Artykuły w czasopismach: „'Wheels across the Himalaya'”

1

Jackson, Michael E., i Roger Bilham. "1991-1992 GPS measurements across the Nepal Himalaya". Geophysical Research Letters 21, nr 12 (15.06.1994): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl00917.

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Colona, Francesco, i Tessa Diphoorn. ""Eyes, Ears, and Wheels"". Conflict and Society 3, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2017.030102.

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Research on policing in Africa has provided tremendous insight into how non-state actors, such as gangs, vigilantes, private security companies, and community initiatives, increasingly provide security for urban dwellers across the continent. Consequently, the state has been categorized as one order among many whose authority is co-constituted through relations with other actors. Drawing on our ethnographic fieldwork in the past two years, we highlight how the state police dominates security arrangements in Nairobi and asserts itself not just as one order among many. We show how, in various policing partnerships between police, private security companies, and residents’ associations, the state police acts as a coagulating agent of such practices. In order to elucidate this relationship, we utilize the “junior partner” model from the criminology literature and expand based on the community policing initiatives that in Nairobi act as the “eyes, ears, and wheels” of the police.

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3

Rawat, Vardan Singh, i Jagdish Chandra. "Vegetational Diversity Analysis across Different Habitats in Garhwal Himalaya". Journal of Botany 2014 (7.07.2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/538242.

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Four forest sites varying in vegetation types were studied along an altitudinal range between 2200 and 2500 m. Maximum tree, shrub, and herb species were recorded on stream bank site (22, 25, and 54, resp.). Pteridophytes and bryophytes species richness was maximum on moist site (4 and 5, resp.). The number of climbers was greater in moist and dry habitats (7 species each). Parasitic species were restricted only on dry and stream bank habitats. Restricted tree and shrub species were greater on stream bank site and dry site, respectively. The herb and climber species were greater on moist site. The distribution and species richness pattern in this elevational range largely depend on the altitude and climatic variables. Along the entire range of Garhwal Himalaya, the overlapping among species regimes is broad; therefore, transitional communities having mixture of many species and zones are present. The present study indicates that the opening canopies increase the richness of tree, shrub, herb, and climbers.

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4

Ningthoujam, P. S., C. S. Dubey, L. K. Lolee, D. P. Shukla, S. S. Naorem i S. K. Singh. "Tectonic studies and crustal shortening across Easternmost Arunachal Himalaya". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 111 (listopad 2015): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.003.

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Thakur, Vikram C. "Development of major structures across the northwestern Himalaya, India". Tectonophysics 135, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 1987): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90147-8.

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Jha, Aashish R., Emily R. Davenport, Yoshina Gautam, Dinesh Bhandari, Sarmila Tandukar, Katharine M. Ng, Gabriela K. Fragiadakis i in. "Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in Himalaya". PLOS Biology 16, nr 11 (15.11.2018): e2005396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005396.

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Richards, Andy, Randall Parrish, Nigel Harris, Tom Argles i Li Zhang. "Correlation of lithotectonic units across the eastern Himalaya, Bhutan". Geology 34, nr 5 (2006): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g22169.1.

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Singh, Chandrani. "Spatial variation of seismicb-values across the NW Himalaya". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 7, nr 2 (31.07.2014): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2014.941951.

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Brown, Mason. "Singing Across Divides: Music and Intimate Politics in Nepal". HIMALAYA 40, nr 2 (15.11.2021): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/himalaya.2021.6594.

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Warr Pedersen, Kristin, Emma Pharo, Corey Peterson i Geoffrey Andrew Clark. "Wheels of change in higher education". International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 18, nr 2 (6.02.2017): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-10-2015-0172.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to profile the development of a bicycle parking hub at the University of Tasmania to illustrate how the Academic Operations Sustainability Integration Program promotes real change through the engagement of stakeholders from across an institution to deliver campus sustainability. This case study outlines one example of how place-based learning initiatives focused on campus sustainability challenges have delivered authentic education for sustainability in the Australasian higher education setting. Design/methodology/approach This case study outlines the process through which a cross-disciplinary place-based learning initiative was designed, implemented and evaluated over a three-year period. The evaluation of the project was designed to assess the impact of this education for sustainability approach on both operational and student learning outcomes, and to make recommendations on the continuation of place-based learning initiatives through the Academic Operations Sustainability Integration Program. Findings This case study illustrates how learning can be focused around finding solutions to real world problems through the active participation of staff and students as members of a learning community. This experience helped the authors to better understand how place-based learning initiatives can help deliver authentic education for sustainability and the success factors required for engaging staff and students in such efforts. Originality/value The case study highlights an example of an education for sustainability initiative that was mutually driven by the operational and learning objectives of an institution, and specifically the ways in which the engagement of staff and students from across an institution can lead to the successful integration of these two often disparate institutional goals.

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11

Bilham, Roger, Kristine Larson i Jeffrey Freymueller. "GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya". Nature 386, nr 6620 (marzec 1997): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386061a0.

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Yap, Erica X. Y. "Wheels of Fame and Fortune: The Travels of the Singapore Flyer". Urban Studies 49, nr 13 (7.09.2012): 2839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012452462.

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Despite their rapid proliferation across cities world-wide, observation wheels have received far less attention in the academic literature. Drawing on recent work that theorises architecture as mobile, this paper argues that observation wheels must be understood not only as local features of the urban landscape but also as popular travelling urban forms. However, not all wheels have equal propensities for travel. As this paper will show, although the Singapore Flyer is currently the world’s tallest observation wheel, it is much less referenced as a model of inspiration by cities seeking to construct their own wheels as compared to its predecessor, the London Eye. This, it is argued, points to how certain cities continue to be deemed as being more desirable of emulation than others, a reality that should challenge us to remain sensitive to the persistent inequality of our urban worlds.

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Shi, Ning, Chunya Wang, Jinniu Wang, Ning Wu, Niyati Naudiyal, Lin Zhang, Lihua Wang i in. "Biogeographic Patterns and Richness of the Meconopsis Species and Their Influence Factors across the Pan-Himalaya and Adjacent Regions". Diversity 14, nr 8 (16.08.2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080661.

