Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Whole trade”
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Edwards, Shatiel, Matthew Cilli, Troy Peterson, Michael Zabat, Craig Lawton i Liliana Shelton. "Whole Systems Trade Analysis". INCOSE International Symposium 25, nr 1 (październik 2015): 1133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2015.00120.x.
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Janzen, Joseph P., i Nathan P. Hendricks. "Are Farmers Made Whole by Trade Aid?" Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42, nr 2 (3.05.2020): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13045.
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Kolben, Kevin. "Compensation and its Limits: Can Trade’s Losers be Made Whole?" Journal of International Economic Law 24, nr 4 (29.11.2021): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab041.
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ABSTRACT Free trade and global economic integration has been under pressure from populist political movements across the globe. Many of the critiques of trade relate to the losses, both economic and non-economic, that trade’s losers suffer. Many economists and trade lawyers consider the case for free trade to be unassailable and rely on the compensation principle to argue that trade is welfare maximizing if trade’s losers could be compensated such that each is as least as well off as they were before. As a corollary, they will argue that the losers of trade should be compensated for their losses through, for example, direct payments, wage insurance, job retraining, or other supports. It is further assumed that such compensation will boost support for liberal trade policy. This article argues, however, that compensation is conceptually and practically limited in its ability to in fact make trade’s losers whole and is a poor tool to build support for free trade and address the plight of trade’s losers. Instead, it is suggested that broadly targeted non-trade specific programs are preferable, as well as perhaps a reconsideration of the purpose of safeguard measures such that they may be explicitly applied in order to mitigate political opposition to trade rather than only when industries are under threat.
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Lailvaux, Simon P., i Jerry F. Husak. "Predicting Life-History Trade-Offs with Whole-Organism Performance". Integrative and Comparative Biology 57, nr 2 (1.08.2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx073.
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Oliveira, Gabriel Leão, i Wilson da Cruz Vieira. "The effects of tariffs on the whole milk powder trade between Brazil and Argentina: a game theoretic analysis". Revista de Economia Contemporânea 12, nr 2 (sierpień 2008): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-98482008000200006.
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In this paper we analyzed the effects of tariffs on the whole milk powder trade between Brazil and Argentina from 1990 to 2004. The methodology included estimation of whole milk powder demands for Brazil and Argentina as monopolists, members of Mercosul, and world exporters; and simulation of Cournot games considering the trade of this product under alternative tariff policies. The results show that although the tariff impositions create trade distortions, this kind of policy was important to protect Brazil against illegal practices of trade and to increase its competitiveness against traditional international competitors.
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Vanhooydonck, B., R. S. James, J. Tallis, P. Aerts, Z. Tadic, K. A. Tolley, G. J. Measey i A. Herrel. "Is the whole more than the sum of its parts? Evolutionary trade-offs between burst and sustained locomotion in lacertid lizards". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1777 (22.02.2014): 20132677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2677.
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Trade-offs arise when two functional traits impose conflicting demands on the same design trait. Consequently, excellence in one comes at the cost of performance in the other. One of the most widely studied performance trade-offs is the one between sprint speed and endurance. Although biochemical, physiological and (bio)mechanical correlates of either locomotor trait conflict with each other, results at the whole-organism level are mixed. Here, we test whether burst (speed, acceleration) and sustained locomotion (stamina) trade off at both the isolated muscle and whole-organism level among 17 species of lacertid lizards. In addition, we test for a mechanical link between the organismal and muscular (power output, fatigue resistance) performance traits. We find weak evidence for a trade-off between burst and sustained locomotion at the whole-organism level; however, there is a significant trade-off between muscle power output and fatigue resistance in the isolated muscle level. Variation in whole-animal sprint speed can be convincingly explained by variation in muscular power output. The variation in locomotor stamina at the whole-organism level does not relate to the variation in muscle fatigue resistance, suggesting that whole-organism stamina depends not only on muscle contractile performance but probably also on the performance of the circulatory and respiratory systems.
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Chou, Jieming, Fan Yang, Zhongxiu Wang i Wenjie Dong. "The Impact on Carbon Emissions of China with the Trade Situation versus the U.S." Sustainability 13, nr 18 (15.09.2021): 10324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810324.
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The China–US trade conflict will inevitably have a negative impact on China’s trade imports and exports, industrial development, and economic growth, and will affect the achievement of climate change goals. In the short term, the impact of the trade conflict on China’s import and export trade will cause the carbon emissions contained in traded commodities to change accordingly. To assess the impact of the trade conflict on China’s climate policy, this paper combines a model from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and the input–output analysis method and calculates the carbon emissions in international trade before and after the conflict. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The trade war has led to a sharp decline in China–US trade, but for China as a whole, imports and exports have not changed much; (2) China’s export emissions have changed little, its import emissions have dropped slightly, and its net emissions have increased; and (3) China’s exports are still concentrated in energy-intensive industries. Changes in trade will bring challenges to China’s balancing of climate and trade exigencies. China–US cooperation based on energy and technology will help China cope with climate change after the trade conflict.
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De León, Jason P., Kenneth G. Hirth i David M. Carballo. "EXPLORING FORMATIVE PERIOD OBSIDIAN BLADE TRADE: THREE DISTRIBUTION MODELS". Ancient Mesoamerica 20, nr 1 (2009): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536109000091.
