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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Wang, Sherry Shi, i Ralf Van Der Lans. "Modeling Gift Choice: The Effect of Uncertainty on Price Sensitivity". Journal of Marketing Research 55, nr 4 (sierpień 2018): 524–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.16.0453.
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Gift giving generates high revenues for retailers. It is also marked with significant welfare, or deadweight, loss in that givers tend to pay more than the receivers’ valuation. Previous research has attributed this discrepancy to givers’ inaccurate predictions of the receivers’ preferences. This research demonstrates that reduced price sensitivity is another important source of the deadweight loss: givers use gift prices to signal the importance of their relationship with the receiver. In order to demonstrate this mechanism, the authors develop a new Bayesian gift-choice model that captures both preference predictions as well as the signaling value of price. The model is estimated on two choice-based conjoint studies for gift giving that allow for the manipulation of the giver's uncertainty about the receiver's preferences. Both studies show the strong signaling value of price, especially when givers are uncertain about receivers’ preferences. Decomposition of the deadweight loss shows that the signaling value of price is an important source of welfare loss, especially in markets with heterogeneous prices. These findings have key implications for the gift industry.
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Hoffmann, Florian, Roman Inderst i Marco Ottaviani. "Persuasion Through Selective Disclosure: Implications for Marketing, Campaigning, and Privacy Regulation". Management Science 66, nr 11 (listopad 2020): 4958–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3455.
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This paper models how firms or political campaigners (senders) persuade consumers and voters (receivers) by selectively disclosing information about their offering depending on individual receivers' preferences and orientations. We derive positive and normative implications depending on the extent of competition among senders, whether receivers are wary of senders collecting personalized data, and whether firms are able to personalize prices. We show how both senders and receivers can benefit from selective disclosure. Privacy laws requiring senders to obtain consent to acquire personal information that enables such selective disclosure increases receiver welfare if and only if there is little or asymmetric competition among senders, if receivers are unwary, and if firms can price discriminate. This paper has been accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
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Iravani, Mohammad Reza. "A social work study on welfare receivers' quality of life". Management Science Letters 2, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.09.002.
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Jamaluddin, Zakiyah, i Norzalinda Ali Mohd Ali Hanafiah. "Self-Empowerment of Recipients of Assistance from the Malaysian Social Welfare Department through Productive Welfare". Asian Social Work Journal 6, nr 3 (24.06.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v6i3.169.
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The Productive Welfare Approach and the "2-Year Exit Policy" (2YEP) are introduced by the Department of Social Welfare Malaysia (JKM) to help recipients of welfare assistance (clients) towards living independently and provide the ability to survive without relying on indefinite assistance. This study aims to identify the empowerment of recipients after being involved in entrepreneurship programs through the Launching Grant provided by JKM. This study employs the survey method using questionnaires. A total of 234 respondents were involved in the study: 107 respondents from the Northern Zone, and a total of 127 respondents from the Eastern Zone from 17 Social Welfare District Offices (PKMD) in both zones. The data collection was done between September 2016 to February 2017. The results show that the majority of respondents are self-employed/sole proprietors (85%) with many involved in the food and beverage-type business (58.1%). In terms of self-enrichment/empowerment, respondents' levels are at moderate to high levels. They are responsible for the work, for what they do, and for the results of their actions. The Productive Welfare Approach and the 2YEP program have to some extent, helped in increasing revenue and reducing clients’ dependency on JKM’s assistance. However, better implementation of the program and continuous monitoring can help clients increase their motivation and thus, contribute to eradicating poverty among receivers of assistance.
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Jungbauer, Thomas, i Michael Waldman. "Self-Reported Signaling". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 15, nr 3 (1.08.2023): 78–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20210204.
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In many real-world settings, an action that affects the value of a product or service is self-reported rather than publicly observable. We investigate self-reporting when self-reports serve as a signal of sender productivity. In our model, a sender chooses an action and then sends a message concerning the action to multiple receivers. Receivers then bid for the sender’s service after deciding whether to audit the sender. We find that self-reporting can reverse the standard result in signaling models that there is overinvestment in the action and that the possibility of misrepresentation may in fact improve welfare given self-reported signaling. (JEL D82, D83, I23, I26, J24)
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Albertini, Marco, i Michela Semprebon. "A burden to the welfare state? Expectations of non-EU migrants on welfare support". Journal of European Social Policy 28, nr 5 (13.02.2018): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717754293.
