Gotowa bibliografia na temat „White-bellied sea-eagle”

INGESTING BEHAVIOUR OF WHITE BELLIED SEA EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucogaster) IN TASIKOKI CENTRAL WILD ANIMAL RESCUE IN MINAHASA UTARA. This study aimed to describe the ingesting of white bellied sea eagle (Halliaetus leucogaster) in Tasikoki Central Wild Animal Rescue on safeguarding cage as one of the conservation strategy for translocation purpose. The expected benefits was to provide information about ingesting behavior of white bellied sea eagle and the reference knowledge information in the field of wild life conservation measures. This research was conducted using observational methods and instantaneous animal sampling technique of 14 animal samples. Study began at 07.00 am until 17.00 pm. The variables observed is observing prey, catching prey and ingesting prey of white bellied sea eagle as the variables of this study. The observing result is showed that white bellied sea eagle was ingesting fish and other eagle (cannibal animal). The ingesting behavior was affected by the kind of prey, which one of the favorite prey of white bellied sea eagle. The other eagle and the agonistic behavior mostly happened when they prey the other eagle. White bellied sea eagle observed the prey and other thing around the cage with the percentage of 3%. White bellied sea eagle only catches fish with a percentage of 1%. White bellied sea eagle was ingesting prey with a percentage of 96%. The animal was very sensitive in ingesting fish more than ingesting other eagle. Keywords : White bellied sea eagle (Halliaetus leucogaster), Ingesting Behavior, Tasikoki Central Wild Animal Rescue Tasikoki.

During our regular monitoring of Salt Water Crocodile in Bhitarakanika National Park in Odisha, eastern India, we for the first time photographed the predation of a hatchling Salt Water Crocodile by a White-bellied Sea Eagle. This information is very crucial as it aid in understanding the natural history of the species.

Abstract The article discusses an enigmatic Old Javanese bird named kalaṅkyaṅ. The avian species known by this name is identified as the white-bellied sea eagle, a bird common in the past in the coastal parts of Java. In the second section it is argued that the kalaṅkyaṅ bird is represented in Old Javanese poetry as the mirror image of the Javanese kawi (poet).

Research on the habitat preferrence by Changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) (CHE), Crested serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) (CSE), and White bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) (WSE) was conducted at Nature Recreation Park of Lake Buyan and Lake Tamblingan and Surrounding area between February and July, 2016. Data collection was conducted through field observation using the “look down method” and the “look up method” combined with placement of observation points. Data collection was analysed by principle component analisys (PCA) method. Research results related to preferenced habitat were as follows: (1) the CHE prefered fragmented forest, secondary forest, and cultivated forest types habitat. (2) The CSE prefered habitat types of farming land, residence, and sosial forest. (3) The WSE prefered just one habitat type, that was the wet land habitat type. Keywords: eagle, raptor, forest, habitat, habitat preference, bali

<p>The white-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster, is one of the top predators living in the coastal area of Indonesia. This species has the range of distribution in all across Indonesian archipelago. However, this raptor population decreases particularly in the Java southern seas due to illegal hunts and the decreasing quality of their natural habitat. Meanwhile, this species is still poorly studied in Indonesia. This research focuses on the identification of Haliaeetus leucogaster by means of morphometrical analysis in regards to the conservation of this species. The method used in this research is by measuring morphometrical characteristics according to Rahmat (2009) including wing span, body weight, total length, total wing length, wing width, patagial width tail length, tarsus length and depth, talons with claws and without claws, claws, culmen with cere and without cere, culmen height and width, inter-pupil distance, iris color, primairy wing feather number, secondary wing feather number and the number of tail feathers.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Haliaeetus leucogaster, morphological characteristics</p>