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AbstractObsidian prismatic blades were widely traded across Mesoamerica during the Early and Middle Formative periods. However, it was not until the Late Formative period (400b.c.—a.d. 100) that prismatic blade cores began to be exchanged extensively. Although it is generally accepted that the trading of blades preceded the trading of cores by almost 1,000 years, little is know about the structure of blade trading during the Early and Middle Formative periods. We describe three distributional models for the trade of obsidian prismatic blades: whole-blade trade, processed-blade trade, and local-blade production. These models were evaluated using obsidian consumption data from Oaxaca, the Basin of Mexico, and Tlaxcala. The results indicate that Formative period blade trade involved different forms over time and space.
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Wiersema, Annecoos. "CITES and the Whole Chain Approach to Combating Illegal Wildlife Trade". Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 20, nr 3-4 (2.10.2017): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2017.1409396.
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Jámbor, Attila. "Competitiveness of meat and associated products in international trade". Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, nr 1-2 (26.05.2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.35-40.
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There has been considerable growth in global meat trade recently in line with globally increasing population and changing diets. The paper analyses competitiveness patterns in global meat trade between 1989 and 2018. The article applies the method of revealed comparative advantages on global meat trade data and reaches a number of conclusions. First, results show top 10 countries in global meat exports and imports as well as most traded products. Global meat exports are dominated by the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands, whole main meat importers were Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The paper shows that global meat trade is highly concentrated by country and product but this concentration has decreased considerably in the previous 20 years. By analysing specialisation in global meat trade, a diverse picture becomes apparent where export positions and comparative advantages are not always moving together. Last but not least, Hungarian positions are also analysed in context throughout the paper.
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Zhang, Yin-Ting, i Wei-Xing Zhou. "Microstructural Characteristics of the Weighted and Directed International Crop Trade Networks". Entropy 23, nr 10 (26.09.2021): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101250.
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With increasing global demand for food, international food trade is playing a critical role in balancing the food supply and demand across different regions. Here, using trade datasets of four crops that provide more than 50% of the calories consumed globally, we constructed four international crop trade networks (iCTNs). We observed the increasing globalization in the international crop trade and different trade patterns in different iCTNs. The distributions of node degrees deviate from power laws, and the distributions of link weights follow power laws. We also found that the in-degree is positively correlated with the out-degree, but negatively correlated with the clustering coefficient. This indicates that the numbers of trade partners affect the tendency of economies to form clusters. In addition, each iCTN exhibits a unique topology which is different from the whole food network studied by many researchers. Our analysis on the microstructural characteristics of different iCTNs provides highly valuable insights into distinctive features of specific crop trades and has potential implications for model construction and food security.
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Wilson, Robbie S., Rob S. James i Raoul Van Damme. "Trade-offs between speed and endurance in the frogXenopus laevis". Journal of Experimental Biology 205, nr 8 (15.04.2002): 1145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.8.1145.
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SUMMARYOne of the most interesting trade-offs within the vertebrate locomotor system is that between speed and endurance capacity. However, few studies have demonstrated a conflict between whole-animal speed and endurance within a vertebrate species. We investigated the existence of trade-offs between speed and endurance capacity at both the whole-muscle and whole-animal levels in post-metamorphs of the frog Xenopus laevis. The burst-swimming performance of 55 frogs was assessed using a high-speed digital camera, and their endurance capacity was measured in a constant-velocity swimming flume.The work-loop technique was used to assess maximum power production of whole peroneus muscles at a cycle frequency of 6 Hz, while fatigue-resistance was determined by recording the decrease in force and net power production during a set of continuous cycles at 2 Hz. We found no significant correlations between measures of burst swimming performance and endurance capacity, suggesting that there is no trade-off between these two measures of whole-animal performance. In contrast, there was a significant negative correlation between peak instantaneous power output of the muscles at 6 Hz and the fatigue-resistance of force production at 2 Hz (other correlations between power and fatigue were negative but non-significant). Thus, our data support the suggestion that a physiological conflict between maximum power output and fatigue resistance exists at the level of vertebrate muscles. The apparent incongruence between whole-muscle and whole-animal performance warrants further detailed investigation and may be related to factors influencing both whole-muscle and whole-animal performance measures.
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Jeníček, V. "The role of foreign trade and its effects". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 5 (1.06.2009): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1507-agricecon.
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Foreign trade is the reflection of economic relationships among the individual economies and represents the part of the country foreign relationships, which include trade exchange of a part of the production. In the simplifies balance understanding, it is usually presupposed that the object of this exchange is such a part of the production, which exceeds the home consumers demand and thus is the object of export, or, vice versa, that part of the home demand which is not satisfied by the home production and thus has to be covered by import. In reality, the whole process is, however, substantially more complicated, as the whole series of reasons (price, trade, political etc.) lead often to exporting even those products which might have been realised in the home market, regarding the purchasable demand, and on the other hand, import includes in most commodity groups also the products competing with the home production and thus securing a wider assortment of supply.
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Nurnberger-Haag, Julie, Amy Scheurermann i Janis S. McTeer. "A Field Guide to Whole Number Representations in Children’s Books". International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 9, nr 4 (2.10.2021): 697–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.1681.
