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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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Maletz, Jörg. "Lowermost Silurian graptolites of the Deerlijk 404 well, Brabant Massif (Belgium)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 213, nr 3 (12.09.1999): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/213/1999/335.
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KLOPROGGE, J. Theo, i Ray L. FROST. "Infrared emission spectroscopy study of the dehydroxylation of 10 Å halloysite from a Neogene cryptokarst of South Belgium". Geologica Belgica 2, nr 3-4 (1.06.2000): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2014.019.
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The dehydroxylation of 10 Å halloysite from the Wellin (Weillen) cryptokarst (southern Belgium) was studied in situ by applying infrared emission spectroscopy. Dehydroxylation is evidenced by the loss of the OH-stretching modes between 3600 and 3700 cm-1. A slow decrease of all intensities up to ± 500 °C is observed followed between 500° and 550 °C by a rapid decrease to almost zero. The IES bands at 920 and 938 cm-1, attributed to the accompanying inner and outer or inner sheet Al-OH libration modes, are removed on heating at the same rate and disappears at the same temperature as the OH-stretching bands. The low frequency bands that disappear upon heating are associated with OH-libration (920 and 938 cm-1) or OH-translation modes (798, 754 and 693 cm-1). At high temperatures only very broad bands around 800 cm-1, a weak shoulder around 900 cm-1 and two broad bands around 1000 and 1175 cm-1 are observed. The first two are associated with newly formed Al-O bonds whereas the other two are associated with Si-O bonds in the dehydroxylated halloysite, an X-ray amorphous mullite-like phase.
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Casier, Jean-Georges, Sébastien Maillet, Rachida Kasimi i Alain Préat. "Late Eifelian and Early Givetian ostracod assemblages from Wellin, Hotton and On-Jemelle (Ardenne, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium). Paleoenvironmental implications". Revue de Micropaléontologie 58, nr 4 (październik 2015): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2015.04.002.
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Pavlovic, M., M. Koetsier, J. Yang, V. Mylonopoulos, M. Wolters, M. Segeren, J. Van Wittenberghe, P. Thibaux i M. Vanderschueren. "Full scale testing of fatigue resistant composite joints for offshore wind Jacket and Floating structures". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2745, nr 1 (1.04.2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2745/1/012012.
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Abstract Complex welds in the joint region reduce the fatigue resistance of structural joints of circular hollow sections with factors that results in increased wall thicknesses of the tubes and overspending of steel in the multi-membered part of the jacket and floating support structures for offshore wind turbines. The wrapped composite joint is a breakthrough technology utilising bonding and fatigue resistant composite material to connect steel tubular members instead of welding. The main technical advantage is that the superior fatigue life of wrapped composite joints. Full-scale wrapped composite joint is tested by cyclic out-of-plane bending loading in resonance-based Cronos testing rig at OCAS N.V. in Belgium. Results reveal exceptional fatigue life of wrapped joints to combined loading when compared to welded joints, showcasing a potential that can radically reduce steel use for offshore structures.
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De Rouck, Julien, Koen Van Doorslaer, Tom Versluys, Karunya Ramachandran, Stefan Schimmels, Matthias Kudella i Koen Trouw. "FULL SCALE IMPACT TESTS OF AN OVERTOPPING BORE ON A VERTICAL WALL IN THE LARGE WAVE FLUME (GWK) IN HANNOVER". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 33 (14.12.2012): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.62.
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To meet up with the requirements of the Flemish Government, the Belgian coastline needs a protection to a storm with a return period of 1000 years. At well-chosen locations, storm walls will be built, and for the structural design of these walls the impact loadings need to be known. Tests have been carried out at full scale in the Grosser Wellen Kanal, to determine the impact loads by overtopping bores. Wave overtopping over the crest of the dike occurs, and the overtopping bore progresses along the horizontal crest of the dike before impacting the storm wall. It is of major importance that such a wall can withstand the impacts. This paper describes the hydraulic process on the crest of the dike, expressed with parameters such as flow depth and flow velocity, and links them to the impact measured on the storm wall. Both pressures and forces are measured, and compared to each other.
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Kursten, B., S. Caes i R. Gaggiano. "Effect of Thiosulfate on the SCC Behavior of Carbon Steel Welds Exposed to Concrete Pore Water Under Anoxic Conditions". MRS Advances 3, nr 19 (2018): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.285.
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ABSTRACTThe Supercontainer (SC) is the reference concept for the post-conditioning of vitrified high-level nuclear waste and spent fuel in Belgium. It comprises a prefabricated concrete buffer that completely surrounds a carbon steel overpack. Welding is being considered as a final closure technique of the carbon steel overpack in order to ensure its water tightness. Welding is known to induce residual stresses near the weld zone, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this study, slow strain rate tests were conducted to study the SCC behavior of plain and welded P355 QL2 grade carbon steel exposed to an artificial concrete pore water solution that is representative of the SC concrete buffer environment. The tests were performed at 140°C, a constant strain rate of 5 × 10-7s-1and at open circuit potential under anoxic conditions. The effect of thiosulfate on the SCC behavior was investigated up to levels of 600 mg/L S2O32-.
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DENAYER, Julien. "Revised stratigraphy of the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) of southern Belgium: sequence stratigraphy, global events, reef development and basin structuration". Geologica Belgica 22, nr 3-4 (9.12.2019): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2019.009.
