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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „White-backed”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Kallioinen, RUO, JM Hughes i PB Mather. "Significance of Back Colour in Territorial Interactions in the Australian Magpie". Australian Journal of Zoology 43, nr 6 (1995): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950665.

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In eastern Australia, two forms of the Australian magpie occur: a white-backed form and a black-backed form. These two forms hybridise across northern Victoria and into South Australia. In this study the response of territorial magpies to caged intruders was examined. Pairs of adult male magpies were introduced into territories. Both were adult black-backed birds, but in each case one of them had its back painted white. The pair was introduced to each territory twice, with the bird that was painted white differing between times. The experiment was run in a population of black-backed birds and a population in the hybrid zone containing white-backed, black-backed and hybrid birds. In both cases, the residents were more aggressive towards the intruder with the white-back than they were to the black-backed intruder. We suggest that this may be because a white-backed bird posed more of a threat to residents than a black-backed bird.

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Litwińczuk, Zygmunt, Witold Chabuz, Piotr Domaradzki i Przemysław Jankowski. "Slaughter Value of Young Polish Black-and-White, White-Backed, Polish Holstein-Friesian and Limousin Bulls Under Semi-Intensive Fattening". Annals of Animal Science 12, nr 2 (1.03.2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0013-7.

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Slaughter Value of Young Polish Black-and-White, White-Backed, Polish Holstein-Friesian and Limousin Bulls Under Semi-Intensive FatteningThe objective of the present study was to compare the slaughter value of young bulls of two breeds included in the genetic resources conservation programme, namely Polish Black-White and White-backed with young Polish Holstein-Friesian (dairy type) and Limousin (beef type) bulls. This is the first study to evaluate the meat performance traits of White-backed cattle in several-centuries history of the breed in Poland. It was determined that populations of White-backed and Polish Black-and-White cattle represent the dual-purpose type desirable in the genetic resources conservation programme. The indices obtained for the analysed traits of slaughter value from young Polish Black-and-White and White-backed bulls were intermediate between Polish Holstein-Friesian (dairy type) and Limousin (beef type), but closer to those of the Polish Holstein-Friesian breed. The analysed muscles of young bulls had a very similar content of basic chemical components. The relatively high amount of proteins (22.85-23.23%) in musculus longissimus lumborum and in musculus semintendinosus (22.43-23.06%) should be emphasized.

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Martikainen, Petri, Lauri Kaila i Yrjo Haila. "Threatened Beetles in White-Backed Woodpecker Habitats". Conservation Biology 12, nr 2 (26.04.1998): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96484.x.

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Martikainen, Petri, Lauri Kaila i Yrjö Haila. "Threatened Beetles in White-Backed Woodpecker Habitats". Conservation Biology 12, nr 2 (7.07.2008): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96484.x.

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Gussoni, Carlos Otávio A., i André C. Guaraldo. "Comportamento de forrageamento do pernilongo-de-costas-brancas, Himantopus melanurus (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Recurvirostridae) em Santa Gertrudes, SP, Brasil". Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 7, nr 2 (28.06.2007): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2006.23155.

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The foraging behavior of two White-backed stilts (Himantopus melanurus) was studied in a lake at the municipality of Santa Gertrudes, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The foraging strategies observed were classified in two categories: pluging (65.8% of total maneuvers) and pecking (34.3%). Only in 26.8% of the foraging maneuvers the individuals captured preys (72.9% by plunging and 27.1% by pecking). When comparing both strategies, plunging was successful 29.7% of the times, but pecking only 21.2%. At the study site, individuals foraged only up to 20 m away from the lake margin. The foraging area exploited by the White-backed stilts was estimated in about 720 m2. Foraging activities lasted since before sunrise until after sunset. Keywords: White-backed stilt, foraging behavior, plunging, pecking.

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Ouellet, Martin, i Jean-David Moore. "Silver-white Variants of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, from Eastern Canada". Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, nr 2 (1.04.2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1835.

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The Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is well known for its colour polymorphism, which includes 8 colour phenotypes: the red-backed (striped), lead-backed (unstriped), and erythristic morphs, as well as the iridistic, albino, leucistic, amelanistic, and melanistic anomalies. Among these, the prevalence and geographic distribution of rare morphs have received little attention. In this article, we report 2 occurrences of silver-white variants of the red-backed morph of P. cinereus from Québec, Canada. To our knowledge, these variations in stripe colour on the red-backed phenotype represent the first 2 documented mentions for eastern Canada.