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Trade books are a common resource used to teach children mathematical ideas. Yet, detailed analyses of the mathematics content of such books to determine potential impacts on learning are needed. This study investigated how trade books represent whole numbers. A two-pronged approach was used a) one team documented every way 197 books represented numerical ideas and b) another team used standards to identify ideal representations. A third team validated the traits on 67 books. Greater variation than expected was documented (103 traits identified) and organized into a field guide for researchers to consult to design studies about how particular traits influence number learning. Studies could investigate how a particular trait supports learning or experimentally compare a selected combination of the 45 pictorial, 45 written symbol, 10 tactile, 2 kinesthetic, and 1 auditory trait. Implications for practice include recognizing what representations are present or missing from books used in classrooms. The study also serves as an example of how the field of mathematics education would benefit from adopting structures from disciplinary science, such as field guides, to inform how we organize phenomena of mathematics learning.
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Savelyev, Nikita V., i Alla N. Stolyarova. "INFLUENCE OF DISTANCE TRADE ON INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A TRADE ENTERPRISE". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/3, nr 146 (2024): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.05.03.007.
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The digitalization process has become an integral part of the development of all spheres of human life, and the economy is no exception. The transition of trade and technological processes, as well as other aspects of trade, to the online space not only shapes current market trends, but also sets the future development of trade enterprises. In this future, the key way to develop such enterprises is to realize their innovative potential. One of the most important methods for realizing this potential is distance trading, which includes a whole range of trade innovations.
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Serrano, Raúl, i Vicente Pinilla. "The terms of trade for agricultural and food products, 1951-2000". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, nr 2 (25.07.2011): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610911000103.
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AbstractThis study aims to answer whether empirical records confirm the existence of a secular decline in the terms of trade affecting primary producers (the Singer–Prebisch hypothesis). The paper analyses the evolution of the terms of trade for agricultural and food products in the second half of the 20thcentury. We obtain sixty new real price indices for internationally traded agricultural products. We conclude, from a long-term perspective, that the deterioration in the terms of trade for agricultural and food products was strong and clear in the second half of the last century. In general, less processed products suffered a very heavy fall in their real prices. However, there was no continuous and persistent deterioration in the terms of trade either as a whole or for the great majority of the agricultural and food product groups (with the exception of natural rubber, textile fibres and other raw materials). Rather, this deterioration occurred in stages.
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Morland, Christian, Franziska Schier i Holger Weimar. "The Structural Gravity Model and Its Implications on Global Forest Product Trade". Forests 11, nr 2 (5.02.2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020178.
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The gravity model of trade is one of the most common approaches in modern econometrics. In its basic form, the model assumes that income and distance between two partners most likely play a major role in the occurrence of trade. Despite the long history of the gravity model and its high, universal explanatory potential, its application for the forest sector is not broad and refers only to the traditional definition of the gravity approach. However, this traditional approach is not able to explain all aspects of trade at a disaggregated sector level. Consequently, the present study aims to close this research gap and reveal influencing factors for the appearance and the intensity of forest product trade by applying the structural gravity approach. This is done via linear and non-linear estimation methods for the forest sector on the whole and for thirteen forest products in detail. Three major results were found: first, the traditional gravity approach overestimates the impact of the overall income on forest sector trade. Second, the appearance of wood market trade is not always influenced by the same factors as the quantity traded. Third, with increasing processing level, determinants of forest product trade seem to be influenced by different factors.
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Liu, Zhongwei. "Research on the Impact of the US China Trade War on the Economy of Other Regions of the World". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (22.01.2024): 1540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/2dgzt691.
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In recent years, China's economy has developed rapidly, and the technology industry has made significant progress. The US launched a tariff-fueled trade war with China in 2018. The ongoing economic dispute, characterized by a series of tariffs, trade restrictions, and negotiations, not only affect themselves but also deeply on the rest of the world. This article is going to discuss how the trade dispute affects the global economy and the influences on each separate country. While some countries experienced benefits from the trade war, these advantages were often offset by broader economic uncertainties and disruptions caused by the trade tensions. The overall global economic impact of the trade war is negative and the benefits to certain countries are limited and temporary. Overall, the whole world's economy has benefited very little but has mostly been negatively affected by the trade tensions and trade war dynamics between the US and China.
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Czarny, Elżbieta, i Paweł Folfas. "World trade and regional trade orientation in the context of forthcoming transatlantic trade and investment partnership". Equilibrium 10, nr 3 (30.09.2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.027.
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We analyse potential consequences of the forthcoming Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States (TTIP) for trade orientation of both partners. We do it so with along with the short analysis of the characteristics of the third wave of regionalism and the TTIP position in this process as well as the dominant role of the EU and the U.S. in the world economy – especially – in the world trade. Next, we study trade orientation of the hypothetical region created in result of TTIP. We use regional trade introversion index (RTII) to analyze trade between the EU and the U.S. that has taken place until now to get familiar with the potential changes caused by liberalization of trade between both partners. We analyze RTII for mutual trade of the EU and the U.S. Then, we apply disaggregated data to analyze and compare selected partial RTII (e.g. for trade in final and intermediate goods as well as goods produced in the main sectors of economy like agriculture or manufacturing). The analysis of the TTIP region’s orientation of trade based on the historical data from the period 1999-2012 revealed several conclusions. Nowadays, the trade between the EU and the U.S. is constrained by the protection applied by both partners. Trade liberalization constituting one necessary part of TTIP will surely help to intensify this trade. The factor of special concern is trade of agricultural products which is most constrained and will hardly be fully liberalized even within a framework of TTIP. Simultaneously, both parties are even now trading relatively intensively with intermediaries, which are often less protected than the average of the economy for the sake of development of final goods’ production. The manufactured goods are traded relatively often as well, mainly in consequence of their poor protection after many successful liberalization steps in the framework of GATT/WTO. Consequently, we point out that in many respects the TTIP will be important not only for its participants, but for the whole world economy as well. TTIP appears to be an economic and political project with serious consequences for the world economy and politics.