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The Eifelian lithostratigraphic succession of southern Belgium is here revised based on new field investigations and reconsideration of biostratigraphic data. The Couvin Formation is divided into four members: the Villers-la-Tour Member recorded the onset of stromatoporoid biostromes, the Petigny Member is a dark fine-grained limestone that recorded the Choteč event, the Cul d’Efer Member is dominated by stromatoporoid-coral biostromes. These first three members were previously united in the Foulerie Member and correspond to the transgressive and highstand system tracts of the Middle Devonian 3rd-order sequence MD1. The argillaceous and bioclastic successive units of the Abîme Member recorded the sequence MD2. Laterally, this sequence is only composed of siliciclastic deposits of the Vieux Moulin, Station and Cimetière members of the Jemelle Formation. The highstand system tract is the newly introduced carbonate Vierves Member. Large bioherms, newly described as the Wancennes Formation, recorded the first two sequences MD1 and MD2. A major sequence boundary caps the Couvin Formation and is overlaid by the transgressive and diachronous Chavées Member of the Jemelle Formation with a depositional gap increasing eastwards. The highstand system tract of sequence MD3 is recorded in the bioherms of the Tienne Sainte-Anne Member (upper part of the Jemelle Formation), also capped by a sequence boundary. These bioherms probably acted as highs around which the sandy deposits of the Lomme Formation accumulated as lowstand system tract of sequence MD4. The Hanonet Formation and its crinoidal Wellin Member form the transgressive system tracts of sequence MD4 that terminates in the bioclastic and biohermal Trois-Fontaines Formation (Givetian). The Kačák event is identified in the transgressive system tract of this sequence. The geographic distribution of facies and of reefs in particular led to the recognition of at least six sedimentation areas corresponding most probably to synsedimentary faulted blocks here defined as the Eau Blanche, Viroin, Lesse, Ourthe, Condroz and Sambre blocks. These sedimentation areas structured the Namur-Dinant Basin and recorded distinct depositional history and were probably active during the Devonian and Carboniferous interval.
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Shorin, V. A., V. S. Litvinov, A. A. Sagdeev, A. V. Shorin, N. P. Gorlenko, D. Yu Sarkisov i Yu S. Sarkisov. "Reliability improvement of steel storage tanks for phosphoric acid". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, nr 6 (26.12.2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-6-157-164.
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The paper describes the one-sided welding method for steel structures based on the rational choice of the inverse angle of butt-welded elements of Belgian steel for the manufacture of tank bottom elements of intended for phosphoric acid storage in a construction site. It is shown that the most expedient method for ensuring the design geometry of the tank with a minimum stress of 1.4507 of the material structure, is the bottom sheets preset for welding at a reverse angle of 12 degrees.The proposed method improves the tank reliability for storing aggressive products, its trouble-free and technical safety during the operation. The need is shown for studying the replacement of imported steel by Russian steel to manufacture tanks from alternative nonmetallic materials.
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Meil, Gerardo. "Geographic job mobility and parenthood decisions". Journal of Family Research 22, nr 2 (1.09.2010): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-273.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse, differentiated by gender, the effects that high geographical job mobility has on parenthood decisions. In particular, in a first part we will examine whether job mobility fosters childlessness and/or postponement of childbearing and if mobility implies a lower family size. In a second part we will analyse how the specific working conditions of mobile people and their resources for balancing working and private lives affect childlessness and postponement of parenthood. The analysis will be based on a representative survey of people aged 25 to 54, performed in six European countries (Germany, France, Spain, Poland, Switzerland and Belgium) in 2007, oversampling mobile people in order to get enough cases to analyse. Results show that the impact of high job mobility on the timing and quantum of parenthood is important, both for men and women, but stronger for the latter. Besides gender, the strength of the impact depends on the duration of job mobility and when it takes place in the lifecycle. Resources for promoting a better balance of working and private lives such as flexitime and teleworking have no clear impact on parenthood decisions, but having a supportive employer facilitates family development of mobile employees. A greater involvement of men in unpaid work does not seem to facilitate fertility decisions of mobile women.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit hohe berufsbedingte räumliche Mobilität negative Folgen auf die Familienentwicklung hat. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes wird getrennt nach Geschlecht analysiert, ob Mobilität Kinderlosigkeit fördert, eine Verschiebung des Geburtenkalenders verursacht und ob sie eine Reduktion der Familiengröße zur Folge hat. Darüber hinaus wird in dem zweiten Teil analysiert, welchen Einfluss bestimmte Arbeitsbedingungen sowie die Ressourcen, die Familien zur Verfügung stehen, um Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren, auf die Entscheidungen bezüglich Elternschaft ausüben. Die Analyse stützt sich auf eine repräsentative Umfrage in sechs europäischen Ländern (Deutschland, Frankreich, Spanien, Polen, Schweiz und Belgien) mit Personen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren. Die Daten wurden in 2007 erhoben. Mobile Erwerbstätige wurden überproportional erhoben, um eine ausreichende Fallzahl zu gewährleisten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Auswirkung der Mobilität auf die Familienentwicklung von Bedeutung ist, wobei sich Mobilität von Frauen stärker auswirkt. Darüber hinaus ist von Bedeutung, wann im Lebenslauf Mobilität und Elternschaft stattfinden und wie lange die Phase der mobilen Arbeit andauert. Flexible Arbeitszeiten oder die Möglichkeit, einen Teil der Arbeit zu Hause zu leisten, haben keinen eindeutigen Einfluss auf die Entscheidungen zur Elternschaft von mobilen Erwerbstätigen, wohl aber die Unterstützung durch den Arbeitgeber. Unterstützung seitens des Partners scheint die Entscheidung mobiler Frauen für Kinder nicht zu fördern.
