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1
Anthonisz, Michael. "Lang and Whitlam : a comparison /". Title page, preface and contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ara6282.pdf.
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2
Meegan, David. "A minister reflects : a critical analysis of Clyde Cameron's view of Gough Whitlam and the Whitlam government /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arm494.pdf.
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3
Orchard, Lionel. "Whitlam and the cities : urban and regional policy and social democratic reform". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho641.pdf.
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4
Watson, Bruce James. "‘The fig leaf of self-determination’: the triumph of realism in Australia’s response to the 1975 East Timor Crisis". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22118.
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Indonesia’s 1975 invasion of Portuguese Timor was more than an authoritarian state violating a defenceless neighbour’s sovereignty. The Timor Crisis involved the convergence of major post-war forces: decolonisation of European empires, the Cold War, and the United States’ recalibration of its South East Asian role. This thesis examines the Crisis afresh from a range of perspectives and multi-archival sources. Hitherto, activists have dominated, bringing to attention Indonesia’s malefactions and holding to account those in the West who abetted Indonesia in this tragedy. Why did liberal Australia look away, and even be culpably involved in Indonesia’s invasion of Timor? This thesis argues that in addition to these larger global factors, Australia’s security and new policy of Asian engagement were paramount. Following the European powers failure to protect Australia during the Second World War, and departure from the region, Australia had to relate to its neighbours in a new way. The Timor Crisis was contextualised by Australia’s turbulent relationship with Indonesia, at times supporting Indonesian independence, to opposing it over West New Guinea, and in Confrontation, facing off militarily. With Sukarno deposed, Australia no longer perceived Indonesia a threat. Following Whitlam’s 1972 election, Australia accelerated Asian engagement, seeking acceptance as an independent member of the region. As the Carnation Revolution delivered Portugal’s African colonies to Marxists, Indonesia was determined to deny a communist outpost within its archipelago. Australia’s new policy was now tested: adhere to the norm of self-determination, or pursue engagement with Indonesia, with the social and political differences of both nations on stark display. This thesis shows that Australia’s liberal ideals are abstractions, abandoned in the face of realpolitik, clearly demonstrated in the witches’ brew of the global geopolitical elements that combined to generate the Timor Crisis.
5
Johnson, Carol. "Social harmony and Australian labor : the ideology of the Curtin, Chifley and Whitlam Labor governments /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj659.pdf.
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6
Oden-Walder, Lee. "Dunstan and Whitlam : an examination of aspects of the political relationship between two reformist Labor leaders /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09aro235.pdf.
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7
Lavelle, Ashley, i n/a. "In the Wilderness: Federal Labor in Opposition". Griffith University. School of Politics and Public Policy, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040226.151930.
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This thesis is a study of the federal Australian Labor Party (ALP) in Opposition. It seeks to identify the various factors that shape the political direction of the party when it is out of office by examining three important periods of Labor Opposition. It is argued in the first period (1967-72) that the main factor in the partys move to the left was the radicalisation that occurred in Australian (and global) politics. Labor in Opposition is potentially more subject to influence by extra-parliamentary forces such as trade unions and social movements. This was true for this period in the case of the reinvigorated trade union movement and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, whose policy impacts on the ALP under Gough Whitlam are examined in detail. While every one of the party's policies cannot be attributed to the tumult of the period, it is argued that Labor's Program embodied the mood for social change. The second period (1975-83) records a much different experience. After Labor's Dismissal from office in November 1975, the enduring conclusion drawn by the party was that it had failed in government as economic managers, and that in future it would need to embrace responsible economic management and to jettison programmatic-style reform. This conclusion was accepted and argued by both federal leaders during this time, Gough Whitlam (1975-77) and Bill Hayden (1977-83). The thesis argues that the key reason for Labor's abandonment of reformist politics was the dramatic shift in the economic context wrought by the collapse of the post-war boom in 1974, which undermined the economic basis of the Program. The degree to which 'economic responsibility' governed Labor's approach to policy-making is highlighted through case studies of uranium mining and the Prices-Incomes Accord. The final period of Opposition (1996-2001) commences with the partys landslide defeat at the 1996 Federal Election. Under the leadership of Kim Beazley, the party continued in the pro-free market policy tradition of Labor Prime Ministers Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. In conjunction with this, it employed a 'small-target' strategy that pitched its electoral success on community anger towards the government, rather than any alternative policies of the Opposition. The free-market policy continuity is set in the context of the ideological effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, in the aftermath of which all political players accepted that there was no real alternative to the market. Furthermore, the overall state of the Australian and world economies was not conducive to a return to 'tax and spend' policies. The partys bipartisanship on globalisation and economic rationalism effectively robbed it of an alternative political approach to that of the Coalition. Thus, in a sense it was hemmed into the 'small-target' strategy. The thesis concludes by comparing and contrasting the three periods, and assigning weight to the various factors that shape Labor in Opposition.
8
Hoyle, Maxwell Bruce, i mikewood@deakin edu au. "Australia and East Timor: elitism, pragmatism and the national interest". Deakin University, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050915.110809.
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For over two decades the issue of East Timor's right to self-determination has been a prickly issue in Australian foreign policy. The invasion by Indonesian forces in 1975 was expected, as Australian policy-makers had been well informed of the events leading up to the punitive action being taken. Indeed, prior discussions involving the future of the territory were held between the Australian Prime Minister and the Indonesian President in 1974. In response to the events unfolding in the territory the Australian Labor Government at the time was presented with two policy options for dealing with the issue. The Department of Defence recommended the recognition of an independent East Timor; whereas the Department of Foreign Affairs proposed that Australia disengage itself as far as possible from the issue. The decision had ramifications for future policy considerations especially with changes in government. With the Department of Foreign Affairs option being the prevailing policy what were the essential ingredients that give explanation for the government's choice?
