Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Wind erosion”
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Liu, Jun, Xuyang Wang, Li Zhang, Zhongling Guo, Chunping Chang, Heqiang Du, Haibing Wang, Rende Wang, Jifeng Li i Qing Li. "Regional Potential Wind Erosion Simulation Using Different Models in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 15 (3.08.2022): 9538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159538.
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Wind erosion is crucial for assessing regional ecosystem services and sustainable development. The Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of northern China (APEC) is a typical region undergoing wind erosion and soil degradation. In this study, the National Wind Erosion Survey Model of China, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modeling System, and the regional versions of the Revised Wind Erosion Equation and Wind Erosion Prediction System were used to evaluate the regional potential wind erosion of the APEC during 2000 and 2012. The results showed that the potential wind erosion predicted by National Wind Erosion Survey Model of China (NWESMC), Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ), Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS), and Integrated Wind Erosion Modeling System (IWEMS) were significantly related to the observed wind erosion collected from published literature, but the observed data were generally smaller than the predicted values. The average potential wind erosions were 12.58, 25.87, 52.63, and 58.72 t hm−2 a−1 for NWESMC, RWEQ, WEPS, and IWEMS, respectively, while the spatial pattern and temporal trend of annual potential wind erosion were similar for different wind erosion models. Wind speed, soil moisture, and vegetation coverage were the dominant factors affecting regional wind erosion estimation. These results highlight that it is necessary to comprehensively calibrate and validate the selected wind erosion models. A long-term standard wind erosion monitoring network is urgently required. This study can serve as a useful reference for improving wind erosion models.
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Dufková, Jana. "Potential threat of southern Moravia soils by wind erosion". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, nr 2 (2004): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452020033.
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Wind erosion is caused by meteorological factors such as wind, precipitation and evaporation that influence the soil humidity. Erosive-climatological factor expresses wind and humidity conditions of particular landscape. This is an index of the influence of average soil surface humidity and average wind velocity on average soil erodibility by wind. On the basis of average wind velocity and Konček’s humidity index, the values of the erosive-climatological factor for three chosen areas of Czech republic (Telč-Kostelní Myslová, Znojmo-Kuchařovice and Brno-Tuřany), where the pro-cesses of wind erosion could exist, were evaluated. Thus, the change of the factor’s value during the period of 1961 – 2000 was studied. The linear trend for the region of Brno and Znojmo (dry areas) shows increasing threat of soils by wind erosion, the contrary situation is at the humid area (Telč). The results prove the influence of soil humidity on the erosive-climatological factor and hereby the influence on wind erosion spreadout.
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FRYREAR, DONALD W., i ALI SALEH. "FIELD WIND EROSION". Soil Science 155, nr 4 (kwiecień 1993): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199304000-00008.
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Skidmore, E. L. "Wind erosion control". Climatic Change 9, nr 1-2 (1986): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00140537.
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Chornyy, S., i O. Pismenniy. "Wind erosion resistance of steppe soils of Ukraine". Agricultural Science and Practice 1, nr 3 (15.12.2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp1.03.043.
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Aim. The study of direct (wind erosion resistance) and indirect (lumpiness, mechanical durability, etc) indices of current wind erosion resistance of steppe soils in Ukraine. Methods. The following methods were used: fi eld, laboratory, mathematical and statistical, analytical and comparative methods. Wind resistance of soils was studied using the elaborated method in the aerodynamic unit. Results. The studies revealed that the high- est resistance to soil blowing due to strong winds is demonstrated by light loamy chernozem, somewhat lower resistance – by southern and dark-chestnut heavy loamy chernozem, light loamy, sandy loamy and sandy turf soil. It was demonstrated that the irrigation with mineralized water enhances the indices of wind erosion resis- tance of dark-chestnut soil and southern chernozem. The granulometric analysis of soil revealed quantitative dependence between the wind erosion resistance, humus content and physical clay content. Conclusions. The studies on wind erosion resistance of dry steppe and southern steppe soils of Ukraine and the classifi cation of soil types regarding their capability of resisting strong winds allow implementing the measures of preventing wind erosion.
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Marzen, Miriam, Thomas Iserloh, Wolfgang Fister, Manuel Seeger, Jesus Rodrigo-Comino i Johannes B. Ries. "On-Site Water and Wind Erosion Experiments Reveal Relative Impact on Total Soil Erosion". Geosciences 9, nr 11 (14.11.2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110478.
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The relative impact of water and wind on total erosion was investigated by means of an experimental-empirical study. Wind erosion and water erosion were measured at five different sites: (1) Mediterranean fallow, (2) Mediterranean orchard, (3) wheat field, (4) vineyard and (5) sand substrate. Mean erosion rates ranged from 1.55 to 618 g·m−2·h−1 for wind and from 0.09 to 133.90 g·m−2·h−1 for rain eroded material over all tested sites. Percentages (%) of eroded sediment for wind and rain, respectively, were found to be 2:98 on Mediterranean fallow, 11:89 on Mediterranean orchard, 3:97 on wheat field, 98:2 on vineyard and 99:1 on sand substrate. For the special case of soil surface crust destroyed by goat trampling, the measured values emphasize a strong potential impact of herding on total soil erosion. All sites produced erosion by wind and rain, and relations show that both erosive forces may have an impact on total soil erosion depending on site characteristics. The results indicate a strong need to focus on both wind and water erosion particularly concerning soils and substrates in vulnerable environments. Measured rates show a general potential erosion depending on recent developments of land use and climate change and may raise awareness of scientist, farmers and decision makers about potential impact of both erosive forces. Knowledge about exact relationship is key for an adapted land use management, which has great potential to mitigate degradation processes related to climate change.
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Farsang, Andrea, Rainer Duttmann, Máté Bartus, József Szatmári, Károly Barta i Gábor Bozsó. "Estimation of Soil Material Transportation by Wind Based on in Situ Wind Tunnel Experiments". Journal of Environmental Geography 6, nr 3-4 (1.11.2013): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jengeo-2013-0002.
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Abstract 25% and 40% of territory of Hungary is moderate to highly vulnerable to deflation. However, precise estimates about the soil loss and related losses of organic matter and nutrients due to wind erosion are missing in most cases. In order to determine magnitudes of nutrient masses removed at wind velocities that frequently occur in SE Hungary, in-situ experiments using a portable wind tunnel have been conducted on small test plots with an erosional length of 5.6 m and a width of 0.65 m. The wind tunnel experiments have been carried through on a Chernozem which is typical for this region. In order to compare the effects of soil coverage on the masses of blown soil sediment and adsorbed nutrients, two soil surface types have been tested under similar soil moisture und atmospheric conditions: (1) bare soil (dead fallow) and (2) bare soil surface interrupted by a row of maize plants directed downwind along the center line of the test plots. The results of our experiments clearly show that a constant wind velocity of 15 m s-1 (at a height of 0.3 m) lasting over a short time period of 10 minutes can already cause noticeable changes in the composition and size of soil aggregates at the top of the soil surface. Due to the grain size selectivity of the erosive forces the relative share of soil aggregates comprising diameters > 1 mm increased by 5-10% compared with the unaffected soil. Moreover it has shown that short time wind erosion events as simulated in this study can result in erosion rates between 100 and 120 g m-2, where the erosion rates measured for bare soils are only slightly, but not significantly higher than those of the loosely vegetated ones. Soil samples taken from sediment traps mounted in different heights close to the outlet of the wind tunnel point to an enrichment of organic matter (OM) of about 0.6 to 1 % by mass referred to the control samples. From these findings has been calculated that the relocation of organic matter within short term wind erosion events can amount to 4.5 to 5.0 g OM m-2. With the help of portable field wind tunnel experiments we can conclude that our valuable, high quality chernozems are struck by wind erosion mainly in drought periods.
