic and aeroelastic point ofview, with the aim to assess a cost effective, robust and reliable solution which could operate maintenance free in quite hostile environments. The first part of this study involves 2D and 3D aerodynamic and aeroelastic simulations to validate the computational model with experimental data and to analyze the interaction between the fluid and the structure. The second part of this study is an assessment of the unsteady aerodynamic loads produced by a wind gust over the blades and to verify how a trailing edge flap would influence the aerodynamic control parameters for the selected wind turbine blade.
På grund av ökningen av rotorstorleken hos horisontella vindturbiner (HAWT) under de senaste 25 åren, en design som har uppstod för att uppnå högre effekt, måste alla vindkraftkomponenter och blad stå emot högre strukturella belastningar. Detta uppskalningsproblem kan lösas genom att använda metoder som kan minska aerodynamiska belastningar som rotorn måste tåla, antingen med passiva eller aktiva styrlösningar. Dessa kontrollanordningar och tekniker kan minska utmattningsbelastningen på bladen med upp till 40 % och därför behövs mindre underhåll, vilket resulterar i viktiga besparingar för vindkraftsägaren. Detta projekt består av en studie av lastkontrolltekniker för havsbaserade vindkraftverk ur en aerodynamisk och aeroelastisk synvinkel, i syfte att bedöma en kostnadseffektiv, robust och pålitlig lösning som kan fungera underhållsfri i tuffa miljöer. Den första delen av denna studie involverar 2D- och 3D-aerodynamiska och aeroelastiska simuleringar för att validera beräkningsmodellen med experimentella data och för att analysera interaktionen mellan fluiden och strukturen. Den andra delen av denna studie är en bedömning av de ojämna aerodynamiska belastningarna som produceras av ett vindkast över bladen och för att verifiera hur en bakkantklaff skulle påverka de aerodynamiska styrparametrarna för det valda vindturbinbladet.

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Książki na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Borri, Claudio, C. C. Baniotopoulos i Theodore Stathopoulos. Environmental wind engineering and design of wind energy structures. Wien: Springer, 2011.

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M, Mayer Rayner, red. Design of composite structures against fatigue: Applications to wind turbine blades. Bury St Edmunds: MEP, 1996.

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Mayes, R. Topics in Experimental Dynamics Substructuring and Wind Turbine Dynamics, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 30th IMAC, A Conference on Structural Dynamics, 2012. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012.

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Hau, E. WEGA Large Wind Turbines. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993.

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Tamura, Yukio, i Ahsan Kareem, red. Advanced Structural Wind Engineering. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54337-4.

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Hansen, Martin O. L. Aerodynamics of wind turbines. Wyd. 2. London: Earthscan, 2008.

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1944-, Stoddard Forrest S., red. Wind turbine engineering design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.

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Eggleston, David M. Wind turbine engineering design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.

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A, Spera David, red. Wind turbine technology: Fundamental concepts of wind turbine engineering. New York: ASME Press, 1994.

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A, Spera David, red. Wind turbine technology: Fundamental concepts of wind turbine engineering. Wyd. 2. New York, NY: ASME Press, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Kinne, Marko, Ronald Schneider i Sebastian Thöns. "Reconstructing Stress Resultants in Wind Turbine Towers Based on Strain Measurements". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 224–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_18.

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AbstractSupport structures of offshore wind turbines are subject to cyclic stresses generated by different time-variant random loadings such as wind, waves, and currents in combination with the excitation by the rotor. In the design phase, the cyclic demand on wind turbine support structure is calculated and forecasted with semi or fully probabilistic engineering models. In some cases, additional cyclic stresses may be induced by construction deviations, unbalanced rotor masses and structural dynamic phenomena such as, for example, the Sommerfeld effect. Both, the significant uncertainties in the design and a validation of absence of unforeseen adverse dynamic phenomena necessitate the employment of measurement systems on the support structures. The quality of the measurements of the cyclic demand on the support structures depends on (a) the precision of the measurement system consisting of sensors, amplifier and data normalization and (b) algorithms for analyzing and converting data to structural health information. This paper presents the probabilistic modelling and analysis of uncertainties in strain measurements performed for the purposes of reconstructing stress resultants in wind turbine towers. It is shown how the uncertainties in the strain measurements affect the uncertainty in the individual components of the reconstructed forces and moments. The analysis identifies the components of the vector of stress resultants that can be reconstructed with sufficient precision.

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Yuan, Guoqing, i Yu Chen. "Geometrical Nonlinearity Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade Subjected to Extreme Wind Loads". W Computational Structural Engineering, 521–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_57.