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Kulakova, Olga Yu. "Dutch Flower Still Life of 17th Century: Interest and Oblivion through the Centuries". Observatory of Culture 18, nr 5 (29.10.2021): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-5-496-505.
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Over three and a half centuries, the genre of flower still life created by Dutch artists experienced ups of interest and oblivion. There were the maximum assessment of society in the form of high fees of the 17th century artists; the criticism of connoisseurs and art theorists; the neglect in the 19th century and the rise of auction prices and close attention of art critics, manifested from the middle of the 20th century to the present day. In the middle of the 17th century, there was already a hierarchy of genres, based on both the subject and the size of the paintings, which was reflected in the price. Still lifes and landscapes were cheaper than allegorical and historical scenes, but there were exceptions, for example, in the works of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Art theorists Willem van Hoogstraten and Arnold Houbraken, resting upon academic tastes, downplayed the importance of still-life painting. Meanwhile, the artists themselves, determining the worth of their paintings, sought for maximum naturalism, and such paintings were sold well.In the 20th century, this genre attracted the attention of collectors in Europe and the United States. A revival of interest in Dutch still lifes in general, and in flower ones in particular, began in the 20th century, the paintings rose in price at auctions, and collecting them became almost a fashion. Art societies and art dealers of the Netherlands and Belgium organized several small exhibitions of still lifes. The course for studying symbolic messages in still lifes, presented by Ingvar Bergström, is continued by Eddie de Jong, who emphasizes the diverse nature of symbolism in Dutch painting of the 17th century. Svetlana Alpers, on the contrary, criticizes the iconological method and presents the Dutch painting of that period as an example of visual culture. Norman Bryson’s view of Dutch still lifes is formed against the background of the development of a consumer society, economic prosperity and abundance. Finally, there has been an increasing interest in the natural science aspects of flower still-life painting in the researches of the last twenty years. Curiosity, skill, and admiration for nature are the impulses that can still be felt in the images of bouquets and fruits.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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Santos, Mafalda Alves Pereira de Carvalho. "A influência da comunicação interna no bem-estar dos colaboradores : caso de estudo : RTL Belgium". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29543.
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Num mundo em constante evolução e competição, o capital humano constitui a maior
vantagem competitiva das organizações. É por esta razão que as organizações devem atribuir
uma atenção particular ao bem-estar dos seus colaboradores, pois são estes que vão
desempenhar um papel vital na sobrevivência e no sucesso das organizações. A comunicação
interna, através de diferentes ações, pode contribuir para fomentar um clima de trabalho
positivo e gratificante, particularmente importante num processo de mudança
organizacional.
O presente relatório de estágio procura analisar o papel da comunicação interna na criação
de bem-estar junto dos colaboradores da RTL Belgium através de uma investigação realizada
em Bruxelas no seio da empresa.
Neste contexto, o quadro teórico construído é focalizado no bem-estar, na comunicação
interna e na mudança organizacional.
A metodologia aplicada consiste na utilização de métodos qualitativos, nomeadamente na
realização de entrevistas a colaboradores da organização. A investigação realizada permite
responder à questão de investigação: “Em que medida a comunicação interna contribui para
o bem-estar dos colaboradores da RTL Belgium?”. Através da análise das entrevistas
realizadas, podemos confirmar que, na RTL Belgium, a comunicação interna contribui, de
facto, através de diversas iniciativas e operações, para o bem-estar dos seus colaboradores.In a constantly evolving and competitive world, human capital is the biggest asset of organisations. This is why organisations should pay particular attention to the well-being of their staff as they play a vital role in their survival and success. Internal communication through different actions can help foster a positive and rewarding working environment, particularly important in a process of organisational change. This traineeship report seeks to analyse the role of internal communication in the creation of welfare among the employees of RTL Belgium through an investigation carried out in Brussels within the company. In this context, the constructed theoretical framework is focused on well-being, internal communication and organisational change. The applied methodology is based on the use of qualitative methods, namely by carrying out interviews with the organisation’s collaborators. The research carried out makes it possible to answer the research question: “To what extent does internal communication contribute to the well-being of RTL Belgium’s employees?” By analysing the interviews, we can confirm that in RTL Belgium internal communication has a specific and real contribution, through various initiatives and operations, to the well-being of its staff.
Książki na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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Hasselt, Rijksarchief te, red. Inventaris van de archieven van de schepenbanken van Wellen, van Abswellen en van Vrolingen, van de laathoven van Terbeek in Wellen en van Appeijen in Abswellen en van het leenhof van Abswellen. Bruxelles: Algemeen Rijksarchief, 2008.
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Fedorov, Vladislav, Dmitriy Sel'cer, Il'ya Bykov i Roman Alekseev. Electronic voting: Russian and foreign experience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1906057.
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The monograph is devoted to the problems of the development of electronic voting abroad and in Russia. Based on the materials of 12 countries (Belgium, Brazil, Bhutan, Venezuela, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Namibia, Philippines, Switzerland, Estonia, Russia), where the electoral legislation provides for the use of electronic voting in national elections throughout the country, the issues of the impact of electronic voting on voter turnout and confidence in the elections are considered, identified trends in the development of electronic voting and factors influencing the choice of its form.
