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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the Australian species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)". Zootaxa 1489, nr 1 (31.05.2007): 1–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1489.1.1.
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The Australian species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,654 specimens. The 29 previously named species are redescribed, and 56 new species are described. The species are placed in 24 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Australian Hydraena are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond dwelling, a few species are humicolous, and one species may be subterranean. The areas of endemicity and species richness coincide quite closely with the Bassian, Torresian, and Timorian biogeographic subregions. Eleven species are shared between the Bassian and Torresian subregions, and twelve are shared between the Torresian and Timorian subregions. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. One Australian species, H. ambiflagellata, is also known from New Zealand. New species of Hydraena are: H. affirmata (Queensland, Palmerston National Park, Learmouth Creek), H. ambiosina (Queensland, 7 km NE of Tolga), H. antaria (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. appetita (New South Wales, 14 km W Delagate), H. arcta (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. ascensa (Queensland, Rocky Creek, Kennedy Hwy.), H. athertonica (Queensland, Davies Creek), H. australula (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. bidefensa (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. biimpressa (Queensland, 19.5 km ESE Mareeba), H. capacis (New South Wales, Unumgar State Forest, near Grevillia), H. capetribensis (Queensland, Cape Tribulation area), H. converga (Northern Territory, Roderick Creek, Gregory National Park), H. cubista (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. cultrata (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. cunninghamensis (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. darwini (Northern Territory, Darwin), H. deliquesca (Queensland, 5 km E Wallaman Falls), H. disparamera (Queensland, Cape Hillsborough), H. dorrigoensis (New South Wales, Dorrigo National Park, Rosewood Creek, upstream from Coachwood Falls), H. ferethula (Northern Territory, Cooper Creek, 19 km E by S of Mt. Borradaile), H. finniganensis (Queensland, Gap Creek, 5 km ESE Mt. Finnigan), H. forticollis (Western Australia, 4 km W of King Cascade), H. fundaequalis (Victoria, Simpson Creek, 12 km SW Orbost), H. fundata (Queensland, Hann Tableland, 13 km WNW Mareeba), H. hypipamee (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. inancala (Queensland, Girraween National Park, Bald Rock Creek at "Under-ground Creek"), H. innuda (Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, 16 mi. N Amax Camp), H. intraangulata (Queensland, Leo Creek Mine, McIlwrath Range, E of Coen), H. invicta (New South Wales, Sydney), H. kakadu (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, Gubara), H. larsoni (Queensland, Windsor Tablelands), H. latisoror (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. luminicollis (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. metzeni (Queensland, 15 km NE Mareeba), H. millerorum (Victoria, Traralgon Creek, 0.2 km N 'Hogg Bridge', 5.0 km NNW Balook), H. miniretia (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. mitchellensis (Western Australia, 4 km SbyW Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. monteithi (Queensland, Thornton Peak, 11 km NE Daintree), H. parciplumea (Northern Territory, McArthur River, 80 km SW of Borroloola), H. porchi (Victoria, Kangaroo Creek on Springhill Rd., 5.8 km E Glenlyon), H. pugillista (Queensland, 7 km N Mt. Spurgeon), H. queenslandica (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. reticuloides (Queensland, 3 km ENE of Mt. Tozer), H. reticulositis (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. revelovela (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, GungurulLookout), H. spinissima (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. storeyi (Queensland, Cow Bay, N of Daintree River), H. tenuisella (Queensland, 3 km W of Batavia Downs), H. tenuisoror (Australian Capital Territory, Wombat Creek, 6 km NE of Piccadilly Circus), H. textila (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. tridisca (Queensland, Mt. Hemmant), H. triloba (Queensland, Mulgrave River, Goldsborough Road Crossing), H. wattsi (Northern Territory, Holmes Jungle, 11 km NE by E of Darwin), H. weiri (Western Australia, 14 km SbyE Kalumburu Mission), H. zwicki (Queensland, Clacherty Road, via Julatten).
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Mountrakis, D., A. Kilias, A. Pavlaki, C. Fassoulas, E. Thomaidou, C. Papazachos, C. Papaioannou, Z. Roumelioti, C. Benetatos i D. Vamvakaris. "Neotectonic analysis, active stress field and active faults seismic hazard assessment in Western Crete". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, nr 2 (24.01.2017): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11085.
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Within the framework of this study the complicated fault system of Western Crete was napped in detail and its kinematic and dynamic setting was analysed in order to distinguish 13 major active and possible active fault zones, the seismic potential of which was assessed. Moreover, kinematic data and striations were used to estimate the corresponding stress field geometry. Two stress phases were recognized: 1st the N-S extension phase (D1) in Mid-Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene times forming E-W normal faults that bound the Neogene basins; 2nd the E-W extension phase (D2) in Late Pliocene-recent times forming N-S trending active normal faults. Smaller, mainly NE-SW trending faults, with significant strike-slip component, indicate a kinematic compatibility to the D2 phase, acting as transfer faults between larger N-S fault zones. The faults were incorporated in a detailed seismic hazard analysis together with the available seismological data, involving both probabilistic and deterministic approaches, for seismic hazard assessment of several selected sites (municipalities).
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CALDWELL, W. G. E., i G. M. YOUNG. "Structural controls in the western offshore Midland Valley of Scotland: implications for Late Palaeozoic regional tectonics". Geological Magazine 150, nr 4 (1.02.2013): 673–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000878.
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AbstractNew detailed mapping and related field studies, together with re-assessment of prior investigations, have revealed that three groups of faults, orientated broadly NE, N and NW, have been the primary controls on stratigraphical, structural and geomorphological evolution in the upper Firth of Clyde since their initiation by proto-Variscan stresses in Late Devonian time. Extended control has been achieved through repeated episodic reactivation, during which existing lines of fracture were rejuvenated and others of similar orientation initiated. Movements on two (if not all three) groups of faults persisted until middle Palaeogene time at least. The faults have been augmented by two sets of irregularly distributed, open, plunging folds, broadly N–S and E–W in their axial orientations. Some N–S folds may be attributed to oblique or strike-slip movement on reactivated caledonoid faults, others to intermittent transpression, probably in Namurian–Westphalian times, affecting mainly the northeastern Midland Valley but stretching beyond the massif of the Clyde Lava Plateau to register a weakened presence as far W as the upper Firth. The N–S folds and dextral strike-slip movements on some faults may be far-field expressions of the Uralian Orogeny, whereas earlier, sinistral displacements on NE faults and the development of small, later and less-significant E–W folds may be related to different phases of long-lived Variscan compression from the S.
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SOKOLOV, IGOR M., i CHRISTOPHER E. CARLTON. "Two new species of blind, forest litter-inhabiting ground beetles from the subtribe Anillina (Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini) from eastern U.S.A." Zootaxa 1740, nr 1 (2.04.2008): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1740.1.4.
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Two new species of anilline ground beetles are described from the Appalachian Mountains of eastern United States. The description of Serranillus septentrionis n. sp. is based on specimens collected in montane areas of western Virginia (37°25.33’N, 79°45.43’W). This species extends the range of the genus approximately 200 km north of its closest known congeners, S. dunavani (Jeannel) and S. jeanneli Barr, and differs from them mainly in characters of the male genitalia. A key is provided that will allow separation of these three species without dissection. The description of Anillinus cherokee n. sp. is based on specimens collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and nearby areas of Nantahala National Forest, western North Carolina (35°21.33’N, 83°56.05’W). The species is externally similar to A. loweae Sokolov and Carlton and A. steevesi Barr, and differs from those species in characters of the male genitalia.
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Llacuna, Hermy, i Glenn Mason. "Promoting self-regulated learning in higher education". Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4, nr 1 (2.02.2022): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v4i1.143.
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The importance of self-regulated learning is a heavily discussed topic in higher education. Existing literature indicates that self-regulated learning practices and strategies are relevant and important factors in student learning outcomes within blended and online contexts (Broadbent & Poon, 2015). According to literature, the self-regulated learner is aware of their strengths and weaknesses. They set goals, monitor their progress through self-reflection and the constant evaluation of their learning approaches, which enables them to adapt their engagement in academic-related tasks (Hawe, Lightfoot & Dixon, 2019). These are key principles of self-regulated learning, which aims to position learners as active agents in the learning process (Winne & Perry, 2000).
Studies have found that students arrive at universities without the skills or practices required for self-regulated learning (Balapumi, von Konsky, Aitken, & McMeekin, 2016). This is a crucial time for students, as they develop new ways of thinking, learning and communicating. Practices and strategies should be introduced to students as they begin their journey into tertiary studies, to ensure they are equipped with the necessary skills that are key to academic success (Lear & Li & Prentice, 2016). To develop students as independent, self-regulating learners has become a valued and desired outcome of higher education institutions, and as such they should offer opportunities to develop these skills as they progress though their studies (Hawe et al., 2019).
Therefore, to help and support students in the development and enhancement of their self-regulated learning skills, the Learn2Learn module, was developed by the Technology-Enabled-Learning (TEL) Team at Western Sydney University, and piloted to students in Autumn session, 2021. The key features and functionalities of the Learn2Learn module include, goal setting and study planning tools, lessons and content pieces informed by literature on self-regulated learning, and the ability for instructors to take a specific lesson and embed it in-line with their instructional materials within the LMS. Since its launch, there has been a consistent growth in usage. In Autumn 2021, there was a total of 427 users and 681 sessions have been initiated. Students are spending an average of approximately 8 minutes per session. In Spring 2021, there was a total of new 321 users, with 536 sessions, and an average of approximately 8 minutes per session.
More recently, three focus group sessions were conducted, consisting of 4 to 6 students. Students’ experiences with the module confirmed its value in helping their self-regulated learning practices, including, setting goals, self-reflection, planning and time management. There was also a considerable number of responses from the students that have indicated that the module could benefit the first-year transition into university.
This presentation will cover the evidence and research that informed the content and design of the module We will provide some insight into the preliminary findings from quantitative and qualitative data analysis and discuss the development process of the module, including an overview of the learner experience (LX) design principles used to guide the design of the module, to help promote student engagement.
References
Balapumi, R., von Konsky, B. R., Aitken, A., & McMeekin, D. A. (2016). Factors Influencing University Students’ Self-regulation of Learning: An Exploratory Study. In Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (pp. 51–59). New York, NY, USA: ACM. http://doi.org/10.1145/2843043.2843067
Broadbent, J., & Poon, W. (2015). Self-regulated learning strategies & academic achievement in online higher education learning environments: A systematic review. The Internet and Higher Education, 27, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.007
Hawe, E., Lightfoot, U., & Dixon, H. (2019). First-year students working with exemplars: promoting self-efficacy, self-monitoring and self-regulation. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1349894
Lear, E., Li, L., & Prentice, S. (2016). Developing academic literacy through self-regulated online learning. Student Success, 7(1), 13-23.
Winne, P. H., & Perry, N. (2000). Chapter 16—Measuring Self-Regulated Learning. In Handbook of Self-Regulation (pp. 531–566). Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232472158_Measuring_Self-Regulated_Learning
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GÜRER, ÖMER FEYZİ, NURAN SARICA-FILOREAU, MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN, ERCAN SANGU i BÜLENT DOĞAN. "Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey". Geological Magazine 146, nr 5 (31.03.2009): 652–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809006359.