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Podhrázská, J., i I. Novotný. "Evaluation of the wind erosion risks in GIS". Soil and Water Research 2, No. 1 (7.01.2008): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2101-swr.
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The paper refers to the possibilities of the evaluation of the wind erosion risks by using a model created in GIS. The model exploits the pedological information database for determining the potential risks of soils by wind erosion. The following data are the database of the agricultural land use, meteorological data and the topographic maps for determining the direction of wind and climatic conditions. Using the data transferred to the graphic form, it is possible to create the digital terrain model and to regionalise the meteorological data. Consequently, the wind barriers are localised in the landscape and it is possible to create the zone of efficiency around each barrier (protecting the land from the erosive effects of the wind) according to the characteristics of their height and density.
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KARAOĞLU, Mücahit, i Erhan ERDEL. "SOIL PROPERTIES AND MAPPING OF THE ARALIK-IĞDIR WIND EROSION AREA-I (SURFACE)". Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 18, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/258.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, one of the biggest problems for soil which is bare and/or has insufficient vegetation is wind erosion caused by strong winds. The second largest wind erosion area of Türkiye is in the province of Aralık-Iğdır. In this study, surface soil analysis of 40 km2 of the wind erosion area (clay,% silt,% sand, carbonate%, OM%, pH and EC), dry sieving analysis (4, 2, 1, 0.84, 0.42, 0.106, 0.020, <0.020 mm), erodible fraction (EF1%, EF2%), stability index (SI) and relative aggregation index (RSI) were determined. In addition, elevation, slope, silt, >0.84 mm, 0.106 mm, >0.020 mm, EF1, EF2, SI and RSI values as percentage were mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As a result, the texture classes of the wind erosion area of surface soils were determined as S-LS-SL, the carbonate percentages as 0.4-0.8, the organic matter percentages as 0.3-2.4, the pH values as 8.0-9.1, the electrical conductivity measurements as 0.03-0.12. In dry sieving processes; the resistant material (>0.84%) as 0-40, the erosive material (<0.84%) as 43-99; the erodible material percentages calculated with equations EF1 as 50-58, EF2 as 60-100; the stability index SI as 0-1 and the relative aggregation indices were RSI 0-11. It has been determined that the surface soils of all plots in the study area were sensitive to wind erosion, and that some plots were more sensitive.
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Scott, W. D. "Wind erosion of residue waste. Part I. Using the wind profile to characterise wind erosion". CATENA 21, nr 4 (marzec 1994): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90042-6.
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Vilhena, Ricardo, Márcia Mascarenha, Maurício Sales, Patrícia Romão i Marta Luz. "Estimating the Wind-Generated Wave Erosivity Potential: The Case of the Itumbiara Dam Reservoir". Water 11, nr 2 (18.02.2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020342.
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The impact of wind waves is a process that affect reservoir shorelines, causing economic and environmental damage. The objective of this paper is to analyze the erosive potential of waves generated by winds at the shoreline of a large tropical reservoir of the Itumbiara Dam that stands along the Paranaiba River in the Midwest of Brazil. A GIS-based analysis was carried out using a wave fetch model tool (WAVE) developed by the US Geological Survey with wind data from a Doppler sensor (SODAR—SOnic Detection and Ranging) and an ultrasonic anemometer. A wave erosivity potential map was generated combining 16 fetch rasters from every 22.5° wind directions and was weighted according to its corresponding wind frequency over the rainy season. This result showed the critical areas which may have a high wave potential to increase sediment detachment along the reservoir shoreline. Finally, some of these high erosivity potential areas coincide with large erosions sites, which are detected by satellite imagery. This technique was capable of identifying the wave potential which can cause shoreline erosions and also contribute to reservoir management and support future works, including field experimental programs and shoreline erosion treatments.
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Fryrear, D. W., i A. Saleh. "WIND EROSION: FIELD LENGTH". Soil Science 161, nr 6 (czerwiec 1996): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199606000-00007.
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Goudie, A. S. "Wind erosion in deserts". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 100, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(89)80067-7.
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Kruse, B. "Wind erosion model development". Ecological Modelling 75-76 (wrzesień 1994): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(94)90026-4.
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Skidmore, E. L. "Wind erosion climatic erosivity". Climatic Change 9, nr 1-2 (1986): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00140536.
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Středová, Hana, Jana Podhrázská, Filip Chuchma, Tomáš Středa, Josef Kučera, Petra Fukalová i Martin Blecha. "The Road Map to Classify the Potential Risk of Wind Erosion". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, nr 4 (20.04.2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040269.
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Environmental degradation, for example, by wind erosion, is a serious global problem. Despite the enormous research on this topic, complex methods considering all relevant factors remain unpublished. The main intent of our paper is to develop a methodological road map to identify key soil–climatic conditions that make soil vulnerable to wind and demonstrate the road map in a case study using a relevant data source. Potential wind erosion (PWE) results from soil erosivity and climate erosivity. Soil erosivity directly reflects the wind-erodible fraction and indirectly reflects the soil-crust factor, vegetation-cover factor and surface-roughness factor. The climatic erosivity directly reflects the drought in the surface layer, erosive wind occurrence and clay soil-specific winter regime, making these soils vulnerable to wind erosion. The novelty of our method lies in the following: (1) all relevant soil–climatic data of wind erosion are combined; (2) different soil types “sand” and “clay” are evaluated simultaneously with respect to the different mechanisms of wind erosion; and (3) a methodological road map enables its application for various conditions. Based on our method, it is possible to set threshold values that, when exceeded, trigger landscape adjustments, more detailed in situ measurements or indicate the need for specific management.
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Zhang, Hanbing, Yang Gao, Danfeng Sun, Lulu Liu, Yanzhi Cui i Wenjie Zhu. "Wind Erosion Changes in a Semi-Arid Sandy Area, Inner Mongolia, China". Sustainability 11, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010188.
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Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in drylands. Identifying the dominant natural factors of wind erosion and using targeted treatment measures are the key steps in wind erosion control. Using Horqin Left Back Banner in China as a case study, we applied the revised wind erosion equation to simulate the spatial distribution of wind erosion in the semi-arid sandy area. Contribution assessment and constraint line analysis were used to investigate the contributions of driving forces to wind erosion changes. The results showed that the wind erosion in the whole area was reduced by 0.35 t/hm2·a from 2005 to 2016. The wind factor and vegetation coverage factor had dominant contributions to the wind erosion modulus and accounted for the erosion in 49.87% and 50.13% of the total area, respectively. In addition, the average wind speed exceeding the threshold and the number of occurrences exhibited significant correlations with the wind erosion severity. Meanwhile, the mitigation effects of vegetation coverage on wind erosion decreased with the increase in wind speed. The temporal mismatch between the wind speed and vegetation coverage was the main reason for the frequent severe wind erosion in spring. Reducing the spring wind speed through adding windbreaks would be an effective method for decreasing wind erosion in semi-arid areas.