<p class="Els-Abstract-text">Even though not yet considered as endangered, White-bellied Sea Eagle’s global population is decreasing due to illegal hunting, bird trading, and deforestation. So far, there hasn’t been any report regarding the phylogenetic study of the White-bellied Sea Eagle inhabiting the coastal regions of Java. Moreover, there hasn’t been any report on the genetic data, especially COI gene, of the White-bellied Sea Eagle living in coastal area of Java. Thus, in this research, two individuals of <em>Heliaeetus leucogaster</em><em> </em>(<a title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788); <em> </em>are compared based on its COI gene sequence to the member of genus <em>Haliaeetu</em>s to determine their position in the phylogenetic tree of genus Haliaeetus. COI gene amplification is performed using <em>Forward</em> primer BirdF1 5’- TTC TCC AAC CAC AAA GAC ATT GGC AC-3’ and <em>Reverse </em>primer BirdR2 5’ ACT ACA TGT GAG ATG ATT CCG AAT-3’. The phylogenetic analysis using MEGA6 with <em>Maximum Likelihood </em>method shows that <em>Haliaeetus leucogaster</em> in this study is related to <em>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</em> (Linnaeus, 1766), <em>Haliaeetus pelagicus</em> (Pallas, 1811), and <em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em> (Linnaeus, 1758).</p><p> </p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong> phylogenetic study; <em>Heliaeetus leucogaster</em><em> </em>(<a title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788); DNA barcoding, <em>C</em><em>ytochrome-c </em><em>O</em><em>xidase </em><em>S</em><em>ubunit</em> I (COI).</p></div>

Being surrounded by many islands, Malaysia is blessed as it may own an endemic, endangered and migratory species in its islands. Pulau Tinggi is one of the islands located in Southeast Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the biggest islands in Johor, Malaysia. However, the avifauna has not yet been documented in Pulau Tinggi. This paper discusses the first record of the Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) in Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. Nicobar pigeons were recorded in camera traps installed around the island from June to October 2019. Besides the Nicobar pigeon, our camera traps also recorded another five avian species, which are the Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), White-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus), Changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), White-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Grey-headed fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus). The record of the Nicobar pigeon is exceptional as this species is restricted to small islands and absent from the mainland. It has unique behaviour and enticing morphology. This species is globally threatened and has recently been declared an endangered species. Nicobar pigeon’s discovery proved a high potential to develop ecotourism or a key site for avian conservation in Pulau Tinggi.

This study looks at dietary preference of the Haliaeetus leucogaster in the Houtman Abrolhos and on coastal and near shore islands between Shark Bay and Jurien Bay. Prey species were identified through pellet dissection, which were collected from nests and feeding butcheries, along with prey remains and reference photographs. Data extracted from this process was compared against known prey types for this species. Potential foraging distances were calculated based on congeneric species data and feeding habits and used to calculate foraging habitat in the study sites and expected prey lists to compare against observed finds. Results were compared against similar studies on Haliaeetus leucogaster based in other parts of Australia.