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AbstractOblique and normal fault systems exposed in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) region record two successive and independent complex tectonic events. The first group tectonic event is defined by an E–W extension related to N–S contraction and transpression. This group is responsible for the development of NW- and NE-trending conjugate pairs of oblique faults which controlled Early–Middle Miocene basin formation. Between the Early–Middle Miocene and Plio-Quaternary strata exists an unconformity, indicating a period of folding, uplift and severe erosion associated with N–S shortening. The second group of events was the change in tectonic regime from E–W extension to N–S extension which controlled the formation of the Büyük Menderes Graben by three progressive pulses of deformation. The first pulse of extensional deformation was initially recorded in the region by the exhumation of the deep part of the Menderes Massif (MM) with the development of the E-trending Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault (BMDF). The minimum age of this pulse is constrained by the older Plio-Quaternary fluviatile deposits of the Büyük Menderes Graben that range in age from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary interval to Late Pleistocene. The second pulse, which is marked by the rapid deposition of alluvial deposits, initiated the formation of approximately E–W-trending high-angle normal faults synthetic and antithetic to the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, on the northern margin during Holocene times. These faults are interpreted as secondary steeper listric faults that merge with the main Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault at depth. The third pulse was the migration of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre to the present day position by diachronous activity of secondary steeper listric faults. These steeper faults are the most seismically active tectonic elements in western Turkey. According to the stratigraphic and structural data, the N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben region produced a progressive deformation phase with different pulses during its Plio-Quaternary evolution, with migration of deformation from the master fault to the hangingwall. The formation of diachronous secondary synthetic and antithetic steeper faults on the upper plate of the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, hence the southward migration of the deformation and of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre, should be related to the evolution of detachment in the region. The presence of the seismically active splays of secondary faults implies an active detachment system in the region. This young Plio-Quaternary N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben may be attributed to the combined effects of the two continuing processes in Aegean region. The first process is back-arc spreading or probably the roll-back of African slab below the south Aegean Arc, which seems to be responsible for the change in the stress tensor from E–W extension to N–S extension. The second and later event is the southwestward escape of the Anatolian block along its boundary fault, that is, the North Anatolian fault (NAF).
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ERWIN, TERRY L. "The beetle family Carabidae of Costa Rica: The genus Epikastea Liebke of the Plochonida Group, with new Neotropical species and notes on their way of life (Insecta: Coleoptera, Lebiini, Agrina)". Zootaxa 790, nr 1 (22.12.2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.790.1.1.
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Genus Epikastea Liebke 1936, of the Plochionida Group of Subtribe Agrina, Lebiini, with six species is revised. Subtribe Agrina consists of those species formerly included in the Subtribe Calleidina. The species of Epikastea Liebke 1936 are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. One species occurs in Costa Rica; five are new South American species and are here assigned to this genus. The five new species described are: Epikastea biolat Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W), Epikastea grace Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea mancocapac Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea piranha Erwin, n. sp. (ECUADOR. ORELLANA, Hauorani Territory, Camp Pira a, 0 39' 25.685" S, 76 27' 10.813" W), Epikastea poguei Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W). A definition of the Plochionida Group and an identification key to the Western Hemisphere genera included are provided. A key to the known species of Epikastea Liebke is given. Distribution data are provided for all species and a map is provided for the Costa Rican taxon. Adults of Epikastea Liebke have been found on rotting logs in rainforests and fogged from the canopy of tropical trees and palms.
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Wood, Bruce W., i Deane Stahmann. "Hedge Pruning Pecan". HortTechnology 14, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.1.0063.
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An ever increasing cost:price squeeze on the profitability of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) farming is driving a search for alternate husbandry approaches. `Wichita' and `Western' trees maintained at relatively high tree population density, by mechanized hedge pruning and topping, produced greater nut yield than an orchard treatment in which tree population density was reduced by tree thinning (144% for `Wichita' and 113% for `Western Schley'). Evaluation of three different hedge pruning strategies, over a 20-year period, identified a discrete canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using a 2-year cycle, as being superior to that of a discrete canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using an 8-year cycle, but not as good as a continuous canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using a 1-year cycle. An evaluation of 21 commercial cultivars indicated that nut yields of essentially all cultivars can be relatively high if properly hedge pruned [annual in-shell nut yields of 2200 to 3626 lb/acre (2465.8 to 4064.1 kg·ha-1), depending on cultivar]. Comparative alternate bearing intensity and nut quality characteristics are reported for 21 cultivars. These evaluations indicate that pecan orchards can be highly productive, with substantially reduced alternate bearing, when managed via a hedge-row-like pruning strategy giving narrow canopies [3403 lb/acre (3814.2 kg·ha-1) for `Wichita' and 3472 lb/acre (3891.5 kg·ha-1) for `Western Schley']. North-south-oriented (N-S) hedgerows produced higher yields that did east-west (E-W) hedgerows (yield for N-S `Wichita' was 158% that of E-W trees and N-S `Western Schley' was 174% that of E-W trees).These data indicate that mechanized hedge pruning and topping offers an attractive alternative to the conventional husbandry paradigm.
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Över, Semir, Süha Özden, Esra Kalkan Ertan, Fatih Turhan, Zeynep Coşkun i Ali Pınar. "20 July 2017 Bodrum-Kos Earthquake (Mw:6.6) in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey". Earth Sciences Research Journal 25, nr 3 (27.10.2021): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n3.87080.
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In the Aegean Sea, the western part of Gökova Gulf, Kos and Bodrum were struck by a 6.6 (Mw) earthquake on July 20, 2017. The fault plane solution for the main shock shows an E-W striking normal type fault with approximately N-S (N4°E) tensional axis (T-axis). Fault plane solutions of 33 aftershocks show two groups of normal type fault with E-W and NE-SW to ENE-WSW orientations. The inversion of the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks yields two different normal faulting stress regimes: one is characterized by an approximately N-S (N5°E) σ3 axis (minimum horizontal stress axis). This extension is obtained from 13 focal mechanisms of aftershocks with approximately E-W direction. The other is characterized by approximately NW-SE (N330°E) σ3 axis. The latter is calculated from 21 seismic faults of aftershocks with approximately NE-SW direction. These aftershocks occurred on relatively small-scale faults that were directed from NE-SW to ENE-WSW, and possibly contributed to expansion of the basin in the west. The 24 focal mechanisms of earthquakes which occurred since 1933 in and around Gökova Basin are introduced into the inversion analysis to obtain the stress state effective in a wider region. The inversion yields an extensional stress regime characterized by an approximately N-S (N355°E) σ3 axis. The E-W directional metric faults, measured in the central part of Gökova Fault Zone bordering the Gökova Gulf in the north, also indicate N-S extension. The NE-SW extension obtained from NE-SW aftershocks appears to be more local and is responsible for the expansion of the western part of the asymmetric Gökova Basin. This N-S extension which appears to act on a regional-scale may be attributed to the geodynamic effects related to the combined forces of the southwestward extrusion of Anatolia and the roll-back process of African subduction beneath Anatolia.
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Singh, Dharmaveer, R. D. Gupta i Sanjay K. Jain. "GCMs Derived Projection of Precipitation and Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Variation over N-W Himalayan Region". Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9, nr 1 (30.08.2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15578.
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The ensembles of two Global Climate Models (GCMs) namely, third generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) and Hadley Center Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3) are used to project future precipitation in a part of North-Western (N-W) Himalayan region, India. Statistical downscaling method is used to downscale and generate future scenarios of precipitation at station scale from large scale climate variables obtained from GCMs. The observed historical precipitation data has been collected for three metrological stations, namely, Rampur, Sunni and Kasol falling in the basin for further analysis. The future trends and patterns in precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model, and A2 and B2 for HadCM3 model are analyzed for these stations under three different time periods: 2020’s, 2050’s and 2080’s. An overall rise in mean annual precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model have been noticed for future periods: 2020’s, 2050’s and 2080’s. Decrease, in precipitation has been found under A2 and B2 scenarios of HadCM3 model for 2050’s and slight increase for 2080’s periods. Based on the analysis of results, CGCM3 model has been found better for simulation of precipitation in comparison to HadCM3 model.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 9(1) 2015, p.1-14
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Fadnavis, Suvarna, Prashant Chavan, Akash Joshi, Sunil M. Sonbawne, Asutosh Acharya, Panuganti C. S. Devara, Alexandru Rap, Felix Ploeger i Rolf Müller. "Tropospheric warming over the northern Indian Ocean caused by South Asian anthropogenic aerosols: possible impact on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, nr 11 (3.06.2022): 7179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7179-2022.
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Abstract. Atmospheric concentrations of South Asian anthropogenic aerosols and their transport play a key role in the regional hydrological cycle. Here, we use the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ chemistry–climate model to show the structure and implications of the transport pathways of these aerosols during spring (March–May). Our simulations indicate that large amounts of anthropogenic aerosols are transported from South Asia to the northern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. These aerosols are then lifted into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) by the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, where they enter the westerly jet. They are further transported to the Southern Hemisphere (∼15–30∘ S) and downward (320–340 K) via westerly ducts over the tropical Atlantic (5∘ S–5∘ N, 10–40∘ W) and Pacific (5∘ S–5∘ N, 95–140∘ E). The carbonaceous aerosols are also transported to the Arctic, leading to local heating (0.08–0.3 K per month, an increase by 10 %–60 %). The presence of anthropogenic aerosols causes a negative radiative forcing (RF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) (−0.90 ± 0.089 W m−2) and surface (−5.87 ± 0.31 W m−2) and atmospheric warming (+4.96 ± 0.24 W m−2) over South Asia (60–90∘ E, 8–23∘ N), except over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (75–83∘ E, 23–30∘ N), where RF at the TOA is positive (+1.27 ± 0.16 W m−2) due to large concentrations of absorbing aerosols. The carbonaceous aerosols lead to in-atmospheric heating along the aerosol column extending from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere (0.1 to 0.4 K per month, increase by 4 %–60 %) and in the lower stratosphere at 40–90∘ N (0.02 to 0.3 K per month, increase by 10 %–60 %). The increase in tropospheric heating due to aerosols results in an increase in water vapor concentrations, which are then transported from the northern Indian Ocean–western Pacific to the UTLS over 45–45∘ N (increasing water vapor by 1 %–10 %).
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Zhang, Dongxiao, Michael J. McPhaden i William E. Johns. "Observational Evidence for Flow between the Subtropical and Tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic Subtropical Cells*". Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, nr 8 (1.08.2003): 1783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2408.1.
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Abstract This study determines the mean pathways and volume transports in the pycnocline and surface layer for water flowing between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean, using potential vorticity, salinity, geostrophic flow maps on isopycnal surfaces, and surface drifter velocities. In both hemispheres, subducted salinity maximum waters flow into the Tropics in the pycnocline along both interior and western boundary pathways. The North Atlantic ventilating trajectories are confined to densities between about 23.2 and 26.0 σθ, and only about 2 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s–1) of water reaches the Tropics through the interior pathway, whereas the western boundary contributes about 3 Sv to the equatorward thermocline flow. Flow on shallower surfaces of this density range originates from the central Atlantic near 40°W between 12° and 16°N whereas flow on the deeper surfaces originates from near 20°W just off the coast of Africa at higher latitudes. The pathways skirt around the potential vorticity barrier located under the intertropical convergence zone and reach their westernmost location at about 10°N. In the South Atlantic, about 10 Sv of thermocline water reaches the equator through the combination of interior (4 Sv) and western boundary (6 Sv) routes in a slightly higher density range than in the North Atlantic. Similar to the North Atlantic, the shallower layers originate in the central part of the basin (along 10°–30°W at 10°–15°S) and the deeper layers originate at higher latitudes from the eastern part of the basin. However, the ventilation pathways are spread over a much wider interior window in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere that at 6°S extends from 10°W to the western boundary. The equatorward convergent flows in the thermocline upwell into the surface layer and return to the subtropics through surface poleward divergence. As much as 70% of the tropical Atlantic upwelling into the surface layer is associated with these subtropical circulation cells, with the remainder contributed by the warm return flow of the large-scale thermohaline overturning circulation.