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7

Sætersdal, Magne, Ivar Gjerde i Einar Heegaard. "Woodpeckers in Western Norway: the White-backed Woodpecker is still the most common species". Ornis Norvegica 42 (25.10.2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/on.v42i0.2658.

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The pine-dominated forests of Western Norway have been found to harbour viable populations of woodpeckers, including the highly specialized White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent there were any changes in frequencies of woodpeckers, in particular the White-backed Woodpecker and the Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus, by resurveying 60 plots (each 1 km2) originally surveyed during 1994/1995. The resurvey was performed in 2013/2014. The White-backed Woodpecker was found to be the most common woodpecker species in both time periods. The Grey-headed Woodpecker was found to have a statistically significant decline from 27% of the 60 plots in 1994/95 to only 12% in 2013/14. The other four species all increased in frequency; although none of those increased frequencies were found to be statistically significant. We discuss possible explanations to why pine forests in Western Norway constitute a valuable habitat for the White-backed Woodpecker at the same time as it has drastically declined in other parts of Norway and Western Europe. In general, the reduced frequency of Grey-headed Woodpecker is not fully understood, although we suggest that cold winters during the years prior to the surveys in 2013/14 may be an important factor.

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Priyadharshini, V., R. Ayyasamy i C. Kathirvelu. "Bioefficacy of ethiprole + pymetrozine against the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Howard), in rice (ADT – 46)". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, nr 1 (20.03.2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3185.

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The nymphs and adults of white-backed planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera, Howard) remove plant sap resulting in yield loss. Indiscriminate use of insecticides, results in the development of resistance by insects and ill effects on the environment opening the new era of chemicals with novel modes of action with good bioefficacy, higher selectivity, low mammalian toxicity and safety to the environment. Therefore, the introduction of newer insecticide molecules with alternate modes of action will play a serious role in pest management programs. Hence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of ethiprole + pymetrozine against white-backed planthopper of rice (ADT – 46) under laboratory and field conditions at Annamalai University, Chidambaram during 2018-20. Ethiprole + pymetrozine @ (T1 - 36.91 + 138), (T2 - 40.13 + 150) and (T3 - 45.47 + 170) g a.i ha-1 with standard checks T4 - pymetrozine @ (150) g a.i ha-1, T5 - buprofezin @ (200) g a.i ha-1 and T6 - ethiprole + imidacloprid @ (50 + 50) g a.i ha-1 were evaluated against white-backed planthopper. The standard checks were of positive control i.e., reference insecticides which is in common use The results revealed that T3 recorded the lowest population of white-backed planthopper/hill at 15 day after spraying (1.13 hoppers/hill in August – December 2018 and 1.79 hoppers/hill in August – December 2019 respectively) giving better yield. The population of natural enemies was comparatively lower in all insecticidal treatments than in the control.

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M. SHAMIM, A. M. SHEKH, V. J. PATEL, J. F. DODIA, D. M. KORAT i A. M. MEHTA. "Effect of weather parameters on population dynamics of green leaf hopper and white backed plant hopper in paddy grown in middle Gujarat region". Journal of Agrometeorology 11, nr 2 (1.12.2009): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v11i2.1247.

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Nephotettix virescens Distant and Sogatella furcifera (Horv) commonly known as Green leaf hopper (GLH) and White backed plant hopper (WBPH) respectively. These are the serious pests of kharif paddy all over the world causing extensive losses. The population dynamics of Green leaf hopper and white backed plant hopper for ten consecutive years (1994 to 2004) except for 1997 were correlated with the weather parameters like maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and bright sunshine hours. The results revealed that the bright sunshine hours had a positive significant correlation (r=0.166) with the population dynamics of GLH. The correlation between WBPH peak population and bright sunshine hours also showed positive significantcorrelation (r=0.269), while maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity showed non-significant effect on population build up of both GLH and WBPH. Green leaf hopper attained peak population during 43rdstandard meteorological week; whereas white backed plant hopper reached peak population during 39th standard meteorological week and decreased considerably thereafter.

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10

Ryan, Peter G. "Pink-backed Pelicans feeding communally with Great White Pelicans". Ostrich 75, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306520409485431.

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McKechnie, Andrew E., Gerhard Körtner i Barry G. Lovegrove. "REST-PHASE THERMOREGULATION IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-BACKED MOUSEBIRDS". Condor 106, nr 1 (2004): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/7327.