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Sun, Chen. "Recycling Trade Surpluses: Policy Options for Taipei, China". Asian Development Review 07, nr 02 (styczeń 1989): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110589000084.
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Trade imbalance contributes to economic growth in two different ways, depending on the relative position of saving and investment. For a trade surplus economy, where there is excess of saving over domestic investment, the surplus provides the economy with additional demand, preventing production and employment from declining; while for a trade deficit economy, where there is insufficient saving, the deficit brings in additional resources to help finance domestic investment. If every economy is to balance its trade with the rest of the world, its growth rate then would be limited by the smaller of the two factors, saving and investment, and the whole world economy would shrink…
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Haughton, Lesley. "Supporting learners through trade unions". Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 20, nr 1 (1.06.2008): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.2005.
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This article examines the role of voluntary trade union activists in delivering information advice and guidance aboutlearning, work and careers to members of their unions. The context for this work is the learning and skills system in England, not for the United Kingdom as a whole. It presents a case study of the way in which we in unionlearn, the learning and skills organisation established by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), have developed a model and strategy for supporting learners in unions. Unions in other European Union (EU) countries may wish to consider how this model could be contextualised in their own industrial relations systems when developing the role of their union representatives and officers in learning and skills.
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Choi, Myoung Shik, i Hun Dae Lee. "The Value-Added Effects of Exchange Rates on Global Trade". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, nr 1 (17.01.2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0016.
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This study is an investigation of view about the gross, bilateral, and value-added trades adjusting to exchange rate and income within global value chains. Various difference between aggregate and value-added trade flows is introduced. We adopt the traditional trade models and test them using time-series analysis on value-added exports and imports. We find that currency depreciation has negative effects on gross exports in the US and Korea due to intermediate goods imports, but positive effects on value-added exports in Japan and Korea. On the other hand, currency appreciation has negative effects on gross imports in the US, China, Japan and Korea due to intermediate goods exports, but positive effects on value-added imports in Japan. All income effects are positive as we expect. Also, we find the similar effects of exchange rate on bilateral trade flows. On the whole, depreciation has negative effects on gross exports but positive effects on value-added exports while appreciation has negative effects on gross imports but positive effects on value-added imports. With this study, the main contribution is further evidence on the value-added trade analysis. Practical implications reducing uncertainty could be an important policy objective to achieve higher growth.
Received: 23 October 2020 / Accepted: 16 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
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Sizova, D. A., T. V. Sizova i N. A. Volobuev. "TRADE ASSOCIATIONS IN EUROPE". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3/2, nr 135 (2023): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.03.02.006.
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The role of an integrated organization in modern trade and the economic situation is very high both for the trade sphere and for the economy of the country as a whole. An integrated organization in trade is an important economic and social tool based on the experience of countries with developed economies, which has an impact on the quality of life of millions of buyers. Retail integrated organizations as a form of integration are a promising direction of development, both in offline trade and online. At the same time, competition between such organizations is increasing. But their development in various formats and categories has more advantages than the development of enterprises of the same format with a narrow specialization.
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Chernykh, A. B. "The Problem of Correlation Institute Commercial Secrets with Adjacent Legal Categories". Sociology and Law, nr 4 (18.01.2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2019-4-79-88.
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The article deals with the legal problem of correlation of the legal institution of trade secrets with related legal categories. Information with commercial value, from the position of obtaining a competitive advantage, is not the whole set of commercial information, but only a part of it. The analysis of the definitions of confidential information and trade secrets allowed us to define them as a whole and part and justify the need for normative consolidation of the concept of confidential information as generic in relation to the concept of trade secret.
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ARUTYUNYAN, A. A., i A. P. PETRENKO. "FOREIGN TRADE: EXPORT / IMPORT OF GRAPES IN RUSSIA AS A WHOLE 2013-2017". Agricultural Risk Management, nr 3 (2019): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53988/24136573-2019-03-09.
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Dorfman, Jeffrey H., i Myung D. Park. "Smaller portfolio returns and the risk-return trade-off for the whole market". Applied Financial Economics 24, nr 13 (7.05.2014): 853–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603107.2014.902154.
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Shi, Wei, Alicia Oshlack i Gordon K. Smyth. "Optimizing the noise versus bias trade-off for Illumina whole genome expression BeadChips". Nucleic Acids Research 38, nr 22 (6.10.2010): e204-e204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq871.
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Mulia Inda Purwati. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Harga Saham pada Industri Retail Trade and Whole Sale". JUMANJI (JURNAL MANAJEMEN JAMBI) 5, nr 1 (18.05.2022): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35141/jmj.v5i1.261.
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This study is performed to examine the effect of Current Ratio (CR), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turnover (TATO), Return On Equity (ROE) and Earning per Share (EPS) toward stock price on Retail trade and whole sale that is listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2012. Sampling technique used here is purposive sampling to obtain samples in accordance with predeterminan criteria. Method of data analysis used is the multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis test using f-statistic to examine the mean of mutual, t-statistic to examine partial and test the coefficient of determination. Data processing was carried out using SPSS 16.0. In addition, classical assumption is also performed including normality test, multicolinearity test, autocorrelation test and heteroscedasticity test.