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Gonzalez-Avila, Georgina, Bettina Sommer, A. Armando Garcia-Hernandez, Carlos Ramos, Javier Delgado, Lilia Vazquez, Rosa A. Gonzalez, Cuauhtemoc Sandoval i Edgar Flores-Soto. "Matrix Metalloproteinases and Stress Hormones in Lung Cancer Progression". Journal of Oncology 2022 (29.09.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5349691.
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Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and psychological stress are associated with poor cancer prognosis. The current work goal was to determine MMPs’ and stress hormones’ blood concentrations from lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) patients. Patients were divided into the following groups: tobacco smokers (TS), wood smoke-exposed (W), passive smokers (PS), TS exposed to wood smoke (TW), and patients with no recognizable risk factor (N). MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol blood concentrations were measured by ELISA. Zymography and Western blot assays were performed to determine MMP-2 and MMP-9 active and latent forms. MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 blood concentrations, and MMP-9 gelatinase activity were augmented, while MMP-12, MMP-14, and TIMP-2 were diminished in LAC patients. Cortisol was increased in LAC samples. Adrenaline concentrations were higher in W, TS, and TW, and noradrenaline was increased in W and N groups. Positive correlations were observed among cortisol and TIMP-1 ( r s = 0.392 ) and TIMP-2 ( r s = 0.409 ) in the W group and between noradrenaline and MMP-2 ( r s = 0.391 ) in the N group. MMPs’ blood concentration increments can be considered as lung cancer progression markers. Although stress hormones were also augmented, only weak correlations were observed between them and MMPs and TIMPs.
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Junawaroh, Siti. "DESKRIPSI PERBEDAAN FONOLOGI BAHASA -BAHASA DI WILAYAH BARAT PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH". HUMANIKA 23, nr 2 (1.12.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v23i2.13639.
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Study description phonology differences in the western region of Central Java Province include Javanese and Sundanese used side by side in the region of Brebes and Cilacap . In the study dialectology , phonology deskription serves to illustrate the differences and variations correspondence contained in the observation point. For the western region of Central Java province contained the correspondence was perfect and less than perfect correspondence . Perfect correspondence in the form of correspondence sound b- w . Correspondence less than perfect form of correspondence h- Ø , In addition , there are also variations consonants d-n, h-k , h-ng , h-s , g-k , w-c , K- Ø and vocal variety , i-e , u-o , u-a ,VV - V ,V - Ø.
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Nguyen Manh, Hung, i Tieng Hoang Dinh. "Bien Dong seafloor spreading and its influence to formation & development of sedimentary basins". Science and Technology Development Journal 17, nr 3 (30.09.2014): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1494.
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The paper presents the characteristics of Bien Dong seafloor spreading which including two parts: The Eastern part is quite large, in which developed by Eastern- Western orientation (spreading on N-S). The Southern- Western part gradually changed its orientation from E-W into East- North and in to South- West at the end (spreading SE- NW). There are two main dynamic resources created the spreading and deformation: The appearance of thermal abnormality by mantle plume occurred 36 M.a. until 14 M.a. The Eastern thermal anomalies continued to develop follow this orientation. In the SW- part the thermal anomalies changed it orientation from E-W into NE- SW 26 M.a and gradually developing toward S-W. Since 14 M.a, both two these trends been stopped, began to cooling and shrinkage. The abnormal existence caused pinchout and rifting the continental crust in Bien Dong Center and generating new oceanic crust as well. The uplift and variation of thermal abnormality (basalt magma) raised up the favorable conditions to forming, developing and varying the axis of Bien Dong spreading seafloor. The all above synthetic activities created favorable conditions for generation and development a series of deep fault systems with E-W direction in Eastern part and NE- SW direction in Southern-Western direction in remain part, and created and evolved the sedimentary basins in margins of Bien Dong with along the main deep fault system.
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Széchy, Maria Teresa M. de, Patrícia M. Guedes, Maria Helena Baeta-Neves i Eduardo N. Oliveira. "Verification of Sargassum natans (Linnaeus) Gaillon (Heterokontophyta: Phaeophyceae) from the Sargasso Sea off the coast of Brazil, western Atlantic Ocean". Check List 8, nr 4 (1.08.2012): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.638.
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The Sargasso Sea, named due to the floating presence of Sargassum fluitans and S. natans, is usually reported for the tropical region of the Northern Hemisphere. On 14 July 2011, at 02°45’ N and 48°28’ W, samples of pelagic seaweed masses were collected by the Patrol Ship Bracuí of the Brazilian Navy. The seaweed was identified as S. natans, previously considered as of doubtful occurrence in Brazil.
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Saunders, W. W. "XII. Remarks on the Habits and Economy of a Species of Oiketicus found on Shrubs in the Vicinity of Sydney, N. S. W." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 5, nr 2 (24.04.2009): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1847.tb01697.x.
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Shang, Xiaodong, Yongfeng Qi, Guiying Chen, Changrong Liang, Rolf G. Lueck, Brett Prairie i Hua Li. "An Expendable Microstructure Profiler for Deep Ocean Measurements". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, nr 1 (styczeń 2017): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0083.1.
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AbstractMeasurements of turbulence in the deep ocean, particularly close to the bottom, are extremely sparse because of the difficulty and operational risk of obtaining deep profiles near the seafloor. A newly developed expendable instrument—the VMP-X (Vertical Microstructure Profiler–Expendable)—carries two microstructure shear probes to measure the fluctuations of vertical shear into the dissipation range and can profile down to a depth of 6000 m. Data from nine VMP-X profiles in the western Pacific Ocean near 11.6°N over rough topography display bottom-intensified turbulence with dissipation rates increasing by two factors of 10 to 4 W kg−1 within 200 m above the bottom. In contrast, over smooth topography in the southern South China Sea near 11°N, three profiles show that turbulence in the bottom boundary layer increases only slightly, with dissipation rates reaching 1 W kg−1. The eddy diffusivity over rough topography reached to 5 m2 s−1. The average diffusivity over all depths was 0.3 and 0.9 m2 s−1 for the tests in the southern South China Sea and in the western Pacific Ocean, respectively, and these values are much larger than previous estimates of less than ≈0.1 m2 s−1 for the main thermocline.
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Mason, E., A. M. P. Santos i Á J. Peliz. "Western Iberian winter wind indices based on significant wind events". Ocean Science Discussions 2, nr 2 (11.04.2005): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-2-105-2005.
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Abstract. Wind speed data obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis project are used to construct winter (November–March) wind indices for the western Iberian Peninsula. The data used represent a 2.5&deg square area, centred at 41.0&deg N, 9.4&deg W, over the period 1948-2003. The NCEP data are well correlated with a time-series (1980–2001) of wind measurements from the Cape Carvoeiro lighthouse on the western Portuguese coast (39.4&deg N, 9.4&deg W). The new indices, of which there are four corresponding to northerlies, easterlies, southerlies and westerlies, constitute measures of numbers of significant wind event days, where a significant wind event is defined to be 4 or more consecutive days of wind speeds exceeding 4 m s-1. Results show both intra- and inter-annual variations in the numbers of significant wind event days, as well as clear decadal trends. A comparison between a hybrid index, composed of the numbers of significant northerly and easterly wind event days - both promote offshore transport, which is thought to have a negative impact on pelagic fish recruitment - and western Iberian sardine catch data, reveal an extensive period of significant negative correlation. The relationship over the most recent period, ~1999–2000, is unclear.
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Canérot, Joseph. "The pull apart-type Tardets-Mauléon Basin, a key to understand the formation of the Pyrenees". Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, nr 6 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017198.
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Contrary to recent conceptual models, we evidence that the Mauléon Basin does not only result from the Pyrenean tectonic inversion of an aborted Albian rift involving a N-S extreme crust thinning, with related detachment and mantle exhumation. It actually corresponds to an element of this rift system where E-W dominant regional sinistral strike slip faulting between its European and Iberian margins generated as early as the Latest Aptian (Clansayesian) an oblique pull apart-type basin: the Tardets-Sorholus Trough. Then, towards the Late to Latest Albian period, the active transverse, SW-NE oriented, Barlanès and Saison listric faults provided the main crustal thinning leading locally (Urdach) to mantle exhumation. Finally, at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous, the trough widened through transtension motion (N-S distension associated with E-W sinistral strike slip) leading to the creation of the Mauléon Basin. This geodynamic evolution gives to the Mauléon Basin its logical place between the western Bilbao Basin where oceanic crust developed through dominant N-S extension process and the central and eastern north Pyrenean basins where dominant E-W left lateral strike slip then transpressive motion preclude mantle denudation. From the Late to Latest Cretaceous, the inverted motion turning to generalized regional transpression led to the closure of the trough, then, by gradual uplift from east to west, to the formation of the Pyrenean range.
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Pavlakis, K. G., N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, A. Fotiadi i I. Vardavas. "ENSO surface shortwave radiation forcing over the tropical Pacific". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, nr 18 (18.09.2008): 5565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5565-2008.
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Abstract. We have studied the spatial and temporal variation of the downward shortwave radiation (DSR) at the surface of the Earth during ENSO events for a 21-year period over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40° S–40° N, 90° E–75° W). The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite data from the ISCCP-D2 database, reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR for the key atmospheric and surface input parameters, and aerosol parameters from GADS (acronyms explained in main text). A clear anti-correlation was found between the downward shortwave radiation anomaly (DSR-A) time-series, in the region 7° S–5° N 160° E–160° W located west of the Niño-3.4 region, and the Niño-3.4 index time-series. In this region where the highest in absolute value DSR anomalies are observed, the mean DSR anomaly values range from −45 Wm−2 during El Niño episodes to +40 Wm−2 during La Niña events. Within the Niño-3.4 region no significant DSR anomalies are observed during the cold ENSO phase in contrast to the warm ENSO phase. A high correlation was also found over the western Pacific (10° S–5° N, 120–140° E), where the mean DSR anomaly values range from +20 Wm−2 to −20 Wm−2 during El Niño and La Niña episodes, respectively. There is also convincing evidence that the time series of the mean downward shortwave radiation anomaly in the off-equatorial western Pacific region 7–15° N 150–170° E, precedes the Niño-3.4 index time-series by about 7 months and the pattern of this anomaly is indicative of ENSO operating through the mechanism of the western Pacific oscillator. Thus, the downward shortwave radiation anomaly is a complementary index to the SST anomaly for the study of ENSO events and can be used to assess whether or not El Niño or La Niña conditions prevail.
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Awin, Layth Ali, Steven W. Armfield, Nicholas Williamson, Michael P. Kirkpatrick i Wenxian Lin. "Numerical simulation for entrainment of forced turbulent fountains". ANZIAM Journal 60 (29.08.2019): C156—C171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v60i0.14051.
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Numerical simulations are used to investigate the entrainment for forced turbulent fountains over a range of Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers, with ranges based on the fountain source properties. Other fountain properties such as height and width are also examined to provide information on the general structure of the fountains. The results show that the fountains have minimal Reynolds number dependency, while they have a strong linear relation with the Froude number for the cases considered in this study. The entrainment coefficient is obtained as well as scaling constants for height and width in terms of the Froude number.