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Understanding the potential habitat of Meconopsis, their species richness distribution patterns, and their influencing factors are critical for the conservation and rational exploitation of this valuable resource. In this study, we applied the MaxEnt model to predict their potential distribution, mapped the distribution pattern of species richness, and analyzed the variation of species richness along environmental gradients. Finally, we calculated the landscape fragmentation indices between the five subregions. Our results found that: (1) the medium- and high-suitable habitats of Meconopsis were mainly distributed in the central and eastern Himalaya, the Hengduan Mountains, and the southeast edge of the plateau platform, with suitable habitats ranged from 3200 m to 4300 m, whose most important factor is precipitation of the warmest quarter; (2) species richness showed a hump pattern along the environmental gradients except for longitude that showed an increasing trend, mainly concentrated in the south and southeast; and (3) the subregions are in the descending order of species richness: plateau platform, Hengduan Mountains, central, eastern, and western Himalaya; the highest and lowest degree of landscape fragmentation were in the western Himalaya and eastern Himalaya, respectively. Our study provides a theoretical background for the conservation and sustainable exploitation of Meconopsis in the wild.

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14

Khadka, Nitesh, Guoqing Zhang i Sudeep Thakuri. "Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya: Inventory and Decadal Dynamics (1977–2017)". Remote Sensing 10, nr 12 (29.11.2018): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121913.

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Himalayan glaciers, in general, are shrinking and glacial lakes are evolving and growing rapidly in number and size as a result of climate change. This study presents the latest remote sensing-based inventory (2017) of glacial lakes (size ≥0.0036 km2) across the Nepal Himalaya using optical satellite data. Furthermore, this study traces the decadal glacial lake dynamics from 1977 to 2017 in the Nepal Himalaya. The decadal mapping of glacial lakes (both glacial-fed and nonglacial-fed) across the Nepal Himalaya reveals an increase in the number and area of lakes from 1977 to 2017, with 606 (55.53 ± 16.52 km2), 1137 (64.56 ± 11.64 km2), 1228 (68.87 ± 12.18 km2), 1489 (74.2 ± 14.22 km2), and 1541 (80.95 ± 15.25 km2) glacial lakes being mapped in 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017, respectively. Glacial lakes show heterogeneous rates of expansion in different river basins and elevation zones of Nepal, with apparent decadal emergences and disappearances. Overall, the glacial lakes exhibited ~25% expansion of surface areas from 1987 to 2017. For the period from 1987 to 2017, proglacial lakes with ice contact, among others, exhibited the highest incremental changes in terms of number (181%) and surface area (82%). The continuous amplified mass loss of glaciers, as reported in Central Himalaya, is expected to accompany glacial lake expansion in the future, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). We emphasize that the rapidly increasing glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya can pose potential GLOF threats to downstream population and infrastructure.

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15

Garzione, Carmala N., Jay Quade, Peter G. DeCelles i Nathan B. English. "Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 183, nr 1-2 (30.11.2000): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00252-1.

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Chamlagain, Deepak, i Daigoro Hayashi. "Finite strain variation across the Mahabharat Thrust in central Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 35 (31.12.2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v35i0.23630.

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This paper deals with the three-dimensional strain across the Mahabharat Thrust (MT) in the Malekhu area in central Nepal. The MT served as a glide plane for the Kathmandu Nappe. Its footwall is made up of phyllites, quartzites, and amphibolites, whereas the hanging wall contains garnetiferous schists, biotite schists, and quartzites with a few lenses of augen gneiss. A three-dimensional strain analysis reveals that Nadai’s amount of strain intensity (€s ) ranges from 0.396 to 0.575 in the footwall indicating an increasing trend towards the proximity of the MT. In contrast, the hanging wall shows an increase in (€ s) magnitude away from the MT and its value varies between 0.556 (at the basal part) and 0.795 (upper part). Microtextures and structures revealed dynamic recrystallisation of the footwall and static recrystallisation of the hanging wall rocks. The shape of three dimensional strain ellipsoids, types of microstructures, and mechanisms of grainscale deformation indicated that the footwall was dominantly affected by simple shear deformation at lower temperatures while the hanging wall suffered from pure shear with minor sub-simple shear deformation at relatively higher temperatures.

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17

Thapa, UK, S. St. George, DK Kharal i NP Gaire. "Tree growth across the Nepal Himalaya during the last four centuries". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, nr 4 (29.06.2017): 478–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317714247.

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The climate of Nepal has changed rapidly over the recent decades, but most instrumental records of weather and hydrology only extend back to the 1980s. Tree rings can provide a longer perspective on recent environmental changes, and since the early 2000s, a new round of field initiatives by international researchers and Nepali scientists have more than doubled the size of the country’s tree-ring network. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the current tree-ring width network for Nepal, and use this network to estimate changes in forest growth nation-wide during the last four centuries. Ring-width chronologies in Nepal have been developed from 11 tree species, and half of the records span at least 290 years. The Nepal tree-ring width network provides a robust estimate of annual forest growth over roughly the last four centuries, but prior to this point, our mean ring-width composite fluctuates wildly due to low sample replication. Over the last four centuries, two major events are prominent in the all-Nepal composite: (i) a prolonged and widespread growth suppression during the early 1800s; and (ii) heightened growth during the most recent decade. The early 19th century decline in tree growth coincides with two major Indonesian eruptions, and suggests that short-term disturbances related to climate extremes can exert a lasting influence on the vigor of Nepal’s forests. Growth increases since AD 2000 are mainly apparent in high-elevation fir, which may be a consequence of the observed trend towards warmer temperatures, particularly during winter. This synthesis effort should be useful to establish baselines for tree-ring data in Nepal and provide a broader context to evaluate the sensitivity or behavior of this proxy in the central Himalayas.

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Qu, Qing Wen, Hong Juan Yu, Shao Qing Wang, Tian Ke Sun i Jian Zhuang Che. "Steady-State Load Analysis of a Caterpillar Chassis by Finite Element Method". Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (listopad 2012): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.541.