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Chaiklin, Martha. "IVORY IN EARLY MODERN CEYLON: A CASE STUDY IN WHAT DOCUMENTS DON’T REVEAL". International Journal of Asian Studies 6, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591409000023.
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In Sri Lanka elephants are endangered and ivory carving, as an art, is dead. Sri Lanka was once famous for the number and quality of its elephants, whose tusks were carved and exported since ancient times. Although Sri Lanka became, successively, a pivotal outpost for the Portuguese, Dutch and English, details about the Ceylonese ivory trade appear in trade documents only rarely. And yet, if information is not to be found there, does that mean ivory trade did not occur? Trade documents, after all, do not tell the whole story. Smugglers, illegal traders, big game hunters and plantation owners all played a part in the disappearance of elephants and its corollary, the ivory trade. When archival evidence is viewed in combination with physical evidence and the anecdotes of visitors and residents, it becomes evident that ivory remained an integral part of trade and crafts in Ceylon well into the last century.
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Blein, Roger. "Commerce international : le nouvel ordre des plus forts". Politique africaine 71, nr 1 (1998): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1998.6149.
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International trade : the biggest's new order. Africa’s share in the international trade has been decreasing from the end of the 70’s. In the same time the international trade as a whole was sharply increasing. A number of structural explanations can be identified. However it is clear that the international policies of trade liberalism and the aid for trade’ motto, have been contributing to a large extent to this marginalisation of Africa.
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Liu, Li Xia, Gang Hu, Zhen Huang i Yu Xing Peng. "Spectrum Trade Model Based on Voronoi Diagram". Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (styczeń 2012): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.1409.
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In wireless cognitive networks the secondary users (SU, the unlicensed user) can share the spectrum via opportunistic access and spectrum trade. The former can’t offer the reliable and steady communication, while the latter can. It is a hot topic how the primary users (PU, the licensed user) provide the resources to SUs. We propose a novel spectrum trade model based on the Voronoi diagram: V-STM, which can promise fairness and rationality of spectrum lease. We also analyze the effect of communication range and price on spectrum trade. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed model in terms of the fairness of users and the whole profit of the network.
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Stojadinovic-Jovanovic, Sandra. "International trade and transnational companies: Substitutes or complements". Medjunarodni problemi 60, nr 1 (2008): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0801093s.
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Transnational companies are the key drivers of foreign direct investments and major actors in international trade. They are involved in more than two-third of international trade and determine its direction, composition and volume. The relationship between transnational companies and international trade is complex and interwoven, raising the following question: are transnational companies substitutes or complements of international trade? The author explores this relationship. She studies the role of these companies in international trade as a whole and in foreign trade of domestic and host countries.
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Guo, Mingxian. "Is It Worth that Amazon Takeover MGM". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (6.11.2022): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2404.
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Amazon bought MGM for $8.45 billion, and MGM, which has been "selling" for a long time in the Hollywood filming market, finally found its owner. So, we will talk about the cost performance of this trade and the meaning for MGM and Amazon. This paper analyzes the reason why Amazon have this trade, the benefit Amazon can get from this trade, the cost and risk of this trade, and influence this trade will bring to the whole industry.
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Mallory-Greenough, Leanne M., i John D. Greenough. "Whole-rock trace-element analyses applied to the regional sourcing of ancient basalt vessels from Egypt and Jordan". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, nr 6 (1.06.2004): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-013.
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"Fingerprinting" lithic artefacts using whole-sample geochemistry is a simple, inexpensive, technique that can supply archaeologists with important provenance and trade information. To demonstrate its utility, it is applied here to basalt vessels produced by Near East societies encompassing the millennia and geographic areas where civilization arose and writing developed. Using published whole-sample geochemical data for bedrock samples, exploratory statistical techniques show that Jordanian and Egyptian basalts are fundamentally distinct. Petrogenetically significant plots (VTi) and element ratios (Rb/Sr, Nb/Y, Sr/Zr) efficiently "fingerprint" and separate Jordanian and Egyptian bedrock basalt samples and Levantine and Egyptian basaltic artefacts. The results show that most basalt artefacts were manufactured and used within the geographic regions and culture areas where they were produced. However, a representative sample of some typologically distinct basaltic artefacts from Maadi, Egypt, geochemically resembles Palestinian basalts and quantitatively confirms archaeological evidence that trade interactions between Egyptian and Jordanian Neolithic societies were established early. Thus, knowledge of the bedrock source of raw materials used in the manufacture of basaltic artefacts is useful for inferring trade and social interaction between and within these cultures.
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Kure, Nikolaj. "Den neoklassiske frihandelsfejlslutning". K&K - Kultur og Klasse 45, nr 124 (31.12.2017): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v45i124.103918.
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Free trade has traditionally been seen as an indisputable ‘moral law’ that benefits all trading partners and thus stimulates peaceful relations between nations. However, recent years have seen the emergence of a whole range of critical voices that articulate various types of free trade critique. The overall intention of the current paper is to discuss this tendency by reviewing Hermann Daly’s critique of the free trade argument as found in neoclassical economic theory. Daly’s argument is that neoclassical theorists on the one hand posit David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage as the overarching argument for free trade while on the other hand pushing through free trade arrangements in which Ricardo’s theory ceases to work. In more concrete terms: Ricardo’s theory shows that all trade partners benefit from free trade as long as capital cannot be allocated across national borders, yet current free trade agreements are representative of a neoliberal ideology that opposes all kinds of trading barriers, including national borders. On this basis, it seems reasonable to conclude that proponents of free trade use Ricardo’s argument as a strawman to build a neoliberal world economy based on absolute advantages.