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Nanney, R. D., D. W. Fryrear i T. M. Zobeck. "Wind Erosion Prediction and Control". Water Science and Technology 28, nr 3-5 (1.08.1993): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0455.
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Few regions of the United States are entirely safe from wind erosion. Whenever the soil surface is loose and dry with limited crop residue cover, and the wind sufficiently strong, soil erosion will occur. Soil erosion by wind causes diffuse pollution, loss of topsoil, reduced crop production, and damage to both public and private facilities. Factors contributing to the wind erosion process can vary daily. This complex process presents a challenge to the science of wind erosion prediction and control. USDA Agricultural Research Service is developing a new Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to overcome the limitations of the existing Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ). WEPS is a computer based model with submodels for crops, soils, tillage, erosion, weather, hydrology, and decomposition. USDA Soil Conservation Service assisted with the characterization of changes in the temporal soil properties of the tillage zone and ground surface and erosion rates at a validation site in the Great Lakes region. The results of the data collection for the soils and erosion submodels and a discussion of a windbreak demonstration site show the dynamic nature of the wind erosion process.
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Lackóová, Lenka, Jozefína Pokrývková, Jana Kozlovsky Dufková, Agnieszka Policht-Latawiec, Krystyna Michałowska i Jolanta Dąbrowska. "Long-Term Impact of Wind Erosion on the Particle Size Distribution of Soils in the Eastern Part of the European Union". Entropy 23, nr 8 (22.07.2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23080935.
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Wind erosion is the leading cause of soil degradation and air pollution in many regions of the world. As wind erosion is controlled by climatic factors, research on this phenomenon is urgently needed in soil and land management in order to better adapt to climate change. In this paper, the impact of wind erosion on the soil surface in relation to particle size distribution was investigated. Changes in percentage of sand, silt and clay fractions based on historical KPP data (1961–1970), LUCAS data base (2009), and field measurements (2016) were analysed in five cadastral areas impacted by wind erosion (Záhorie Lowlands, Slovakia). With the use of GIS tools, models of spatial distribution of sand, silt, clay and erodible fraction (EF) content were developed based on those measurements. Our findings proved that soil texture change driven by wind erosion could happen relatively quickly, and a significant proportion of soil fine particles may be carried away within a few years. The results indicate that the soil surface became much rougher over the period of more than 50 years, but also that the accumulation of fraction of the silt particles occurred in most of the areas affected by the erosive effect.
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Lackóová, Lenka, Tatiana Kaletová i Klaudia Halászová. "Are Drought and Wind Force Driving Factors of Wind Erosion Climatic Erosivity in a Changing Climate? A Case Study in a Landlocked Country in Central Europe". Land 12, nr 4 (27.03.2023): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040757.
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The intensity and frequency of occurrence of wind erosion have had an increasing tendency in recent years, exacerbating environmental and agricultural problems around the world. The question of whether climate change will have an accelerating impact on wind erosion might be answered by analyzing three driving parameters: wind erosion climatic erosivity (CE), standard precipitation index (SPI), and wind factor (Wf). A time series analysis of historical climatic data over a period of 58 years was performed using ArcGIS software and descriptive statistics, to detect spatiotemporal variations regarding climate change. The results of the analysis indicate that the number and intensity of drought periods are already increasing in Central Europe. Through the CE equation using the key indicators wind speed (U), temperature (T), humidity (r), and precipitation (P), we calculated decadal spatiotemporal variation and potential scenarios of climate change in terms of wind erosion intensity. The results of the study show that there has been a 1.75 °C increase in temperature since 1961 and fluctuating wind erosion intensity in recent decades. The frequency of drought periods has increased only slightly, but there has been an increase in the amount of precipitation in the last two decades of the study period, up to +6.63 and +6.53%. The wind analysis showed that mean maximum wind speed (Umaxmean) had a decreasing trend (R2 = 0.32), and the occurrence of erosive wind (Uer) (>5 m/s) exhibited seasonal changes toward spring. Wf exhibited a rise of 11.86 and 3.66% in the first two decades of the study period, followed by a decline of 8.49% in the last decade. CE analysis indicated oscillation in both directions, with decadal changes ranging between −16.95 and +15.21%. Wind erosion is becoming a more significant issue in Central Europe because of climate change, and the situation could worsen in the future. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of climate change on wind erosion in Europe and highlights the need for effective measures to mitigate its effects.
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Jia, Ying, YuFei Pei i ZhiWei Xie. "Experimental Study on Wind Erosion of Concrete Building Surface in Wind-Sand Environment". E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201001.
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In this paper, the effects of different wind-sand attack angle, wind speed, action time, concrete strength, sand particle size, and sand content on the surface wind erosion of concrete structures are experimentally studied. Wind erosion rate and strength loss rate are defined as the indexes to measure the degree of wind erosion of concrete. According to the similarity theory, the actual situation is deduced based on the wind erosion test, and the wind erosion time corresponding to the wind speed, the action time of wind sand, and the simulation test in the case of sand content is obtained. it makes the experimental study of wind erosion on concrete buildings to have more practical significance.
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Zhang, F., J. Wang, X. Zou, R. Mao, DY Gong, X. Feng i J. Zhu. "Changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity in northern China from 1981-2016: a comparison of two climate/weather factors of wind erosion models". Climate Research 83 (22.04.2021): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01640.
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Wind erosion is largely determined by wind erosion climatic erosivity. In this study, we examined changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity during 4 seasons across northern China from 1981-2016 using 2 models: the wind erosion climatic erosivity of the Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) model and the weather factor from the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model. Results showed that wind erosion climatic erosivity derived from the 2 models was highest in spring and lowest in winter with high values over the Kumtag Desert, the Qaidam Basin, the boundary between Mongolia and China, and the Hulunbuir Sandy Land. In spring and summer, wind erosion climatic erosivity showed decreasing trends in whole of northern China from 1981-2016, whereas there was an increasing trend in wind erosion climatic erosivity over the Gobi Desert from 1992-2011. For the weather factor of the RWEQ model, the difference between northern Northwest China and the Gobi Desert and eastern-northern China was much larger than that of the wind erosion climatic erosivity of the WEQ model. In addition, in contrast to a decreasing trend in the weather factor of the RWEQ model over southern Northwest China during spring and summer from 1981-2016, the wind erosion climatic erosivity of the WEQ model showed a decreasing trend for 1981-1992 and an increasing trend for 1992-2011 over southern Northwest China. According to a comparison between dust emission and wind erosion climatic erosivity, the 2 models have the ability to project changes in future wind erosion in northern China.
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Řeháček, D., T. Khel, J. Kučera, J. Vopravil i M. Petera. "Effect of windbreaks on wind speed reduction and soil protection against wind erosion". Soil and Water Research 12, No. 2 (10.04.2017): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2016-swr.
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Windbreaks form efficient soil protection against wind erosion particularly at the time when soil cover is not protected by the cultivated plant vegetation cover. The objective of this research was to evaluate windbreaks efficiency in terms of wind speed reduction. Wind speed along the windbreaks was measured in the cadastral areas of Dobrovíz and Středokluky (Czech Republic, Central Europe). The measurement was carried out by 4 stations placed at windward side (1 station at the distance of 3 times the height of the windbreak) and at leeward side of the windbreak (3 stations at the distance of 3, 6, and 9 times the height of the windbreak). Each station contained 2 anemometers situated 0.5 and 1 m above surface. The character of windbreak was described by terrestrial photogrammetry method as the value of optical porosity from the photo documentation of the windbreak at the time of field measurement. A significant dependence between the value of optical porosity and efficiency of windbreak emerged from the results. The correlation coefficient between optical porosity and wind speed reduction was in the range of 0.842 to 0.936 (statistical significance more than 95%). A significant effect of windbreak on airflow reduction was proven on the leeward side of windbreak in a belt corresponding to approximately six times the height of the windbreaks depending on the optical porosity and it was expressed by a polynomial equation.