References G. Abraham. Jets with negative buoyancy in homogeneous fluid. J. Hydraul. Res., 5(4):235248, 1967. doi:10.1080/00221686709500209. W. D. Baines, J. S. Turner, and I. H. Campbell. Turbulent fountains in an open chamber. J. Fluid Mech., 212:557592, 1990. doi:10.1017/S0022112090002099. L. J. Bloomfield and R. C. Kerr. A theoretical model of a turbulent fountain. J. Fluid Mech., 424:197216, 2000. doi:10.1017/S0022112000001907. H. C. Burridge and G. R. Hunt. Entrainment by turbulent fountains. J. Fluid Mech., 790:407418, 2016. doi:10.1017/jfm.2016.16. I. H. Campbell and J. S. Turner. Fountains in magma chambers. J. Petrol., 30(4):885923, 1989. doi:10.1093/petrology/30.4.885. P. D. Friedman, V. D. Vadakoot, W. J. Meyer, and S. Carey. Instability threshold of a negatively buoyant fountain. Exp. Fluids, 42(5):751759, 2007. doi:10.1007/s00348-007-0283-5. D. D. Gray and A. Giorgini. The validity of the Boussinesq approximation for liquids and gases. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 19(5):545551, 1976. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(76)90168-X. N. B. Kaye and G. R. Hunt. Weak fountains. J. Fluid Mech., 558:319328, 2006. doi:10.1017/S0022112006000383. B. P. Leonard and S. Mokhtari. Beyond first-order upwinding: The ultra-sharp alternative for non-oscillatory steady-state simulation of convection. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 30(4):729766, 1990. doi:10.1002/nme.1620300412. T. J. McDougall. Negatively buoyant vertical jets. Tellus, 33(3):313320, 1981. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v33i3.10718. T. Mizushina, F. Ogino, H. Takeuchi, and H. Ikawa. An experimental study of vertical turbulent jet with negative buoyancy. Warme Stoffubertrag., 16(1): 1521, 1982. doi:10.1007/BF01322802. B. R. Morton. Forced plumes. J. Fluid Mech., 5(1):151163, 1959. doi:10.1017/S002211205900012X. S. E. Norris. A parallel NavierStokes solver for natural convection and free surface flow. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 2000. J. S. Turner. Jets and plumes with negative or reversing buoyancy. J. Fluid Mech., 26(4):779792, 1966. doi:10.1017/S0022112066001526. N. Williamson, N. Srinarayana, S. W. Armfield, G. D. McBain, and W. Lin. Low-Reynolds-number fountain behaviour. J. Fluid Mech., 608:297317, 2008. doi:10.1017/S0022112008002310. N. Williamson, S. W. Armfield, and W. Lin. Forced turbulent fountain flow behaviour. J. Fluid Mech., 671:535558, 2011. doi:10.1017/S0022112010005872. H. Zhang and R. E. Baddour. Maximum penetration of vertical round dense jets at small and large Froude numbers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(5):550553, 1998. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:5(550).
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Citko, Lilia. "Słowniki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim – przyczynek do historii (zachodnio)ruskiej leksykografii i leksyki". Acta Baltico-Slavica 40 (28.12.2016): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2016.003.
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Dictionaries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – a Contribution to the History of (Western)Ruthenian Lexicography and Word-Inventory In the article an attempt to describe the oldest Western Ruthenian dictionary has been made. The analysis is based on the following texts: 1) Leksis s tolkovanīem slovenskikh mov prosto of the first part of the 16th century, 2) Leksis siriech rechenïia v"krat"tsie s"bran(")ny. I īz slove(n)skago iazyka naprosty(ĭ) ruskīĭ diale(k)t istol(")kovany L,Z by L. Zizaniy (Vilno 1596), 3) Leksīkon slavenorosskīĭ ī imen tl"kovanīe by P. Berynda (Kiev 1627), 4) Sinonima slavenorosskaia (the end of the 17th century). The focus of attention is directed to lexicographic specificity of the antique texts, the elements of their macro- and microstructures, sources and techniques of material documentation, which made it possible to observe the evolution of lexicographers` methodological procedure in the range of the structure of an entry, e.g.: efforts to introduce grammatical information, qualifiers (mostly etymological and stylistic), and material exemplification.Dictionaries, which were essentially used to learn the language of liturgical celebration, contained religious vocabulary. It should be noted, however, that their authors introduced Ruthenian words of various thematic groups and stylistic registers to the translated parts of lexicons. In Berynda`s dictionary Polish loan words appeared as entries. Słowniki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim – przyczynek do historii (zachodnio)ruskiej leksykografii i leksykiW artykule podjęto próbę charakterystyki najstarszych słowników zachodnioruskich na podstawie kilku źródeł: 1) Leksis s tolkovanīem slovenskikh mov prosto z pierwszej połowy XVI w.; 2) Leksis siriech rechenïia v"krat"tsie s"bran(")ny. I īz slove(n)skago iazyka naprosty(ĭ) ruskīĭ diale(k)t istol(")kovany L,Z W. Zizaniego (Wilno 1596); 3) Leksīkon slavenorosskīĭ ī imen tl"kovanīe P. Beryndy (Kijów 1627); 4) Sinonima slavenorosskaia (koniec XVII w.). Głównie uwagę skupiono na specyfice leksykograficznej zabytków, elementach ich makro-i mikrostruktury, źródłach oraz sposobach dokumentacji materiału. Pozwoliło to zaobserwować pewną ewolucję warsztatu metodologicznego leksykografów w zakresie budowy artykułu hasłowego, jak np. próby wprowadzania informacji gramatycznej, kwalifikatorów (głównie etymologicznych, stylistycznych) oraz egzemplifikacji materiałowej.Słowniki, przeznaczone zasadniczo do nauki języka liturgicznego i lektury ksiąg cerkiewnych, gromadziły przede wszystkim leksykę religijną. Należy jednak zauważyć, że do przekładowej części leksykonów ich autorzy wprowadzali słownictwo ruskie należące do różnych grup tematycznych i rejestrów stylistycznych. W charakterze wyrazów hasłowych słownika Beryndy mogły występować również pożyczki polskie.
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Nengomasha, E. M., R. A. Pearson i T. Smith. "The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe: 2. Performance compared with that of cattle when ploughing on different soil types using two plough types". Animal Science 69, nr 2 (październik 1999): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050876.
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AbstractThe work performance of two teams of four donkeys (heavy, 680 kg and light, 460 kg) and one pair of Jersey crossbred oxen (646 kg) was compared when they ploughed 4 hi day on four types of soil (clay, redsoil, sandy soil and sandy clay) using two types of plough, a conventional ox plough (40 kg) and a lighter prototype, the ‘Walco’ plough (32 kg) on an experimental farm. Work parameters were also measured with farmers’ cattle and donkey teams ploughing on f arms in Matobo and Nkayi districts. Working speed, power and effective field capacity (ETC) were higher for the ox-team (1·03 m/s, 920 W and 14·5 h/ha for the conventional plough and 0·99 m/s, 745 W and 13·9 h/hafor the Walco plough) and the heavier donkey team (0·87 m/s, 689 W and 14·2 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·87 m/s, 787 W and 17·3 h/hafor the Walco plough) than for the lighter donkey team (0·59 m/s, 461 W and 22·1 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·64 m/s, 445 W and 23·4 h/hafor the Walco plough). Expressed as a proportion of live weight or metabolic live weight there were no significant differences in draught forces exerted between teams but power output per unit live weight was greater in the ox-team than in the light donkey team but similar to that in the heavy donkey team. The Walco plough required a lower force (742 N) to operate than the conventional plough (816 N) but apart from this did not have any marked advantages over the conventional plough. On-farm, team sizes of donkeys varied from three to seven animals (team weight 340 kg to 1007 kg) and cattle team sizes from two to four animals (team weights 558 to 1709 kg). Regardless of team number, the heavier teams tended to out-perform the lighter teams (speed range 0·63 to 1·08 m/s, power 395 to 1136 W, EFC 9·1 to 25 h/ha)) with one exception, a well trained team of two oxen (team weight 879 kg, speed 1·02 m/s, power 775 W, EFC 9·1 h/ha). Donkeys tended to plough at a slower pace than oxen, with a lower power output, although when weight differences between teams were equalized (four heavy donkeys compared with two oxen), then there was little to chose between the species. Results suggested that teams of three or more donkeys can effectively be used for ploughing on the soils tested. The results highlighted the importance that team live weight and training/experience have in determining work performance.
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Roemmich, Dean, John Gilson, Josh Willis, Philip Sutton i Ken Ridgway. "Closing the Time-Varying Mass and Heat Budgets for Large Ocean Areas: The Tasman Box". Journal of Climate 18, nr 13 (1.07.2005): 2330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3409.1.
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Abstract The role of oceanic advection in seasonal-to-interannual balances of mass and heat is studied using a 12-yr time series of quarterly eddy-resolving expendable bathythermograph (XBT) surveys around the perimeter of a region the authors call the Tasman Box in the southwestern Pacific. The region contains the South Pacific’s subtropical western boundary current system and associated strong mesoscale variability. Mean geostrophic transport in the warm upper ocean (temperature greater than 12°C) is about 3.8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) southward into the box across the Brisbane, Australia–Fiji northern edge. Net outflows are 3.3 Sv eastward across the Auckland, New Zealand–Fiji edge, and 2.7 Sv southward across Sydney, Australia–Wellington, New Zealand. Mean Ekman convergence of 2.2 Sv closes the mass budget. Net water mass conversions in the upper ocean consist of inflow of waters averaging about 26°C and 35.4 psu balanced by outflow at about 18°C and 35.7 psu, and reflect the net evaporation and heat loss in the formation of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water. The mean heat balance shows good agreement between ocean heat flux convergence (42.3 W m−2), heat loss to the atmosphere from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (39.2 W m−2), and heat storage calculated from data in the box interior (1.3 W m−2). On interannual time scales, volume transport through the box ranges from about 1 to 9 Sv, with heat flux convergence ranging from about 20 to 60 W m−2. An interannual balance in the heat budget of the warm layer is achieved to within about 10 W m−2 (or 6 W m−2 for the upper 100 m alone). Maxima in the advective heat flux convergence occurred in 1993, 1997, and 1999–2000, and corresponded to maxima in air–sea heat loss. The evolution of surface-layer temperature in the region is the residual of nearly equal and opposing effects of ocean heat flux convergence and air–sea exchange. Hence, ocean circulation is a key element in the interannual heat budget of the air–sea climate system in the western boundary current region.
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O'Donovan, J. T., Y. Anbessa, C. A. Grant, A. L. Macleod, M. J. Edney, M. S. Izydorczyk, T. K. Turkington i in. "Relative responses of new malting barley cultivars to increasing nitrogen rates in western Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, nr 5 (wrzesień 2015): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-415.
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O'Donovan, J. T., Anbessa, Y., Grant, C. A., Macleod, A. L., Edney, M. J., Izydorczyk, M. S., Turkington, T. K., Juskiw, P. E., Lafond, G. P., May, W. E., Harker, K. N., Johnson, E. N., Beres, B. L., McAllister, T. A., Smith, E. G. and Chapman, W. 2015. Relative responses of new malting barley cultivars to increasing nitrogen rates in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 831–839. Only about 25% of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is selected for malting annually in western Canada due to quality issues. While nitrogen (N) fertilization can increase yield, it can also impair quality by increasing protein to unacceptable levels. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of relatively new malting barley cultivars (Bentley, Major, CDC Meredith, and Merit 57) to increasing N rates compared to the response of AC Metcalfe, the most commonly grown malting cultivar. Experiments were conducted at seven locations in western Canada in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Nitrogen was banded at seeding at 0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 kg ha−1. All the new varieties produced higher yield (5 to 11%) than AC Metcalfe. Barley kernel yield and protein concentration increased with N rate. However, Merit 57, CDC Meredith and Bentley produced significantly lower protein concentration in response to N than AC Metcalfe and Major. The newer cultivars displayed higher N utilization efficiency than AC Metcalfe, possibly due to partitioning proportionally more N into leaf chlorophyll development. The higher leaf chlorophyll content may have enabled increased photosynthesis and a more efficient utilization of N for grain formation. Bentley produced the least tillers and had the highest kernel plumpness, while Merit 57 had the lowest kernel plumpness. CDC Meredith lodged most followed by Merit 57, while Major and Bentley lodged least, especially at the higher N rates. Merit 57 and CDC Meredith took longer to mature than the other cultivars but yielded well at relatively short growing season locations.