It is intended for students, postgraduates, teachers of political science and constitutional law, for training election organizers and other participants in the electoral process, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in modern political processes.
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Pascal, Hollander, i Draye Maarten. 1 Brussels. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199655717.003.0002.
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This chapter evaluates the merits of Brussels as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in Belgium; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that the revision of the Belgian Law on Arbitration (BLA) based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law in 2013 has resulted in a modern, state of the art, and progressive arbitration law, which is characterized by flexibility and demonstrates the will of the Belgian legislator to provide an efficient framework for a modern business environment within which arbitration can proceed in the best possible circumstances. The geographical position of Brussels, its status as an international administrative and business center, and the relatively low cost of arbitrating in Brussels further explain why it is increasingly chosen as a seat for arbitration.
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Schabas, William A. The Commission on Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0008.
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When the Peace Conference opens in Paris in January 1919, Georges Clemenceau insists upon the importance of prosecuting war criminals. It decides to set up a Commission on Responsibilities, with representatives of the five Powers (the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan), as well as five smaller countries, including Belgium. The Commission soon agrees that the Kaiser should not be prosecuted for starting the war or for violating Belgian neutrality. However, a majority, led by the British representative, Ernest Pollock, and the French delegate, Ferdinand Larnaude, insist that the Kaiser should be tried for violations of the laws and customs of war by an international tribunal. The Americans, led by Robert Lansing, are fiercely opposed. Compromise proves impossible. The Commission issues a majority report favouring trial of the Kaiser for war crimes, while the Americans and the Japanese write dissenting opinions.
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Lacey, Joseph. Belgium Versus the Lingua Franca Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796886.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that despite its ability to sustain itself as a political system for almost 200 years, Belgium gives substantial empirical support to the lingua franca thesis. The existence of different public spheres within this political system has played a major role in preventing the satisfactory enactment of democratic representation at the national level, inducing centrifugal forces that have gradually led to the partial disintegration of the state. The federalization of Belgium along linguistic lines in 1993 can, in essence, be seen as the crescendo of a long process whereby the supposedly natural logic of the lingua franca thesis has gradually set in. If we take Belgium as our only case, the prospects for a well-functioning and sustainable multilingual democracy are not especially encouraging.
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Foblets, Marie-Claire, i Luc Leboeuf, red. Humanitarian Admission to Europe. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845298603.
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Bringing together contributions from legal scholars and practitioners, this book contributes to a broader reflection on the extent to which policy controversies on humanitarian admission to Europe are channeled and managed through law. The book is divided into four parts. The first part identifies the international and European legal obligations that are binding on both the EU and the Member States, and the constraints they impose – potentially and actually – when dealing with migrants who are outside EU territory. The second part studies the legal framework of humanitarian admission in three Member States (Germany, Italy and Belgium), as well as the related procedures and practices. The third part focuses on the experiences of those seeking humanitarian admission, including how they mobilize the law to obtain legal access to Europe. It presents the results of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among refugees in a refugee camp in Uganda who are seeking resettlement, as well as the testimony of the lawyer who defended a Syrian family applying for a humanitarian visa in Belgium in a landmark case that was litigated before the CJEU (X. and X. v. Belgium). The fourth part discusses the prospects for future developments in the EU legal and policy framework, including attempts at reforming the EU Visa Code and establishing a Union resettlement framework. The book is edited by Marie-Claire Foblets and Luc Leboeuf, both from the Department of Law and Anthropology of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology.
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Wastiau, Boris. The Legacy of Collecting. Redaktorzy Paula Hamilton i James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.25.
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This chapter portrays the historical actors who established the unique ethnographic collections of the Royal Museum for Central Africa and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History (Belgium). The objects they collected, like the majority of those in the museum, arrived in Belgium during the colonial period. The government of the Congo Free State, then the Ministry of Colonies and several scientific institutes issued directives encouraging their agents to collect artifacts, as well as photographic images of “indigenous types” and specimens of physical anthropology. This chapter examines the current amnesia about human remains of colonial provenance and the challenges surrounding the exhibition of religious objects now presented as great artworks of universal interest by metropolitan museums. Addressing the ethics of curatorial practice, the chapter proposes that curators of ethnological collections of colonial provenance, as public historians, strive to make collecting history accessible to larger audiences in their exhibitions.
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Izert, Małgorzata, Monika Kostro, Jolanta Sujecka-Zając i Krystyna Szymankiewicz, red. Au croisement des cultures, des discours et des langues. Cent ans d’études romanes a l’Université de Varsovie (1919–2019). Tome II: Linguistique et Didactique du FLE. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323553021.
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The book is part of celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Romance Studies and its scientific and didactic activity in the field of French and Romance studies. The articles concern French literature, as well as the literature of Belgium, Switzerland and Quebec and cover the period from the 17th to the 21st century. The authors analyse major novels, short stories, essays, dramas as well as selected epistolography and reportage, they indicate the places where literature meets painting and photography meets cinema. The volume offers a wide selection of critical discourses such as: history, history of ideas, narratology, genology, intermediality, post-colonial studies, geocriticism, ecocriticism, which dominate francophone literary research.
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Kroker, Wiesław, i Judyta Zbierska-Mościcka, red. Au croisement des cultures, des discours et des langues. Cent ans d’études romanes a l’Université de Varsovie (1919–2019). Tome I: Études littéraires. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.978832352703.