The White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster is widespread in Australia, but has been the subject of conservation concern due to suggested localised declines and extinctions. Regionalised monitoring programmes have addressed some aspects of local concern, however a broader approach is needed to gain an understanding of large-scale processes affecting long-term persistence at scales equivalent to the species Australian range. Ultimately, the ability to predict change in population size over time accurately depends on the scale of analysis. By necessity, ecological studies using direct sampling techniques are often made across spatial scales smaller than a species geographic range and across relatively short time frames. This seems counter-intuitive considering that long-term species persistence is often dependent on large-scale processes. The principal aim of this thesis was to identify historical and contemporary forces responsible for the current pattern of population structure in H. leucogaster. This required a multi-scale approach, and the resulting research uses genetic, distributional and morphometric data. Haliaeetus leucogaster is a large territorial raptor that historically has been associated with coastal regions, lakes and perennial river systems. It has an extensive worldwide distribution from the western coast of India throughout the Indomalaysian region, Papua New Guinea and Australia. By virtue of the species' large-scale distribution, in Australia it is fairly cosmopolitan in its use of habitat and prey types. Haliaeetus leucogaster is monomorphic for adult plumage colouration, but in body size displays reversed sexual dimorphism with female birds significantly larger. A discriminant function based on 10 morphometric characters was 100% effective in discriminating between 19 males and 18 females that had been sexed using molecular genetic methods. Re-classification using a jackknife procedure correctly identified 92% of individuals. The discriminant function should be a viable alternative to genetic sexing or laparoscopy for a large proportion of individuals within the Australo-Papuan range of this species; and can also be used to identify a small proportion of "ambiguous" individuals for which reliable sexing will require those other techniques. I used mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region sequence data to investigate the current distribution of genetic variation in this species at the continental level and within and between specified regional units. I was specifically interested in identifying breaks in genetic connectivity between the west and east of the continent and between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Overall, genetic diversity was low and there was no significant level of genetic subdivision between regions. The observed genetic distribution suggests that the population expanded from a bottleneck approximately 160 000 years ago during the late Pleistocene, and spread throughout the continent through a contiguous range expansion. There is insufficient evidence to suggest division of the population into different units for conservation management purposes based on the theoretical definition of the 'evolutionary significant unit'. It is clear from the analysis that there are signatures of both historical and contemporary processes affecting the current distribution. Given the suggestion that population expansion has been relatively recent, additional sampling and confirmation of the perceived pattern of population structure using a nuclear marker is recommended to validate conservation monitoring and management at a continental scale. To determine the existence of perceived population declines across ecological time scales, I analysed the Australian Bird Atlas Data to identify the extent and pattern of change in range and density of the species between three Atlas Periods (1901-1976, 1977-1981 and 1998-2001) using a new standardised frequency measure, the Occupancy Index (OI) for 1° blocks (approx. 100km2) across the continent. At the continental scale, there was no significant difference in the spatial extent of occupancy between Atlas Periods. However, there were considerable changes in frequency and range extent between defined regions, and there were distinct differences in the pattern of change in OI between coastal and inland blocks over time. Coastal blocks showed much more change than inland blocks, with a clear increase in the use of coastal blocks, accompanied by a decrease in inland blocks, during the 1977-1981 Atlas Period, relative to both other Atlas Periods. The over-riding factor associated with distributional shifts and frequency changes was apparently climatic fluctuation (the 1977-1981 period showing the influence of El Nino associated drought). The impression of abundance was strongly dependent on both the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. To test for correspondence between geographic variation in morphology and geographic variation in mtDNA I analysed morphometric data from 95 individuals from Australia and Papua New Guinea. First, the degree of morphometric variation between specified regions was determined. This was then compared with the pattern of genetic differentiation. There was a strong latitudinal cline in body dimensions. However, there was no relationship between morphometric variation and patterns of genetic variation at least for mtDNA. Females showed a pattern of isolation by distance based on morphometric characters whereas males did not. Three hypotheses to explain the pattern of morphometric variation were considered: phenotypic plasticity, natural selection and secondary contact between previously isolated populations. I conclude that the pattern of morphometric variation is best explained by the suggestion that there is sufficient local recruitment for natural selection to maintain the observed pattern of morphometric variation. This implies that gene flow may not be as widespread as the mtDNA analysis suggested. In this instance either the relatively recent colonisation history of the species or the inability of the mtDNA marker to detect high mutation rates among traits responsible for maintaining morphometric variation may be overestimating the levels of mixing among regions. As might be expected given the physical scale over which this study was conducted, the pattern of genetic, morphometric and physical distribution varied dependent on the scale of analysis. Regional patterns of genetic variation, trends in occupancy and density and morphometric variation did not reflect continental patterns, reinforcing the contention that extrapolation of data from local or regional levels is often inappropriate. The combined indirect methodologies applied in this study circumvent the restrictions imposed by direct ecological sampling, because they allow survey across large geographic and temporal scales effectively covering the entire Australian range of H. leucogaster. They also allow exploration of the evolutionary factors underpinning the species' current distribution.