It is important to note the existence of the continuity and cyclical nature of attitudes by Labor governments toward Indonesia before and after the invasion. To do so requires an analysis of the influence Doc Evatt had in shaping any possible Labor tradition in foreign policy articulation. The support given by Evatt for the decolonisation of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) gave rise to the development of a special relationship-so defined. Evidence of the effect Evatt had on future Labor governments may be found in the opinions of Gough Whitlam. In 1975 when he was Prime Minister, Whitlam felt the East Timor issue was merely the finalisation of Indonesia's decolonisation honouring Evatt's long held anti-colonialist tradition existing in the Australian Labor Party. The early predisposition toward Indonesia's cohesiveness surfaced again in the Hawke and Keating Labor governments of later years. It did not vary a great deal with changes in government
The on-going commitment to preserving and strengthening the bilateral relationship meant Indonesia's territorial integrity became the focus of the Australian political elites regional foreign policy determinations. The actions taken by policy-makers served to promote the desire for a stable region ahead of independence claims of the East Timorese. From a realist perspective, the security dilemma for Australian policy-makers was how to best promote regional order and stability in the South East Asian region. The desire for regional cohesiveness and stability continues to drive Australian political elites to promote policies that gives a priority to the territorial integrity of regional states. Indonesia, in spite of its diversity, was only ever thought of as a cohesive unitary state and changes to its construct have rarely been countenanced. Australia's political elite justifications for this stance vacillate between strategic and economic considerations, ideological (anti-colonialism) to one of being a pragmatic response to international politics.
The political elite argues the projection of power into the region is in Australias national interest. The policies from one government to the next necessarily see the national interest as being an apparent fixed feature of foreign policy. The persistent fear of invasion from the north traditionally motivated Australia's political elite to adopt a strategic realist policy that sought to shore up the stability, strength and unity of Indonesia. The national interest was deemed to be at risk if support for East Timorese independence was given. The national interest though can involve more than just the security issue, and the political elite when dealing with East Timor assumed that they were acting in the common good. Questions that need to be addressed include determining what is the national interest in this context? What is the effect of a government invoking the national interest in debates over issues in foreign policy? And, who should participate in the debate? In an effort to answer these questions an analysis of how the ex-foreign affairs mandarin Richard Woolcott defines the national interest becomes crucial.
Clearly, conflict in East Timor did have implications for the national interest. The invasion of East Timor by Indonesia had the potential to damage the relationship, but equally communist successes in 1975 in Indo-China raised Australia's regional security concerns. During the Cold War, the linking of communism to nationalism was driving the decision-making processes of the Australian policy-makers striving to come to grips with the strategic realities of a changing region. Because of this, did the constraints of world politics dominated by Cold War realities combined with domestic political disruption have anything to do with Australia's response?
Certainly, Australia itself was experiencing a constitutional crisis in late 1975. The Senate had blocked supply and the Labor Government did not have the funds to govern. The Governor-General by dismissing the Labor Government finally resolved the impasse. What were the reactions of the two men charged with the responsibility of forming the caretaker government toward Indonesia's military action? And, could the crisis have prevented the Australian government from making a different response to the invasion?
Importantly, and in terms of economic security, did the knowledge of oil and gas deposits thought to exist in the Timor Sea influence Australia's foreign policy? The search for oil and gas requires a stable political environment in which to operate. Therefore for exploration to continue in the Timor Sea Australia must have had a preferred political option and thoughts of with whom they preferred to negotiate. What was the extent of each government's cooperation and intervention in the oil and gas industry and could any involvement have influenced the Australian political elites attitude toward the prospect of an independent East Timor? Australia's subsequent de jure recognition that East Timor was part of Indonesia paved the way for the Timor Gap (Zone of Cooperation) Treaty signing in 1989. The signing underpinned Australia's acceptance of Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor.
The outcome of the analysis of the issues that shaped Australia's foreign policy toward East Timor showed that the political elite became locked into an integration model, which was defended by successive governments. Moreover, they formed an almost reflexive defence of Indonesia both at the domestic and international level.
9
Lavelle, Ashley. "In the Wilderness: Federal Labor in Opposition". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366181.
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This thesis is a study of the federal Australian Labor Party (ALP) in Opposition. It seeks to identify the various factors that shape the political direction of the party when it is out of office by examining three important periods of Labor Opposition. It is argued in the first period (1967-72) that the main factor in the party’s move to the left was the radicalisation that occurred in Australian (and global) politics. Labor in Opposition is potentially more subject to influence by extra-parliamentary forces such as trade unions and social movements. This was true for this period in the case of the reinvigorated trade union movement and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, whose policy impacts on the ALP under Gough Whitlam are examined in detail. While every one of the party's policies cannot be attributed to the tumult of the period, it is argued that Labor's Program embodied the mood for social change. The second period (1975-83) records a much different experience. After Labor's Dismissal from office in November 1975, the enduring conclusion drawn by the party was that it had failed in government as economic managers, and that in future it would need to embrace responsible economic management and to jettison programmatic-style reform. This conclusion was accepted and argued by both federal leaders during this time, Gough Whitlam (1975-77) and Bill Hayden (1977-83). The thesis argues that the key reason for Labor's abandonment of reformist politics was the dramatic shift in the economic context wrought by the collapse of the post-war boom in 1974, which undermined the economic basis of the Program. The degree to which 'economic responsibility' governed Labor's approach to policy-making is highlighted through case studies of uranium mining and the Prices-Incomes Accord. The final period of Opposition (1996-2001) commences with the party’s landslide defeat at the 1996 Federal Election. Under the leadership of Kim Beazley, the party continued in the pro-free market policy tradition of Labor Prime Ministers Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. In conjunction with this, it employed a 'small-target' strategy that pitched its electoral success on community anger towards the government, rather than any alternative policies of the Opposition. The free-market policy continuity is set in the context of the ideological effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, in the aftermath of which all political players accepted that there was no real alternative to the market. Furthermore, the overall state of the Australian and world economies was not conducive to a return to 'tax and spend' policies. The party’s bipartisanship on globalisation and economic rationalism effectively robbed it of an alternative political approach to that of the Coalition. Thus, in a sense it was hemmed into the 'small-target' strategy. The thesis concludes by comparing and contrasting the three periods, and assigning weight to the various factors that shape Labor in Opposition.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Politics and Public Policy
Full Text
10
Sadleir, Christopher John, i n/a. "Australia's policy approach to Foreign Direct Investment 1968-2004 as a case study in globalisation, national public policy and public administration". University of Canberra. School of Business & Government, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20080304.145454.