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Panda, S. K., I. Nath, S. K. Rath, B. Tripathy, N. Sahoo, A. K. Mishra i S. K. Panda. "Visceral gout in a White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis". Zoos' Print Journal 22, nr 6 (21.05.2007): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.1622.2738.

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McKechnie, Andrew E., Gerhard Körtner i Barry G. Lovegrove. "Rest-Phase Thermoregulation in Free-Ranging White-Backed Mousebirds". Condor 106, nr 1 (1.02.2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.143.

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Abstract In White-backed Mousebirds (Colius colius), clustering is an important component of rest-phase thermoregulation, particularly at low air temperature. We tested predictions concerning thermoregulation under natural conditions by recording rest-phase body temperature in a flock of free-ranging White-backed Mousebirds in an arid habitat during winter in the Karoo, South Africa. We found that the mousebirds' rest-phase body temperature was relatively labile, but was generally maintained above 32°C, despite air temperatures as low as −3.4°C. Patterns of rest-phase body temperature were highly synchronized among individuals within the cluster. The mousebirds showed no evidence of torpor under natural conditions; a shallow departure from normothermy, during which body temperature was reduced to 29–33°C, was observed on only one occasion. The observed patterns of thermoregulation supported our predictions, and confirm that thermoregulation in clustering White-backed Mousebirds in the wild is significantly different from that of single birds under laboratory conditions. Termorregulación en la Fase de Reposo en Individuos de Colius colius que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. En Colius colius, la agregación es un componente importante de la termorregulación en la fase de reposo, particularmente a temperaturas bajas del aire. Examinamos predicciones relacionadas con la termorregulación en condiciones naturales registrando la temperatura corporal en la fase de reposo en una bandada de individuos de C. colius que se desplazan libremente durante el invierno en un ambiente árido en el Karoo, Sudáfrica. Encontramos que la temperatura corporal de la fase de reposo de C. colius fue relativamente lábil, pero fue mantenida generalmente por arriba de los 32°C, a pesar de temperaturas del aire tan bajas como −3.4°C. Los patrones de temperatura corporal de la fase de reposo estuvieron altamente sincronizados entre individuos dentro del agrupamiento. C. colius no mostró evidencia de torpor bajo condiciones naturales. En una única ocasión se observó un pequeño desvío de la normotermia, durante la cual la temperatura corporal fue reducida a 29–33°C. Los patrones de termorregulación observados apoyaron nuestras predicciones y confirmaron que la termorregulación en agrupamientos silvestres de C. colius es significativamente diferente de la de aves solitarias bajo condiciones de laboratorio.

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Shiferaw, Beselam, Afework Bekele i Bezawork Afework. "Population status of the Critically Endangered African White-Backed Vultures (Gyps africanus) in and around Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia". SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 45, nr 3 (30.12.2022): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i3.10.

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African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) are critically endangered bird species which are commonly found in areas where rubbish food sources and roosting and/or nesting sites are available. This study assessed the population size and threats of the African white-backed vultures in Wolkite town abattoir and the surrounding dumping site from April 2019 to March 2021. A total count method was employed to assess the population size of the species and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A questionnaire consisting semi-structured open-ended questions was used to study the attitude and perception of the local community. During the study period, 192 field visits were conducted to count the population size of African white-backed vultures. Individual African white-backed vultures were counted in the abattoir and dumping sites. About 472 individuals (36%) were counted in the dumping site (Mean ± SD: 20±7.4; Range: 8-29) and 839 individuals (64%) were counted in the abattoir (Mean ± SD: 34±8; Range: 22-47). The age category in the dumping site constituted 269 adults and 203 sub-adults with a statistically significant difference (x2= 8.14, df =1, p< 0.05) between adults and sub-adult age groups. In the abattoir, 319 of the population were adults and 520 were sub-adults, a significant difference (x2= 48.2, df =1, p< 0.05) in the age groups in the area. Threats such as human disturbance and competition for food and roosting with domestic and wild animals were observed during the study period.

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15

Bühler, Ueli. "Totholz – existenziell für den Weissrückenspecht in Nordbünden | Dead wood – a vital necessity for the white-backed woodpecker in the Grisons". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, nr 7 (1.07.2009): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0210.