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Martell, Mark S., Charles J. Henny, Peter E. Nye i Matthew J. Solensky. "Fall Migration Routes, Timing, and Wintering Sites of North American Ospreys as Determined by Satellite Telemetry". Condor 103, nr 4 (1.11.2001): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.4.715.
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Abstract Satellite telemetry was used to determine fall migratory movements of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in the United States. Study areas were established along the lower Columbia River between Oregon and Washington; in north-central Minnesota; on Shelter Island, New York; and in southern New Jersey. Seventy-four adults (25 males, 49 females) were tracked from 1995 through 1999. Migration routes differed among populations but not by sex. Western Ospreys migrated through California and to a lesser degree other western states and wintered in Mexico (88%), El Salvador (6%), and Honduras (6%) (25.9°N to 13.0°N and 108.3°W to 87.3°W). Minnesota Ospreys migrated along three routes: (1) through the Central U.S. and then along the east coast of Mexico, (2) along the Mississippi River Valley, then across the Gulf of Mexico, or (3) through the southeastern U.S., then across the Caribbean. East Coast birds migrated along the eastern seaboard of the U.S., through Florida, and across the Caribbean. Midwestern birds wintered from Mexico south to Bolivia (22.35°N to 13.64°S, and 91.75°W to 61.76°W), while East Coast birds wintered from Florida to as far south as Brazil (27.48°N to 18.5°S and 80.4°W to 57.29°W). Dates of departure from breeding areas differed significantly between sexes and geographic regions, with females leaving earlier than males. Western birds traveled a shorter distance than either midwestern or eastern Ospreys. Females traveled farther than males from the same population, which resulted in females typically wintering south of males. Rutas de Migración Otoñales, Coordinación y Sitios de Invernada de Pandion haliaetus Determinados por Telemetría Satelital Resumen. Se utilizó telemetría satelital para determinar los movimientos de migración de otoño de individuos de Pandion haliaetus que nidifican en los Estados Unidos. Las áreas de estudio se establecieron a lo largo del Río Columbia entre Oregon y Washington; en el centro-norte de Minnesota; en la Isla Shelter, Nueva York; y en el sur de Nueva Jersey. Setenta y cuatro adultos (25 machos, 49 hembras) fueron seguidos mediante telemetría desde 1995 hasta 1999. Las rutas de migración se diferenciaron entre poblaciones pero no entre sexos. Los individuos de P. haliaetus del oeste, migraron a través de California y en menor grado a través de otros estados del oeste e invernaron en México (88%), El Salvador (6%) y Honduras (6%) (25.9°N a 13.0°N y 108.3°O a 87.3°O). Las aves de Minnesota migraron a lo largo de tres rutas: (1) a través del los E.E.U.U. centrales y luego a lo largo de la costa este de México, (2) a lo largo del valle del Río Mississippi y luego a través del Golfo de México, o (3) a través del sur de los E.E.U.U. y luego a través del Caribe. Las aves de la costa este, migraron a lo largo de la costa este de los E.E.U.U., por Florida y a través del Caribe. Las aves del medio-oeste, invernaron desde México hacia el sur hasta Bolivia (22.35°N a 13.64°S, y 91.75°O a 61.76°O), mientras que las aves de la costa este invernaron desde Florida hasta tan al sur como Brasil (27.48°N a 18.5°S y 80.4°O a 57.29°O). Las fechas de partida desde las áreas de nidificación difirieron significativamente entre sexos y regiones geográficas, partiendo las hembras antes que los machos. Las aves del oeste viajaron distancias más cortas que las aves del medio-oeste y del este. Considerando una misma población, las hembras viajaron más lejos que los machos, lo que resultó en que las hembras invernaron típicamente más al sur que los machos.
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Ma, Caihong, Zheng Niu, Yan Ma, Fu Chen, Jin Yang i Jianbo Liu. "Assessing the Distribution of Heavy Industrial Heat Sources in India between 2012 and 2018". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, nr 12 (10.12.2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120568.
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The heavy industry in India has witnessed rapid development in the past decades. This has increased the pressures and load on the Indian environment, and has also had a great impact on the world economy. In this study, the Preparatory Project Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (NPP VIIRS) 375-m active fire product (VNP14IMG) and night-time light (NTL) data were used to study the spatiotemporal patterns of heavy industrial development in India. We employed an improved adaptive K-means algorithm to realize the spatial segmentation of long-term VNP14IMG data and artificial heat-source objects. Next, the initial heavy industry heat sources were distinguished from normal heat sources using a threshold recognition model. Finally, the maximum night-time light data were used to delineate the final heavy industry heat sources. The results suggest, that this modified method is a much more accurate and effective way of monitoring heavy industrial heat sources, and the accuracy of this detection model was higher than 92.7%. The number of main findings were concluded from the study: (1) the heavy industry heat sources are mainly concentrated in the north-east Assam state, east-central Jharkhand state, north Chhattisgarh and Odisha states, and the coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra. Many heavy industrial heat sources were also found around a line from Kolkata on the Eastern Indian Ocean to Mumbai on the Western Indian Ocean. (2) The number of working heavy industry heat sources (NWH) and, particularly, the total number of fire hotspots for each working heavy industry heat source area (NFHWH) are continuing to increase in India. These trends mirror those for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and total population of India between 2012 and 2017. (3) The largest values of NWH and NFHWH were in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha whereas the smallest negative values, the S l o p e _ N W H in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh were also the two largest values in the whole country. The smallest negative values of S l o p e _ N W H and S l o p e _ N F H W H were in Haryana. The S l o p e _ N F H W H in the mainland Gujarat had the second most negative value, while the value of the S l o p e _ N W H was the third-highest positive value.
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Nomikou, Paraskevi, Dimitris Evangelidis, Dimitrios Papanikolaou, Danai Lampridou, Dimitris Litsas, Yannis Tsaparas i Ilias Koliopanos. "Morphotectonic Analysis along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece". Geosciences 11, nr 2 (20.02.2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020102.
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On 30 October 2020, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.0 occurred north of Samos Island at the Eastern Aegean Sea, whose earthquake mechanism corresponds to an E-W normal fault dipping to the north. During the aftershock period in December 2020, a hydrographic survey off the northern coastal margin of Samos Island was conducted onboard R/V NAFTILOS. The result was a detailed bathymetric map with 15 m grid interval and 50 m isobaths and a morphological slope map. The morphotectonic analysis showed the E-W fault zone running along the coastal zone with 30–50° of slope, forming a half-graben structure. Numerous landslides and canyons trending N-S, transversal to the main direction of the Samos coastline, are observed between 600 and 100 m water depth. The ENE-WSW oriented western Samos coastline forms the SE margin of the neighboring deeper Ikaria Basin. A hummocky relief was detected at the eastern margin of Samos Basin probably representing volcanic rocks. The active tectonics characterized by N-S extension is very different from the Neogene tectonics of Samos Island characterized by NE-SW compression. The mainshock and most of the aftershocks of the October 2020 seismic activity occur on the prolongation of the north dipping E-W fault zone at about 12 km depth.
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BARTOV, YUVAL, i AMIR SAGY. "Late Pleistocene extension and strike-slip in the Dead Sea Basin". Geological Magazine 141, nr 5 (wrzesień 2004): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680400963x.
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A newly discovered active small-scale pull-apart (Mor structure), located in the western part of the Dead Sea Basin, shows recent basin-parallel extension and strike-slip faulting, and offers a rare view of pull-apart internal structure. The Mor structure is bounded by N–S-trending strike-slip faults, and cross-cut by low-angle, E–W-trending normal faults. The geometry of this pull-apart suggests that displacement between the two stepped N–S strike-slip faults of the Mor structure is transferred by the extension associated with the normal faults. The continuing deformation in this structure is evident by the observation of at least three deformation episodes between 50 ka and present. The calculated sinistral slip-rate is 3.5 mm/yr over the last 30 000 years. This slip rate indicates that the Mor structure overlies the currently most active strike-slip fault within the western border of the Dead Sea pull-apart. The Mor structure is an example of a small pull-apart basin developed within a larger pull-apart. This type of hierarchy in pull-apart structures is an indication for their ongoing evolution.
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Gambino, Salvatore, Giovanni Barreca, Valentina Bruno, Giorgio De Guidi, Carmelo Ferlito, Felix Gross, Mario Mattia, Luciano Scarfì i Carmelo Monaco. "Transtension at the Northern Termination of the Alfeo-Etna Fault System (Western Ionian Sea, Italy): Seismotectonic Implications and Relation with Mt. Etna Volcanism". Geosciences 12, nr 3 (10.03.2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030128.
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Offshore data in the western Ionian Sea indicate that the NW–SE-trending dextral shear zone of the Alfeo-Etna Fault System turns to the N–S direction near the Ionian coastline, where the extensional Timpe Fault System is located. Morpho-structural data show that NW–SE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults connect the Timpe Fault System with the upper slope of the volcano, where the eruptive activity mainly occurs along the N–S to NE–SW-trending fissures. Fault systems are related to the ~E–W-trending extension and they are seismically active having given rise to shallow and low-moderate magnitude earthquakes in the last 150 years. As a whole, morpho-structural, geodetic and seismological data, seismic profiles and bathymetric maps suggest that similar geometric and kinematic features characterize the shear zone both on the eastern flank of the volcano and in the Ionian offshore. The Alfeo-Etna Fault System probably represents a major kinematic boundary in the western Ionian Sea associated with the Africa–Europe plate convergence since it accommodates, by right-lateral kinematics, the differential motion of adjacent western Ionian compartments. Along this major tectonic alignment, crustal structures such as releasing bends, pull-apart basins and extensional horsetails occur both offshore and on-land, where they probably represent the pathway for magma uprising from depth.
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Csontos, László, István Dunkl, Gábor Vakarcs i Abid H. Abbaso. "Transversal folding in Himalaya foothill ranges". Földtani Közlöny 149, nr 3 (29.09.2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.23928/foldt.kozl.2019.149.3.255.