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The book is part of celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Romance Studies and its scientific and didactic activity in the field of French and Romance studies. The articles concern French literature, as well as the literature of Belgium, Switzerland and Quebec and cover the period from the 17th to the 21st century. The authors analyse major novels, short stories, essays, dramas as well as selected epistolography and reportage, they indicate the places where literature meets painting and photography meets cinema. The volume offers a wide selection of critical discourses such as: history, history of ideas, narratology, genology, intermediality, post-colonial studies, geocriticism, ecocriticism, which dominate francophone literary research.
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Pollack, Howard. To the Congo and into the Navy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458294.003.0011.
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Latouche interrupted his Broadway career in order to go to the Belgian Congo (1942-43) to help research and write a documentary with filmmaker André Cauvin for the Belgian government in exile, Congo (1945). The trip also resulted in a travelogue, called Congo as well and released in 1945. After his return from the Congo, Latouche entered the navy, joining the Seabees, and serving in California and in Hawaii (1943–44). On his return to New York, he separated from his wife, and began a new phase in his career
Części książek na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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Melin, Pauline. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Belgium". W IMISCOE Research Series, 49–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_3.
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Abstract Access to social benefits in Belgium is not conditional upon nationality but rather on periods of insurance to the Belgian social security system. Despite the lack of nationality conditions, a number of social benefits are made conditional upon residence of the beneficiary in Belgium. Consequently, even though the Belgian social security system appears, at first sight, as neutral regarding the migration trajectory of its beneficiaries, it might be more difficult for migrants to access, retain and export social security benefits from Belgium when compared to resident nationals. This chapter thus compares the conditions of access to social benefits for nationals and non-nationals residing in Belgium, as well as Belgian citizens residing abroad. It aims to analyse whether migration decisions impact access to and retention of social security benefits. More particularly, the analysis focuses on access to unemployment benefits, healthcare, old-age pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum income. Finally, this chapter also questions whether access to social benefits might have a consequence for the residence status of non-nationals in Belgium.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "What Constitutes a Good Life?" W Well-being in Belgium, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_1.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "What Do We Spend Our Money on?" W Well-being in Belgium, 73–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_10.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "Do We Live Comfortably and in a Pleasant Environment?" W Well-being in Belgium, 79–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_11.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "How Do We Spend Our Time?" W Well-being in Belgium, 85–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_12.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "Who Forms a Couple with Whom?" W Well-being in Belgium, 93–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_13.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "How Do Partners Within Couples Spend Their Time?" W Well-being in Belgium, 99–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_14.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "What Do Partners in Couples Spend Their Money on?" W Well-being in Belgium, 107–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_15.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "Who Wears the Trousers?" W Well-being in Belgium, 115–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_16.
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Capéau, Bart, Laurens Cherchye, Koen Decancq, André Decoster, Bram De Rock, François Maniquet, Annemie Nys i in. "Is Life Harder for Single-Parent Families?" W Well-being in Belgium, 123–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58509-9_17.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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Mathieu, Philippe. "Future of Combined-Cycle Plants in Belgium". W ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-379.
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In this paper we investigate the possible penetration of combined-cycle plants in the Belgian electricity generation system after the Belgian Government has not considered as appropriate the construction of a next nuclear plant at the present time. First the characteristic features of the Belgian production capabilities are given. The share of gas turbines, turbojets and already existing combined-cycle plants and their operation modes are emphasized. Then, alternative options to nuclear energy are presented, i.e. repowering of existing plants and construction of new combined-cycle plants. The potentialities of gas turbines and CC plants as well as their future in Belgium are investigated. Finally we discuss the equipment plan for the Belgian generation system proposed by the management committee of the electrical plant operators. From the results of our research about repowering, gas turbines and new CC plants, we derive recommendations for the future production means in Belgium.
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De Valkeneer, Michel, Michel Detilleux, Guy Nuyt, Jean-Pierre Fabry, Guy Demazy i Luc Janssen. "Latest Developments About Spent Fuel Management in Belgium". W ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1210.
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Abstract In Belgium 57% of the electricity is presently generated by 7 nuclear units of the PWR type located in Doel and Tihange. Their total output amounts to 5632 MWe. Part of the spent fuel unloaded from the first three units has been sent till 2000 for reprocessing in the Cogema facility at La Hague. As the reprocessing of the spent fuel produced by the last four units is not covered by the contracts concluded with Cogema, Synatom, the Belgian utilities’ subsidiary in charge of the front- and back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle for all PWR reactors in Belgium, decided to study the possible solutions for a temporary storage of this spent fuel. End of 1993, the Belgian government decided that reprocessing (closed cycle) and direct disposal (open cycle) of spent fuel had to be considered as equal options in the back-end policy for nuclear fuel in Belgium. The resolution further allowed continued execution of a running reprocessing contract (from 1978) and use of the corresponding Pu for MOX in Belgian NPP’s, but requested a reprocessing contract concluded in 1990 (for reprocessing services after 2000) not to be executed during a five-year period. During this period priority was to be given to studies on the once-through cycle as an option for spent fuel management. Figure 1 is a chart showing the two alternatives for the spent fuel cycle in Belgium. In this context, Synatom entrusted Belgatom to develop a dedicated flask (called “bottle”) for direct disposal of spent fuel, to perform a design study of an appropriate encapsulation process and to prepare a preliminary feasibility study of a complete spent fuel conditioning plant. Meanwhile preparation works were made for the construction of an interim storage facility on both NPP sites of Doel and Tihange in order to meet increasing storage capacity needs. For selecting the type of interim storage facility, Belgatom performed a technical-economical analysis. Considerations of design and safety criteria as well as flexibility, reversibility, technical constraints, global economical aspects and construction time led to adopt dry storage with dual purpose casks (in operation since end 1995) for the Doel site and wet storage in a modular pool for the Tihange site (in operation since 1997). In parallel, ONRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for the management of radioactive waste and enriched fissile materials and the Belgian nuclear research centre, SCK•CEN, conduct underground investigations in view of geological disposal. The paper describes the methodology that Belgatom has developed to provide the utilities with appropriate solutions (reracking, dry storage in casks, wet storage in ponds, etc.) and how Belgatom demonstrated also the feasibility of spent fuel conditioning with a view to direct disposal in clay layers. The spent fuel storage facilities in operation in Belgium, designed and built by Belgatom, are then briefly presented.