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The white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) is a species considered to be associated with the primeval forest and is regularly to be found in the steep, little managed, beech-filled forests of the northern Grisons. This gave an opportunity to study its dependence on the presence of dead wood, to determine the supply available in its typical habitat and to document the evolution of the formation of dead wood. Direct observation showed that the woodpecker found up to 97% (n = 394) of its food in dead parts of trees. Two forest areas which should provide the ideal habitat for the white-backed woodpecker in the northern Grisons have a living standing stock of over 400 m3 per hectare but also dead wood amounting to 100 m3 of standing crop per hectare. Based on comparative photographs it is estimated that, in the forests used by the white-backed woodpecker, the death rate in the tree stands is between half and three-quarters of increment. Since the dieback process follows successive phases, this gives a supply of dead wood in varying stages of decomposition. This specific biotope is important not only for the white-backed woodpecker but also for a large number of other species which depend upon dead wood, particularly many insects and fungi. In order to preserve this distinctive ecosystem, the forestry service of the Grisons is endeavouring to create a network of natural forest reserves, in which are represented the numerous forest ecological communities typical of the canton. The possibilities for an exploitation of the timber whilst maintaining a sufficient quantity of dead wood should yet be investigated.

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Kasprzak-Filipek, Karolina, Wioletta Sawicka-Zugaj, Zygmunt Litwińczuk, Witold Chabuz, Rūta Šveistienė i Josef Bulla. "Polymorphism of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) Gene and its Role in Determining the Coat Colour of Central European Cattle Breeds". Animals 10, nr 10 (14.10.2020): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101878.

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There are many genes responsible for the appearance of different coat colours, among which the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) plays an important role. The aim of the study was to characterize genetic variation in Central European cattle breeds based on polymorphism of the MC1R gene and factors determining their coat colour. The study was conducted on 290 individuals of the following breeds: Polish White-Backed (PW), Lithuanian White-Backed (LW), Polish Red (PR), Lithuanian Red (LR), Carpathian Brown (CB), Ukrainian Grey (UG), and Slovak Pinzgau (SP). Polymorphism at the MC1R gene locus was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using two restriction enzymes: Cfr10I and SsiI. The proportions of alleles and genotypes in the MC1R locus indicates a strong relationship between polymorphism and the coat colour of cattle: The ED allele proved to be characteristic for the breeds with a white-backed coat (PW and LW), while the dominant allele in the red breeds (PR and LR) was E+. It is noteworthy that coat colour in the SP population was determined only by the recessive e allele, which resulted in the formation of a separate clade in the phylogenetic tree.

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MURN, CAMPBELL, UZMA SAEED, UZMA KHAN i SHAHID IQBAL. "Population and spatial breeding dynamics of a Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis colony in Sindh Province, Pakistan". Bird Conservation International 25, nr 4 (16.12.2014): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000483.

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SummaryThe Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis has declined across most of its range by over 95% since the mid-1990s. The primary cause of the decline and an ongoing threat is the ingestion by vultures of livestock carcasses containing residues of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, principally diclofenac. Recent surveys in Pakistan during 2010 and 2011 revealed very few vultures or nests, particularly of White-backed Vultures. From 2011 in the Tharparkar District of Sindh Province we monitored a colony of Oriental White-backed Vultures. Between 2011 and 2014 the number of active nests in this colony increased from 11 to 34 while nest density decreased from 13.7 to 9.2 nests km-2, suggesting that the colony is expanding. We conclude that the rate of increase is being subsidised by immigration, as the population demographics do not support the observed rate of increase in nests. We present the first analysis of spatial breeding dynamics for the Oriental White-backed Vulture and describe how a clustered pattern of nest trees in colonies supports a highly clustered pattern of nests. The spatial pattern of nests relies on both the distribution of trees and the ability of trees to support more than one nest. These results highlight that the preservation of larger nest trees and the sustainable management of timber resources are essential components for the conservation management of this species. We emphasise the high importance of this colony and a nearby Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus colony in this area of Pakistan. Recommended conservation management actions include the continuation of a Vulture Safe Zone established in 2012, measuring breeding success, assessing dispersal and determining the impact of mortality on these populations.

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Salewski, Volker. "Communal breeding in White-backed Vultures Gyps africanus". Vulture News 76 (10.07.2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v76i1.3.

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Zhang, Peipei, Wenwen Liu, Mengji Cao, Sebastien Massart i Xifeng Wang. "Two novel totiviruses in the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera". Journal of General Virology 99, nr 5 (1.05.2018): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001052.

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Roberge, Jean-Michel, Grzegorz Mikusiński i Sören Svensson. "The white-backed woodpecker: umbrella species for forest conservation planning?" Biodiversity and Conservation 17, nr 10 (18.04.2008): 2479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9394-4.