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The Himalayan foreland in N Pakistan, dissected by Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) contains spectacular salients and syntaxes. The lateral (N-S) boundaries between these salients and syntaxes around Kalabagh city and east-southeast of Islamabad were believed to host deep-seated lateral ramps with strike slip movements. However, seismic data in these two sectors suggest that there are N-S trending folds and locally east- or west-vergent thrusts that affect the Paleozoic-Paleogene cover of the Indian shield, as well as the Miocene-Pliocene molasse sediments. The proposed lateral ramps cannot be followed on the seismic and on maps either; instead, both maps and seismic data suggest folding, often on a regional scale of harder Paleo-Mesozoic-Paleogene and softer Oligo-Miocene-Pilo-Pleistocene cover. The NE corner of Surghar range is proposed to be formed of relaying thrust sheets with emergent heads composed of Paleozoic-Paleogene and its slightly detached Miocene molasse. These relaying imbricates are taken in a southward flexure generated by a major right lateral shear of a wide zone, where transpressive Riedel shears, en echelon anticlines and southwards flexed earlier thrust faults are the main elements (but a single, through-going Kalabagh fault is missing). The generation of mapped N-S trending folds and east-vergent thrusts preceded the formation of the wide shear zone and southwards flexing.Hazara syntaxis is interpreted as a major antiform that re-folded MBT and Panjal thrust around Oligo-Miocene molasse, itself forming an antiform (BOSSART ET AL. 1988). In our model we propose that the west-vergent Balakot thrust and deeper blind thrusts are in the core of this antiform. In the southern continuation we propose that folds in Miocene molasse continue from eastern Potwar region to western Kashmir and there appears no major break. These structures are also re-folded in a major antiform with N-S axial trend. Map analysis also suggests that N-S trending folds bending earlier main thrusts are occurring in a wide area south of the Indus-Tsangpo suture.Several independent geological and geophysical observations including mapping, seismic analysis, earlier measurements of strain axes and of paleomagnetic declinations suggest that the salients and syntaxes may have been much more linear in the past (although a total linearity is not realistic). It is proposed that the present-day undulating pattern may have been generated by N-S trending folds due to general (and episodic) E-W shortening. If the main fault zones were more linear, the relay pattern along their segments suggests a left lateral shear component along MBT and a mixed, locally left, locally right lateral component along MFT. Earlier (ZEITLER 1985) and now provided low temperature thermochronological ages strongly suggest a rather general episode of E-W shortening between 4-5 Ma for the whole northern Indian margin. However, there should have been original transversal dome formation as early as Oligocene (DIPIETRO ET AL. 2008). It is also clear that longer N-S shortening and shorter E-W shortening episodes should alternate eventually in a very short time frame, since earthquake focal mechanisms (LISA AND KHWAJA 2004, BURG ET AL. 2005) suggest the coexistence of E-W compression and NW-SE compression in Potwar.There are several potential explanations for generating E-W shortening and related structures in a general N-S shortening regime. Possibilities range from fault terminations of thrust faults at high angles in a particular zone (TREOLAR ET AL. 1992) to en echelon folding along a major right lateral E-W fault zone. However, we speculate that E-W shortening could be much more general, suggesting a mechanism that affects the whole of Indian plate. Possibly the best explanation is given by analogue models (REPLUMAZ ET AL. 2012) proposing major, slightly convergent confining boundaries. If applied to the northwards advance of India, the northwards converging boundaries generate secondary E-W shortening and east-or west-vergent orogens parallel to these boundaries.
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Veljkovic, Andrea, Murray Penner, Kevin Wing, Kaniza Zahra Abbas, Peter Salat, Johnny Lau, John E. Femino, Phinit Phisitkul, Annunziato Amendola i Alastair Younger. "Vancouver Foot and Ankle WNS (Wound, Nerve, and Systemic) Classification System for Foot and Ankle Orthopedic Surgery". Foot & Ankle International 39, nr 9 (4.06.2018): 1056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100718778022.
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Background: Adverse events require consistent recording to determine the effect of alternate treatments. This study was undertaken to evaluate the Vancouver Foot and Ankle WNS complication scale to capture complications (W: wound, N: nerve, S: systemic) to assist in outcome recording. Methods: Interrater reliability was tested in 2 settings: (1) between 2 blinded clinicians in a live clinical setting and (2) between 8 orthopedic surgeons using case vignettes based on a retrospective analysis of 500 foot and ankle procedures performed at the Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics. The intrarater reliability of the WNS scale was tested in a single rater using the case vignettes. Inter- and intrarater reliability were assessed using the Fleiss and Cohen weighted kappa ( k), respectively and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was adequate power over 0.8. Results: In the live clinical setting, the Cohen weighted k (95% CI) values for the W (0.935 [0.862, 1.01]), N (0.914 [0.752, 1.08]), and S (1 [1, 1]) parameters, indicating a near perfect level of agreement between raters. In the broader community of professional foot and ankle surgeons, the Fleiss k values (95% CI) had moderate agreement for the W (0.712 [0.688, 0.735]), N (0.775 [0.738, 0.811]), and high agreement for S (0.834 [0.802, 0.866]) parameters based on case vignettes. However, the Fleiss k values continued to indicate moderate to strong agreement between raters for all parameters. Conclusions: The WNS scale provided a standardized method of measuring foot and ankle surgical complications. There was at least moderate-strong interrater agreement for all parameters measured on case vignettes and excellent concordance in the live setting. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative series.
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Ho, A., J. R. White, J. B. Owen, A. Trentham-Dietz i J. F. Wilson. "Geographic disparity in the use of surgical management (SM) and radiotherapy (RT) for female breast cancer (BC) in Wisconsin (WI)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, nr 27_suppl (20.09.2011): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.27_suppl.209.
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209 Background: The WICaRE Program is a part of the cross sectional Patterns of Care Study–Breast and Prostate (PoC-BP) that sought to evaluate the patterns of BC care in the state WI and to identify areas for potential improvement in data collection and factors associated with variation in care. This study was to examine the geographic disparities in SM and the use of RT in female BC patients diagnosed in WI in 2004. Methods: The Wisconsin Cancer Reporting System (WCRS) receives reports from 130+ facilities. Information of patient (disease status, sociodemographic, treatment, county of residence) was obtained from cancer registries and supplemental data was reabstracted from medical charts across 66 counties. Geographic regions were counties grouped by WI Dept. of Health Services (DHS) as Northeastern (NE), Northern (N), Southeastern (SE), Southern (S), Western (W). Results: A total of 1037 cases were reported. 25% age 20-49, 49% age 50-69, and 28% age 70+; Caucasian had 82%, black 10% and others 8%. 34% had T1 stage, 9% T2, 4% T3+, and 53% TX-T0/unknown stage. 46% had reported mild comorbidity, 9% had moderate or severe comorbidity. Majority (73%) lived in the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). 29% patients from NE region, 10% from N, 36% SE, 17% S and 8% W. Patients in the S and W had significantly lower % who received RT (46 and 48% respectively) than those in NE (61%), N (62%) and SE (63%), p=0.01; % mastectomy (MA) by regions were 43% (NE), 42% (N), 33% (SE), 47% (S) and 35% (W), p=0.009. Multivariate models adjusting for disease status, comorbidity, and sociodemographic factors showed that patients in MSA region were more likely to have RT compared to those in non-MSA (odds ratio, OR=1.66, 95%CI=1.14-2.40), but those in S were less likely than those in SE (OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.38-0.91). Patients in MSA had a decreased likelihood of undergoing mastectomy. NE (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.08-2.29) and S (OR= 2.04, 95%CI=1.31-3.17) had significantly higher odds of having MA than those in SE. Conclusions: This study showed evidence of geographic disparity in medical care for BC patients in Wisconsin. Identifying factors mediating this disparity will help in developing appropriate treatment options and improving outcomes.
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O'Donovan, J. T., T. K. Turkington, M. J. Edney, P. E. Juskiw, R. H. McKenzie, K. N. Harker, G. W. Clayton i in. "Effect of seeding date and seeding rate on malting barley production in western Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, nr 2 (marzec 2012): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-130.
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O'Donovan, J. T., Turkington, T. K., Edney, M. J., Juskiw, P. E., McKenzie, R. H., Harker, K. N., Clayton, G. W., Lafond, G. P., Grant, C. A., Brandt, S., Johnson, E. N., May, W. E. and Smith, E. 2012. Effect of seeding date and seeding rate on malting barley production in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 321–330. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growers in western Canada often have difficulty achieving malting grade. This is usually due to unfavourable climatic conditions, but sub-optimal agronomic practices may also be a factor. Field experiments were conducted in 2006, 2007 and 2008 at eight locations in western Canada (24 site-years) to evaluate the effects of seeding date (relatively early and late) and seeding rate (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 seeds m−2) on AC Metcalfe barley yield and malt quality parameters. Delayed seeding often resulted in negative effects including increased protein concentration, decreased kernel plumpness and yield. However, at 6 site-years, higher yields occurred at the later seeding date. 300 seeds m−2 was usually optimal; maintained or improved yield, decreased protein concentration, increased kernel uniformity and time to seed maturity, and decreased tillering. In most cases, seeding at more than 300 seeds m−2 did not result in an improved outcome, and there was a risk of reduced yield and kernel plumpness at rates above this level. A multivariate analysis indicated that relatively low barley plant densities were associated primarily with northern locations with low soil pH.
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Hays, G. C., A. Mackay, C. R. Adams, J. A. Mortimer, J. R. Speakman i M. Boerema. "Nest site selection by sea turtles". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, nr 3 (sierpień 1995): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039084.
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The distribution of 38 nests of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) on beaches on Sanibel and Captiva islands, south-western Florida (26°26'N 82°16'W), and of 70 first digging attempts by green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on Ascension Island (7°57'S 14°22'W), was quantified. For loggerhead turtles on Sanibel and Captiva, nests were clumped close to the border between the open sand and the supra-littoral vegetation that backed the beaches. This spatial pattern of nests was closely reproduced by assuming simply that turtles crawled a random distance above the most recent high water line prior to digging. In contrast, green turtles on Ascension Island clumped their first digging attempts on the uneven beach above the springs high water line, crawling up to 80 m to reach this beach zone.
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Champagnac, Jean-Daniel, Bastien Delacou, Pierre Tricart, Christian Sue*, Martin Burkhard i Cécile Allanic. "Regional brittle extension in Quaternary sediments of Lanslebourg (Haute-Maurienne valley, western Alps)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 177, nr 4 (1.07.2006): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.177.4.215.
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Abstract Brittle tectonics of the internal zones of the Western Alps is characterized by important normal faulting and minor transcurent faulting. Two different directions of extension occur through time, but the age of transition remains unconstrained. In order to fill this gap, and to provide new neotectonic data, we studied faulted Quaternary peri-glacial deposits in the core of the W-Alpine belt (Contamines Quarry, Lanslebourg, Haute-Maurienne/Vanoise area). These glaciolacustrine and fluvio-glacial sediments are capped by a ground moraine, which is related to a small glacier advance that occurred during the latest deglaciation of the Arc Valley (Pleistocene-Holocene transition). The faults cross-cut the moraine and are younger than this latest glacier advance. They are not affected by ice-related loading and movement. These faults show normal components with moderate to high dips (50° to 80°) and small to medium vertical offsets (mm- to m- scale). Offsets are visible due to contrasted lithologies of the sediments. Conjugated dihedra with two fault orientations are recognized, namely N-S and NW-SE. These fault orientations are consistent with an E-W to ENE-WSW direction of extension, and an unknown (but possibly minor) part of transcurrence. This direction of extension is parallel to the Arc Valley, and to the downstream direction of the paleo-glacier, as well as to the shear direction of the loadcast structures created by the ice weight and flow. The different possible origins of the faults are discussed, but their orientation is likely to be tectonically driven. The directions of faulting are consistent with N-S and NW-SE regional faulting within the Cretaceous Schistes lustrés inferred by in situ analyses and remote sensing measurements. The distribution of faults in the quarry near a km-scale fault, as well as their cross-cutting relationships to the moraine and the shear figures, suggest that the faulting of the Quaternary sediments is guided by a regional (i.e. tectonic) stress field. Since the faulting is younger than the latest glacier advance (ca. 10 to 15 ky) and is consistent with the current orogen-perpendicular extension, we propose that the seismogenic extension occurred from (at least) the latest Pleistocene onward.
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Clément, L., E. Frajka-Williams, K. L. Sheen, J. A. Brearley i A. C. Naveira Garabato. "Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic". Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, nr 4 (kwiecień 2016): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0241.1.