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In this paper, according to the characteristics of caterpillar vehicles, taking the PC200 excavator as a model, a caterpillar chassis model is established using analytical finite element method by the software Analysis. According to the characteristics of operating status, the load distribution of supporting wheels, at horizontal support, across the slopes at 10°, in the state of climbing 30° slopes, is analyzed. Effective support area of any three wheels is analyzed to obtain. The condition of focus circle and vehicle stability is determined. The maximum load of static stability is obtained according to the method of stability of three wheels. The results of calculation provide load support for the strength analysis of caterpillar chassis components and stability analysis, It also provides the supporting data for the structural optimization.

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Qu, Qing Wen, Hong Juan Yu, Shao Qing Wang, Tian Ke Sun i Jian Zhuang Che. "Steady-State Load Analysis of a Caterpillar Chassis by Finite Element Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (grudzień 2012): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.389.

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In this paper, according to the characteristics of caterpillar vehicles, taking the PC200 excavator as a model, a caterpillar chassis model is established using analytical finite element method by the software Analysis. According to the characteristics of operating status, the load distribution of supporting wheels, at horizontal support, across the slopes at 10°, in the state of climbing 30° slopes, is analyzed. Effective support area of any three wheels is analyzed to obtain. The condition of focus circle and vehicle stability is determined. The maximum load of static stability is obtained according to the method of stability of three wheels. The results of calculation provide load support for the strength analysis of caterpillar chassis components and stability analysis, It also provides the supporting data for the structural optimization.

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Shang, Wei, Hong Chen i Robert W. Besant. "Frost Growth in Regenerative Wheels". Journal of Heat Transfer 127, nr 9 (20.04.2005): 1015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2005274.

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An experimental investigation was carried out for frost growth in a desiccant-coated regenerative wheel. The test facility was set up following ASHRAE Standard 84-1991R. Temperature, relative humidity, mass flow rate, and pressure drops were measured at each measuring station. Photos of frost within energy wheel flow channels show frost accumulation. The problem of frost growth within the narrow parallel flow passages of a regenerative heat or energy rotary wheel is formulated for a very cold-temperature ventilation application. Frost growth is assumed to grow as a porous media while the wheel is exposed to warm humid airflow on the exhaust side. While the wheel is exposed to cold dry airflow on the supply side, the frost is cooled but no frost grows. This cyclic frost growth and cooling process is continued with each wheel rotation. An analytical/numerical model is developed to simulate these frost properties over the depth of the wheel and as a function of time. Simulation results are used to interpret experimental data for the early stage of frost growth on a typical energy wheel with a cold supply air temperature of −40°C, a warm exhaust temperature of 20 °C and 40% relative humidity. Pressure drop measurements across a wheel taken for constant mass flow conditions revealed some very significant fluctuations of up to 100% of original pressure drop with a period ranging from 2 to 4 min for a wheel speed of 20 rpm. Each fluctuation in pressure drop is interpreted to imply a catastrophic failure of the outer frost layer sequenced over 1–2 min throughout the wheel followed by another frost growth period on top of a slightly thicker frost base.

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Shijin, Wang, Qin Dahe i Xiao Cunde. "Moraine-dammed lake distribution and outburst flood risk in the Chinese Himalaya". Journal of Glaciology 61, nr 225 (2015): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j097.

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AbstractTo better understand the risk of disasters due to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), we synthetically analyze the spatial distribution and evolution of moraine-dammed lakes and potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) in the Chinese Himalaya. Our county-based assessment of GLOF disaster risk combines PDGL outburst hazard, regional exposure, vulnerability of exposed elements and adaptation capability (risk management) using the analytic hierarchy process. We synthetically analyze the disaster risk using the weighted comprehensive method. Remote-sensing data show there are 329 moraine-dammed lakes (>0.02 km2; total area 125.43 km2) in the Chinese Himalaya, of which 116 (total area 49.49 km2) are identified as PDGLs. The zones at highest risk of GLOF disaster are mainly located in Nyalam, Tingri, Dinggyê, Lhozhag, Kangmar and Zhongba, in the mid-eastern Himalaya. Lowest-risk zones are located in the eastern Himalaya. On the county scale, Lhozhag and Lhunze have the highest hazard degrees and exposure, while Zhongba and Zando have the highest degree of vulnerability and lowest adaptation capacity. Our regionalization results for GLOF disaster risk are consistent with the distribution of historical disaster sites across the Chinese Himalaya.

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Gu, Changjun, Pei Zhao, Qiong Chen, Shicheng Li, Lanhui Li, Linshan Liu i Yili Zhang. "Forest Cover Change and the Effectiveness of Protected Areas in the Himalaya since 1998". Sustainability 12, nr 15 (30.07.2020): 6123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156123.

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Himalaya, a global biodiversity hotspot, has undergone considerable forest cover fluctuation in recent decades, and numerous protected areas (PAs) have been established to prohibit forest degradation there. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of this forest cover change across the whole region are still unknown, as are the effectiveness of its PAs. Therefore, here, we first mapped the forest cover of Himalaya in 1998, 2008, and 2018 with high accuracy (>90%) using a random forest (RF) algorithm based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was applied with eight control variables to balance the heterogeneity of land characteristics inside and outside PAs. The effectiveness of PAs in Himalaya was quantified based on matched samples. The results showed that the forest cover in Himalaya increased by 4983.65 km2 from 1998 to 2008, but decreased by 4732.71 km2 from 2008 to 2018. Further analysis revealed that deforestation and reforestation mainly occurred at the edge of forest tracts, with over 55% of forest fluctuation occurring below a 2000 m elevation. Forest cover changes in PAs of Himalaya were analyzed; these results indicated that about 56% of PAs had a decreasing trend from 1998 to 2018, including the Torsa (Ia PA), an area representative of the most natural conditions, which is strictly protected. Even so, as a whole, PAs in Himalaya played a positive role in halting deforestation.

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Mathur, V. K., P. K. Maithy, Ravi Shanker i Gopendra Kumar. "Physical, geochemical and biological changes across Precambrian-Cambrian transition, northwest Himalaya, India". Journal of Palaeosciences 46, nr (1-2) (31.12.1997): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1997.1313.