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Mctainsh, GH, AW Lynch i RC Burgess. "Wind erosion in eastern Australia". Soil Research 28, nr 2 (1990): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900323.
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Land degradation surveys in Australia may not have fully delineated the nature and extent of wind erosion, owing perhaps, to a shortage of quantitative data on wind erosion rates and to the subtle and transient nature of field evidence. The Ew Index of wind erosion demonstrates that regional climatic factors (i.e. effective soil moisture and wind erosivity) have a significant influence upon wind erosion rates (measured by dust storm frequencies). Also, a map of wind erosion classes shows areas where wind erosion is increased or decreased by local conditions of soil/sediment erodibility and/or agricultural and pastoral activities.
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Lin, Degen, Peijun Shi, Michael Meadows, Huiming Yang, Jing’ai Wang, Gangfeng Zhang i Zhenhua Hu. "Measuring Compound Soil Erosion by Wind and Water in the Eastern Agro–Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China". Sustainability 14, nr 10 (21.05.2022): 6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106272.
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Land degradation induced by soil erosion is widespread in semiarid regions globally and is common in the agro–pastoral ecotone of northern China. Most researchers identify soil erosion by wind and water as independent processes, and there is a lack of research regarding the relative contributions of wind and water erosion and the interactions between them in what is referred to here as compound soil erosion (CSE). CSE may occur in situations where wind more effectively erodes a surface already subject to water erosion, where rainfall impacts a surface previously exposed by wind erosion, or where material already deposited by wind is subject to water erosion. In this paper, we use the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) to calculate the rate of soil erosion and map the distribution of three types of soil erosion classified as (i) wind (wind-erod), (ii) water (water-erod), and (iii) CSE (CSE-erod) for the study area that spans more than 400,000 km2 of sand- and loess-covered northern China. According to minimum threshold values for mild erosion, we identify water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land as occurring across 41.41%, 13.39%, and 27.69% of the total area, while mean soil erosion rates for water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land were calculated as 6877.65 t km−2 yr−1, 1481.47 t km−2 yr−1, and 5989.49 t km−2 yr−1, respectively. Land subject to CSE-erod is predominantly distributed around the margins of those areas that experience wind erosion and water erosion independently. The CSLE and RWEQ do not facilitate a direct assessment of the interactions between wind and water erosion, so we use these equations here only to derive estimates of the relative contributions of wind erosion and water erosion to total soil erosion and the actual mechanisms controlling the interactions between wind and water erosion require further field investigation. It is concluded that CSE is an important but underappreciated process in semiarid regions and needs to be accounted for in land degradation assessments as it has substantial impacts on agricultural productivity and sustainable development in regions with sandy and/or loess-covered surfaces.
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Zhou, Zhuoli, Zhuodong Zhang, Wenbo Zhang, Jianyong Luo, Keli Zhang, Zihao Cao i Zhiqiang Wang. "The Impact of Residences and Roads on Wind Erosion in a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem: A Spatially Oriented Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 1 (23.12.2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010198.
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The existence of residences and roads is an important way in which human activity affects wind erosion in arid and semiarid environments. Studies assessing the impact of these elements on wind erosion have only focused on limited plots, and their threat of erosion to the surrounding environment has been ignored by many studies. This study was based on spatially overlayed analysis of independent wind erosion distribution simulated by the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) and remote-sensing-image-derived residence and road distribution data. Wind erosion at different distances from residences and roads was quantified at the landscape scale of a typical temperate grassland ecosystem, explicitly demonstrating the crucial impacts of both elements on wind erosion. The results showed that wind erosion weakened as the distance from residences and roads increased due to the priority pathways of human activities, and the wind erosion around the residence was more severe than around the road. Human activities in the buffer zones 0–200 m from the residences most frequently caused severe wind erosion, with a wind soil loss of 25 t ha−1 yr−1 and a wind soil loss of approximately 5.25 t ha−1 yr−1 for 0–60 m from the roads. The characteristics of wind erosion variation in the buffer zones were also affected by residence size and the environments in which the residences were located. The variation in wind erosion was closely related to the road levels. Human activities intensified wind erosion mainly by affecting the soil and vegetation around residences and roads. Ecological management should not be limited to residences and roads but should also protect the surrounding environments. The findings of this study are aimed towards a spatial perspective that can help implement rational and effective environmental management measures for the sustainability of wind-eroded ecosystems.
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Campbell, Daniel R., Claude Lavoie i Line Rochefort. "Wind erosion and surface stability in abandoned milled peatlands". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, nr 1 (1.02.2002): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-089.
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Peatlands exploited for their peat by the method of milling are poorly recolonized by plants after the cessation of extraction activities, in part due to unstable peat substrates. Wind erosion has been suspected to play a role in this instability. Four studies were conducted to investigate the role of wind erosion on abandoned milled peatlands. A wind tunnel experiment was performed to evaluate the erodibility of dry, loose peat as a function of its degree of decomposition. A second wind tunnel experiment was conducted to determine how crusted peats differ in their resistance to erosion as a function of their degree of decomposition, without the input of abraders. Third, wind profiles were measured in milled, revegetated and natural peatlands in southeastern Québec to determine their aerodynamic roughness length. Finally, field measurements were made at three abandoned milled peatlands through two field seasons to characterize substrate stability and particle movement. In the wind tunnel, the erodibility of loose surface peat decreased with increasing decomposition and was predicted by their equivalent diameter to mineral particles 0.84 mm in diameter. However, once surface crusts formed, peats were all resistant to erosion. Surfaces of abandoned milled peatlands were aerodynamically smooth; therefore, exposed surface elements are subject to strong erosive forces during wind events. The greatest subsidence on abandoned milled peatlands occurred in the spring, prior to the surface movement of particles. Erosion during the summer could not be clearly detected. The instability of the peat surface remains a constraint for the restoration of abandoned milled surfaces. Key Words: Peat, cutover peatland, wind erosion, soil crust, roughness length, soil stability
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Potter, K. N., J. R. Williams, F. J. Larney i M. S. Bullock. "Evaluation of EPIC's wind erosion submodel using data from southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, nr 3 (1.08.1998): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-091.
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Wind erosion models have been used to assess policy impacts on soil erosion, but validation of models has been difficult until recently. We evaluated the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) wind erosion submodel by comparing simulation results to field measured wind erosion sediment losses. Using standard model inputs and actual wind velocities, wind erosion was simulated for a field near Lethbridge, Alberta (49°37′N, 112°38′W) where field measurements of wind erosion were made in April 1992 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil. The EPIC submodel predicted erosion losses for each day that erosion was measured, and approximated the magnitude of erosion on six of the seven erosion events. EPIC significantly overestimated erosion for one event and also simulated erosion on 3 d when no erosion was recorded. Field length had a larger effect on simulation results during large erosion events than for smaller events. The effect of surface soil water content on wind erosion appeared to be captured by the model, but only limited data were available to evaluate this aspect. Other portions of the model such as the effects of surface roughness and vegetative cover could not be evaluated in this study. Key words: Field length, surface water content, sediment losses
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Li, Chi, i Yu Gao. "Experimental Studies on Wind Erosion Mechanism of Aeolian Soils Subgrade Slope for Desert Highway". Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (maj 2011): 2401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2401.