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Wittebolle, V. "Last Developments About Spent Fuel Management in Belgium". W ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1202.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract In Belgium 57% of the electricity is presently generated by 7 nuclear units of the PWR type located in Doel and Tihange. Their total output amounts to 5632 MWe. Part of the spent fuel unloaded from the first three units has been sent till 2000 for reprocessing in the Cogema facility at La Hague. As the reprocessing of the spent fuel produced by the last four units is not covered by the contracts concluded with Cogema, Synatom, the Belgian utilities’ subsidiary in charge of the front- and back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle for all PWR reactors in Belgium, decided to study the possible solutions for a temporary storage of this spent fuel. End of 1993, the Belgian government decided that reprocessing (closed cycle) and direct disposal (open cycle) of spent fuel had to be considered as equal options in the back-end policy for nuclear fuel in Belgium. The resolution further allowed continued execution of a running reprocessing contract (from 1978) and use of the corresponding Pu for MOX in Belgian NPP’s, but requested a reprocessing contract concluded in 1990 (for reprocessing services after 2000) not to be executed during a five-year period. During this period priority was to be given to studies on the once-through cycle as an option for spent fuel management. Figure 1 is a chart showing the two alternatives for the spent fuel cycle in Belgium. In this context, Synatom entrusted Belgatom1 to develop a dedicated flask (called “bottle”) for direct disposal of spent fuel, to perform a design study of an appropriate encapsulation process and to prepare a preliminary feasibility study of a complete spent fuel conditioning plant. Meanwhile preparation works were made for the construction of an interim storage facility on both NPP sites of Doel and Tihange in order to meet increasing storage capacity needs. For selecting the type of interim storage facility, Belgatom performed a technical-economical analysis. Considerations of design and safety criteria as well as flexibility, reversibility, technical constraints, global economical aspects and construction time led to adopt dry storage with dual purpose casks (in operation since end 1995) for the Doel site and wet storage in a modular pool for the Tihange site (in operation since 1997). In parallel, ONRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for the management of radioactive waste and enriched fissile materials and the Belgian nuclear research centre, SCK•CEN, conduct underground investigations in view of geological disposal. The paper describes the methodology that Belgatom has developed to provide the utilities with appropriate solutions (reracking, dry storage in casks, wet storage in ponds, etc.) and how Belgatom demonstrated also the feasibility of spent fuel conditioning with a view to direct disposal in clay layers. The spent fuel storage facilities in operation in Belgium and designed and built by Belgatom are then briefly presented.
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Boonen, Elia, Slyvie Smets i Audrey Van der Wielen. "Use Of Alternative Aggregates In Pavement Concrete: Research And Practice In Belgium". W 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/k49ulzbe.
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Alternative aggregates, including recycled (concrete) aggregates as well as artificial aggregates (such as crushed stainless steel slag), are being increasingly used in road construction in the context of a more circular economy, e.g. in base and subbase layers. As these materials are applied higher up in the structure (surface and binder courses), stricter requirements are made to allow for higher loads and the stronger influence of the environment, and the application of these aggregates becomes less straightforward. The Belgian standard specifications, for instance, allow incorporation of recycled concrete aggregates in concrete pavements or linear elements in concrete, but only if certain stringent requirements are met and only up to certain percentages of substitution of the natural coarse aggregates. Furthermore, artificial aggregates originating from stainless steel slag are not even allowed for the time being in pavement quality concrete, although a Belgian standardization working group has recently been installed to investigate this matter in more detail. This paper presents an overview of laboratory research conducted in Belgium to characterize several types of alternative aggregates and concrete mixtures incorporating them, while focusing on practical execution as well as on the durability of pavement concrete. In addition, several concomitant pilot applications in Belgium are discussed in view of future perspectives for the application of alternative (recycled and/or artificial) aggregates in road construction.
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Braeckeveldt, Marnix, Peter De Preter, Jan Michiels, Ste´phane Pepin, Manfred Schrauben i An Wertelaers. "The Belgian Approach and Status on the Radiological Surveillance of Radioactive Substances in Metal Scrap and Non-Radioactive Waste and the Financing of Orphan Sources". W The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7096.