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The Precambrian-Cambrian transition has been extensively studied in the Krol Belt of Lesser Himalaya and in Higher and Tethys Himalayan part in Kashmir, Spiti-Zanskar, and Kumaun. A substantial amount of data that has now accumulated in both the areas of lithology, geochemistry, and biological changes is analysed and possible inferences are drawn.

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Shang, Wei, i Robert W. Besant. "Effects of Pore Size Variations on Regenerative Wheel Performance". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804539.

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Manufacturing tolerances usually cause the air flow channel pore sizes to have a random variation in the matrices of regenerative wheels. The effects of random pore size distribution on pressure drop across a regenerative energy wheel transferring heat and moisture and effectiveness are investigated using analytical methods. Compared to an identical wheel with no pore size variation, simple algebraic expressions for pressure drop ratio, Δp/Δp0, and effectiveness ratio, ε/ε0, are developed for a Gaussian distribution of flow channel hydraulic diameters. Graphical results are presented showing that large random variations in flow channel pore size decrease the pressure drop across a wheel and the effectiveness (sensible, latent, and total) significantly for a regenerative wheel. Optical and micrometer measurements of four typical regenerative wheels showed a random variation in flow channel hydraulic diameters. These data imply significant decreases in Δp/Δp0 and ε/ε0 for each wheel.

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Basnett, Shweta, i Soubadra M. Devy. "Phenology determines leaf functional traits across Rhododendron species in the Sikkim Himalaya". Alpine Botany 131, nr 1 (30.01.2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00035-020-00244-5.

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Zheng, Lili, Peili Shi, Minghua Song, Tiancai Zhou, Ning Zong i Xianzhou Zhang. "Climate sensitivity of high altitude tree growth across the Hindu Kush Himalaya". Forest Ecology and Management 486 (kwiecień 2021): 118963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118963.

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Paul Burgess, W., An Yin, Chandra S. Dubey, Zheng-Kang Shen i Thomas K. Kelty. "Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 357-358 (grudzień 2012): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.040.

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TIWARI, V., M. VYGHRESWARARAO, D. MISHRA i B. SINGH. "Crustal structure across Sikkim, NE Himalaya from new gravity and magnetic data". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 247, nr 1-2 (15.07.2006): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.037.

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von Backstro¨m, Theodor W., Andreas Bernhardt i Anthony J. Gannon. "Pressure Drop in Solar Power Plant Chimneys". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, nr 2 (1.05.2003): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1564077.

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The paper investigates flow through a representative tall solar chimney with internal bracing wheels. It presents experimental data measured in a 0.63-m-dia model chimney with and without seven bracing wheels. The bracing wheels each had a rim protruding into the chimney and 12 spokes, each spoke consisting of a pair of rectangular section bars. The investigation determined coefficients of wall friction, bracing wheel loss, and exit kinetic energy in a model chimney, for both ideal non-swirling uniform flow and for swirling distorted flow. A fan at one end of the chimney model either sucked or blew the flow through it. The flow entering the chimney through the fan and its diffuser simulated the flow leaving the turbine at the bottom of the chimney. The swirling distorted flow increased the total pressure drop by about 28%, representing 4.7% of the turbine pressure drop. The pressure drop across the bracing wheels exceeded the frictional pressure drop by far. Designers of tall, thin-walled chimneys should take care to minimize the number of bracing wheels, reduce their rim width as much as possible, and investigate the feasibility of streamlining their spoke sections. If at all structurally possible, the top bracing wheel should be far enough from the chimney exit to allow the spoke wakes to decay and the separated flow to re-attach to the chimney wall downstream of the rims before the flow leaves the chimney, to reduce the exit kinetic energy loss.

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Garzione, Carmala N., Jay Quade, Peter G. DeCelles i Nathan B. English. "Erratum to “Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O versus altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya”". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 185, nr 3-4 (luty 2001): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00224-2.

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Li, Shuiping, Tingye Tao, Fei Gao, Xiaochuan Qu, Yongchao Zhu, Jianwei Huang i Qi Wang. "Interseismic Coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya Constrained by GPS Measurements and Its Implication for Strain Segmentation and Seismic Activity". Remote Sensing 12, nr 14 (9.07.2020): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142202.

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The Sikkim–Bhutan seismic gap has witnessed a long earthquake quiescence since the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquake. The state of stress accumulation beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya and its spatial correlation with seismicity remains unclear due to the lack of geodetic measurements and the low levels of seismic activity. We compile Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in southern Tibet with the available velocities in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya to reveal the characteristics of strain buildup on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We correct non-tectonic hydrological loading effects in a GPS time series to accurately determine the Three-Dimensional (3D) velocities of each continuous station. Extensive GPS measurements yield convergence rates of 16.2~18.5 mm/y across the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, which is quite consistent with that observed elsewhere in the Himalaya. Based on a double-ramp structure of the MHT, a refined 3D coupling image is inverted using a dense network of GPS velocities. The result indicates significant along-strike variations of fault coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya. The locking width (coupling > 0.5) of western Bhutan reaches ~100 km, which is 30~40% wider than Sikkim and eastern Bhutan. An obvious embayment of decoupling zone near the border between Sikkim and western Bhutan is recognized, and coincides spatially with the rupture terminates of the 1934 Mw8.2 and the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquakes, indicating that the large megathrust earthquakes along the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya are largely segmented by the spatial variation of frictional properties on the MHT. Using a new compilation of seismic records in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, we analyze the spatial correlation between fault coupling and seismic activity. The result suggests that the seismicity in the Bhutan Himalaya is broadly distributed, instead of restricted in the lower edge of the interseismic locking zone. This implies that the seismic activity in the Bhutan Himalaya is not uniquely controlled by the stress accumulation at the downdip end of the locked portion of the MHT.

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Avilova, L. I., i A. N. Gey. "ON THE CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF WHEELED VEHICLES IN IRAN AND MESOPOTAMIA (THIRD TO FIRST MILLENNIA BC)". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, nr 3 (21.09.2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.041-048.