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Wind erosion mechanism is studied through interior wind erosion wind tunnel experiment for desert highway. The anti-wind erosion ability of Aeolian soil subgrade slope is equivalent to the variation of microstructure characteristics and shearing strength of Aeolian soil. Microstructure characteristics will be quantified analysis through scanning electron microscope and image analysis software for subgrade slope, and microstructure parameters are picked-up for wind erosion fore-and-aft. Aeolian soil’s Shearing strength and wind erosion depth are investigated at different position of windward slope during a long-time wind-blown. Then, wind erosion mechanism of Aeolian soils subgrade slope is clarified from two aspects of micro and macro, wind erosion influence depth is determined for certain environmental condition. Taking desert highway subgrade as an example, the results indicate that: the disturbance to the flow field enhances with the increase of slope ratio and subgrade height, wind erosion of the windward slope is severe. The anti-wind erosion ability on windward slope is weak obvious with the decreasing of soil’s water containing, the increasing of wind velocity and the blow time prolong. Shearing strength of Aeorian soil is gradually decreased from slope surface to its interior, from bottom to top of windward slope. According to environmental condition local, when average wind velocity is 11m/s and natural water containing is 2%, wind erosion depth is about 15mm on the top of slope which is 1/11 of subgrade height, relative to 10mm on the mid of slope. The conclusions drawn from micro and macro are proved the wind erosion mechanism of Aeolian soils subgrade slope perfectly.
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Yang, Xuyan, Qinke Yang, Haonan Zhu, Lei Wang, Chunmei Wang, Guowei Pang, Chaozheng Du, Muhammad Mubeen, Mirza Waleed i Sajjad Hussain. "Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Water and Wind Erosion Rates in Pakistan". Remote Sensing 15, nr 9 (4.05.2023): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092404.
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Soil erosion triggered by water and wind pose a great threat to the sustainable development of Pakistan. In this study, a combination of geographic information systems (GISs) and machine learning approaches were used to predict soil water erosion rates. The Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model was used to evaluate soil wind erosion, map erosion factors, and analyze the soil erosion rates for each land use type. Finally, the maps of soil water and wind erosion were spatially integrated to identify erosion risk regions and recommend land use management in Pakistan. According to our estimates, the Potohar Plateau and its surrounding regions were mostly impacted by water erosion and have a soil erosion rate of 2500–5000 t·km−2·a−1; on the other hand, wind erosion predominated the Kharan Desert and the Thar Desert, with a soil erosion rate exceeding 15,000 t·km−2·a−1. The Sulaiman and Kirthar Mountain Ranges were susceptible to wind–water compound erosion, which was more than 8000 t·km−2·a−1. This study offers new perspectives on the geographic pattern of individual and integrated water–wind erosion threats in Pakistan and provides high-precision data and a scientific foundation for designing rational soil and water conservation practices.
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Nash, James W. K., Iasonas Zekos i Margaret M. Stack. "Mapping of Meteorological Observations over the Island of Ireland to Enhance the Understanding and Prediction of Rain Erosion in Wind Turbine Blades". Energies 14, nr 15 (28.07.2021): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154555.
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Leading edge erosion is becoming increasingly important as wind turbine size and rainfall are predicted to increase. Understanding environmental conditions is key for laboratory testing, maintenance schedules and lifetime estimations to be improved, which in turn could reduce costs. This paper uses weather data in conjunction with a rain texture model and wind turbine RPM curve to predict and characterise rain erosion conditions across Ireland during rainfall events in terms of droplet size, temperature, humidity and chemical composition, as well as the relative erosivity, in terms of number of annual impacts and kinetic energy, as well as seasonal variations in these properties. Using a linear regression, the total annual kinetic energy, mean temperature and the mean humidity during impact are mapped geospatially. The results indicate that the west coast of Ireland and elevated regions are more erosive with higher kinetic energy. During rain events, northern regions tend to have lower temperatures and lower humidities and mountainous regions have lower temperatures and higher humidities. Irish rain has high levels of sea salt, and in recent years, only a slightly acidic pH. Most erosion likely occurs during winters with frequent rain infused with salt due to increased winds. After this analysis, it is concluded that Ireland’s largest wind park (Galway) is placed in a moderate-highly erosive environment and that RET protocols should be revisited.
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Wang, Wei, Alim Samat, Yongxiao Ge, Long Ma, Abula Tuheti, Shan Zou i Jilili Abuduwaili. "Quantitative Soil Wind Erosion Potential Mapping for Central Asia Using the Google Earth Engine Platform". Remote Sensing 12, nr 20 (19.10.2020): 3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203430.
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A lack of long-term soil wind erosion data impedes sustainable land management in developing regions, especially in Central Asia (CA). Compared with large-scale field measurements, wind erosion modeling based on geospatial data is an efficient and effective method for quantitative soil wind erosion mapping. However, conventional local-based wind erosion modeling is time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially when processing large amounts of geospatial data. To address this issue, we developed a Google Earth Engine-based Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model, named GEE-RWEQ, to delineate the Soil Wind Erosion Potential (SWEP). Based on the GEE-RWEQ model, terabytes of Remote Sensing (RS) data, climate assimilation data, and some other geospatial data were applied to produce monthly SWEP with a high spatial resolution (500 m) across CA between 2000 and 2019. The results show that the mean SWEP is in good agreement with the ground observation-based dust storm index (DSI), satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), and Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI), confirming that GEE-RWEQ is a robust wind erosion prediction model. Wind speed factors primarily determined the wind erosion in CA (r = 0.7, p < 0.001), and the SWEP has significantly increased since 2011 because of the reversal of global terrestrial stilling in recent years. The Aral Sea Dry Lakebed (ASDLB), formed by shrinkage of the Aral Sea, is the most severe wind erosion area in CA (47.29 kg/m2/y). Temporally, the wind erosion dominated by wind speed has the largest spatial extent of wind erosion in Spring (MAM). Meanwhile, affected by the spatial difference of the snowmelt period in CA, the wind erosion hazard center moved from the southwest (Karakum Desert) to the middle of CA (Kyzylkum Desert and Muyunkum Desert) during spring. According to the impacts of land cover change on the spatial dynamic of wind erosion, the SWEP of bareland was the highest, while that of forestland was the lowest.
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Pan, Jinghu, Juan Wei i Baicui Xu. "Simulation of the Spatial Flow of Wind Erosion Prevention Services in Arid Inland River Basins: A Case Study of Shiyang River Basin, NW China". Atmosphere 14, nr 12 (2.12.2023): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121781.