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Borri, Claudio, Paolo Biagini i Enzo Marino. "Large wind turbines in earthquake areas: structural analyses, design/construction & in-situ testing". W Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures, 295–350. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0953-3_7.

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Ren, Nianxin, i Jinping Ou. "Aerodynamic Interference Effect between Large Wind Turbine Blade and Tower". W Computational Structural Engineering, 489–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_54.

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Rauch, M., i M. Knobloch. "Challenges for tower structures of multi-megawatt class wind turbines". W Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 942–47. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-155.

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Zasso, Alberto, Paolo Schito, Carlo L. Bottasso i Alessandro Croce. "Aero-Servo-Elastic Design of Wind Turbines: Numerical and Wind Tunnel Modeling Contribution". W Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures, 97–190. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0953-3_4.

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Caterino, N., C. T. Georgakis, M. Spizzuoco i J. Chen. "Mitigation of Structural Demand to Wind Turbines: Experimental Investigation of Three Control Strategies". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 165–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12815-9_14.

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Banerjee, Arundhuti, Tanusree Chakraborty i Vasant Matsagar. "Stochastic Dynamic Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine Considering Soil-Structure Interaction". W Advances in Structural Engineering, 673–87. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2190-6_54.

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Voormeeren, S. N., P. L. C. van der Valk i D. J. Rixen. "Practical Aspects of Dynamic Substructuring in Wind Turbine Engineering". W Structural Dynamics and Renewable Energy, Volume 1, 163–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9716-6_16.

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Masithulela, F. "Structural analysis of wind turbine inner core based on local wind conditions". W Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 693–98. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-114.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Pollack, Martin L., Brian J. Petersen, Benjamin S. H. Connell, David S. Greeley i Dwight E. Davis. "Resonance Avoidance of Offshore Wind Turbines". W ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37039.

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Coincidence of structural resonances with wind turbine dynamic forces can lead to large amplitude stresses and subsequent accelerated fatigue. For this reason, the wind turbine system is designed to avoid resonance coincidence. In particular, the current practice is to design the wind turbine support structure such that its fundamental resonance does not coincide with the fundamental rotational and blade passing frequencies of the rotor. For offshore wind turbines, resonance avoidance is achieved by ensuring that the support structure fundamental resonant frequency lies in the frequency band between the rotor and blade passing frequencies over the operating range of the turbine. This strategy is referred to as “soft-stiff” and has major implications for the structural design of the wind turbine. This paper details the technical basis for the “soft-stiff” resonance avoidance design methodology, investigates potential vulnerabilities in this approach, and explores the sensitivity of the wind turbine structural response to different aspects of the system’s design. The assessment addresses the wind turbine forcing functions, the coupled dynamic responses and resonance characteristics of the wind turbine’s structural components, and the system’s susceptibility to fatigue failure. It is demonstrated that the design practices for offshore wind turbines should reflect the importance of aerodynamic damping for the suppression of deleterious vibrations, consider the possibility of foundation degradation and its influence on the support structure’s fatigue life, and include proper treatment of important ambient sources such as wave and gust loading. These insights inform potential vibration mitigation and resonance avoidance strategies, which are briefly discussed.

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Torcinaro, M., F. Petrini i S. Arangio. "Structural Offshore Wind Turbines Optimization". W 12th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments; and Fourth NASA/ARO/ASCE Workshop on Granular Materials in Lunar and Martian Exploration. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41096(366)195.

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Bilionis, Dimitrios V., i Dimitrios Vamvatsikos. "PROPABILISTIC FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES". W 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120115.3465.1049.

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Giuliani, L., i F. Bontempi. "Structural Integrity Evaluation of Offshore Wind Turbines". W 12th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments; and Fourth NASA/ARO/ASCE Workshop on Granular Materials in Lunar and Martian Exploration. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41096(366)194.

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Argyriadis, Kimon, i Marcus Klose. "Interaction of Load Analysis and Structural Design of Offshore Wind Turbines". W 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92081.

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The paper presents the necessary considerations for the determination of design loads for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) and OWT support structures. The design of OWTs strongly depends on the environmental conditions such as wind and wave data, ambient temperatures and soil conditions. Load analyses for OWTs are generally done using sophisticated simulation tools which consider the turbulent wind conditions as well as the structural dynamics and the operational behavior of the turbine. Compared to wind turbines onshore, wave loads are an additional element that needs to be considered. Experience shows that the natural frequencies of the support structure highly influence the design loads on the system due to excitation by the rotor. Therefore, the load analysis in combination with optimization of the support structure is an iterative process. A close cooperation between the designing engineers of turbine and support structure is definitely required. The calculation procedure will be presented as well as results from a sample calculation for a typical configuration.