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Reinforcing metal elements in early Eurasian wheels are described. A typology of wheel constructions is proposed, and stages of their evolution and diffusion in socially and ethnically diverse societies are reconstructed. In Sumer and southwestern Iran, early (3d millennium BC) evidence of the use of wheeled transport includes remains of wagons in burials, representations on vessels and cylinder seals, as well as clay and metal models. The early reinforcing details were bronze nails pinned along the rims of solid wheels. Thick leather straps on treads served for binding wheels, prevented wear, and made riding more comfortable. Chariots marked high social status of their owners, and were used for military, hunting, and ritual purposes. Around 2000 BC, metal tread-bands with additional plates were introduced in Susiana and Central Asia. In the Early Iron Age, after a 1000-year long break, studded treads reappeared, but on spoked wheels. Such a construction occurs across a huge territory from the Balkans and Aegean to Bactria. The review of materials from the Bronze Age kurgan burials in the Eastern European steppes reveals no evidence of the use of metal details in the Pit Grave, Catacomb, Novotitorovka or Sintashta cultures, indirectly suggesting multiplicity of wheel-manufacturing traditions.

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Racoviteanu, Adina E., Lindsey Nicholson i Neil F. Glasser. "Surface composition of debris-covered glaciers across the Himalaya using linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 OLI imagery". Cryosphere 15, nr 9 (29.09.2021): 4557–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4557-2021.

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Abstract. The Himalaya mountain range is characterized by highly glacierized, complex, dynamic topography. The ablation area of Himalayan glaciers often features a highly heterogeneous debris mantle comprising ponds, steep and shallow slopes of various aspects, variable debris thickness, and exposed ice cliffs associated with differing ice ablation rates. Understanding the composition of the supraglacial debris cover is essential for a proper understanding of glacier hydrology and glacier-related hazards. Until recently, efforts to map debris-covered glaciers from remote sensing focused primarily on glacier extent rather than surface characteristics and relied on traditional whole-pixel image classification techniques. Spectral unmixing routines, rarely used for debris-covered glaciers, allow decomposition of a pixel into constituting materials, providing a more realistic representation of glacier surfaces. Here we use linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images (30 m) to obtain fractional abundance maps of the various supraglacial surfaces (debris material, clean ice, supraglacial ponds and vegetation) across the Himalaya around the year 2015. We focus on the debris-covered glacier extents as defined in the database of global distribution of supraglacial debris cover. The spectrally unmixed surfaces are subsequently classified to obtain maps of composition of debris-covered glaciers across sample regions. We test the unmixing approach in the Khumbu region of the central Himalaya, and we evaluate its performance for supraglacial ponds by comparison with independently mapped ponds from high-resolution Pléiades (2 m) and PlanetScope imagery (3 m) for sample glaciers in two other regions with differing topo-climatic conditions. Spectral unmixing applied over the entire Himalaya mountain range (a supraglacial debris cover area of 2254 km2) indicates that at the end of the ablation season, debris-covered glacier zones comprised 60.9 % light debris, 23.8 % dark debris, 5.6 % clean ice, 4.5 % supraglacial vegetation, 2.1 % supraglacial ponds, and small amounts of cloud cover (2 %), with 1.2 % unclassified areas. The spectral unmixing performed satisfactorily for the supraglacial pond and vegetation classes (an F score of ∼0.9 for both classes) and reasonably for the debris classes (F score of 0.7). Supraglacial ponds were more prevalent in the monsoon-influenced central-eastern Himalaya (up to 4 % of the debris-covered area) compared to the monsoon-dry transition zone (only 0.3 %) and in regions with lower glacier elevations. Climatic controls (higher average temperatures and more abundant precipitation), coupled with higher glacier thinning rates and lower average glacier velocities, further favour pond incidence and the development of supraglacial vegetation. With continued advances in satellite data and further method refinements, the approach presented here provides avenues towards achieving large-scale, repeated mapping of supraglacial features.

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Tremblay, Marissa M., Matthew Fox, Jennifer L. Schmidt, Alka Tripathy-Lang, Matthew M. Wielicki, T. Mark Harrison, Peter K. Zeitler i David L. Shuster. "Erosion in southern Tibet shut down at ∼10 Ma due to enhanced rock uplift within the Himalaya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 39 (14.09.2015): 12030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515652112.

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Exhumation of the southern Tibetan plateau margin reflects interplay between surface and lithospheric dynamics within the Himalaya–Tibet orogen. We report thermochronometric data from a 1.2-km elevation transect within granitoids of the eastern Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet, which indicate rapid exhumation exceeding 1 km/Ma from 17–16 to 12–11 Ma followed by very slow exhumation to the present. We hypothesize that these changes in exhumation occurred in response to changes in the loci and rate of rock uplift and the resulting southward shift of the main topographic and drainage divides from within the Lhasa terrane to their current positions within the Himalaya. At ∼17 Ma, steep erosive drainage networks would have flowed across the Himalaya and greater amounts of moisture would have advected into the Lhasa terrane to drive large-scale erosional exhumation. As convergence thickened and widened the Himalaya, the orographic barrier to precipitation in southern Tibet terrane would have strengthened. Previously documented midcrustal duplexing around 10 Ma generated a zone of high rock uplift within the Himalaya. We use numerical simulations as a conceptual tool to highlight how a zone of high rock uplift could have defeated transverse drainage networks, resulting in substantial drainage reorganization. When combined with a strengthening orographic barrier to precipitation, this drainage reorganization would have driven the sharp reduction in exhumation rate we observe in southern Tibet.

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Upadhyay, Toya Nath. "Reading Michael Palin's Himalaya from an Insider's Perspective". Humanities and Social Sciences Journal 13, nr 2 (1.12.2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v13i2.49806.