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Wind erosion is a key global environmental problem. As an important protective measure to provide services to the ecosystems in wind-eroded areas, the wind erosion prevention service is of great significance to the management of wind and sand hazards and ecological environment restoration in the wind-eroded areas and the neighboring areas. Taking the Shiyang River basin as the study area, the quality of supplies for wind erosion prevention services was estimated using the RWEQ model for the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020; the trajectories of air masses at wind speeds higher than the sand-causing wind speeds were simulated based on the forward trajectory module of the HYSPLIT model for a 24 h period; the spatial simulation of the flow of wind erosion prevention services on a daily scale with Minqin Station as the sand source was carried out; and the beneficiary areas of wind erosion prevention services were identified. Based on the RWEQ model, the spatial patterns of potential wind erosion, actual wind erosion, and wind and sand stabilization services were obtained, and the supply areas were divided. From 2005 to 2020, the wind erosion prevention service flow in the Shiyang River basin was distributed along a northwest–southeast direction, with a radial decrease from the center to the periphery, and with an extremely strong extraterritorial effect. The amount of wind erosion in the basin has a variable downward tendency over time and a spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south. The area of higher sand fixation is distributed in the eastern oasis area and desert junction zone. The HYSPLIT model was used to simulate the transport paths of wind and sand within 24 h during 2005–2020, the transmission paths of the wind erosion prevention service flow were obtained to be 59–134, and the flows were 2.55 × 104–3.85 × 106 t, displaying a changing trend of first decreasing, then increasing, and then decreasing. Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are the most important areas benefiting from the wind erosion prevention service flow in the Shiyang River basin. The wind erosion prevention service flows in the basin benefit 47 cities in 9 provinces.
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Possebon, Laysla Cezar, Luis Felipe Ferreira de Mendonça, Rose Ane Pereira de Freitas, Milena Nervino, Danilo Heitor Caires Tinoco Bisneto Melo, Arthur Antônio Machado, Douglas Da Silva Lindemann, Rafael Afonso do Nascimento Reis i Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini. "ESTUDO SOBRE O IMPACTO DO CLIMA DE ONDAS NOS PROCESSOS EROSIVOS DA COSTA DO MUNICÍPIO DE VERA CRUZ (BA), BRASIL". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 16, nr 1 (5.01.2023): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v16.1.p325-342.
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A erosão praial consiste em um dos principais problemas ambientais em áreas costeiras, sendo as marés meteorológicas e a energia das ondas fatores importantes para a determinação do potencial erosivo em uma região. Os processos de erosão e acresção praial são resultado de um conjunto de interações morfodinâmicas com processos oceânicos e atmosféricos, fazendo com que a linha de costa possa avançar e/ou recuar ao longo do tempo. Neste trabalho analisamos o impacto do clima de ondas nos processos erosivos ocorridos na costa leste do município de Vera Cruz (BA) durante um ano climatológico. Com base em uma análise temporal de dados de vento e ondas para a identificação dos processos energéticos responsáveis pelos eventos erosivos registrados na região. Os resultados revelaram que as principais ocorrências de erosão na costa leste do município estão associadas a eventos sazonais no período de outono-inverno, combinando o cruzamento de frentes frias e marés de sizígia. Estes processos favorecem o aumento do nível médio do mar e, consequentemente, a altura das ondas na região, possibilitando um alto potencial destrutivo. O fator ambiental é considerado predominante na ação erosiva, porém os conjuntos de fatores antrópicos como: uso e ocupação do solo e construção de infraestrutura, combinados, favorecem a ocorrência dos eventos erosivos observados. A região costeira do município de Vera Cruz encontra-se em equilíbrio, apresentando mudanças de curto a médio prazo associadas a ações sazonais do campo de ondas (direção e intensidade) e aos regimes de ventos nos diferentes períodos do ano.Palavras-chave: Erosão costeira, Ondas, Potencial Energético, Vera Cruz. Estudo sobre o impacto do clima de ondas nos processos erosivos da costa do município de Vera Cruz (BA), Brasil. ABSTRACTBeach erosion is one of the main environmental problems in coastal areas. Meteorological tides and wave energy are important factors in determining the erosive potential of a region. The beach erosion and accretion processes are the result of morphodynamic interactions set, with oceanic and atmospheric processes, causing the coastline to advance and/or retreat over time. In this work we analyze the wave climate impact on the erosive processes that occurred on the east coast of Vera Cruz (BA), during a climatological year. Based on a temporal analysis of wind and wave data, to identify the energetic processes responsible for the erosive events recorded in this region. The results show that the main erosion occurrences on the east coast of Vera Cruz are associated with seasonal events in the autumn-winter period, combining the crossing of cold fronts and syzygy tides. These processes favor the increase of the mean sea level and, consequently, the waves height in the region, allowing a high destructive potential. The environmental factor is predominant in the erosive action, however, the sets of anthropic factors such as: land use and occupation and infrastructure construction, combined, favor the occurrence of the observed erosive events. The coastal region of Vera Cruz is in equilibrium, with short to medium term changes associated with seasonal wave field actions (direction and intensity) and wind trends in different periods of the year.Keywords: Coastal erosion, Waves, Energy Potential, Vera Cruz.
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Wang, Shihao, Xinliang Xu i Lin Huang. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020". Remote Sensing 15, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010225.
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Northeast China is a prominent base for commercial grain production nationwide. Soil erosion, a primary cause of land degradation and grain yield decrease, has become an imminent issue and is still not well documented in Northeast China. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion in Northeast China is essential for deepening our understanding of various geological and agricultural issues, such as control of regional water and soil losses, anti-degeneration attempts on black soil, preservation of land fertility, and safeguarding of national food security. Based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) models, this paper comprehensively assessed the water and wind erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed the current situation, as well as the spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion. The results suggest the following: (1) The degree of soil erosion in Northeast China was mainly slight, and water erosion was more severe than wind erosion. Water and wind erosion in bare land and grassland were more intensive than in cropland and forests. The Liao River Plain (LRP) has undergone relatively intensive water erosion, while the wind erosion in the Greater Kinggan Mountains Region (GKMR) was more intensive than in other sub-regions. (2) A slight intensifying trend of water erosion could be observed in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight water erosion decreased and that of light and intensive water erosion increased. The water erosion in the Changbai Mountain Region (CBMR), the Sanjiang Plain (SJP), and the Songnen Plain (SNP) intensified, while the LRP has undergone slower water erosion than before. The water erosion in bare land and cropland intensified, while the water erosion in grassland and forests slowed down. Compared to the first decade (2000–2010), the second decade (2010–2020) in the timespan of study had a reversed trend of water erosion from intensifying to moderating, which means water erosion was alleviated. (3) A moderating trend in wind erosion could be found in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight wind erosion increased and that of light, moderate, and intensive wind erosion decreased. The wind erosion in the LRP showed a pronounced decrease, and the wind erosion in bare land and cropland also considerably decreased. Compared to the first decade, the amount of wind erosion in the second decade decreased by 18.2%, but the rate in the second decade decreased slowly or even increased. These two facts indicate that wind erosion in Northeast China has alleviated, but this trend is gradually slowing down. Soil erosion is caused by multiple factors, such as climate, topography, soil, and human activities. This study provides important implications for our understanding of soil erosion control and management in Northeast China. In sub-regions with severe erosion, such as the LRP and the GKMR, we can adopt methods such as zero tillage, cross ridge tillage, and straw mulching according to the local characteristics of soil erosion to slow down the process.
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Wu, Jinzhou, Xiao Zheng, Lanlin Zhao, Junmei Fan i Jinghong Liu. "Effects of Ecological Programs and Other Factors on Soil Wind Erosion between 1981–2020". Remote Sensing 14, nr 21 (24.10.2022): 5322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215322.