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Chen, Qiong-zhong, i Olivier Bru¨ls. "Integrated Power Control Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbines Considering Structural Flexibility". W ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48253.

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Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) are commonly used in variable-speed wind turbines for more power extraction. Unlike previous research on DFIG wind turbines, which typically uses an equivalent lumped mass model of the drive train dynamics, but does not include detailed aerodynamic/mechanical representations, this paper investigates on the modelling and control of DFIG wind turbines by following a systematic approach based on a flexible multibody simulation software. The wind turbine structure, generator and control subsystem models are modularly developed for the S4WT package (Samcef for Wind Turbines), which is a user interface for the analysis of wind turbines. An extension of the finite element method is available in the flexible multibody dynamics solver, for the representation of the non-mechanical components, i.e., the generator and the control system, so that the coupled mechatronic system is simulated in a strongly coupled way. This integrated approach is less intricate and more robust than approaches based on an external DLL or co-simulation methods. The objective of this work is to analyze the control-generator-structure interactions in a wind turbine system. The power optimization control is elaborated in detail. A 2MW DFIG wind turbine prototype model is presented for validation. Dynamic analysis including the control effects and the influence of the structural flexibility is provided in an overall range.

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Xia, Yiqing, Yosuke Matsumoto, Iman Yousefi, Kazuyoshi Oouchi, Shunsuke Kaneko, Michio Nittouji, Kenji Fujii i Kaho Machida. "Structural Load Estimation of Downstream Wind Turbines in an Offshore Wind Farm". W ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80883.

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Abstract In this study, three IEA Wind 15MW offshore reference wind turbines with monopile support structures, are placed at a distance of eight rotor diameters in the prevailing wind direction. FAST. Farm responses are simulated under different wind conditions and sea states. The outputs suggest that for downstream turbines the effect of partial wake impingement is higher on tower bending moments than on blade bending moments. The downstream wind turbines have higher energy spectra around the tower natural frequency, which may potentially affect the fatigue loads and cut down the turbine lifetime. This study provides references for structural load analysis of downstream wind turbines in large-scale fixed-bottom offshore wind farms.

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Saeed, Nouman, Kai Long i A. Rehman. "A Review of Structural Optimization Techniques for Wind Turbines". W 2020 3rd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icomet48670.2020.9074067.

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Mollasalehi, Ehsan, David H. Wood i Qiao Sun. "Small Wind Turbine Tower Structural Vibration". W ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87736.

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A major barrier to the acceptance of small wind turbines is that they are perceived to be noisy particularly when mounted on monopole towers rather than traditional guy-wired ones. This paper discusses an aspect of noise propagation that has not been studied previously: vibration of the tower. To start studying the tower’s behavior, twenty four accelerometers were attached in two orthogonal lines along the 10 m tower of Southwest Windpower Skystream 2.4 kW wind turbine located at the edge of the city of Calgary. About 15 minutes of data were recorded in order to extract natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes while the turbine was in operating. Operational modal analysis (OMA), in which input loads are considered the ambient input, is conducted to identify dominant modes up to 100 Hz. This range covers the infrasound region (<20 Hz) that might be perceived at sufficiently high sound pressure levels. The captured modal frequencies and modal shapes compared favorably to those predicted by a finite element analysis. Results indicate that a cluster of modes located around 10 Hz show significantly higher magnitude than other modes. This corresponds to the second bending mode. Short-time Fourier transform was used to distinguish natural and forced frequencies. It was seen that higher modes were exited less than lower ones. Original signals were decomposed using discrete wavelet transform to obtain different frequency bands. Relative root mean square values for each frequency band were calculated to determine the contribution to the vibration energy. It was observed that most of vibration energy occurs in the lowest frequency band which is in the infrasound region. The accelerometers were monitored while the blades and generator accelerated and decelerated as the wind speed changed, and only the first bending mode was excited significantly which apparently generates most of noise emission.

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Saigal, Rakesh K., Dan Dolan, Armen Der Kiureghian, Tim Camp i Charles E. Smith. "An Assessment of Structural Design Guidelines for Offshore Wind Turbines". W ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29629.