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AbstractDespite the major role played by mesoscale eddies in redistributing the energy of the large-scale circulation, our understanding of their dissipation is still incomplete. This study investigates the generation of internal waves by decaying eddies in the North Atlantic western boundary. The eddy presence and decay are measured from the altimetric surface relative vorticity associated with an array of full-depth current meters extending ~100 km offshore at 26.5°N. In addition, internal waves are analyzed over a topographic rise from 2-yr high-frequency measurements of an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), which is located 13 km offshore in 600-m deep water. Despite an apparent polarity independence of the eddy decay observed from altimetric data, the flow in the deepest 100 m is enhanced for anticyclones (25.2 cm s−1) compared with cyclones (−4.7 cm s−1). Accordingly, the internal wave field is sensitive to this polarity-dependent deep velocity. This is apparent from the eddy-modulated enhanced dissipation rate, which is obtained from a finescale parameterization and exceeds 10−9 W kg−1 for near-bottom flows greater than 8 cm s−1. The present study underlines the importance of oceanic western boundaries for removing the energy of low-mode westward-propagating eddies to higher-mode internal waves.
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Chen, Han-Ching, Chung-Hsiung Sui, Yu-Heng Tseng i Bohua Huang. "An Analysis of the Linkage of Pacific Subtropical Cells with the Recharge–Discharge Processes in ENSO Evolution". Journal of Climate 28, nr 9 (1.05.2015): 3786–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00134.1.
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Abstract The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation, version 2.2.4 (SODA 2.2.4), analysis for the period of 1960–2010 is used to study the variability of Pacific subtropical cells (STCs) and its causal relation with tropical climate variability. Results show that the interior STC transport into the equatorial basin through 9°S and 9°N is well connected with equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) (9°S–9°N, 180°–90°W). The highest correlation at interannual time scales is contributed by the western interior STC transport within 160°E and 130°W. It is known that the ENSO recharge–discharge cycle experiences five stages: the recharging stage, recharged stage, warmest SST stage, discharging stage, and discharged stage. A correlation analysis of interior STC transport convergence, equatorial warm water volume (WWV), wind stress curl, and SST identifies the time intervals between the five stages, which are 8, 10, 2, and 8 months, respectively. A composite analysis for El Niño–developing and La Niña–developing events is also performed. The composited ENSO evolutions are in accordance with the recharge–discharge theory and the corresponding time lags between the above denoted five stages are 4–12, 6, 2, and 4 months, respectively. For stronger El Niño events, the discharge due to interior STC transport at 9°N terminates earlier than that at 9°S because of the southward migration of westerly winds following the El Niño peak phase. This study clarifies subsurface transport processes and their time intervals, which are useful for refinement of theoretical models and for evaluating coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model results.
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Rabe, Benjamin, Friedrich A. Schott i Armin Köhl. "Mean Circulation and Variability of the Tropical Atlantic during 1952–2001 in the GECCO Assimilation Fields". Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, nr 1 (1.01.2008): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3541.1.
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Abstract The shallow subtropical–tropical cells (STC) of the Atlantic Ocean have been studied from the output fields of a 50-yr run of the German partner of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (GECCO) consortium assimilation model. Comparison of GECCO with time-mean observational estimates of density and meridional currents at 10°S and 10°N, which represent the boundaries between the tropics and subtropics in GECCO, shows good agreement in transports of major currents. The variability of the GECCO wind stress in the interior at 10°S and 10°N remains consistent with the NCEP forcing, although temporary changes can be large. On pentadal and longer time scales, an STC loop response is found between the poleward Ekman divergence and STC-layer convergence at 10°S and 10°N via the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) at 23°W, where the divergence leads the EUC and the convergence, suggesting a “pulling” mechanism via equatorial upwelling. The divergence is also associated with changes in the eastern equatorial upper-ocean heat content. Within the STC layer, partial compensation of the western boundary current (WBC) and the interior occurs at 10°S and 10°N. For the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 10°S it is found that more than one-half of the variability in the upper limb can be explained by the WBC. The explained MOC variance can be increased to 85% by including the geostrophic (Sverdrup) part of the wind-driven transports.
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Middleton, Sandy, Carol Walker i Rosemary Chester. "Implementing root cause analysis in an area health service: views of the participants". Australian Health Review 29, nr 4 (2005): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050422.
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Purpose: This study identifies the attitudes of participants in the root cause analysis (RCA) process and barriers to it?s implementation within one New South Wales area health service. Method: Employees and consumer representatives of the former South Western Sydney Area Health Service who participated in an RCA as either a team member or a team leader between December 2002 and October 2003 completed a self-administered survey. Results: Thirty seven of 39 eligible participants completed the survey (response rate 95%). The respondents identified formulation of causal statements, ensuring the causal statements met the ?rules of causality? outlined by New South Wales Health, and arranging times for interviews as most difficult. Team leader respondents (n = 7) ranked keeping the team focused, organising the first meeting within 7 days of the incident, and completing the RCA in three 2-hour meetings as barriers to the process. Conclusions: Training was valued by participants, however greater emphasis on the development of causal statements could be beneficial. Team leaders expressed difficulty in keeping the team focused and meeting the stipulated RCA timeframes, suggesting that additional support for RCA participants may be warranted.
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Goda, Yoshimi, Masanobu Kudaka i Hiroyasu Kawai. "INCORPORATION OF WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION IN L-MOMENTS METHOD FOR". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 32 (21.01.2011): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.62.
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The L-moments of the Weibull distribution are derived and incorporated in the regional frequency analysis of peaksover-threshold significant wave heights at eleven stations along the eastern coast of Japan Sea. The effective duration of wave measurements varies from 18.0 to 37.2 years with the mean rate of 10.4 to 15.1 events per year. The eleven stations are divided into three regions to assure homogeneity of the data. Both the Weibull and Generalized Pareto (GPA) distributions fit well to the observed data. The 100-year wave height varied from 8.2 to 11.2 m by the Weibull and 7.6 to 10.3 m by the GPA. The GPA distribution is not recommended for determination of design waves for these stations because it has an inherent upper limit and a tendency of under-prediction.
References
Coles, S. 2001. An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values, Springer, 208p.
Goda, Y., Konagaya, O., Takeshita, N., Hitomi, H., and T. Nagai. 2000. Population distribution of extreme wave heights estimated through regional analysis, Coastal Engineering 2000 (Proc. 26th ICCE, Sydney), ASCE, Sydney, 1078-1091.
Greenwood, J A., J. M. Landwehr, N. C. Matalas, and J. R. Wallis. 1978. Probability weighted moments: Definition and relation to parameters of several distributions expressable in inverse form, Water Resources Res., Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 1049-1064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/WR015i005p01049
Hosking, J. R. M. 1990. L-moments: Analysis and estimation of distributions using linear combinations of order statistics, J. Roy. Statistical Soc., Series B, 52, pp. 105-24.
Hosking, J. R. M. and J. R. Wallis. 1997. Regional Frequency Analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press, 224p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529443
Ma, Q.-S., Li, Y.-B., and J. Li .2006. Regional frequency analysis of siginicant wave heights based on L-moments, China Ocean Engineering, 20(1), pp. 85-98.
Petruaskas, C. and P. M. Aagaard. 1971. Extrapolation of historical storm data for estimating design wave heights, J. Soc. Petroleum Engrg., 11, pp. 23-27.
van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M. 2000. Statistical Methods for the Risk-Based Design of Civil Structures, Ph.D. thesis Delft University of Technology, 249p.
van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., J. De Ronde, N. W. Neykov, and P. Neytchev. 2000. Regional frequency analysis of extreme wave heights: trading space for time, Coastal Engineering 2000
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Hadnagy, István. "Climatic conditions of wind energy use in the Polonyna Borzhava Mountains (Transcarpathia, Ukraine)". DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy 1, nr 2 (21.11.2020): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37281/drcsf/1.2.6.
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This paper deals with the statistical structure, seasonal peculiarities of wind climate at meteorological station Play (in Ukrainian: метеорологічна станція Плай, location: 48°40’1” N; 23°11’51” E, 1330 m above sea level) located in the Polonyna Borzhava Mountain of the North-Eastern Carpathians. Furthermore, it determines significant parameters of exploiting wind energy. Weibull distribution was applied to determine specific wind power and characterize its annual course. Wind speed was analyzed together with the available daily and yearly course of wind power. Wind power density determined by means of distribution parameters at Play is 169.0 W/m2 and 8.0-9.0 m/s winds yield most energy over the year. The minimum number of energetically utilizable wind hours is in summer, while its maximum is in spring. On the territory represented by the measuring point, a 3 m/s start-up speed wind turbine could operate 63% time over the year. Finally, the periods were specified, and those wind directions were chosen that are richer in wind energy than others. The most frequent characteristic wind direction with the highest mean velocity in each season is south-western; its average relative frequency is 34.4%. Mean speed of characteristic wind directions is 5.8 m/s. South-western wind direction yields 47% of the total energy.
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Pavlakis, K. G., N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, A. Fotiadi i I. Vardavas. "ENSO surface shortwave radiation forcing over the tropical Pacific". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, nr 2 (7.04.2008): 6697–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6697-2008.
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Abstract. We have studied the spatial and temporal variation of the downward shortwave radiation (DSR) at the surface of the Earth during ENSO events for a 21-year period over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40° S–40° N, 90° E–75° W). The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite data from the ISCCP-D2 database, reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR for the key atmospheric and surface input parameters, and aerosol parameters from GADS (acronyms explained in main text). A clear anti-correlation was found between the downward shortwave radiation anomaly (DSR-A) time-series, in the region 7° S–5° N 160° E-160° W located west of the Niño-3.4 region, and the Niño-3.4 index time-series. In this region where the highest in absolute value DSR anomalies are observed, the mean DSR anomaly values range from −45 Wm−2 during El Niño episodes to +40 Wm−2 during La Niña events. Within the Niño-3.4 region no significant DSR anomalies are observed during the cold ENSO phase in contrast to the warm ENSO phase. A high correlation was also found over the western Pacific (10° S–5° N, 120–140° E), where the mean DSR anomaly values range from +20 Wm−2 to −20 Wm−2 during El Niño and La Niña episodes, respectively. There is also convincing evidence that the time series of the mean downward shortwave radiation anomaly in the north subtropical Pacific region 7–15° N 150–170° E, precedes the Niño-3.4 index time-series by about 7 months. Thus, the downward shortwave radiation anomaly is a complementary index to the SST anomaly for the study of ENSO events and can be used to assess whether or not El Niño or La Niña conditions prevail.
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Robertson, N. L., i S. K. Brumfield. "First Report of Barley yellow streak mosaic virus-Infected Barley in Alaska". Plant Disease 84, nr 5 (maj 2000): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.595a.
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Barley yellow streak mosaic virus (BaYSMV) was first described and reported in Montana and Alberta, Canada, more than 17 years ago (1). Since then, it has been detected in two other locations: Pocatello Valley, ID (3), and across the border in Utah. BaYSMV has now been found in the Alaskan interior. In July 1999, dry-land barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in University of Alaska-Fairbanks experimental plots exhibited symptoms similar to those described for BaYSMV, including parallel chlorotic streaks and leaf banding. Mechanical inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with diseased barley sap produced systemic mosaic symptoms. As previously reported for BaYSMV sap-transmission tests (2), parallel inoculations to barley plants yielded no symptoms. Electron microscopy of leaf dips and minipurifications of infected N. benthamiana revealed long filamentous particles that matched the size and shape reported for BaYSMV (1). Ultrathin sections of diseased barley and N. benthamiana leaves displayed characteristic virus particles. BaYSMV was confirmed by immuno-sorbent electron microscopy assays (4) and western blot analysis with polyclonal antiserum. Long filamentous BaYSMV particles appeared only on grids coated with BaYSMV antiserum and exposed to diseased N. benthamiana sap. Total protein extracts from diseased barley tissue and inoculated N. benthamiana, as well as with protein extracted from partially purified preparations, were applied to a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis minigel and stained with Coomassie blue. Diseased samples, but not healthy controls, contained a protein of ≈33 kDa that was within the size range of a previously described protein from partially purified BaYSMV particles (2). Western blot analysis with an Immuno-Blot alkaline phosphatase assay system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) confirmed that the protein reacted with polyclonal BaYSMV. This is the first serological documentation of a BaYSMV-specific protein and that the ≈33-kDa protein is the main antigen recognized by the BaYSMV polyclonal antiserum. Based on virus particle shape and size, symptomology, mechanical transmission host range, and serology, we conclude that BaYSMV is associated with the barley disease observed. Barley yellow streak mosaic virus disease outbreaks are associated with recurring drought and are accompanied by infestations of the brown wheat mite vector, Petrobia latens Müller (1), so it is not surprising that this report coincides with abnormally dry conditions occurring throughout the 1990s in the interior of Alaska. References: (1) N. L. Robertson and T. W. Carroll. Science 240:1188, 1988. (2) N. L. Robertson and T. W. Carroll. Plant Dis. 75:839, 1991. (3) J. S. Skaf et al. Plant Dis. 76:861, 1992. (4) J. S. Skaf and T. W. Carroll. Plant Dis. 79:1003, 1995.