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Wind erosion is one of the most widespread and severe natural hazards in arid, semiarid, and semihumid regions worldwide. The Three-North region (TNR) (Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China) of China includes 90% of the wind erosion area in China. In response to the harsh environmental conditions in the TNR, China initiated a series of ecological programs, including the Three-North Afforestation Program and Grain for Green. However, little is known about the effect of these ecological programs on wind erosion. Therefore, within our study, we estimated the spatiotemporal variations in wind erosion in the TNR between 1981–2020 with a revised wind erosion model and analyzed its driving mechanism. Then, the ecological programs’ effects on wind erosion changes was identified. The results showed the following. (1) From 1981 to 2020, wind erosion showed a clear downward trend of 99.02 t km−2 a−1, with a slope. On average, the areas of mild, moderate, severe, more severe, and very severe wind erosion accounted for 28.76%, 7.17%, 3.92%, 3.72%, and 13.29% of the total in the TNR, respectively. (2) Wind erosion variation was inconsistent in different parts of the TNR. The wind erosion expressed a long-term decreasing trend in Northeast China and the Loess Plateau, a nonsignificant change in North Central China, and an increasing trend in Northwest China. (3) On average, ecological programs were very limited in reducing erosion at the regional scale, with a contribution of approximately 5.93% in the TNR because of the relatively small scope of ecological programs’ implementation. Climate change played a key role in adjusting wind erosion; wind speed, temperature, and precipitation affected 57.58% of the TNR. Human interference (proportion of cropland and grassland areas in a 1 km ×1 km grid) affected 8.78% of the TNR. Thus, the persistent complement of ecological programs, reasonable human activities, and timely observation is a method to alleviate wind erosion in the TNR.
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van Ramshorst, Justus G. V., Lukas Siebicke, Moritz Baumeister, Fernando E. Moyano, Alexander Knohl i Christian Markwitz. "Reducing Wind Erosion through Agroforestry: A Case Study Using Large Eddy Simulations". Sustainability 14, nr 20 (17.10.2022): 13372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013372.
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Wind erosion is seen as one of the main risks for modern agriculture in dry and sandy regions. Shelterbelts and agroforestry systems are known for their ability to reduce wind speed and, consequently, wind erosion. The current study considers temperate alley cropping agroforestry systems, where multiple tree strips (shelterbelts) are interleaved with either annual rotating crops or perennial grassland. The aim was to quantify the potential wind erosion reduction by alley cropping agroforestry systems and the effect of design decisions for a case study in Germany. By combining wind measurements and Large Eddy Simulations, the wind speed and potential wind erosion inside an agroforestry system were estimated. Our model simulations result in an average reduction in wind speed between 17% and 67%, and a reduction of average potential wind erosion between 24% and 97%. The most optimal reduction of the average potential wind erosion was larger than 92% for tree strips orientated perpendicular to the main wind direction, whereas for a diagonal orientation of the tree strips to the main wind direction we found an average reduction of 86%. Parallel orientated tree strips reduce wind erosion on average by less than 35%. Tree strips planted with ≤48 m distance provide a strong and constant reduction of wind erosion, even for tree strips of 2 m height the average reduction was 86%, when the tree strips were orientated optimal to the dominant wind direction. Our model simulations showed that alley cropping agroforestry systems in a temperate climate have a large potential to reduce wind erosion by more than 80% when the system is well-designed and managed.
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Yuge, Kozue, i Mitsumasa Anan. "Evaluation of the Effect of Wind Velocity and Soil Moisture Condition on Soil Erosion in Andosol Agricultural Fields (Model Experiment)". Water 11, nr 1 (8.01.2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010098.
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Soil erosion by the wind is an important phenomenon in drastic soil degradation. In Japan, andosol agricultural field is eroded by the wind and agricultural productivity is significantly affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of wind velocity and soil moisture condition on the soil erosion in andosol agricultural fields. Also, we determined the timing and amount of irrigation water needed to prevent soil erosion by the wind with respect to the wind and soil moisture conditions. A numerical model to simulate airflow in bare andosol field was developed using a continuity equation and Navier Stokes equations. Wind tunnel experiments which described a bare andosol field were performed to measure the degree of soil erosion for four levels of soil moisture condition and five wind velocities. Using the measured amount of soil transferred by wind, the erodibility parameter in Bagnold’s method that quantifies soil erosion was estimated inversely for four soil moisture values. The amounts of soil erosion calculated using this parameter were in good agreement with the measured amounts. These results indicate that the soil moisture and wind conditions under which soil erosion occurs can be determined and the amount of soil erosion can be predicted. Using these conditions and the erodibility parameter, the amount of irrigation needed for the prevention of soil erosion was quantified and the effect of irrigation on soil erosion was evaluated.
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McGowan, Hamish A. "Meteorological controls on wind erosion during foehn wind events in the eastern Southern Alps, New Zealand". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, nr 11 (1.11.1997): 1477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-120.
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Foehn winds in the lee of mountain barriers create highly favourable meteorological conditions for wind erosion in alpine areas and over adjacent lowlands. This paper presents meteorological observations made during winter and summer foehn wind erosion events as part of a 3 year investigation into the physical nature and incidence of eolian processes in the eastern Southern Alps, New Zealand. Foehn winds were observed to initiate eolian activity, including dust storm genesis when mean near-surface wind speeds exceeded 7–8 m∙s−1 over a 20 min period in the absence of precipitation. Wind speeds of 25–30 m∙s−1 were frequently recorded during typical foehn events, and wind speed maxima of 40–50 m∙s−1 were monitored during severe foehn windstorms. Saltation clouds sampled at 0.5 and 1 m above glaciofluvial deposits during foehn wind erosion events were found to display a mean grain size of between 300 and 435 μm. The entrainment of fine-grained surface sediments by the airstream appeared to be enhanced in late autumn (May) and early spring (September) by freeze–thaw cycles that were observed to result in needle-ice growth in exposed glaciofluvial and lacustrine deposits. The needle ice fragmented such deposits, producing surfaces that were aerodynamically rough and highly susceptible to deflation by the airstream following a thaw. Observations made by this study are thought to be similar to foehn wind erosion events reported in the lee of other substantial mountain ranges, such as the Rocky Mountains, Andes, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram.
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Fryrear, D. W. "Soil Losses by Wind Erosion". Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, nr 3 (maj 1995): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900030005x.
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Donald W. Fryrear. "Soil Cover and Wind Erosion". Transactions of the ASAE 28, nr 3 (1985): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32337.
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George W. Cole. "Some Wind Erosion Process Measures". Transactions of the ASAE 28, nr 4 (1985): 1108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32396.
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Lyles, Leon. "4. Basic wind erosion processes". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 22-23 (sierpień 1988): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90010-2.
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Gao, Tian Ming, Rui Qiang Zhang i Jian Ying Guo. "Research on Wind Erosion of Xilamuren Grassland, Inner Mongolia". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (czerwiec 2014): 3505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3505.
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In northern China, grassland has degraded severely and wind erosion occurs remarkably due to irrational land use in recent years. By employing sand sampler and mobile wind tunnel, an observation for 6 years was made to analyze the mechanisms of wind erosion in Xilamuren grassland, the central of Yinshan Mountains, Inner Mongolia. Results show that: (1) vegetation is the decisive factor for controlling wind erosion and the inhibiting effect of vegetation height on wind erosion is greater than that of vegetation coverage. (2) Wind erosion modulus in the initial period of enclosure reaches 1313.7 t km-2a-1 and with the improvement of the grassland vegetation, wind erosion decreases year by year. (3) For every 1000 kg soil eroded by wind, 15 kg organic matter, 227g available nitrogen, 262g available phosphorus and 120g available potassium lose in the region at the same time, being a tremendous fertility loss. Therefore, the protection of base grassland and restoration of degraded grassland are two fundamental approaches to control wind erosion on the grassland.