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Sandhu, Charanjeev, i K. S. Suri. "Effect of temperature on rice white backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera". Indian Journal of Entomology 80, nr 4 (2018): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00247.x.

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Carlson, Allan, i Gustaf Aulen. "Territorial Dynamics in an Isolated White-Backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) Population". Conservation Biology 6, nr 3 (wrzesień 1992): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030450.x.

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Mishra, N. C., i B. C. Misra. "Preference of white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera to different rice varieties". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 59, nr 1 (kwiecień 1991): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01490.x.

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OKANOYA, Kazuo, Tomoko YONEDA i Satoshi ISEKI. "Distance Calls of the Wild White-backed Munia in Kijoka, Okinawa". Japanese Journal of Ornithology 44, nr 4 (1995): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.44.231.

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LEEPILE, LEUNGO B. L., GLYN MAUDE, PETE HANCOCK, RICHARD P. READING, BRIAN BRIDGES, ROBYN HARTLEY i ARJUN AMAR. "Changes in nesting numbers and breeding success of African White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus in north-central Botswana". Bird Conservation International 30, nr 3 (24.04.2020): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270920000179.

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SummaryAfrican White-backed Vultures were recently uplisted to ‘Critically Endangered’ by IUCN due to declines across their range. Poisoning is widely accepted as the major reason for these declines. Botswana supports a high number of this species (breeding pairs > c.1,200), but as yet no published information exists on their breeding success in the country. However, mass poisonings within Botswana and neighbouring countries have killed thousands of White-backed Vultures in recent years. We therefore expected that nesting numbers may have declined in this region if these poisoning events killed local breeding birds. We used information from aerial surveys conducted between 2006 and 2017 in Khwai and Linyanti, two important breeding areas for this species in north-central Botswana, to determine if there was any change in nesting numbers and breeding success of White-backed Vultures. Results showed an overall 53.5% decline in nesting numbers, with a greater decline in Linyanti than in Khwai. In both areas, breeding success was significantly lower in 2017 than it was 10 ten years earlier. We recommend that similar repeat surveys are continued to provide greater confidence in the trends of both nesting numbers and breeding performance. Population viability analysis suggested that if the productivity levels detected in 2017 were a true indication of current productivity levels for this population, and if recent high poisoning rates continue, this population could be extirpated from the area in the next 13 years.

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Medeiros, Aline Weber, Derek Blaese Amorim, Maurício Tavares, Tiane Martin de Moura, Ana Claudia Franco, Pedro Alves d’Azevedo, Jeverson Frazzon i Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon. "Enterococcus species diversity in fecal samples of wild marine species as determined by real-time PCR". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, nr 2 (luty 2017): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0427.

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Analyses using culture-independent molecular techniques have improved our understanding of microbial composition. The aim of this work was to identify and quantify enterococci in fecal samples of wild marine species using real-time quantitative PCR. Seven Enterococcus species were examined in fecal DNA of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), Subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis), green turtles (Chelonia mydas), Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), snowy-crowned tern (Sterna trudeaui), white-backed stilt (Himantopus melanurus), white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis), red knot (Calidris canutus), and black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris). All Enterococcus species evaluated were detected in all fecal samples of wild marine species, with a concentration ranging between 106 and 1012 copies/ng of total DNA. Differences in the enterococci distribution were observed. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus mundtii were most abundant in marine mammals. Enterococcus faecalis was frequent in green turtle, Magellanic penguin, snowy-crowned tern, red knot, and black-browed albatross. Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus gallinarum showed elevated occurrence in white-backed stilt, and Enterococcus faecium in white-chinned petrel. This study showed highest diversity of enterococci in feces of wild marine species than currently available data, and reinforced the use of culture-independent analysis to help us to enhance our understanding of enterococci in gastrointestinal tracts of wild marine species.

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Portier, Bruno. "White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus at Nazinga Game Ranch, Burkina Faso". Bulletin of the African Bird Club 12, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.309729.

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Ashrith, K. N., A. G. Sreenivas, G. S. Guruprasad, S. G. Hanchinal i D. Krishnamurthy. "Biochemical Basis of Resistance in Rice against Brown and White Backed Planthopper". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, nr 10 (10.10.2017): 1699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.205.

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Carlson, Allan. "Territory Quality and Feather Growth in the White-Backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos". Journal of Avian Biology 29, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677201.