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This study reads Michael Palin's travel text, Himalaya (2004) from a cultural insider's perspective and argues how the author gets trapped into the vestiges of conventional Western outlook upon the non-West. Surfacely and even intentionally, the author appears to keep himself away from such outlook, but it resurfaces frequently in the text and exemplifies how the traditional colonial tendency of stressing superiority keeps lurking in the Western travel writers' texts. The author makes a trip across seven nations in 2003 but as a resident of Nepal I focus my analysis on his travel in Nepal. For the analytic purpose, the study borrows conceptual insights from scholars in travel writing genre such as Carl Thompson, Robert Clarke and Debbie Lisle. Terms related to colonial discourse theory will be heavily used.

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Darwish, Ibrahim, i Rafat Al Rousan. "Words on Wheels: Investigating Car Inscriptions in Jordan". Journal of Educational and Social Research 9, nr 4 (1.10.2019): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2019-0062.

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Abstract This study investigates the thematic content of car inscriptions in Jordan. A random corpus of 322 car inscriptions was collected from various types of vehicles by the researchers themselves across Irbid Governorate in Jordan in the period 12 January to 30 March, 2019. The corpus was then refined excluding graphics, such as drawings, maps, ready-made stickers, graphs, symbols and other images. Each inscription was individually analysed and thematically tagged. Moreover, inscriptions were tagged for the age of the cars that carried them: old (>10 years old) and new (≤10 years old). Lastly, the tags were counted and percentages were extracted. The findings show that car inscriptions in Jordan fall under twelve major themes: religion, philosophy, advertisement, tagging, futility & fun, patriotism, alliance, brands, romance, instructions, politics and greetings. In addition, the results show that old cars are more likely to be written on than new ones. Finally, it is evident that Jordanian car owners and/or drivers use their moving vehicles as an inexpensive and efficient way for voicing their opinions, beliefs, views, emotions and attitudes in addition to being a low-cost advertising venue.

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Zheng, Lili, Narayan Prasad Gaire i Peili Shi. "High-altitude tree growth responses to climate change across the Hindu Kush Himalaya". Journal of Plant Ecology 14, nr 5 (2.04.2021): 829–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab035.

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Abstract Aims Rapid warming at high altitudes may lead to a higher sensitivity in tree growth to temperature. The key factors constraining tree radial growth and to what extent regional tree growth has suffered from climatic changes are unclear. Methods Tree-ring width data were collected from 73 sites across the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH), including three dominant genera (Abies, Juniperus and Picea) at high altitudes over 3000 m. Dynamic time warping was introduced to develop subregional chronologies by considering the synchrony of annual tree growth among different sites. We quantified the contribution of the climate variables, and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of the growth–climate relationship. Important Findings The site chronologies were grouped into three clusters, corresponding to the three distinct bioclimatic zones, i.e. the western HKH, central-eastern HKH and southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Tree growth was positively correlated to winter and spring precipitation in the drier western HKH, and to winter temperature and spring precipitation in the humid southeastern TP. Tree growth was markedly constrained by the minimum temperature, especially in winter, with its importance increasing from the west toward the east. As shown by moving correlation analysis, the signal of winter temperature in tree growth was weakened in the western and central-eastern HKH, while it was enhanced in the southeastern TP following rapid warming since the 1980s. Our results highlight that continuous warming may cause forest recession due to warming-induced moisture deficit in the western HKH, but forest expansion in the southeastern TP.

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Ranta, Randhir S., Vijay Kumar Sharma i Pankaj Gupta. "Parenting Stress and Need Assessment of Families with Disabled Children across Himachal Himalaya". International Journal of Social Science Research 3, nr 2 (5.08.2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v3i2.7344.

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The study pertains to the parenting stress, which is believed to be the resultant of child disability and further assesses the needs of the families across selected pockets of Himachal Himalaya. Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Need Assessment Scale were used for the purpose. For assessing the stress level among the parents, PQS was administered among two hundred parents having disabled children, herein called experimental group and two hundred parents with normal children, herein called control group. A three point Need assessment scale was used to measure the needs of 200 families on five different parameters. The result of t-test shows the significant difference between experimental and control groups indicating that the parents of disabled children experience more stress than their control counterpart. The study indicates that people need proper guidance and information regarding a child’s disability, nutritional requirements of a child, vocational training and child management. There is a need for proper counselling for parents suffering from stress and creating consciousness among parents of children with disabilities and in the society.

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Baltz, Thomas, Michael Murphy, Suoya Fan i Deepak Chamlagain. "Geometry, kinematics, and magnitude of extension across the Thakkhola Graben, Central Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 62 (14.09.2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v62i0.38691.

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The Thakkhola Graben has been a region of geologic inquiry for many decades. Although it is widely viewed to be in a class of structures that are important in accommodating the three-dimensional strain within the Himalayan thrust wedge, we still lack a detailed understanding of the total finite strain accommodated by graben-bounding faults, as well as their shape and cross-cutting relationships with structures deeper in the thrust wedge. Using geologic mapping and structural analysis, we show that a suite of pre-extensional shortening structures is offset by normal-oblique faults bounding the Thakkhola Graben that we use to define a piercing line. We calculate these faults to have accommodated 8.7 kilometers of vertical thinning, 7.2 kilometers of arc-perpendicular shear, and only 2.2 kilometers of arc-parallel extension. The magnitude of arc-parallel extension is quite low compared to extensional structures to the west in the Gurla Mandhata-Humla region. The cross-cutting relationships established in this study and timing constraints determined by previous works are consistent with a structural history of crustal thickening leading to foreland propagation of the locus of arc-perpendicular shortening contemporaneous with hinterland extension.

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PANKAJ PANWAR, SHARMISTHA PAL, NANCY LORIA, MED RAM VERMA, N.M. ALAM, V.K. BHATT i N.K. SHARMA. "Spatio-temporal variability of climatic parameters across different altitudes of North- Western Himalaya". Journal of Agrometeorology 21, nr 3 (10.11.2021): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i3.252.