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Since the latter half of the twentieth century patterns of economic flows
and the deployment of systems of production have encouraged greater political and
social integration between nation states. This phenomenon, called globalisation,
has reinvigorated debate about the nation state as a mode of organisation, and
created the conditions for an ongoing natural experiment concerning state
adjustment. This experiment, while on a global scale, has led to different responses
from national governments, as each grappled with how best to accommodate both
domestic and international interests. One neglected aspect of analysis in these
processes is the role played by national bureaucracy in state adjustment as a means
to move with globalising pressures or to resist their impact.
This thesis presents a qualitative analysis of the interaction of one
globalising process, foreign direct investment (FDI), and the workings of the
nation state, as a means of assessing the way in which the national government has
used regulatory processes and its bureaucracy to control FDI. An extended
historical case study is used to examine changes in policy, regulation and the
organisation of the national bureaucracy concerned with FDI in Australia. The
period examined is from 1968 to 2004 enabling comparisons to be made across the
experience of seven successive national governments (those led by prime ministers
Gorton, McMahon, Whitlam, Fraser, Hawke, Keating and Howard) in the way they
managed the domestic and international circumstances that impacted on FDI.
This thesis makes a contribution to the literature on the interaction of
globalising processes, the nation state and the role played by national public
bureaucracies where national and transnational interests intersect. In particular, this
thesis identifies the national bureaucracy as a key agent for government in enabling
and domesticating the processes of globalisation. This finding demonstrates that
national bureaucracy is significant as both a facilitator and the inhibitor of
processes of globalisation, and therefore is a key factor in understanding the issues
of state adjustment in studies of globalisation.
11
Kefford, Glenn. "Has Australian Federal Politics Become Presidentialized?" Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366314.
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This thesis examines the idea that Australian federal political leaders are becoming more powerful. This idea, often referred to as presidentialization, generates heated debates in academic circles. Using one of the more systematic frameworks, namely the Poguntke and Webb (2005) model, and combining a behavioural component, this thesis seeks to explore whether Australian federal politics has become presidentialized. Poguntke and Webb viewed presidentialization as consisting of three separate but inter-related faces. These were: the executive face, the party face and the electoral face. This thesis undertakes this task by examining four leadership periods from the Australian Labor Party (ALP). This includes: The Chifley leadership period (1945-51), the Whitlam leadership period (1967-1977), the Hawke Leadership period (1983-91) and the Kevin Rudd leadership period (2006-2010). In the Chifley leadership period it is argued that very little evidence of the presidentialization phenomenon as described by Poguntke and Webb (2005) is identifiable. This finding adds to their hypothesis that many of the causal factors that contributed to presidentialization did not emerge until after 1960. This section of the thesis also highlights how different Australian society and the ALP were during this period than to the later periods examined in this thesis. The second period, the Whitlam leadership period, is vastly different. Clear increases in the capacity of leaders to exert power began to emerge. Hugely important structural changes to the ALP occur during this period which fundamentally alters intra-party power. Some evidence of leaders being able to exert greater power within the executive of government can also be identified during this period. The elections that Whitlam contested display a mixed level of personalisation.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text
12
Long, David L. "The Australian Constitution, Originalism and the Dismissal". Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/390035.
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This thesis examines the separate legal reasons provided by both the then Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, and the then Chief Justice of the High Court, Sir Garfield Barwick, in justification of Kerr’s decision on 11 November 1975 to withdraw Prime Minister Gough Whitlam’s commission, in order to establish that the Governor-General did not possess the legal power to act in this way. It will establish that the Constitution drafted by the Founders at the 1897 Constitutional Convention implicitly contains a principle that requires a construing court to exercise a methodology of construction that reveals the meaning originally intended by the Founders as consented to by the people of the several colonies. The thesis examines the establishment and the deliberations of the delegates to the Convention that resulted in the draft Bill of the Commonwealth Constitution in order to establish the two elements of the political scheme that the Founders intended the Constitution to sustain: the federal distribution of powers similar to that of the US Constitution and responsible government. It argues that all these matters, considered in the context of the process of its ratification by the people of the colonies and the constitutional requirements for any changes, are evidence of a political imperative in the Constitution that its construction should seek the meaning originally intended by the Founders, being the one consented to by the people of the colonies in 1899.
The thesis will examine the arguments advanced by Isaac Isaacs during the Constitutional Convention in opposition to the federal scheme required by the colonial statutes establishing the Convention for the draft Constitution. It will show that Isaacs wanted the Convention to approve a unitary political scheme for the Constitution, which was rejected by the delegates.
An examination of the decisions of the early court will demonstrate that it adopted a construction methodology consistent with the original intention of the Founders to explicate the details of federal doctrines derived from the federal scheme of the US Constitution, the immunity of instrumentalities and the reserve powers of the states. This thesis will show that when he was appointed to the High Court, Isaac Isaacs implicitly rejected the methodology of original intent and the federal scheme of the early court and adopted a literalist methodology derived from legal positivist1 decisions of the Privy Council that, following the English jurist A.V. Dicey, distinguished between the legal text and the political scheme. It will examine the argument for the legal positivist methodology of construction and its common manifestation as literalism to determine its efficacy for constitutional interpretation and will examine Isaacs’ literalist construction of the Constitution in the majority judgment of the court in Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd2 to show that it permitted him to reinterpret the text in isolation from the Constitution’s political scheme and therewith to abolish the federal scheme and impose his unitary scheme, enlarging the powers of the Commonwealth and abridging the powers of the states. Isaacs’ unitary Constitution reflected the proposal for which he had argued at the Convention.