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Rahman, Sultan Hafeez, i Md Wahid Ferdous Ibon. "Bangladesh's Trade with Asia: What Do Gravity Models Tell Us?" Bangladesh Development Studies XLII, nr 1 (1.11.2019): 01–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/dtnj3762.
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External trade has played a crucial role in Bangladesh’s strong economic growth and structural transformation, in the backdrop of rising prosperity in Asia as a whole. This paper examines the effect of national incomes and trade costs of three key Asian sub-regions—which “powered” the overall growth and prosperity in Asia as a whole—on Bangladesh’s external trade. The paper used the gravity model of international trade to test its validity in explaining Bangladesh’s trade with the sub-regions. Alternative empirical specifications of the model were econometrically estimated. The parameter estimates indicate that the central hypothesis of the gravity model is valid, i.e., trade between any two countries is directly proportional to their national incomes and inversely proportional to their trade costs. In line with these predictions, Bangladesh’s trade with the three key Asian sub-regions were found to be positively related to their GDPs and inversely related to trade costs. The predictive power of the estimated gravity models is also high. The statistical tests relevant to the econometric estimation of the specified model and the data used were conducted to ensure that the parameter estimates were robust. The model thus provides a solid basis for forecasting medium-term trade growth with the key Asian sub-regions, and hence it has a value to Bangladesh’s planners and policymakers. The results also imply that Bangladesh should pay greater attention to reviving trade (and industry) reforms to benefit from growing prosperity in its continental neighbourhood.
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Chandran, Ravi. "Restraint of Trade: A Singapore Perspective". Business Law Review 29, Issue 12 (1.12.2008): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2008060.
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The position in Singapore with regards to restraint of trade clauses in employment contracts is largely similar to the position in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, while the authorities in the United Kingdom are divided on the validity of “non–poaching of employees” type of restraint of trade clauses, the very recent Singapore Court of Appeal decision of Man Financial (S) Pte Ltd v Wong Bark Chuan, David has endorsed the validity of such clauses whole heartedly after an extensive review of authorities from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Australia. In addition the court in Man Financial (S) Pte Ltd v Wong Bark Chuan had the opportunity to consider several other related issues such as the significance of the fact that the employee was specifically paid for entering into the restrictive covenant, the significance of the fact that the employee had expressly agreed to the restrictive covenant and the significance of fact that the employee received legal advice in relation to the restrictive covenant.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. "Determining Trade Policy: Do Voters Hold Politicians Accountable?" International Organization 63, nr 3 (lipiec 2009): 533–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309090183.
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AbstractModels of trade policy often depend on the efficient aggregation of individual preferences. While much of the recent empirical work on trade focuses on whether domestic coalitions form along class or sectoral lines, the process of preference aggregation itself remains understudied. In democratic countries, voting is typically assumed to be an unproblematic mechanism for aggregating preferences, but such an assumption may be misleading when the salience of trade policy is low or heterogeneous throughout the electorate. Using data from a survey of 36,501 potential voters in the 2006 U.S. midterm congressional elections, this article explores the salience of trade policy for voters as a whole and for populations predicted to be most affected by changing trade patterns. The article offers an estimation of trade policy salience based on the degree to which voters held Senate incumbents accountable for their 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement, relative to roll call votes on other issues of the day. The article finds trade policy salience to be relatively low in terms of stated importance, in voters' knowledge of their representatives' policy positions, and in its effect on voters' propensity to vote for the incumbent. The low salience of trade policy, particularly among highly affected groups, calls into question voter-driven models of trade policy.
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ABDUL-RAZAK, NOR AZAM, MOHD ZAINI ABD KARIM i ROSLAN ABDUL-HAKIM. "DOES TRADE-OFF BETWEEN CHILD QUANTITY AND CHILD QUALITY EXIST IN MALAYSIA?" Singapore Economic Review 60, nr 04 (wrzesień 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500216.
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This paper analyzed whether the child quantity-quality (CQQ) trade-off is applicable in the case of Malaysia. Utilizing the instrumental variable (IV) method, our analysis produces results that are consistent with the hypothesis that the trade-off is unlikely to be applicable to Malaysia as a whole due to the generous public provision of education. However, the results show that the CQQ trade-off exists for the high-income group. Taken together, if both a larger stock of human capital and population are desired, the government should continue to provide education for its people while at the same time maintain policies that stimulate growth.
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Arsaratnam, S. "The Rice Trade in Eastern India 1650–1740". Modern Asian Studies 22, nr 3 (lipiec 1988): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009665.
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The historical literature on Indian Ocean trade has now come to recognize the importance of food-grains as an ingredient of that trade. In the western part of the Ocean (the Arabian Sea), its eastern part (Bay of Bengal) and within the Southeast Asian mainland and islands, there is every evidence of a substantial movement of food-grains from surplus areas to deficit areas. Though the scale and frequency of this trade may not be relatively as important in the regional economy as Braudel has outlined for the Mediterranean (with the assistance, it must be admitted, of superior quantitative evidence), it was nevertheless one of the commodities that entered into the commercial processes of different regions of the Ocean. The evidence for the study of the grain trade is, as with all Asian trade in the early modern period, fragmentary and episodic. As intrinsic to the sector of trade embracing Asian merchant shippers and consumers, it shares the disadvantages of paucityof evidence of that whole sector. Again, as with Asian trade as a whole, the grain trade comes into view only when Europeans have entered into that trade and have left glimpses of it in their records.The Portuguese in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were heavily involved in it in western India and a recent study has marshalled evidence from Portuguese sources on the mechanics of that trade in a port on the Kanara coast.2 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the entry into the Indian Ocean of the large Chartered Companies, evidence on the grain trade is substantially increased ,enabling us to see it in sharper focus in the broad canvas of Asian trade
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Wenninger, Markus J. "Iudei et ceteri …". Aschkenas 30, nr 2 (25.11.2020): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0010.