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Climate change impact varies across different altitudinal ranges and demands local specific management strategies for water resource and farming system management. The present study analyses spacio-temporal climate parameters across different altitudes of Himachal Pradesh a hilly state of India. Analysis shows that annually, minimum temperature has significantly decreased by -0.09°C at altitude I (350 - 400 m) while maximum temperature has significantly increased by 0.05°C at altitudes I and II (1400-1500 m) and decreased significantly by -0.08°C at altitude III (2000- 2100 m). Higher regions Altitude – IV (2900-3000 m) received lowest rainfall (746.1 mm) with 30.2 % variation. Seasonal rainfall variability was higher in post monsoon (102 - 174%) and least in monsoon (21 - 57%). Annual rainfall at altitude I is strongly irregular (PCI 20.1 to 22.3), followed by altitude – IV (PCI 15-25); altitude – II irregular (PCI 15-20) and altitude – III moderate to irregular (PCI 12 -19) rainfall. Seasonal Index values for four altitudes fall between 0.91-0.96 revealed that rainfall is irregular and markedly seasonal with longer drier season. Higher wavelet powers in altitude - I and II after 2005 suggests frequency of extreme rainfall occurrence had increased.

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Ashaq Ahmad Dar, Akhtar Hussain Malik i Parthasarathy Narayanaswamy. "A floristic survey across three coniferous forests of Kashmir Himalaya, India – a checklist". Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, nr 1 (26.01.2022): 20323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7208.14.1.20323-20345.

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This study presents a checklist of the flora of three coniferous forests of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot in Kashmir: low-level blue pine (BP), mixed coniferous (MC) and subalpine (SA) forests. The list includes altitudinal distribution and conservation status of 272 vascular plant species representing 196 genera and 64 families. Excluding neophytes (70 taxa, 62 genera, and 27 families), Magnoliophyta comprised 190 taxa, 139 genera, and 50 families; Pinophyta seven taxa, six genera, and three families; and Pteridophyta three taxa, three genera, and two families. Most speciose families from Magnoliophyta include Compositae, Apiaceae, and Rosaceae. Genera such as Artemisia, Potentilla, Viola, and Saussurea contributed the maximum number of species. In case of Pinophyta, the principal families are Pinaceae with four taxa followed by Cupressaceae (2 taxa), whereas genus Juniperus comprised two species. In Pteridophyta, Pteridaceae (2 taxa) formed the most speciose family. The herbs contributed 177 taxa, followed by tress (15 taxa), shrubs (8) and subshrubs (2). The maximum number of taxa belongs to SA (136 taxa) followed by MC (134 taxa) and BP (83 taxa) forests. The species distribution reveals 20, 30, and 46 taxa are exclusive to BP, MC, and SA forests. More than 16% of taxa are categorized in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, and 24 taxa are endemic to the Himalayan landscape. The checklist provides a roadmap for research, protection and conservation of plant diversity, especially the threatened taxa.

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Hazarika, Devajit, Naresh Kumar i Dilip Kumar Yadav. "Crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratio variations across the northwest Himalaya and eastern Ladakh". Acta Geophysica 61, nr 4 (18.05.2013): 905–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-013-0128-y.

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Sharma, Subrat, i S. P. Singh. "Different Agroecosystem Productivities Across Three Landforms with Similar Natural Productivities in Central Himalaya". Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 10, nr 1 (4.04.1997): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v10n01_09.

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Rawat, Gautam, B. R. Arora i P. K. Gupta. "Electrical resistivity cross-section across the Garhwal Himalaya: Proxy to fluid-seismicity linkage". Tectonophysics 637 (grudzień 2014): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.09.015.

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Wallis, David, Richard J. Phillips i Geoffrey E. Lloyd. "Fault weakening across the frictional-viscous transition zone, Karakoram Fault Zone, NW Himalaya". Tectonics 32, nr 5 (wrzesień 2013): 1227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tect.20076.

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Oli, Lok Mani, Sameer Paudel i Lalu Prasad Paudel. "Metamorphism of Jhyallaphay-Barpak-Bhachchek area of Gorkha District, Lesser Himalaya and Higher Himalaya, Central Nepal". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 58 (25.06.2019): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24595.

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The study is focused on geological mapping, petrography and metamorphism of Jhyallaphat–Barpak–Bhachchek area, a part of Gorkha District, Central Nepal using a base of 1:25000 scale covering an area of 139.80 sq. km. The rocks of the study area can be broadly divided into two tectonic zones; the Lesser Himalaya consisting of fie lithological units, and the Higher Himalaya consisting of Formation I of the Tibetan Slab. Three metamorphic zones can be distinguished in the study area; biotite zone, garnet zone and kyanite zone. The biotite zone of the mineral assemblage in pelitic rocks consists of biotite+muscovite+chlorite+quartz, in psammitic rocks comprises of biotite+muscovite+chlorite+feldspar+quartz and in carbonate rocks comprises of biotite+muscovite+calcite/dolomite+feldspar+quartz, respectively. These mineral assemblages show that the area belongs to the greenschist facies. The mineral assemblage of the garnet zone in pelitic rocks constitutes garnet+biotite+muscovite+chlorite+quartz, and in psammitic rocks constitutes of garnet+biotite+muscovite+feldspar+quartz. The minerals assemblages found within the biotite and garnet zones represent the well-known inverted metamorphism in the Lesser Himalaya. Mineral assemblage of the kyanite zones constitutes of kyanite+garnet+biotite+muscovite+feldspar+quartz. The mineral assemblages of the both garnet and kyanite zones show that the area belongs to the epidote amphibolite facies. The bedding and foliation planes are almost parallel, showing that isograds also cut across the foliation. Therefore, the main metamorphic event should have followed development of foliation in the area. The rocks of the area show at least two metamorphic events: syntectonic prograde and post-tectonic retrograde. Syn-tectonic prograde metamorphism (M1), which has grown during a single phase of deformation and most frequently encountered garnet prophyroblast. Metamorphic deformation is represented by the presence of metamorphic foliation, stretching lineation, and S-C fabric. Post-tectonic retrograde metamorphism (M2), which is followed by retrograde mineral formation changing its P-T condition from high to low grade minerals, such as the formation of the biotite and chlorite minerals around the rims of the garnet porphyroblasts.