By examining selected High Court judgments of Sir Owen Dixon and Sir Garfield Barwick during their respective tenures on the High Court, the thesis will show that the legal positivist method of construction employed by Isaacs, which manifested as a literal interpretation of the text in isolation from the political scheme, was maintained by the High Court as the preeminent method of construction following the Engineers’ case. Barwick’s express endorsement of Isaacs’ judgment in the Engineers’ case indicated his adoption of that literalist methodology.
When it examines the arguments advanced by Kerr and Barwick in defence of Kerr’s actions in November 1975, the thesis will show that each man construed the relevant provisions of the Constitution literally, and thus altered the practice of responsible government as understood and intended by the Founders to comply with their literal interpretation. Kerr and Barwick both introduced an implied term previously unremarked and absent from the Convention debates into the Constitution in order to infer a condition precedent to the actions of the Governor- General. The thesis will show that each posited a differently characterised discretionary, personal power in the Governor-General, which was explicitly rejected by the Founders. Their theoretical explanations of the Governor-General’s reserve powers will be shown to be inconsistent with the relevant terms of the Constitution.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
13
Mangalath, Vishnu. "Singularities of Whitham Deformations". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25990.
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Constant mean curvature planes of finite type in Euclidean 3-space are in correspondence with spectral data, consisting of a hyperelliptic (spectral) curve, two meromorphic differentials, and a line bundle. A class of deformations one can consider are known as Whitham or period preserving deformations. Singularities of Whitham deformations can occur if the differentials have common roots on the spectral curve. In this thesis we are concerned with studying deformations within, and out of, the space of spectral data at which the Whitham equations are singular. We show in a special case that singular Whitham deformations correspond to certain planar graphs on CP1, and study the existence theory of these graphs.
14
Wymer, Aaron James. "A.E. Whitham living in the mysteries /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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15
Fillard, Claudette. "Walt Whitman, poète des éléments". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040072.
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Alors que de nombreux critiques ont souligné l'importance des quatre éléments dans l'œuvre de Whitman, une étude approfondie de leur influence sur l'imagination, la sensibilité, et l'art poétique de l'écrivain fait cruellement défaut. L'emploi par Whitman de "elements" ou de termes apparentés montre avec quelle facilité on passe des éléments aux aliments et à ces "ailments" que l'anglais associe à la souffrance. Dejà se trouve ébranlée la vision traditionnelle d'un optimisme à toute épreuve. Si l'on essaie d'évaluer le role spécifique de chacun des éléments dans l'œuvre, on s'aperçoit que si l'eau est à la hauteur de sa réputation, l'air, la terre, et le feu ont besoin d'être rehabilites. Le feu surtout, dont le statut particulier et perturbant a ete indument minimise. Mais l'exploration se fait beaucoup plus fructueuse si l'on se debarrasse du carcan de la quaternite elementaire pour recourir a une approche plus diversifiée. Un examen attentif du role joué par les éléments dans la célébration par Whitman du "corps électrique", dans sa conception de l'espace et du temps et ses tentatives changeantes de domestication de la mort, ou son rituel de l'union et sa quête infatigable de l'un, conduit à des conclusions séduisantes et parfois inattendues. L'un des aspects les plus fascinants de l'œuvre ainsi placée sous l'objectif élementaire réside en la réalité protéenne d'une poésie aux perspectives illimitées, extraordinairement moderne, tout aussi ouverte que la route d'un de ses chants. Elle a le pouvoir de rajeunir éternellement. .While many critics have stressed the importance of the four elements in Whitman's works, a thorough study of their influence on his imagination, sensitivity and theory of poetry has long been overdue. Whitman's use of "elements" and some cognate words shows how easily "elements" become "aliments" and "aliments", and unsettles the traditional vision of the poet's unruffled optimism. Trying to assess the specific role of each of the four elements in his writings, one realizes that if water is equal to its reputation, air, earth and fire are worth rehabilitating. Fire, above all, seems to have a peculiar, disturbing status which has been unduly minimized. But the exploration becomes much more rewarding when one gets rid of the straitjacket of the elementary "quaternion" and resorts to a more variegated approach. A careful perusal of the part played by the elements in Whitman's celebration of the "body electric", in his conception of space and time and variable
16
Fillard-Thévenet, Claudette. "Walt Whitman poète des éléments". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605070r.
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17
Donlon, David B. "Reconsidering Swinburne's Relation to Whitman". W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626221.
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18
Mackay, Daniel. "Advertising the soul : Walt Whitman's luciferic voice in twentieth-century American poetry /". Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594829931&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kolbe, Ben. "Walt Whitman's split poetic personalities". Waltham, Mass. : Brandeis University, 2009. http://dcoll.brandeis.edu/handle/10192/23301.
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20
Woodbury, Rachelle Helene. "Animism in Whitman : "Multitudes" of interpretation? /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1390.pdf.
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21
Herrington, Eldrid Roberts. "Hopkins, Whitman and nineteenth-century philology". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621883.
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22
Choay-Lescar, Pauline. "Formes de l'absence chez Walt Whitman". Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030099.