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Tuo, Dengfeng, Mingxiang Xu, Liqian Gao, Shuai Zhang i Sihan Liu. "Changed surface roughness by wind erosion accelerates water erosion". Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, nr 1 (12.06.2015): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1171-x.
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Zhang, Jieming, Guodong Jia, Ziqiang Liu, Dandan Wang i Xinxiao Yu. "Populus simonii Carr. Reduces Wind Erosion and Improves Soil Properties in Northern China". Forests 10, nr 4 (6.04.2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040315.
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To assess the ecological effects of poplar stands with different densities and ages, fixed observation sites were established in selected standard forest plots. Daily dynamics of wind speed and sand transport rate were monitored over an erosive period (March to June) in 2017. Soil characteristics were also measured at these plots. Average daily wind speed and average daily wind erosion modulus decreased significantly after the establishment of poplar trees on sandy land, while soil density decreased significantly, soil hardness increased greatly, and soil organic carbon, total N, and available P levels increased significantly. With increasing stand density, average daily wind speed and daily sediment transport firstly decreased and then increased, while the investigated soil nutrients showed the opposite trend. A tree density of 1320–1368 trees·hm−2 significantly reduced surface wind erosion. With the increase in forest age, the average daily wind speed and daily sediment transport declined, while soil physical and chemical properties were gradually improved. At a stand age of 40 years, wind-caused soil erosion significantly reduced. Taking these effects into consideration, the design and management of protective forest systems in arid and semi-arid areas can be greatly improved.
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Abdelwahab, Motasim Hyder. "A Review on Reclamation and Management Practices of Wind Erosion and Salt – Affected Soils of Sudan". International Journal of Applied Science and Research 05, nr 05 (2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2022.5436.
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Wind erosion and salt–affected soils are predominant desertification processes in Sudan, particularly in the northern part, and have adverse impacts on agricultural lands in the arid and semi-arid lands characterized by erratic rainfall, high temperature, high wind velocity and consequent high rates of evapotranspiration. The main objective of this paper is to present research review on combating, control, reclamation and management practices in areas affected by wind erosion and salt–affected soils. The study showed that the principal measures for controlling wind erosion depends on minimizing certain conditions that can be accelerated wind erosivity (winds ≥ 5.4 m/sec) and vice versa maximizing soil erodibility by creation a suitable condition for generate of non–erodible soil particles (NEP) versus soil surface detachment and transport by wind. Wind erosion research requires high financial support, thus this cost should be borne by government. The strategy of management practices of saltaffected soils aimed to sustain a level of salinity tolerable to the cultivated crops through good manages to water and crop. Assessment and mapping of wind erosion and salt-affected soils is urgent need to determine the inherent risk in the affected areas included in investment map of agricultural land capabilities of the country. Encourage studies on stabilizing soil particles by various natural or synthetic cementing and flocculation materials which are friendly to soil environment to increase NEP on the soil surface. Practical programs on reclamation of salt–affected soils should be included in national development programs and national strategy for scientific research in the State.
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Liu, Zhe, Quan Sun, Pengfei Dai, Jinyin Lei, Boling Zeng, Lingjuan Wang, Haojun Xie i Jingyao Wang. "An Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variation in Wind Erosion–Climate Erosion Force in the Ningxia Region and Its Driving Factors". Atmosphere 14, nr 6 (31.05.2023): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060963.
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Wind erosion is one of the major meteorological hazards in Ningxia, and climate change has caused changes in wind erosion–climatic erosion activity in recent years. This study uses the wind erosion climate factor (C) proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to assess the impact of climate change on wind erosion–climate erosion, and the results show that (1) the distribution of wind erosion degree in Ningxia region is central > northern > southern. Seasonally, it is higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer and autumn. (2) Climate change has more influence on spring, autumn and winter, and less influence on summer. (3) The center of gravity is mainly located at the junction of central and northern Ningxia, and the center of gravity migrates through four migration stages—northeast–southwest–northeast–southwest—on the annual scale, and four migration stages—northwest–northeast–southeast—on the seasonal and monthly scales. The migration rate in the cold season is greater than that in the warm season. (4) The wind erosion climate factor index is influenced by sunshine hours, average temperature, average humidity, average wind speed and total precipitation, and the degree of influence has spatial and temporal variability, among which the wind erosion climate factor index is the most sensitive to the influence of average wind speed. (5) The wind erosion climate factor indices are positively correlated with NAO, AO, PDO and SOI indices, and negatively correlated with MEI and ENSO indices, and there are resonance cycles of different time scales.
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Mezősi, G., V. Blanka, T. Bata, F. Kovács i B. Meyer. "Estimation of regional differences in wind erosion sensitivity in Hungary". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, nr 1 (13.01.2015): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-97-2015.
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Abstract. In Hungary, wind erosion is one of the most serious natural hazards. Spatial and temporal variation in the factors that determine the location and intensity of wind erosion damage are not well known, nor are the regional and local sensitivities to erosion. Because of methodological challenges, no multi-factor, regional wind erosion sensitivity map is available for Hungary. The aim of this study was to develop a method to estimate the regional differences in wind erosion sensitivity and exposure in Hungary. Wind erosion sensitivity was modelled using the key factors of soil sensitivity, vegetation cover and wind erodibility as proxies. These factors were first estimated separately by factor sensitivity maps and later combined by fuzzy logic into a regional-scale wind erosion sensitivity map. Large areas were evaluated by using publicly available data sets of remotely sensed vegetation information, soil maps and meteorological data on wind speed. The resulting estimates were verified by field studies and examining the economic losses from wind erosion as compensated by the state insurance company. The spatial resolution of the resulting sensitivity map is suitable for regional applications, as identifying sensitive areas is the foundation for diverse land development control measures and implementing management activities.
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Mezõsi, G., V. Blanka, T. Bata, F. Kovács i B. Meyer. "Estimation of regional differences in wind erosion sensitivity in Hungary". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, nr 5 (11.09.2013): 4713–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-4713-2013.
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Abstract. In Hungary, wind erosion is one of the most serious natural hazards. Spatial and temporal variation in the factors that determine the location and intensity of wind erosion damage are not well known, nor are the regional and local sensitivities to erosion. Because of methodological challenges, no multi-factor, regional wind erosion sensitivity map is available for Hungary. The aim of this study was to develop a method to estimate the regional differences in wind erosion sensitivity and exposure in Hungary. Wind erosion sensitivity was modelled using the key factors of soil sensitivity, vegetation cover and wind erodibility as proxies. These factors were first estimated separately by factor sensitivity maps and later combined by fuzzy logic into a regional-scale wind erosion sensitivity map. Large areas were evaluated by using publicly available datasets of remotely sensed vegetation information, soil maps and meteorological data on wind speed. The resulting estimates were verified by field studies and examining the economic losses from wind erosion as compensated by the state insurance company. The spatial resolution of the resulting sensitivity map is suitable for regional applications, as identifying sensitive areas is the foundation for diverse land development control measures and implementing management activities.