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Swallow, J. G., P. Koteja, P. A. Carter i T. Garland. "Artificial selection for increased wheel-running activity in house mice results in decreased body mass at maturity". Journal of Experimental Biology 202, nr 18 (15.09.1999): 2513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.18.2513.

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To test the hypothesis that body size and activity levels are negatively genetically correlated, we conducted an artificial selection experiment for increased voluntary wheel-running activity in house mice (Mus domesticus). Here, we compare body masses of mice from control and selected lines after 14 generations of selection. In both groups, beginning at weaning and then for 8 weeks, we housed half of the individuals with access to running wheels that were free to rotate and the other half with wheels that were locked to prevent rotation. Mice from selected lines were more active than controls at weaning (21 days) and across the experiment (total revolutions during last week: females 2.5-fold higher, males 2.1-fold higher). At weaning, mice from selected and control lines did not differ significantly in body mass. At 79 days of age, mice from selected lines weighed 13.6 % less than mice from control lines, whereas mice with access to free wheels weighed 4.5 % less than ‘sedentary’ individuals; both effects were statistically significant and additive. Within the free-wheel-access group, individual variation in body mass of males was negatively correlated with amount of wheel-running during the last week (P<0.01); for females, the relationship was also negative but not statistically significant (P>0.40). The narrow-sense genetic correlation between wheel-running and body mass after 8 weeks of wheel access was estimated to be −0. 50. A negative genetic correlation could account for the negative relationship between voluntary wheel-running and body mass that has been reported across 13 species of muroid rodents.

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Bar, Somnath, Bikash Ranjan Parida, Arvind Chandra Pandey i Navneet Kumar. "Pixel-Based Long-Term (2001–2020) Estimations of Forest Fire Emissions over the Himalaya". Remote Sensing 14, nr 21 (23.10.2022): 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215302.

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Forest/wildfires have been one of the most notable severe catastrophes in recent decades across the globe, and their intensity is expected to rise with global warming. Forest fire contributes significantly to particulate and gaseous pollution in the atmosphere. This study has estimated the pixel-based emissions (CO, CO2, CH4, NOx, SO2, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, OC, and BC) from forest fires over the Himalaya (including India, Nepal, and Bhutan). The MODIS-based burned area (MCD64A1), Land Use Land Cover (LULC; MCD12A1), NDVI (MOD13A2), percentage tree cover (MOD44A6), gridded biomass, and species-wise emissions factors were used to estimate the monthly emissions from forest fires over the last two decades (2001–2020). A bottom-up approach was adopted to retrieve the emissions. A substantial inter-annual variation of forest burn area was found over the western, central (Nepal), and eastern Himalaya (including Bhutan). The eastern Himalaya exhibited the highest average annual CO2 emission, i.e., 20.37 Tg, followed by Nepal, 15.52 Tg, and the western Himalaya, 4.92 Tg. Spatially, the higher CO2 (0.01–0.02 Tg year−1/km2) and CO (0.007–0.002 Tg year−1/km2) emissions were detected along the south-eastern parts of the eastern Himalaya, southern regions of Nepal, and south-eastern parts of the western Himalaya. The trend of forest fire emissions in 2001–2010 was significantly positive, while in the next decade (2011–2020) a negative trend was recorded. The estimated pixel-based emission and Global Fire Emission Dataset (GFEDv4.1s) data demonstrated a promising association with a correlation coefficient (r) between 0.80 and 0.93. An inventory of forest fire emissions over long-term periods can be helpful for policymakers. In addition, it helps to set guidelines for air quality and atmospheric transport modelling and to better understand atmospheric pollution over the Himalayan and associated regions.

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Sano, Masaki, R. Ramesh, MS Sheshshayee i R. Sukumar. "Increasing aridity over the past 223 years in the Nepal Himalaya inferred from a tree-ring δ18O chronology". Holocene 22, nr 7 (14.12.2011): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611430338.

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A tree-ring δ18O chronology of Abies spectabilis from the Nepal Himalaya was established to study hydroclimate in the summer monsoon season over the past 223 years (ad 1778–2000). Response function analysis with ambient climatic records revealed that tree-ring δ18O was primarily controlled by the amount of precipitation and relative humidity during the monsoon season (June–September). Since tree-ring δ18O was simultaneously correlated with temperature, drought history in the monsoon season was reconstructed by calibrating against the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Our reconstruction that accounts for 33.7% of the PDSI variance shows a decreasing trend of precipitation/moisture over the past two centuries, and reduction of monsoon activity can be found across different proxy records from the Himalaya and Tibet. Spatial correlation analysis with global sea surface temperatures suggests that the tropical oceans play a role in modulating hydroclimate in the Nepal Himalaya. Although the dynamic mechanisms of the weakening trend of monsoon intensity still remain to be analyzed, rising sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean could be responsible for the reduction of summer monsoon.

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Acharyya, S. K. "Limits of Greater Indian Plate during Gondwana time". Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (31.12.1987): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1588.

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Limits of the Greater Indian Gondwana continent varied with its break-up and collisional episodes. Late Palaeozoic basal Gondwana type glaciogene and associated sediments containing cold-water marine fauna, with or without Glossopteris, Cathaysian floral remains or admixtures occur in and across the Himalaya, in south Pamir, Tibet and in Shan-Tenesserim-Malaysian area, i.e., across the Late Mesozoic peri-Indian ophiolite belts. Cathaysian Flora with or without Glossopteris intercalations also occurs in western Iraq and New Guinea, both representing parts of the Gondwanic shield. Thus during Late Palaeozoic the Gondwana continents also hosted Cathaysian flora, especially in low palaeolatitudinal positions. The Himalaya, parts of Middle-East, Tibet, Shan-Tenesserim and Malaysian continental blocks therefore possibly formed parts of the Greater Indian Gondwanic continent. The Late Cretaceous and Eocene olistostromal flysch belts tectonically flooring the ophiolite mélange of the Indus-Tsangpo and Naga-Chin Hills Andaman belts respectively delineate the northern and eastern continental margins of the Indian Plate. The present subduction zone beneath the Andaman island arc represents a westerly relayed Neogene margin of the Indian Plate.

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