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En depit des apparences, l'absence semble etre au coeur de l'oeuvre de whitman. Absence fondatrice, on la trouve dans l'intention poetique de l'auteur qui s'autocree et par lameme cree l'amerique a partir d'un neant originel ou d'une page blanche. Il donne a voir un monde autre ou le corps est un texte, support de l'ecriture de soi, et le texte une parole. Absence creatrice, elle apparait dans leprocessus creatif meme, a travers les moyens mis en oeuvre - comme la negation - pour modeler et informer cette nouvelle realite. Grace a un jeu subtil de miroirs et d'echos, metaphores, metonymies et hypallages multiplient les signifiances a l'infini, instaurant un espace imaginaire fluide ou le texte, affranchi de toutes contraintes, parvient a s'enoncer seul. Mais l'absence destructrice, qui engendre le doute et le desespoir, est toujours presente et malgre les strategies qu'il deploie pour se dissimuler, pour se soustraire aux frontieres du moi du monde, du lexique, et de la syntaxe, whitman finit par se laisser happer par le mot meme de << mort >>. En definitive, c'est l'absence destructrice qui triomphe : la mort demeure une enigme et la creation poetique une illusion.
23
Woodbury, Rachelle Helene. "Animism in Whitman: "Multitudes" of Interpretations?" BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/730.
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Walt Whitman used animistic techniques in his poetry and prose, specifically "Song of the Redwood Tree," "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking," and Specimen Days. The term animism can be traced to the Latin root of the word, anime, which connotes a "soul" or "vitality." So, when one is talking about animistic techniques, one is speaking of the (metaphoric or realistic) ensoulment of natural objects. In the wake of a growing global crisis modern scholarship has begun reexamining the implications of this belief; often it introduces ambiguities into an otherwise comfortable relationship of unquestioned human domination. In Specimen Days, Whitman seems to have a more clear view of his natural philosophy, in which he expresses his belief that nature possesses an inherency that he envies and an ability to communicate that quality with him. However, Whitman's "Song of the Redwood Tree" is ambiguous and contradicting. Whitman creates a vision of Manifest Destiny by portraying settlers in California clearing space for houses and agriculture by cutting down the majestic redwood forests. However, this poem contains a particularly odd element: the trees have a voice. They mourn their own demise while simultaneously celebrating the arrival of the new American populace. It is a conflicting image. The animistic, majestic qualities of the trees challenge an anthropocentric view of the world, not allowing the reader to quickly disregard the extinction of the redwood forests in order to embrace American ideals of progress, which in a way defeats the more imperialistic message of the poem. Another comparison, with "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking," demonstrates how important subversion of self to place is when using animistic techniques in poetry. This poem implies that animate nature is a locus for Whitman's creative genius, both inspiring his poetry and permeating it with confusion. Whitman's very engagement with the process of imagining a voice for nature inserts doubt into some of his more imperialistic pronouncements and encourages the reader to question his own previously unexamined assumptions. Animistic literary techniques have the potential to encourage an involvement with non-human nature, along with a more conscious awareness of the way we use (and abuse) that Other.
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Hecker-Bretschneider, Elisabeth. "Bedingte Ordnungen : Repräsentationen von Chaos und Ordnung bei Walt Whitman, 1840-1860 /". Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994722680/04.
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White, Allison E. "Optimizing dose and mode of administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog for induced spawning of black sea bass, Centropristis striata /". Electronic version (Microsoft Word), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/whitea/allisonwhite.html.
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Sun, Wenjun, i 孫文君. "Front tracking algorithm for the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model for a traffic network". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687624.
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Sun, Wenjun. "Front tracking algorithm for the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model for a traffic network". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687624.
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Moores, Don. "The essentially mystical Walt Whitman : an elucidation of the mystical dimension in Leaves of grass /". Click for abstract, 1997. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1500.html.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1997.Thesis advisor: John A. Heitner. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in English." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-92).
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Lundy, Lisa Kirkpatrick. "Reverberating Reflections of Whitman: A Dark Romantic Revealed". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279061/.
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Walt Whitman has long been celebrated as a Romantic writer who celebrates the self, reveres Nature, claims unity in all things, and sings praises to humanity. However, some of what Whitman has to say has been overlooked. Whitman often questioned the goodness of humanity. He recognized evil in various shapes. He pondered death and the imperturbability of Nature to human death. He exhibited nightmarish imagery in some of his works and gory violence in others. While Whitman has long been called a celebratory poet, he is nevertheless also in part a writer of the Dark Romantic.
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Green, Charles B. "Passing into print: Walt Whitman and his publishers". W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623452.
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Few scholars have attempted to conduct a close examination of Whitman's relationship to his publishers in the context of Leaves of Grass. In their "Typographic Yawp: Leaves of Grass , 1855--1992," Megan and Paul Benton present a minimal, but interesting examination of the typographic story of Leaves, but they ignore three of the editions and deal with author-publisher relations only superficially. Other articles examine individual editions of Leaves of Grass, but none really explore what Whitman's complicated relationships with the publishers of his time tell us about the conditions for his work and for authorship in mid-nineteenth-century America. Most studies tend to focus on Whitman's poetry, rather than on issues associated with his publication history. In his Disseminating Whitman: Revision and Corporeality in Leaves of Grass, for example, Michael Moon carefully examines various editions, but chooses to concentrate on Whitman's poetic revisions and program, rather than discussing aspects related to the publication story behind Leaves of Grass. This study will try to address this gap in Whitman scholarship and, in so doing, try to answer the following questions: Were Whitman's ambitions for his Leaves of Grass fulfilled? Did he ever reach his intended audience?
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Crowe, Shaun. "Whitlam's children? Labor and the Greens in Australia". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118289.
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Over the past three decades, the gradual rise of the Australian
Greens has transformed Australian politics. Where the Australian
Labor Party once enjoyed parliamentary dominance over the
progressive left, it now shares space with the minor party. At
both the state and federal level, Labor has depended on Greens
support to form government, and even more frequently to pass
contentious legislation. After the 2010 federal election and its
resulting minority parliament, the first in almost seventy years,
the two parties signed a formal ‘Agreement’, with the Greens
guaranteeing Labor confidence in return for policy demands
and a great role in government. In the following three years, the
Labor and Greens relationship received unprecedented public
scrutiny. The Agreement and surrounding theatre became a major
theme of the government – one amplified by Labor’s
opponents.