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This paper addresses the need for U.S. standards to establish design requirements for offshore wind turbine support structures. There are wind power resources in U.S. waters that can be developed to generate substantial amounts of clean, renewable energy. While a number of offshore wind farms have been proposed for U.S. waters none have been built. The U.S. Minerals Management Service and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory have recently commissioned a study to compare and benchmark the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) design standards with the American Petroleum Institute (API) recommended practices. Offshore wind farms that are operating in Europe have been designed using standards developed specifically for offshore wind, such as those developed by Germanischer Lloyd (GL) and Det Norske Veritas (DNV). The IEC has recently drafted design requirements specifically for offshore wind farms that provides a comprehensive definition of load conditions and references other standards, where needed, to provide a complete guidance document. The intent of this paper is to examine the range of applicability of the various design standards and to assess how these standards apply to the design of U.S. offshore wind turbine (OWT) support structures.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Wind turbines- Structural engineering"

Griffith, Daniel, Brian Ray Resor, Jonathan Randall White, Joshua A. Paquette i Nathanael C. Yoder. Structural health and prognostics management for offshore wind turbines :. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088103.

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Myrent, Noah J., Joshua F. Kusnick, Natalie C. Barrett, Douglas E. Adams i Daniel Griffith. Structural health and prognostics management for offshore wind turbines :. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095942.

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Bortolotti, Pietro, Helena C. Tarres, Katherine L. Dykes, Karl Merz, Latha Sethuraman, David Verelst i Frederik Zahle. IEA Wind TCP Task 37: Systems Engineering in Wind Energy - WP2.1 Reference Wind Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529216.

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Miller, Mark S., i Derek E. Shipley. Structural Effects of Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces on Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177977.

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Schulz, M. J., i M. J. Sundaresan. Smart Sensor System for Structural Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines: 30 May 2002--30 April 2006. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891105.

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Myrent, Noah J., Natalie C. Barrett, Douglas E. Adams i Daniel Todd Griffith. Structural Health and Prognostics Management for Offshore Wind Turbines: Sensitivity Analysis of Rotor Fault and Blade Damage with O&M Cost Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1323601.

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Panek i Young. PR-312-12208-R02 Limitations and Costs Associated with Raising Existing RICE Stack Heights. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010556.

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Modeling of actual and hypothetical compressor station facilities concluded increasing reciprocating engine stack height as one potential mitigation measure to reduce modeled impacts below the primary 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Increasing stack heights to between 50-75 feet appears to offer considerable relief based on typical facility configurations (e.g., compressor house height, stack parameters). This white paper discusses potential stack design criteria to be considered when increasing existing exhaust stack heights or planning considerations for new units. To assist in gathering information on practical concerns and issues associated with raising existing compressor driver stacks, a questionnaire was developed and provided to operations and engineering staff, OEMs, and members to provide insight into physical constraints, engineering considerations, and costs to be considered and evaluated in developing this report. This white paper summarizes stack height limitations for reciprocating engines based on operating (e.g., back pressure, effective stack heights) and physical (e.g., guy-wire and structural requirements) constraints. Where available, cost implications are also provided. Criteria addressed include: Good Engineering Practice (GEP) for stack heights, engine back pressure limitations, structural integrity of the exhaust system, wind and seismic loads on the exhaust stack, and other specifications for structural designs. Proper stack design should address local environmental regulations, local building codes (e.g., height requirements, wind and seismic loads), structural integrity, base configuration, and lateral support.

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Low Wind Speed Technology Phase II: Investigation of the Application of Medium-Voltage Variable-Speed Drive Technology to Improve the Cost of Energy from Low Wind Speed Turbines; Behnke, Erdman and Whitaker Engineering, Inc. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878476.

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LONG-SPAN TRANSMISSION TOWERLINE SYSTEM UNDER DOWNBURST. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.068.

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The extreme wind loads have caused enormous structural failures around the world, especially in high-rise flexible steel structures such as transmission towers. However, most of the design criteria discussed in the code are for extended pressure system (EPS). Due to the action of downburst, the structure may be damaged by the failure of local members, which may further lead to the collapse of transmission tower. In this paper, a long-span transmission tower-line system project with a span of 2500m and a main tower height of 272m is taken as the research object. The focus is on the dynamic response of suspension tower under the action of downburst. First, the simulation process of downburst wind field and the calculation criteria of wind load are introduced. Second, the whole tower-line system is simulated with refined finite element model, which includes two suspension towers, four anchor towers and other elements. The wind-induced vibration response of the structure is calculated by numerical simulation. Finally, the possible failure modes and bearing characteristics of the tower line system under downburst are obtained, which provides reference for engineering design.

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