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Dragoo, Jerry W., Rodney L. Honeycutt i David J. Schmidly. "TAXONOMIC STATUS OF WHITE-BACKED HOG-NOSED SKUNKS, GENUS CONEPATUS (CARNIVORA: MEPHITIDAE)". Journal of Mammalogy 84, nr 1 (luty 2003): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0159:tsowbh>2.0.co;2.

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Miao, Yu-Tong, Yao Deng, Hao-Kang Jia, Yu-Di Liu i Mao-Lin Hou. "Proteomic analysis of watery saliva secreted by white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera". PLOS ONE 13, nr 5 (4.05.2018): e0193831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193831.

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UNNO, Akira. "Comparison of Black Woodpecker and White-backed Woodpecker foraging sites during winter". Japanese Journal of Ornithology 65, nr 2 (2016): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.65.143.

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Monadjem, Ara, Andre Botha i Campbell Murn. "Survival of the African white-backed vultureGyps africanusin north-eastern South Africa". African Journal of Ecology 51, nr 1 (14.08.2012): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12009.

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Umapathy, Govindhaswamy, Sadanand Sontakke, Anuradha Reddy, Shakeel Ahmed i S. Shivaji. "Semen Characteristics of the Captive Indian White-Backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)1". Biology of Reproduction 73, nr 5 (1.11.2005): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.105.043430.

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Chang, Zhao-Xia, Nan Tang, Lin Wang, Li-Qing Zhang, Ibukun A. Akinyemi i Qing-Fa Wu. "Identification and characterization of microRNAs in the white-backed planthopper,Sogatella furcifera". Insect Science 23, nr 3 (18.05.2016): 452–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12343.

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CHAUDHARY, ANAND, TULSI RAM SUBEDI, JEET BAHADUR GIRI, HEM SAGAR BARAL, BASU BIDARI, HEM SUBEDI, BADRI CHAUDHARY, ISHWORI CHAUDHARY, KHADANANDA PAUDEL i RICHARD J. CUTHBERT. "Population trends of Critically Endangered Gyps vultures in the lowlands of Nepal". Bird Conservation International 22, nr 3 (16.12.2011): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000426.

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SummaryThree species of resident Gyps vulture are threatened with extinction in South Asia due to the contamination of domestic ungulate carcasses with the drug diclofenac. Observed rates of population decrease are among the highest recorded for any bird species, leading to total declines in excess of 99.9% for the Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis in India between 1992 and 2007. Vultures have declined in Nepal, but quantitative information on the rate and scale of decreases is unavailable. Road transect surveys for vultures, following the same route, methodology and timing, were undertaken in lowland areas of Nepal for seven years from 2002 to 2011. The seven survey transects followed Nepal’s East-West highway and covered 1,010 km in three years of the survey, and 638 km in the remaining four years. Slender-billed Vultures G. tenuirostris were very scarce, with a maximum of five individuals in 2002 and none recorded in 2010 and 2011. Oriental White-backed Vultures were most commonly recorded, but decreased from 205 to 68 birds over the survey period, with an estimated annual rate of decline of 14% a year. If population decreases commenced in Nepal in the same year as in India, then White-backed Vultures in Nepal have declined by 91% since the mid-1990s. Few resident Gyps vultures remained in Eastern and Central regions of Nepal, with just one, nine and six birds recorded in the three surveys that covered these regions. The majority of threatened Gyps vultures in lowland Nepal are now found in Western and Mid Western regions, where conservation efforts have been focused in the last six years. Removing veterinary diclofenac from across the country and continuing to manage effective “vulture safe zones” are essential to conserve Nepal’s remaining vulture populations.

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Rodrigues, Patrícia, Marco Mirinha i Luís Palma. "Diurnal raptors of West Africa woodland-farmland mosaics: Data from walking-transects in eastern Guinea-Bissau". Avian Biology Research 13, nr 1-2 (12.02.2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155920901424.

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Guinea-Bissau is a small country in West Africa, which in spite of its rich biodiversity and the high proportion of protected areas remains under-surveyed in relation to most animal groups, including raptors. The first scientific articles about raptors were only very recently issued. Here, we report raptor occurrence data from eastern Guinea-Bissau. Raptors were surveyed in the dry season along transects walked around 21 villages in a rural woodland-farmland mosaic landscape. The raptor assemblage is composed of 25 species of which the hooded vulture, the lizard buzzard and the African harrier-hawk were the species more often encountered, followed by the African white-backed vulture. The palm-nut vulture, black kite, brown snake-eagle, grasshopper buzzard, African hawk-eagle, grey kestrel and lanner falcon were secondary, although not uncommon species. The remaining species were seldom recorded. The study complements previous knowledge on this bird group, specifically in the central-eastern part of the country, and reaffirms the international relevance of Guinea-Bissau for the conservation of the hooded and African white-backed vultures.