Focusing on this first federal minority experience, the thesis
examines the Labor and Greens relationship in Australia. Across
forty-one interviews with federal representatives, it sought each
party’s institutional perspective on a range of issues. Was the
formal Agreement an effective model for minority government, and
did it serve either party’s interests? What were the defining
institutional and
ideological differences between Labor and the Greens? In the
longer term, was a closer arrangement possible, and did either
party desire it? On top of these questions, the thesis examined a
number of difficult policy areas facing the minority arrangement
– carbon pricing, refugee processing and mining taxation. While
the research revealed a number of different perspectives, even
within parties, it uncovered a productive, though often hostile
parliamentary relationship; united by a series of shared values,
but divided by different approaches to parliament, politics and
pragmatism.
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Austin, Kelly. "A poet of the Americas Neruda's translations of Whitman and North American translations of Neruda /". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1003847081&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sowder, Michael. "Whitman's ecstatic union : conversion and ideology in "Leaves of grass /". New York : Routledge, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40057342z.
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Yu, Shiu-kong Bartholomew. "Fused though antagonistic elements : a study of Walt Whitman's paradoxical vision of life /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1236826X.
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Szendrey, Stephen P. "Queering the Literary Landscape: Allen Ginsberg and Walt Whitman". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1275685833.
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Rumeau, Delphine. "Épopée et modernité : Walt Whitman, Pablo Neruda, Édouard Glissant". Paris 10, 2008. https://acces.bibliotheque-diderot.fr/login?url=https://doi.org/10.15122/isbn.978-2-8124-4073-1.
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La rencontre de l’épopée avec l’esthétique et les valeurs de la modernité est une source de tensions fécondes. Loin de constituer un modèle obsolète, le genre demeure une référence essentielle pour les poètes du Nouveau Monde dont les œuvres affichent une vocation fondatrice. Le choix de ce corpus américain est aussi fondé sur des relations d’intertextualité, notion au cœur des questions génériques. La valorisation de l’espace comme objet épique permet l’invention d’un vers qui s’adapte à la géographie. Elle pose aussi la question de la référence poétique : contre le repli du texte sur le travail des signifiants, l’épopée affirme l’importance de la fonction référentielle du langage et la vocation totalisante du poème. L’épopée moderne procède aussi à des changements temporels : elle n’est plus un répertoire de récits accomplis, mais une histoire à projeter. Même si le passé conserve une place importante chez Neruda et Glissant, le futur devient le temps de référence. La représentation héroïque est également bouleversée, puisque les valeurs de la démocratie, autant que celles du communisme, interdisent de cristalliser l’éclat de la geste sur un individu exemplaire et réclament au contraire un héroïsme collectif. Enfin, c’est tout le système d’énonciation qui est transformé par ces déplacements temporels et axiologiques : il bascule du récit au discours, dont la première personne devient le pivot, engageant la question de l’adresse et de la communication poétique. Si le genre connaît ainsi des modulations importantes, il continue d’informer la poésie moderne, arrimant l’engagement immédiat à la durée et à la complexité de la pensée épiqueHowever contradictory the terms “modernity” and “epic” might sound, the reference to the genre remains crucial for modern poets, especially those from the New World with political intentions and collective identity claims. The inscription of epic features within a modern perspective is a source of creative tensions. The choice of the works was grounded on the strong intertextuality that binds them, a key notion in generic issues. First, space supersedes history as the central focus of writing, which aims at encompassing the continent’s landscapes and giving them an unprecedented literary shape. This also raises the question of the referential function of language, often challenged by modern poetry: the epic claim is somehow an act of faith in the possibility of naming the world and in the aptness of words to do so. As history gives way to geography, the future tends to become the dominant tense in Whitman: the narrative continuum thus yields to a more fragmented vision. Heroic representation is also challenged by democratic values: how can heroism be diffracted into a plural agent? Similarly, Neruda and Glissant’s chief concern is to incarnate a collective heroism whose triumph lies ahead in the future. Contrary to Whitman, though, the reconstruction of the past is a fundamental preliminary to the emergence of a collective identity
37
Corcos, Nick. "The affinities and antecedents of medieval settlement : topographical perspectives from three of the Somerset Hundreds". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0622a9e3-8d8f-47bb-8bb0-c034684c176e.
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Hubert, Denise Dawn. "Walt Whitman, poet of the body : stylistics of (dis)embodiment". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32832.
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This thesis proposes a unified theory for reading and interpreting Leaves of Grass
(1891-92), by American poet Walt Whitman (1819-1892). This theory proceeds from the
premises that spiritual themes are foundational for the poems, and that Whitman's chief
poetic aim is to lead readers toward a spiritual understanding of human experience. This
theory proposes that the material and spiritual realms coexist and interact continuously,
and that human comprehension of an organized, coherent cosmic scheme is possible
within the framework of material, temporal life, thanks to the innate divinity of the
human being.
This project employs linguistic pragmatic theories to examine the subjectivity of
Whitman's speaker's consciousness in terms of how it situates and represents itself, and
how it relates to the real and conceptual worlds around it. I analyse cohesion (M.A.K.
Halliday) and flow of consciousness (Wallace Chafe) in Whitman's poetry to illustrate
that he deliberately employs stylistics of disembodiment and de-situation to shift the
focus of his poetry away from the material world, toward the spiritual realm.
This analysis is broken into themed segments: 1) the speaker and his conception
of his self (poems analysed include "Song of Myself and "Starting from Paumanok"); 2)
the speaker's interpersonal relationships (poems analysed include "I Sing the Body
Electric," "The Sleepers," and "Whoever You Are Holding Me Now in Hand"); and 3)
the speaker's interaction with his nation and cosmos (poems analysed include "Crossing
Brooklyn Ferry," "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," and "A Noiseless Patient
Spider"). These poems reveal a speaker with privileged conceptual access to the spiritual realm,
which he interprets for readers, hoping this will spark them to develop their own cosmic
awareness. The speaker redefines elements of the material world, like the body and its
desires, or political life in a democracy, illustrating that these have spiritual significance;
they forge connections between souls. Consequently, these spiritual connections valorize
mundane pursuits. Moreover, this process of redefinition, or translation, charges his often
eroticized discourse with spirituality, rendering it appropriate as public, national
discourse for the United States in the latter half of the nineteenth-century.Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate
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Harris, Kirsten. "The love of comrades : Walt Whitman and the British socialists". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14573/.