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AbstractThis study analyzes the formulation »Jews and (other) merchants« as it appears in sources from the 9th to the early 11th centuries. It addresses Michael Toch’s thesis with an aim to clarify the historical meaning of such formulations. By doing so, this study sheds light on how specific social differences between Jewish and non-Jewish merchants arose, while economic activities among both groups remained the same. Both Jews and non-Jews traded in the whole Frankish Empire and beyond. Both groups, therefore, took part in the lucrative as well as extensive slave trade, which was an essential element of the long-distance trading of the early Middle Ages.
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Dodonov, V. Y. "Kazakhstan’s Foreign Trade with EAEU Partners: Preliminary Results". EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 15, nr 4 (3.01.2022): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-04-21-32.
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This study is aimed at identifying the preliminary results of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade with countries that have agreements on economic cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union.Aim. Identification the emergence of effects for Kazakhstan’s foreign trade from agreements with the EAEU partner states.Tasks. Analyze the indicators of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade with states that have preferential modes of cooperation with the EAEU, compare these indicators of the validity period of the relevant agreements with previous periods and with the parameters of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade as a whole, assess the results of foreign trade during the period of validity of agreements on economic cooperation. Methods. In this work, we used the methods of time series analysis and comparative analysis.Results. The study showed that in most cases, the intensity of Kazakhstan’s mutual trade with countries that have preferential regimes of cooperation with the EAEU has significantly increased after the conclusion of agreements. Trade of Kazakhstan with the only country with a relatively long history of the current free trade agreement, Vietnam, showed significant growth during this period, many times higher than the general indicators of foreign trade. The outstripping growth in trade with the considered countries occurs, as a rule, due to an increase in Kazakhstani exports, which has a positive effect on foreign trade as a whole and has a positive effect on the indicators of the trade and balance of payments. The cumulative effect for Kazakhstan’s foreign trade from increasing trade with the EAEU partner countries is quite large and is measured by an annual increase in trade turnover at the level of more than $ 650 million, and an increase in exports in the amount of slightly less than $ 1 billion.Conclusion. The preliminary results of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade with the EAEU partner countries are positive and confirm the existence of potential for further cooperation through the conclusion of new trade and other agreements with other states.
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Rodrigues, Daniela Menon. "Brazilian Path to Trade Facilitation". Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 1 (1.01.2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020006.
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Brazil has been known as a challenging country for multinational and national enterprises interested in either importing into Brazil or exporting from it. Even though it represents a highly attractive consumer market, the political, economic, administrative and regulatory environment make Brazil a risky business partner. From Trade Policy to Customs procedures, structural and legal changes are shaping the future for international trade as a whole. This article explores, through data collection and its corresponding analysis, progress made towards implementing trade facilitation and liberalization measures as well as those still in need for further attention. Receita Federal, Mercosur, Brazil, liberalization, facilitation, AEO, ATA Carnet, Ex-Tariff, Ruling, Consultation.
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Dong, Qingxia, i Ruoyan Hao. "International Trade Strategy Evolution and Pattern Discrimination under the Value Competition Mechanism". BCP Business & Management 15 (30.12.2021): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v15i.293.
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International trade theory generally assumes that trade is carried out in the ideal state of perfect competition market and constant return on scale, but the reality is not so. Every economy will formulate some policies to restrict or encourage trade for the sake of maximizing its own trade interests. With the acceleration of globalization, the industrial division of labor, trade benefits and competitiveness of an economy in the global economy are considered from the perspective of value competition mechanism, and the change and future trend of international trade policy under the value competition mechanism are analyzed starting from the introduction of the concept of value competition mechanism. Starting from the integration of the value competition mechanism, focusing on the increase of the added value of the whole industry, combining the technological progress, industry integration and the transformation of factor input. Value through the extension of competition mechanism and integration, the mainstream trade theory deals with the main factors and system variables into a unified multi-factor panel data model framework for empirical analysis, found on the evolution of international trade strategy and pattern identify differences, including system quality and the cost difference split effectively the technological progress, economic benefit and sustainable development and full employment, to maximize the added value of the whole value competition mechanism, and finally realize the improvement of industry international competitiveness.
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Zuo, Xiangbin, i Yi Yang. "Analysis on the Legal System of International Technology Trade Management Based on Data Mining Analysis". International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 19, nr 1 (18.08.2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.328528.
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With the rapid development of computer and information technology, people can obtain and store data in a faster and cheaper way, which makes the amount of data and information grow exponentially. Based on data mining technology, this paper systematically analyzes and compares the basic situation and evolution of international trade networks and international human relations networks using the bilateral trade data and human relations data of countries and regions in the world. The research shows that the strength external entropy, strength internal entropy, and network weight entropy of the whole international trade network from 2008 to 2014 are generally lower than 0.75. The whole network still showed a downward trend from 2010 to 2015, but it began to rise steadily after 2016. The monopolistic behavior in international technology trade has a significant impact on the fundamental freedoms and rights of citizens.