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Yang, Chengwei, Chenghu Wang, Mingruo Jiao, Yujiang Li i Pu Wang. "Multisource stress data constraints on Cretaceous—present regional tectonic stress field evolution in the southern Jinzhou area, North China Craton". Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 18, nr 6 (grudzień 2021): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxab068.
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Abstract Regional tectonic stress fields are key crustal stress elements that drive tectonic movements and are associated with regional tectonics and geological resources. Regional tectonic stress field evolution of the Jinzhou area, located in the eastern block of the North China Craton (NCC), may provide a deeper understanding of tectonics of western Liaoning and the NCC. This work conducted borehole television, hydraulic fracturing and focal mechanism solutions to invert the paleo and present regional tectonic stress fields. Four groups of tensile fracture in the southern Jinzhou area were identified via borehole television, and their azimuths were NNW–SSE, NWW–SEE, nearly W–E and NE–SW in temporal order representing four stages of extensional tectonic events. Hydraulic fracturing and focal mechanism solutions showed that the stress status was normal fault and strike-slip, revealing that the southern Jinzhou area is undergoing NEE–SWW-oriented compression and nearly N–S-oriented extension in accordance with the strike-slip mechanism. From the Early Cretaceous to the present, the direction of the regional extensional stress in the southern Jinzhou area has evolved counterclockwise and sequentially from NNW–SSE to NWW–SEE, W–E, NE–SW and nearly N–S, and the regional tectonic mechanism has transited from extension to extension-strike-slip to strike-slip, leading to the current tectonic framework.
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Georgieva, Emilia, Elena Hristova, Dimiter Syrakov, Maria Prodanova, Ilian Gospodinov i Blagorodka Veleva. "Sulfur and Nitrogen Depositions in BULGARIA—Model Results and Observations". Atmosphere 13, nr 2 (18.02.2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020343.
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Atmospheric deposition processes are of primary importance for human health, forests, agricultural lands, aquatic bodies, and ecosystems. South-East Europe is still characterized by numerous hot spots of elevated sulfur deposition, despite the reduction in European emission sources. The purpose of this study is to discuss the results from two chemical transport models and observations for wet and dry depositions of sulfur (S), reduced nitrogen (RDN) and oxidized nitrogen (OXN) in Bulgaria in 2016–2017. The spatial distribution and the domain main deposition values by EMEP MSC-W (model of the MSC-W Centre of the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmissions of Air Pollutants in Europe) and BgCWFS (Bulgarian Chemical Weather Forecast System) demonstrated S wet depositions to be higher than N depositions, and identified a rural area in south-east Bulgaria as a possible hot-spot. The chemical analysis of deposition samples at three sites showed a prevalence of sulfate in the western part of the country, and prevalence of Cl and Na at a coastal site. The comparison between modeled and observed depositions demonstrated that both models captured the prevalence of S wet depositions at all sites. Better performance of BgCWFS with an average absolute value of the normalized mean bias of 16% was found.
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Lee, Seong-Ho, Jihye Lee, Darshika Amarakoon, Zhiyuan Lou, Thomas Herald, Sarah Cox, Leela Noronha, Ramasamy Perumal i Dmitriy Smolensky. "Tumor Suppressive Activity of High Phenolic Sorghum Brans in Colon Cancer Mouse Model and Proposed Mechanisms". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa044_028.
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Abstract Objectives Colon cancer occupy third rank in the United States and its incidence is inversely associated with high consumption of plant-based diet including whole grains. Sorghum is one of broadly cultivated crops and the bran of sorghum contains high content of bioactive compounds including polyphenols. The current study was designed to examine if different type of high phenolic sorghum brans (PI570481, SC84 and Sumac) suppress tumor formation in genetic colon cancer mouse model and elucidate related biochemical and molecular mechanisms using human colon cancer cells. Methods Fifty-three ApcMin/+ mice (4-week old male and female) were assigned and provided with one of following diets; 1) control (n = 11), 2) low dose of PI570481 (7.5% w/w) (n = 11), 3) high dose of PI570481 (15% w/w) (n = 11), 4) SC84 (15% w/w) (n = 10) and 5) Sumac (15% w/w) (n = 10) for 6 weeks. All mice were treated with 2% dextran sodium sulfate for one week in drinking water at 5 weeks of age. The number and size of tumor were measured from the large intestine. For in vitro study, human colon cancer cell lines were treated with different doses (0, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) of high phenolic sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84 and Sumac). Transcriptional activity of β-catenin was analyzed by measuring luciferase activity of reporter gene (Top and Fop flash). Gene expression was analyzed by Western blot using specific antibodies. Results Feeding three different types of high phenolic sorghum brans (PI570481, SC84 and Sumac) to ApcMin/+ mice for 6 weeks did not change body weight and cause any toxicity. The tumor number and tumor load in the large intestine were significantly decreased in the mice treated with three types of high phenolic sorghum brans. Regarding mechanisms, treatment of high phenolic sorghum bran extracts repressed transcriptional activity of β-catenin and IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt in human colon cancer cells. Conclusions Our data propose a potential use of high phenolic sorghum brans as diets for the prevention of human colon cancer. Funding Sources Cooperative Agreement from USDA-ARS to University of Maryland (S-HL).
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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of Prosthetopine water beetles from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)". Zootaxa 1864, nr 1 (3.09.2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1864.1.1.
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New species of Hydraenidae are described in the genera Prosthetops Waterhouse (1), Pterosthetops Perkins (1), Parasthetops Perkins & Balfour-Browne (13), and Mesoceration Janssens (24). New collecting locality data are given for the following species described by Perkins & Balfour-Browne (1994): Parasthetops aeneus, P. nigritus, P. spinipes, P. curidius, Mesoceration distinctum, M. rivulare, M. jucundum, M. splendorum, M. rubidum, M. fusciceps, M. languidum, M. dissonum, M. rufescens, and M. brevigranum. High resolution digital images of the holotypes of new species are presented (online version in color), and male genitalia are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for all prosthetopine species in the genera Prosthetops, Pterosthetops, Parasthetops, and Mesoceration. The following 39 new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Prosthetops gladiator (Eastern Cape Province, summit of Prentjiesberg); Pterosthetops hawequas (Western Cape Province, Hawaquas radio tower); Parasthetops benefossus(Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm), P. buunicornus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. confluentus (Eastern Cape Province, Little Karroo, Baviaanskloof N valley), P. lemniscus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. namibiensis (Namibia: Windhoek, Eros Mt.), P. pampinus (Western Cape Province, Dorps River into Prins Albert, Swartbergpas), P. parallelus (Northern Cape Province, Richtersveld, Oemsberg), P. propitius (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. retinaculus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. sebastiani (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. semiplanus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. striatus (Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Kamieskroon), P. unicornus (Eastern Cape Province, Naudes Nek, 12 miles ENE Rhodes); Mesoceration barriotum (Western Cape Province, Cape-Swartberg, Seweweekspoort Kloof), M. bicurvum (Eastern Cape Province, Wildebees River), M. bispinum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Weza, Impetyene Forest), M. compressum (Eastern Cape Province, S. coast, Dwesa forest reserve), M. concavum (Mpumalanga Province, Blyderiver Canyon), M. curvosum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umtamvuna River), M. disjunctum (Eastern Cape Province, Nature's Valley Reserve), M. drakensbergensis (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. durabilis (Western Cape Province, 2 miles SW of Citrusdal), M. granulovestum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. incarinum (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. integer (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Busheladi Stream on Lundy's Hill near Deepdale), M. littlekarroo (Western Cape Province, Little Karroo, Rus-en-vredewaterf), M. longipennis (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), M. maluti (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. natalensis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umkomaas River, where crossed by Himeville to Impendhle road), M. periscopum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. piceum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. rapidensis (Western Cape Province, S. W. Cape Mts., Hawequas SE), M. repandum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. reticulatum (Western Cape Province, Nuweberg Forest Station), M. semicarinulum (Western Cape Province, Groot Toren farm), M. tabulare (Western Cape Province, Platteklip Gorge, north face of Table Mountain), M. umbrosum (Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm).
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Sarooshi, R. A., G. C. Cresswell, L. Tesoriero, P. J. Milham, I. Barchia i A. M. Harris. "Effect of biosolids compost on two NSW coastal soils used to grow vegetables". Soil Research 40, nr 5 (2002): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00107.
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The study compares the effects of biosolids compost (BC) and inorganic fertiliser (IF) on the nutrient status of a clay loam at Rydalmere in Western Sydney, and an earthy sand at Somersby, 85 km north of Sydney. The soils represent the textural range used for vegetable production in the Sydney Basin of New South Wales. The soils had been under permanent sod (Rydalmere) or native vegetation (Somersby) for at 40 years prior to the experiment. There were 3 treatments during February 1994: IF, fallow (F), and BC. The same plots were treated again during September 1994 to give the combinations: IF followed by IF (IF + IF); F by BC (F + BC); BC by BC (BC + BC). The 4 replicates of each treatment were randomised in blocks. Treatments were incorporated into raised beds to a depth of 15 cm and vegetables were planted in March and again in October 1994. The total amounts of C and N initially present in the soil in the beds (0-15 cm) at Rydalmere were at least 3 times greater than at Somersby and the ratio was greater for S, P, Ca, Mg, K, and Na. By April 1995, the quantities of the 8 monitored nutrients had decreased at both sites for the IF + IF treatment; increased at Somersby, but not at Rydalmere for F + BC; and increased at both sites for the BC + BC treatment. The changes caused by the BC + BC treatment were greater in relative terms at Somersby, because of the initial difference in fertility between the 2 soils. For example, the C and N content increased by an approximate factor of 2 at Somersby, and by greater factors for the other elements. BC + BC was also the only treatment to increase other indices of fertility, such as effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and Bray-P, in the surface 15 cm. The treatments did not affect pH in the soil profile (0-50 cm) and increases in EC were ephemeral. The nutrient composition of the 20-30 cm zone was affected at both sites. By the end of the experiment the concentration of C, N, P, Ca, and Bray-P increased and Mg decreased. For C and N between-treatment differences were small, indicating that the observed effects were mostly caused by leaching of the products of mineralisation of soil organic matter. Treatment effects were larger for P, Ca, Mg, and Bray-P, and the final concentrations for the F + BC and BC + BC treatments exceeded those for the IF + IF treatment. At Somersby, both BC treatments increased ECEC, consistent with the importance of leaching as a process of nutrient loss at this site. Consequently, intensive vegetable cropping may pose serious environmental risks particularly on sandy sites.