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In this thesis I exam me how fin de siècle British socialists engaged with Walt Whitman and his work. These were generally considered to be one and the same: the speaker in Leaves of Grass was understood to be Whitman, and Leaves of Grass was read as an extension of his personality. This underscores the appropriation of Whitman for the labour cause: his admirers not only used his words, but claimed the poet himself, often as a prophet as well as a poet. I argue that just as Leaves of Grass influenced the development of radical mystical and socio-political thinking, so were its reading and reception shaped by these ideological frameworks. I explore this relationship through articles, poems, books and speeches, many of which have received little or no critical attention, demonstrating how personal responses to Leaves o{Grass had an effect on the wider socialist community. Each chapter is concerned with a different socialist, or group of socialists, who read and responded to Whitman: first, Bolton's 'Eagle Street College', a reading group devoted to the poet; second, Edward Carpenter and his Whitmanesque poems in Towards Democracy; third, a selection of journalists who wrote in socialist publications; fourth, William Clarke and his book-length critique of Whitman. I finish with a comparative study of the use of 'Pioneers! 0 Pioneers!' by different figures within the socialist movement. My critical approach focuses specifically on the literary and political impact of the relationships between Whitman and his nineteenth-century 'disciples', complementing recent biographical scholarship in this field. The significance of Whitman to British socialism has long been recognised; however, though aspects of it have been critically discussed, this is the first extended study of the ways in which Whitman was responded to, interpreted, and used by British socialists.
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Chen, Wenqin. "An analytical shock-fitting approach to the solution of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38724650.
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Bauer, Roman [Verfasser], i Guido [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider. "The KdV and Whitham limit for a spatially periodic Boussinesq model / Roman Bauer ; Betreuer: Guido Schneider". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118507584/34.
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Chen, Wenqin, i 陳文欽. "An analytical shock-fitting approach to the solution of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38724650.
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Hennequet, Claire. "L'identité poétique de la nation. Walt Whitman, José Marti, Aimé Césaire". Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030085/document.
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Dans l’Amérique et les Caraïbes des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’œuvre du poète national est au cœur d’un trafic d’images qui nourrit un lien social fragile dans un temps où les collectivités reposent moins sur un lien direct entre leurs membres que sur un lien imaginé. Prenant ses distances vis-à-vis des représentations en circulation à son époque, comme les représentations exotiques de la nature, le poète offre une vision démocratique ambitieuse pour l’avenir de la communauté à travers des images nouvelles du territoire, du peuple, de l’esclavage et de l’histoire. L’ethos auctorial encourage l’appropriation de ce discours par le lecteur en désignant le poète comme figure de référence. Mais c’est surtout à travers son procédé d’écriture qui met à mal les normes littéraires de son temps que celui-ci est à même d’influer sur la société. Plutôt qu’ils ne parviennent à saisir l’esprit de leur peuple, Whitman, Martí et Césaire participent par leur travail sur le fragment, les formes populaires ou le tremblement du sens à la création d’un devenir collectifIn 19th and 20th centuries America and West Indies, the national poet’s works lay at the centre of a traffic of images. This traffic feeds the fragile social ties of young collectivities, at a time when communities are bound by imagination rather than by direct contact between their members. Distancing themselves from the representations of the community circulating at that time, like the exotic images of the New World’s nature, the poet offers an ambitious democratic vision for the future which is channeled through images of the territory, the people, slavery and history. The poet’s ethos encourages the reader to appropriate this discourse by presenting the author as a role model. However, it is mainly thanks to his style, at odds with the literary norms of his time, that the poet is able to act upon society. Whitman, Martí and Césaire do not so much contrive to capture their people’s spirit, as they participate through their work on the fragment, on popular poetical forms or on the destabilizing of meaning, in the creation of a common devenir
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O'Driscoll, Michael J. "The truth in pointing, Whitman, Pound, Cage, and text as index". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21309.pdf.
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Nautiyal, Nandita. "This self is Brahman, whitman in the light of the upanishads". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29557.pdf.
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Nautiyal, Nandita. ""This self is Brahman" : Whitman in the light of the Upanishads". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26747.
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This thesis examines the reasons why Walt Whitman has been a "puzzle" to literary critics for well over a century. It shows the correspondence between Walt Whitman's work and the mystical tradition of East as also interpreted by American Transcendentalists. Enquiry into "self" is the central theme of most of Whitman's work. Two aspects of this enquiry have been investigated in this thesis and compared with the Upanishads: the development of self; and the use of contradictions as a means of conveying meaning. Both aspects support the view that Whitman displays a worldview not in accordance with the popular Western view in which God and man are entirely different and can never meet on equal terms. Whitman's view can be compared to that of the American Transcendentalists and Neoplatonists which finds a sympathetic chord in the native European tradition of humanistic values as well as in the Upanishads. Whitman works from a state of consciousness that is different in spirit and structure from the Hegelian dialectical principle which has wielded so much influence over Western thought. Whitman's poetry is remarkably akin to that of the Upanishadic writers in whose consciousness the subject and object have fused into one. Whitman is shown to draw his ideas from a depth of the human psyche that is often associated with Eastern thought but which is also present in the West. Four stances of self in Whitman's work have been identified which are seen to be related to, but not identical with, four states of consciousness in the Upanishads. The thesis concludes that not only is there a remarkable degree of correspondence between Walt Whitman and the Upanishads, both in respect to development of the self and use of contradictions, but that interpreting him in the light of the Upanishads provides another modern opportunity for meeting of the East and the West.