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Samhina, Lina, Rita Nurmalina i Netti Tinaprilla. "Faktor-Faktor Penentu Perdagangan Biji Pala Indonesia". Forum Agribisnis 13, nr 2 (24.10.2023): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.13.2.179-192.
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The export value of the whole nutmeg and nutmeg powder has increased yearly. Nevertheless, Indonesia's dependence on imports of nutmeg is high. This condition illustrates that Indonesia has not optimally utilized its export opportunities. Optimizing export opportunities can be done by paying attention to the factors that affect exports. Researchers used secondary data on the whole and nutmeg powder from 2012 to 2019 with research variables: Indonesia's GDP, GDP of export destination countries, economic distance, population, and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) dummy. The processes of data use a gravity model approach. The results showed that the GDP of both countries and the SPS had a negative effect on trade in the whole nutmeg, while economic distance and population had a positive impact. Meanwhile, the effect on trade in nutmeg powder by Indonesia's GDP, GDP of export destination countries, and the population is positive, economic distance is negative, and the SPS has an insignificant effect. The policy implication is the government and stakeholders should choose trading partners with large populations and make post-harvest handling rules to minimize the impact of SPS barriers. Meanwhile, to increase the trade in nutmeg powder, choosing a trading partner with a high GDP is necessary.
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Fu, Yujia. "Analysis of the Causes for the Sino-US Trade War". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 10, nr 1 (14.09.2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/10/20230047.
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In 2018, the US government launched a trade war against China, and later it became a tit-for-tat competition between these two economies. It brought more uncertainties and challenges to bilateral and global trade. The economic conflict was a long-term issue between the two countries, while the Section 301 investigations provided rationales for the Trump administration to launch the trade war. This paper aims to reveal the reasons that contributed to the Sino-US trade war in order to better understand the whole economic conflict. There are some data collected by the US government and some official organizations are used in this paper to introduce the background. The writer mainly uses the literature analysis to discuss the possibilities that cause the trade war and applies one theory the Hegemonic Stability Theory to analyze the situation. At last, different perspectives of the deep-seated causes were applied to understand the trade war. This paper discovers that the trade war between the two countries was not only caused by economic conflicts, but also technological disputes, and other deep-seated issues, including national security and political concerns. All these causes should be addressed to understand and smooth the tensions.
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Mei, Zhang. "The impact of coronavirus epidemic on trade and economic cooperation of the Heilongjiang province with Russia and measures to restore it". POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 95, nr 2 (2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-95-2-29-35.
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The article presents a brief overview of the state of Sino-Russian trade and economic cooperation in the context of the pandemic of coronavirus infection that has swept the whole world. On the example of regional cooperation between the Heilongjiang Province (PRC) and Russia, it is shown that under the influence of coronavirus epidemic, trade turnover decreased, while Russia retained the position of the main trading partner of the Heilongjiang Province. The results and prospects for the operation of the Heilongjiang Province free trade pilot zone are shown. The author presents characteristics of the measures taken by the province and aimed at the restoration and development of the Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation. Among them, in particular, measures of anti-epidemiological, institutional and infrastructural nature are highlighted; examples of positive results of these measures are shown.
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Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin. "Trade Liberalization: Is It Desirable for All Developing Economies?: A Literature Review". Research in World Economy 10, nr 3 (25.07.2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n3p199.
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Economic theory says all countries benefit from free international trade. However, does this belief tell the whole story? Can all countries indeed benefit from free trade? For instance, is it any good for developing countries? In the literature, there are many studies and some of them present ideas against free trade. In this paper, we strive to provide a brief of the literature on developing economies.
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Mazyrin, V. "Vietnam: Free Trade Areas". World Economy and International Relations 60, nr 3 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-72-82.
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The paper provides comparative characteristics of free trade areas (FTA) with Vietnam’s participation, and attempts to summarize his rich and instructive experience in this realm. The first section analyzes the reasons of creation and the balance of power in the FTA with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the second section it describes the general approach of Vietnam towards integration into the world economy and presents the FTA network (“spaghetti bowl”) set up by Hanoi. The author assesses the factors that determined the choice of Vietnam and the participants of the EAEU while establishing their FTA. He reveals the motivation of the EAEU leaders, particularly Russia, in their decision, the importance of economic aspects of cooperation with the first partner in the FTA framework. Thus, it becomes possible to discover the importance of new integration union for both parties. Economic potential of the FTA members is estimated in order to define their respective roles, “weight category” and, finally, the main beneficiaries of the agreement. So far, we verify the correctness of the dissemination of findings from our analysis of trade between Russia and Vietnam (for which we have representative data) on the agreement at whole. The author explores the main parameters of the agreements with the Asia-Pacific countries and displays aspects of the FTA agreements different for the EAEU and other Vietnam partners. It makes easier to identify countries and regions that take the leaders’ position in the integration process. The composition of trade and other forms of interaction between participants of the FTA in both groups of Vietnam partners is highlighted and a tendency to boost them is revealed. The paper promotes estimations on the conditions, rate, magnitude and first results of liberalization of mutual trade, on safeguard measures applied to support domestic producers. It reveals the preferential treatment difference granted by FTA parties to each other and the reasons for these differences. In conclusion, the impact of the FTA network on competition between Russia (EAEU) and other Vietnam partners which occupied the best position in its market is stressed.