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Numerous facilities in the non-nuclear sector in Belgium (e.g. in the non-radioactive waste processing and management sector and in the metal recycling sector) have been equipped with measuring ports for detecting radioactive substances. These measuring ports prevent radioactive sources or radioactive contamination from ending up in the material fluxes treated by the sectors concerned. They thus play an important part in the protection of the workers and the people living in the neighbourhood of the facilities, as well as in the protection of the population and the environment in general. In 2006, Belgium’s federal nuclear control agency (FANC/AFCN) drew up guidelines for the operators of non-nuclear facilities with a measuring port for detecting radioactive substances. These guidelines describe the steps to be followed by the operators when the port’s alarm goes off. Following the publication of the European guideline 2003/122/Euratom of 22 December 2003 on the control of high-activity sealed radioactive sources and orphan sources, a procedure has been drawn up by FANC/AFCN and ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian National Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials, to identify the responsible to cover the costs relating to the further management of detected sealed sources and if not found to declare the sealed source as an orphan source. In this latter case and from mid-2006 the insolvency fund managed by ONDRAF/NIRAS covers the cost of radioactive waste management. At the request of the Belgian government, a financing proposal for the management of unsealed orphan sources as radioactive waste was also established by FANC/AFCN and ONDRAF/NIRAS. This proposal applies the same approach as for sealed sources and thus the financing of unsealed orphan sources will also be covered by the insolvency fund.
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Vantorre, Marc, Erik Laforce, Katrien Eloot, Jan Richter, Jeroen Verwilligen i Evert Lataire. "Ship Motions in Shallow Water As the Base for a Probabilistic Approach Policy". W ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57912.
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A calculation tool has been developed for determining tidal windows for deep-drafted ships approaching and leaving the Belgian harbors according to probabilistic criteria. The calculations are based on a database containing response functions for the vertical motions in waves and squat data for a selection of representative ships. The database contains both results of model tests carried out in the Towing tank for maneuvers in shallow water – co-operation Flanders Hydraulics Research & Ghent University in Antwerp (Belgium), as well as calculated values. During the experiments, draft, trim, under keel clearance (7 to 20% of draft) and speed have been varied. The tests were performed in regular waves with lengths which are small compared to ship length, and in wave spectra that are typical for the Belgian coastal area. For given input data (ship characteristics, speed, tide, directional wave spectra, bottom, trajectory, current, departure time), the tool calculates the probability of bottom touch during the transit, so that a tidal window can be determined. Other restrictions, such as penetration into fluid mud layers and current, are taken into account as well.
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Smets, Sylvie, i Elia Boonen. "Limits For The Freeze-Thaw Resistance Of Road Concrete In The Presence Of De-Icing Salts: Results Of The GELAVIA Project". W 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/vvfxkv7r.
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The durability of a concrete road strongly depends on the resistance of the concrete to freezing and thawing cycles in the presence of de-icing salts. The test procedure used until now in Belgium to evaluate the resistance of concrete to de-icing salts is based on the international draft standard ISO/DIS 4846-2. Experience with this test method dates back a long time, and limits to scaling as a function of traffic loads are well established. However, since the publication of CEN/TS 12390-9 the so-called "Slab Test" is becoming the reference method in various standard specifications. In the recently completed Belgian pre-normative research project GELAVIA, the aim was to define relevant performance classes for freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts as measured by this Slab Test, including scaling limits for representative road concrete compositions. Additionally, in some specific cases such as manual placement, colored and pattern-imprinted concrete pavements, hydrophobic impregnation is applied in Belgium to increase resistance to scaling. The products used for this treatment are specified according to the guidelines of NBN EN 1504-2, but the reference concretes used for testing differ substantially from typical road concrete compositions in Belgium. Furthermore, there is some question about the durability in time of the protective action of the impregnation. Hence, a second objective of the aforementioned research was to investigate and develop testing methods to evaluate the effectiveness and durability of hydrophobic impregnation products applied on representative pavement concretes. In this contribution, we will present and discuss the results and outcomes of the GELAVIA-project.
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Jaluvka, David, Gert Van den Eynde i Stefan Vandewalle. "Development of a Core Management Tool for MYRRHA: Work in Progress". W 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54542.
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Currently, the advanced nuclear irradiation facility MYRRHA is under development at the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN in Mol, Belgium. MYRRHA is intended as a multi-purpose machine for material and fuel irradiations, radioisotopes production, silicon doping, transmutation research, education, etc. A special effort is being made within the project to develop an in-core fuel management tool for MYRRHA. Various requirements have been imposed on the core management tool; e.g., the tool should allow a user to specify a variety of optimization objectives and constraints. Based on that, a modular design of the tool was developed that makes it independent of the particular metaheuristic method used for the optimization as well as of the reactor analysis code used for an evaluation of candidate solutions during the search. In the paper, the current version of the core management tool for MYRRHA is presented together with some results on an illustrative in-core fuel management optimization problem.
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Teughels, Anne, i Christian Malekian. "FE Simulation of Welding Residual Stresses in Reactor Vessel Head Penetrations". W 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75433.
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The penetrations in the early Pressurized Water Reactors Vessels are characterized by Alloy 600 tubes, welded by Alloy 182/82. The Alloy 600 tubes have been shown to be susceptible to PWSCC (Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking) which may lead to crack forming. The cracking mechanism is driven mainly by the welding residual stresses and, in a second place, by the operational stresses in the weld region. It is therefore of big interest to quantify the weld residual stresses correctly. In order to determine the welding residual stresses, the weld procedure is simulated numerically by finite elements analysis. In the article, central as well as eccentric sidehill nozzles on the vessel head are analyzed. For the former a 2-dimensional axisymmetrical finite element model is used, whereas for the latter a 3-dimensional model is set up. A nonlinear transient thermo-mechanical analysis is performed, which is preceded by a transient thermal analysis simulating the heating during the multipass welding. Weld beads are deposited “all-at-once”. Different positions on the vessel head are compared and the influence of the sidehill effect is illustrated. The methodology is applied to the reactor vessels of the Belgian nuclear power plants by Tractebel Engineering (Belgium). The results are compared with literature. The global approach in both cases is very similar but is applied to different configurations, specific for each plant.