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Villanúa, Diego, David Campión, Miguel M. Elósegi i Juan Arizaga. "Wing-feather moult of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi". Ringing & Migration 35, nr 1 (2.01.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.2021.1974526.

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Tripathy, Seema, i Ladu Kishore Rath. "Antibiosis in rice to white backed plant hopper as influenced by zinc application". Indian Journal of Entomology 81, nr 4 (2019): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2019.00150.0.

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Johnson, Thomas Frederick. "Exceptional nest attendance and solo breeding attempt by an African White-backed Vulture." Vulture News 74, nr 1 (8.02.2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v74i1.5.

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MATSUOKA, Shigeru. "Pellet Regurgitation by Great Spotted Dendrocopos major and White-backed Woodpeckers D. leucotos". Japanese Journal of Ornithology 35, nr 2-3 (1986): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.35.75.

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Johnson, Thomas F., i Campbell Murn. "Interactions between Pied crows Corvus albus and breeding White-backed vultures Gyps africanus". Ethology Ecology & Evolution 31, nr 3 (14.02.2019): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2018.1561523.

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Hogstad, Olav, i Ingvar Stenberg. "Breeding success, nestling diet and parental care in the White-backed WoodpeckerDendrocopos leucotos". Journal of Ornithology 138, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01651649.

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Johnson, Jeff A., Martin Gilbert, Munir Z. Virani, Muhammad Asim i David P. Mindell. "Temporal genetic analysis of the critically endangered oriental white-backed vulture in Pakistan". Biological Conservation 141, nr 9 (wrzesień 2008): 2403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.001.

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Campión, David, Miguel Mari Elosegi, Xabier Cabodevilla i Diego Villanúa. "A method for capturing and GPS tracking breeding White-backed Woodpeckers Dendrocopos leucotos". Bird Study 67, nr 2 (2.04.2020): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2020.1811202.

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Kulik, Mariusz, Andrzej Bochniak, Witold Chabuz, Paweł Żółkiewski i Anna Rysiak. "Is Grazing Good for Wet Meadows? Vegetation Changes Caused by White-Backed Cattle". Agriculture 13, nr 2 (20.01.2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020261.

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Wetland ecosystems are highly productive and valued for numerous reasons including wildlife habitat, biodiversity, water quantity and quality, and human uses. Grazing livestock on wet grasslands can sometimes be controversial due the humidity of the habitat, but on the other hand, it plays an important role in grassland preservation. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of Polish white-backed cattle grazing on changes in the vegetation (13 phytosociological relevés taken in years 2016–2019) of wet meadows as well as forage quality based on the species composition. Biodiversity was estimated based on species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity and evenness indices, and Rényi diversity profiles. The peatland featured mostly high-sedge and wet meadows communities of the Magnocaricion and the Calthion alliances. The species and biodiversity indices demonstrated significant rising trends. Extensive grazing resulted in the decreased cover of the dominant species of rush meadows, e.g., the common reed, acute, and tufted sedge. The gaps that had emerged thanks to the reduced cover of the dominant species were filled by meadow plants, which led to increased biodiversity. During the four years of grazing, the cattle obtained satisfactory weight gains, particularly in 2019, which indicates that wet meadows are suitable for grazing and can provide sufficient feed for cattle.

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Johnson, D. C., C. T. Burt, W. C. Perng i B. M. Hitzig. "Effects of temperature on muscle pHi and phosphate metabolites in newts and lungless salamanders". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, nr 5 (1.11.1993): R1162—R1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1162.