The White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster is widespread in Australia, but has been the subject of conservation concern due to suggested localised declines and extinctions. Regionalised monitoring programmes have addressed some aspects of local concern, however a broader approach is needed to gain an understanding of large-scale processes affecting long-term persistence at scales equivalent to the species Australian range. Ultimately, the ability to predict change in population size over time accurately depends on the scale of analysis. By necessity, ecological studies using direct sampling techniques are often made across spatial scales smaller than a species geographic range and across relatively short time frames. This seems counter-intuitive considering that long-term species persistence is often dependent on large-scale processes. The principal aim of this thesis was to identify historical and contemporary forces responsible for the current pattern of population structure in H. leucogaster. This required a multi-scale approach, and the resulting research uses genetic, distributional and morphometric data. Haliaeetus leucogaster is a large territorial raptor that historically has been associated with coastal regions, lakes and perennial river systems. It has an extensive worldwide distribution from the western coast of India throughout the Indomalaysian region, Papua New Guinea and Australia. By virtue of the species' large-scale distribution, in Australia it is fairly cosmopolitan in its use of habitat and prey types. Haliaeetus leucogaster is monomorphic for adult plumage colouration, but in body size displays reversed sexual dimorphism with female birds significantly larger. A discriminant function based on 10 morphometric characters was 100% effective in discriminating between 19 males and 18 females that had been sexed using molecular genetic methods. Re-classification using a jackknife procedure correctly identified 92% of individuals. The discriminant function should be a viable alternative to genetic sexing or laparoscopy for a large proportion of individuals within the Australo-Papuan range of this species; and can also be used to identify a small proportion of "ambiguous" individuals for which reliable sexing will require those other techniques. I used mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region sequence data to investigate the current distribution of genetic variation in this species at the continental level and within and between specified regional units. I was specifically interested in identifying breaks in genetic connectivity between the west and east of the continent and between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Overall, genetic diversity was low and there was no significant level of genetic subdivision between regions. The observed genetic distribution suggests that the population expanded from a bottleneck approximately 160 000 years ago during the late Pleistocene, and spread throughout the continent through a contiguous range expansion. There is insufficient evidence to suggest division of the population into different units for conservation management purposes based on the theoretical definition of the 'evolutionary significant unit'. It is clear from the analysis that there are signatures of both historical and contemporary processes affecting the current distribution. Given the suggestion that population expansion has been relatively recent, additional sampling and confirmation of the perceived pattern of population structure using a nuclear marker is recommended to validate conservation monitoring and management at a continental scale. To determine the existence of perceived population declines across ecological time scales, I analysed the Australian Bird Atlas Data to identify the extent and pattern of change in range and density of the species between three Atlas Periods (1901-1976, 1977-1981 and 1998-2001) using a new standardised frequency measure, the Occupancy Index (OI) for 1° blocks (approx. 100km2) across the continent. At the continental scale, there was no significant difference in the spatial extent of occupancy between Atlas Periods. However, there were considerable changes in frequency and range extent between defined regions, and there were distinct differences in the pattern of change in OI between coastal and inland blocks over time. Coastal blocks showed much more change than inland blocks, with a clear increase in the use of coastal blocks, accompanied by a decrease in inland blocks, during the 1977-1981 Atlas Period, relative to both other Atlas Periods. The over-riding factor associated with distributional shifts and frequency changes was apparently climatic fluctuation (the 1977-1981 period showing the influence of El Nino associated drought). The impression of abundance was strongly dependent on both the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. To test for correspondence between geographic variation in morphology and geographic variation in mtDNA I analysed morphometric data from 95 individuals from Australia and Papua New Guinea. First, the degree of morphometric variation between specified regions was determined. This was then compared with the pattern of genetic differentiation. There was a strong latitudinal cline in body dimensions. However, there was no relationship between morphometric variation and patterns of genetic variation at least for mtDNA. Females showed a pattern of isolation by distance based on morphometric characters whereas males did not. Three hypotheses to explain the pattern of morphometric variation were considered: phenotypic plasticity, natural selection and secondary contact between previously isolated populations. I conclude that the pattern of morphometric variation is best explained by the suggestion that there is sufficient local recruitment for natural selection to maintain the observed pattern of morphometric variation. This implies that gene flow may not be as widespread as the mtDNA analysis suggested. In this instance either the relatively