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Oury, Laurence, Zeynab Umidova, Miche`le Auglaire i Antonio Cipollaro. "Validation of Severe Accident Management Guidance in Belgium". W 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75472.
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The Belgian Safety Authorities requested to address the severe accident issue within the periodic safety review of the Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). The key elements of the approach applied in Belgium include the implementation and the validation of the Severe Accident Management Guidance (SAMG). The present paper focuses on the validation of the SAMG that has taken place during the last four years. The validation process aims at verifying the ability of the Technical Support Center (TSC) to manage severe accidents thanks to the implemented Severe Accident Management Guidance. The validation was practically realized by table-top drills based on Westinghouse Owner’s Group SAMG scenario templates. Eight scenarios were exercised: 7 at full power and 1 at shutdown state. One of the scenarios consists in a fast evolving scenario. This paper details the methodology used for the validation process as well as the feedback of the validation exercises realized in the NPPs. In a first phase the objectives of the exercises were defined in agreement with the Safety Authorities; successively, the exercises were realized in the TSC in presence of the Safety Authorities with the active participation of the members of the crisis team that would be present in the TSC. For each exercise, a scenarist presented the chronology of events until the opening of the SAMG. Then, during the severe accident phase, the scenarist regularly provided the evolution of the parameters and was playing also the role of the control room, if needed. That organization is described and analyzed. Moreover, the paper reports on the general feedback from the exercises and the major findings of the validation. Possible adaptations and improvements of the guidelines have been identified, such as for example additional or alternative entry criteria to the guidelines, priorities definition due to the existence of the safety injection-containment spray connection, evaluation of the application of the WOG SAMG to shutdown states and supplementary information for alternative electrical supply in case of station black-out.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Wellen (Belgium)"
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van der Steina, Aija, Agita Lūse, Liene Rācene, Nadežda Pazuhina i Diāna Popova. Mindful Tourism Services for People with Mental Impairment. Situation Scan: Latvia, 2021. Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the University of Latvia, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/mtspmi.2021.
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The report is part of the EU Erasmus + funded project “Mindful tourism services for mentally disordered people” (MindTour). The project aims to promote and support tourism entrepreneurs to value mentally disordered clients and their families as persons and customers and help them design mindful tourism services accessible for mentally disordered people. The project is implemented in cooperation with Estonian, Belgian and Latvian higher education institutions – University of Tartu, Pärnu College (Estonia), Thomas More Mechelen-Antwerpen (Belgium), University of Latvia (Latvia), as well as leisure and tourism service providers - Pärnu Museum (Estonia), Museum Dr Guislain (Belgium) and SIA Zeit Hotel (Latvia). This report reveals the current situation in the use and accessibility of tourism services for people with mental impairment in Latvia. Researchers of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the University of Latvia Agita Lūse, Liene Rācene, Diāna Popova, Nadezhda Pazuhina and Aija van der Steina researched in the autumn and spring semesters of the academic year 2020/2021, using both secondary data sources and gathering primary data through interviews with social service providers and tourism service providers, as well as participant observation and mapping of services, involving people with GRT in the consumption of tourism services.
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Harbitz, Mia Elisabeth, i Iván Arcos Axt. Identification and Governance Policies: The Legal, Technical, and Institutional Foundations that Influence the Relations and Interactions of the Citizen with the Government and Society. Inter-American Development Bank, wrzesień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009015.
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This IDB technical note seeks to highlight the relationship that exists between a country's level of governance, the success of digital government strategies, and the identification policies that government implements, as well as the interdependence between them. Belgium, Chile, and Mexico were chosen as case studies, because they share characteristics making them in some ways comparable. Moreover, amongst other reasons, they are all OECD-member countries, they have well-defined digital government strategies, and they are in the process of implementing (with differing degrees of progress) a state-of-the-art electronic identification (e-Id) card.
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Haeckel, Matthias, i Peter Linke. RV SONNE Fahrtbericht/Cruise Report SO268 - Assessing the Impacts of Nodule Mining on the Deep-sea Environment: NoduleMonitoring, Manzanillo (Mexico) – Vancouver (Canada), 17.02. – 27.05.2019. GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_59_20.
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Cruise SO268 is fully integrated into the second phase of the European collaborative JPI-Oceans project MiningImpact and is designed to assess the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). In particular, the cruise aimed at conducting an independent scientific monitoring of the first industrial test of a pre-protoype nodule collector by the Belgian company DEME-GSR. The work includes collecting the required baseline data in the designated trial and reference sites in the Belgian and German contract areas, a quantification of the spatial and temporal spread of the produced sediment plume during the trials as well as a first assessment of the generated environmental impacts. However, during SO268 Leg 1 DEME-GSR informed us that the collector trials would not take place as scheduled due to unresolvable technical problems. Thus, we adjusted our work plan accordingly by implementing our backup plan. This involved conducting a small-scale sediment plume experiment with a small chain dredge to quantify the spatial and temporal dispersal of the suspended sediment particles, their concentration in the plume as well as the spatial footprint and thickness of the deposited sediment blanket on the seabed.
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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André i Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.
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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh i Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.
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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.