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The effect of acute alterations in body temperature (BT) on intracellular pH (pHi) and phosphate metabolites was assessed in white skeletal muscle of intact newts and lungless red-backed salamanders using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. pHi decreased with increasing BT in the tail muscle of both newts and lungless red-backed salamanders. The change in pH with change in temperature from 10 to 30 degrees C was -0.018 U/degrees C in newts and -0.041 U/degrees C in red backs. The calculated alpha-imidazole for skeletal muscle cytosol did not change (0.56) in newts from 10 to 30 degrees C but fell from 0.69 to 0.43 in red-backed salamanders. Phosphocreatine (PCr)/Pi fell and Pi/beta-ATP rose with increasing temperature in both newts and red backs; however, the change was much greater in red backs. Providing the red backs with O2 at 30 degrees C led to higher pH and alpha-imidazole, comparable to that of newts, along with increased PCr/Pi and lower Pi/beta-ATP. Thus newts maintain white skeletal muscle cell cytosol alpha-imidazole constant with changes in BT, whereas red backs apparently do not. However, at the BT of preference, red backs and newts maintain similar muscle pHi and alpha-imidazole. The method of gas exchange appears to strongly influence the ability of an animal to maintain its acid-base status over a range of temperatures, and our results suggest that behavioral regulation of BT may involve alpha-imidazole regulation as well.

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TUCKER, VANCE A. "Gliding Birds: Descending Flight of the Whitebacked Vulture, Gyps Africanus". Journal of Experimental Biology 140, nr 1 (1.11.1988): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140.1.325.

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The air speeds and sinking speeds of birds gliding at equilibrium fall in a performance area when these quantities are plotted against one another. Three curves bound the performance area: (i) a curve for minimum sinking speed at each air speed, (ii) a curve for maximum sinking speed at each air speed, and (iii) a curve dependent on the maximum lift coefficient of the wings. I have discussed curve i in a previous paper. This paper discusses the theory of curves ii and iii, which describe rapid descent in gliding birds. I used an optical tracking device (an ornithodolite) to measure air speeds and sinking speeds of 16 African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus Salvadori) descending rapidly from altitudes 200–500 m above the ground. The ornithodolite measured the polar coordinates of a bird's position in space (relative to the ground) and recorded them on magnetic tape. The vultures had air speeds between 5.4 and 39.lms−1, and sinking speeds between 0.2 and 8.3ms−1. Most of the observations fell within the theoretical boundaries of the performance area. These data are consistent with a maximum lift coefficient of 2.2 for the wings of white-backed vultures.

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Li, Shu, Han Wang i Guohui Zhou. "Synergism Between Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus and Rice ragged stunt virus Enhances Their Insect Vector Acquisition". Phytopathology® 104, nr 7 (lipiec 2014): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-13-0319-r.

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Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a tentative species in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae, is a novel rice virus transmitted by the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Since its discovery in 2001, SRBSDV has spread rapidly throughout eastern and southeastern Asia and caused large rice losses in China and Vietnam. Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) (genus Oryzavirus, family Reoviridae) is a common rice virus vectored by the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). RRSV is also widely distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia but has not previously caused serious problems in China owing to its low incidence. With SRBSDV's spread, however, RRSV has become increasingly common in China, and is frequently found in co-infection with SRBSDV. In this study, we show that SRBSDV and RRSV interact synergistically, the first example of synergism between plant viruses in the family Reoviridae. Rice plants co-infected with both viruses displayed enhanced stunting, earlier symptoms, and higher virus titers compared with singly infected plants. Furthermore, white-backed and brown planthoppers acquired SRBSDV and RRSV, respectively, from co-infected plants at higher rates. We propose that increased RRSV incidence in Chinese fields is partly due to synergism between SRBSDV and RRSV.

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Carter, Phillip M., Lydda López Valdez i Nandi Sims. "New Dialect Formation Through Language Contact". American Speech 95, nr 2 (1.05.2020): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7726313.

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The situation of sustained contact between Spanish and English in Miami during the past half century provides a rare opportunity to study contact-induced language change in an ecological context in which speakers of the immigrant language (i.e., Spanish) have become the numerical majority. The study reported here is designed to track the phonetic and prosodic influences of Spanish on the variety of English emerging among second-generation Miami-born Latinx speakers of various national origin backgrounds by examining a suite of variables shown in prior studies to exhibit Spanish substrate influence in other regional contexts. We examine two kinds of phonetic variables in the English spoken by 20 second-generation Latinx and 5 Anglo white speakers: (1) prosodic rhythm and (2) vowel quality. Prosodic rhythm was quantified using Low and Grabe’s Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI); results show that Miami-born Latinx speakers are significantly more syllable-timed in casual speech than Miami-born Anglo white speakers. Significant vocalic differences were also observed, with Latinx speakers producing lower and more backed tokens of [æ] in prenasal and nonprenasal positions and more backed tokens of [u].

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