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Johnson, Clifton Zeno. "Race in the Galactic Age| Sankofa, Afrofuturism, Whiteness and Whitley Strieber". Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13806083.
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Octavia Butler asked if black skin was so disruptive a force that the mere presence of it alters a story? In a post-colonial era, skin color remains a polarizing topic. While humans are still redefining perceptions about race, people across planet earth are opening up to the possibility of the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life. This paper explores how the acknowledgment of a galactic presence would transform perceptions of whiteness. The experiences of the best-selling author and proclaimed contactee, Whitley Strieber, are used as case studies to analyze if Amero-European ingrained bias toward melanin would influence the western world’s interactions with dark-skinned extraterrestrials species. The white male is portrayed as the prototypical sci-fi nerd in popular American culture; however, the themes and struggles present in science fiction remain deeply connected with those present in African American culture. Despite the presence of extraterrestrials in African centered tradition, Stieber's experience demonstrates that whiteness still holds influence on the dominant cultural position regarding alien contact. I will practice Sankofa to trace African centered histories and traditions designed for communicating with entities from different dimensions, realities or even planets that continue to perpetuate in African American culture. I argue that African American culture has been addressing aspects of reality unacknowledged by the western world. I demonstrate that elements of the cosmic, supernatural, extraterrestrial or superhuman continue to manifest in African centered culture. These continually dismissed observations get lost in a world where the European Enlightenment has led to a culture in which whiteness establishes itself as “a norm that represents an authoritative, delimited and hierarchical mode of thought” as Joe Kinechole notes, limiting Amero-European culture from fully embracing a world view that includes extraterrestrials. Whiteness changes as it interacts in a range of settings and this paper examines the role of whiteness in a galactic environment by exploring how whiteness navigates through alien spaces.
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Gambarotto, Bruno. "Walt Whitman e a formação da poesia norte-americana (1855-1867)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8151/tde-21052007-145634/.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar alguns dos momentos decisivos do processo de formação da poesia norte-americana, marcados pelas quatro primeiras edições (1855, 1856, 1861,1867) de Leaves of Grass, de Walt Whitman. A escolha desses momentos sublinha o caráter engajado do projeto poético de Whitman, que não visava à mera aclimatação da poesia européia no Novo Mundo, mas sim à constituição formal de uma poesia norte-americana adequada à realidade social de seu país. Nesse sentido, a leitura das quatro primeiras edições de Leaves of Grass pressupõe dois movimentos complementares: o entendimento dessa poesia enquanto resposta aos inúmeros conflitos que perpassam as décadas de 1850 e 1860 norte-americanas, quando a modernização, encabeçada pela industrialização e pelo trabalho livre, entra em choque definitivo com estruturas sociais de origem colonial, baseadas tanto na exploração do trabalho escravo como na própria constituição descentralizada da república; e a configuração literária desses problemas, em que veremos elementos constitutivos da poesia romântica européia em relação dialética com formas locais de expressão, muitas vezes estranhas ao quadro literário do Velho Mundo, mas reforçadas pela pretensão de se fazer valer (não sem contradições) uma literatura de caráter nacional. Para tanto, nossa análise toma não apenas a longa tradição de estudos hitmanianos, que atualmente têm se dedicado à revisão histórica de Leaves of Grass centrada quase que exclusivamente na experiência social norte-americana, mas a própria tradição crítica brasileira, na qual se consolidou um importante corpo de conceitos e debates acerca da posição periférica das literaturas do Novo Mundo em relação à Europa, o que nos permite tanto colocar a literatura de Whitman em um quadro mais abrangente de formação literária como observar ali algumas questões comuns às experiências brasileira e norte- americana para a consolidação de seu sistema literário, tais como o caráter empenhado da elite literária; a busca de novas formas; a representação e afirmação, na lírica, do indivíduo e da natureza do país; as questões éticas e econômicas ligadas ao problema da escravidão; e a relação ambígua e contraditória com os movimentos literários europeus.The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze some of the decisive moments in the making of North American poetry, determined by the development, from 1855 to 1867, of the four initial editions of Walt Whitman\'s Leaves of Grass. The choice of these remarkable moments serves to underline the engaged feature of Whitman´s poetical accomplishment, which implied not the mere transposition of European literary thought into the New World, but mainly the formal constitution of a national poetry fit for the social environment of the United States. In this sense, the analysis of these four Leaves of Grass´ editions (1855, 1856, 1861, 1867) presupposes two complementary ways: firstly the acknowledgment of Whitman´s poetry as a response to the social tensions in North American midnineteenth century, when modernity, led by free labor and industrialization, collides with colonial and pre-modern social structures, based upon slavery and the very descentralized commercial Republic constitution; secondly the literary configuration of these tensions, in which we observe elements of the literary Romanticism dialetically linked to local forms of expression, some of them alien to the literary achievements of the Old World, but reinforced by the founding project of a national literature. To attend these questions, this dissertation recovers the long tradition of Walt Whitman studies - dedicated in the present time to the historical revisioning of the poet´s works centered almost exclusively in the North American social experience - by the light of the Brazilian critical tradition, in which very important concepts and debates over the periferical position of New World literatures were consolidated. This theoretical perpective allows us not only to place Leaves of Grass in a wider perspective of New World literatures but also to build a indirect comparative view that rests upon some important questions to the North American and Brazilian literary traditions, as the engaged ethos of their literary elites; the search for new literary forms; the lyrical affirmative representation of national individuals; the economical and ethical responses to slavery; and the ambiguous and contradictory relation with European literary movements.
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Armstrong, David Grossman. "The true believer : Walt Whitman Rostow and the path to Vietnam /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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El-Desouky, Ayman Ahmed. "The self-begetting modern : figuring the human in Whitman and Joyce /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004257.
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