recent colonisation history of the species or the inability of the mtDNA marker to detect high mutation rates among traits responsible for maintaining morphometric variation may be overestimating the levels of mixing among regions. As might be expected given the physical scale over which this study was conducted, the pattern of genetic, morphometric and physical distribution varied dependent on the scale of analysis. Regional patterns of genetic variation, trends in occupancy and density and morphometric variation did not reflect continental patterns, reinforcing the contention that extrapolation of data from local or regional levels is often inappropriate. The combined indirect methodologies applied in this study circumvent the restrictions imposed by direct ecological sampling, because they allow survey across large geographic and temporal scales effectively covering the entire Australian range of H. leucogaster. They also allow exploration of the evolutionary factors underpinning the species' current distribution.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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The conversion of natural environments into land useful for human habitation has many effects on biodiversity and can alter the way terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems function. Urbanisation is particularly potent in coastal areas, where birds of prey have often been recognised as indicators of environmental health. In Australia, four coastal raptor species are present: White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), Eastern Osprey (Pandion haliaetus cristatus), Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) and Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus). Coastal raptors are important vectors of nutrient transport between marine and terrestrial systems and are key players in structuring biological communities. Most coastal raptor research has been in southern Australia where populations are in decline. However, little has been conducted in the urbanising region of South-East Queensland (SEQ). This thesis addressed urbanisation impacts on Australia’s coastal raptors in SEQ including breeding habits, physical impacts, rehabilitation outcomes and the importance of protected areas. Chapter 2 discussed Eastern Ospreys and their ability to adapt to urban areas and nest on artificial structures. This behaviour was investigated in two regions of SEQ: urbanised Moreton Bay Marine Park (MBMP) and rural Great Sandy Marine Park (GSMP). Most nests in MBMP were on artificial structures, while in GSMP most were on natural structures. This chapter showed that Eastern Ospreys have a high propensity for nesting on artificial structures when close to urban environments and that additional nesting platforms should be erected to avoid the risks associated with nesting on unsafe structures. Physical threats in urban landscapes are many and varied for Australia’s coastal raptors. These threats were investigated in Chapter 3, where admissions to Currumbin Wildlife Hospital Foundation (CWH) were analysed. Most birds were admitted from anthropogenic causes, most significantly from fishing equipment entanglement. Bird attack and vehicle strike were also significant. This is the first time fishing equipment entanglement has been quantified as a significant cause of injury to coastal raptors. This chapter highlights the importance of public education on the threats fishing equipment can cause to local wildlife. Although the majority of coastal raptors admitted to CWH were released, assessing rehabilitation success of raptors has been rarely attempted. Rehabilitation is intensive, expensive and the success rates post-release are rarely investigated. In Chapter 4, 28 banded coastal raptors and 2 White-bellied Sea-Eagles, fitted with GPS tracking devices, were monitored post-release. Band return was low but both tagged White-bellied Sea-Eagles survived beyond the crucial six week period, suggesting successful rehabilitation. Home ranges were much larger than previously reported for this species and illustrates how GPS tracking can enhance our knowledge of the ecology of these raptors. Chapter 5 explored trends in the presence of these species in SEQ using three datasets. Long-term data from Queensland Wader Study Group, habitat loss data from Global Forest Watch and nest location data were used to explore temporal trends in species sightings and cumulative habitat loss in Moreton Bay. White-bellied Sea-Eagle and Whistling Kite sightings decreased with increased cumulative tree cover loss while nest location data showed that coastal raptors were nesting in protected areas. These findings suggests that these areas are critical for their persistence in the region. This thesis showed that while many processes threaten the coastal raptors of SEQ, management is possible with education and innovative measures. Watercourses and protected areas were critically important for coastal raptors in urban areas, where fishing equipment entanglement is a key threat. Rehabilitation of coastal raptors by CWH is often successful and could be critical for the management of species populations and mitigation of threats. Furthermore, the benefits of GPS tracking in increasing our knowledge of the ecology of coastal raptors was clearly demonstrated. Although susceptible to many threats, the coastal raptors of SEQ showed resilience and adaptability, finding opportunities to breed in the protected areas of Moreton Bay. Eastern Ospreys have the ability to nest on various structures within the urban landscape and although risky, this behaviour shows that breeding platforms could be erected in urban areas to encourage ospreys to avoid dangerous nest sites and reduce competitive pressures for nesting space with the other species. The information presented in this thesis will contribute significantly to our knowledge on Eastern Ospreys, White-bellied Sea-Eagles, Whistling Kites and Brahminy Kites in coastal South-East Queensland.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text