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In recent decades European institutions have been promoting the broadening of immigrants’ social rights, while at national levels political battles have been led around the definition of the legitimate community of welfare receivers. Immigrants have been often depicted as undeserving individuals threatening welfare state sustainability, although existing research does not fully support this view. At the same time, political and academic debates on immigrants and welfare have diverted attention away from immigrants themselves, failing to address their experiences and welfare support expectations. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap by addressing to what extent non-European immigrants expect the Italian welfare state to provide support for their family. The empirical evidence builds on a survey administered, between 2014 and 2015, to about 350 immigrants from Maghreb, China and the Philippines residing in the Emilia-Romagna region. By means of a mixed-method comprising qualitative and quantitative analyses, the article shows that only a minority of respondents, particularly Maghrebis, have some expectations in terms of public welfare support. It suggests that such support is almost exclusively expected to cope with the needs of the young-family generation, while the needs of the elderly members are assumed to be met through relatives’ informal support. Moreover, the article highlights marked differences in expectations across specific groups and points to explicatory variables such as country of origin, gender, educational level, age on arrival and length of stay. It further reflects on immigrants’ degree of knowledge of the welfare state functioning and specifies the rationales, based on perceived rights or meritocratic criteria, explaining expectations for support.
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Iravani, Mohammad Reza. "Role of social workers to support single mothers: A case study of welfare receivers in Iran". Management Science Letters 2, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.08.002.
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Bouvard, Matthieu, i Raphaël Lévy. "Horizontal Reputation and Strategic Audience Management". Journal of the European Economic Association 18, nr 3 (29.05.2019): 1444–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz027.
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Abstract We study how a decision maker uses his reputation to simultaneously influence the actions of multiple receivers with heterogenous biases. The reputational payoff is single-peaked around a bliss reputation at which the incentives of the average receiver are perfectly aligned. We establish the existence of two equilibria characterized by repositioning toward this bliss reputation that only differ through a multiplier capturing the efficiency of reputational incentives. Repositioning is moderate in the more efficient equilibrium, but the less efficient equilibrium features overreactions, and welfare may then be lower than in the no-reputation case. We highlight how strategic audience management (e.g., centralization, delegation to third parties with dissenting objectives) alleviates inefficient reputational incentives, and how multiple organizational or institutional structures may arise in equilibrium as a result.
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Bocher, Temesgen Fitamo, Bamlaku Alamirew Alemu i Zerihun Getachew Kelbore. "Does access to credit improve household welfare? Evidence from Ethiopia using endogenous regime switching regression". African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 8, nr 1 (13.03.2017): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2017-145.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how credit access affects the welfare of households and sheds light on how household characteristics influence the decision to take credit and the efficiency in credit use. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data from the fourth round of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey conducted in 2009, and examines factors that determine the decision to take credit and the effect of such decision on household welfare. The household welfare variable is measured by the food security indicator and total food expenditure. The study employs endogenous Regime Switching model to account for endogeneity in access to credit and self-selection bias in the decision to participate in credit. Findings The result from the kernel distribution shows households with access to credit have more consumption expenditure than those without access to credit. The ordinary least square regression shows that access to credit increases total consumption by 12 percent without considering self-selection bias. Participation in non-farm activity increases the demand for credit by 17 percent. Land holding, household size, and participation in saving associations increase the probability of getting credit by 5, 11, and 20 percent, respectively. Access to credit appears to have a positive impact on food security in both actual and counterfactual cases for the current credit receivers. Originality/value This study provides a thorough analysis of the impacts of access to credit on household welfare in Ethiopia. The study contributes to the debate on the link between access to credit and household welfare and provides valuable input for policy makers.
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Naz, Mariam, Syed Faizan Iftikhar i Ambreen Fatima. "Formal financial penetration and households’ welfare in Pakistan". International Journal of Financial Engineering 07, nr 04 (grudzień 2020): 2050041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786320500413.
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The studies in recent era exhibit that the financial inclusion has become a scorching issue in playing its vital role while improving the lives of vulnerable and underprivileged households’ well-being. But, the microdata impact of financial inclusion on household welfare is not being analyzed to substantial extent in Pakistan yet. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the effects of financial inclusiveness on the living standards of individuals to persuade them toward formal financial inclusion. Thus, the study attempts to explore the link between an expanded formal financial system and poverty alleviation through smooth consumption levels, providing access to credit and investment facilities to the individuals. For this purpose, the household level data of Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) for the time-period of 2013–2014 to evaluate the microlevel effect of formal financial inclusion, realizing solitarily for the remittance receiving households have been used. The well-being of households receiving formal financial inflows got highly affected by facilitating the remittance receivers through instant, reliable and frequent transfer of funds. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to investigate the effect of formal financial transfers on the socio-economic status of remittance receiving and nonreceiving individuals. The outcomes of the study suggest that the household welfare is greatly influenced by the formal financial inclusiveness along with other variables such as annual income, education level of the family, number of earning members, loans borrowed by the family, land and building ownership, and the head employed are found to be positively and significantly determining the household’s welfare.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Jennifer, Engström. "Massmedias framställning av socialbidragstagare : - en diskursanalys av språkliga konstruktioner i svensk dagspress". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-152168.
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Massmedias framställning av socialbidragstagare - en diskursanalys av språkliga konstruktioner i svensk dagspress Författare: Jennifer Engström Institutionen för socialt arbete Examensarbete 15 hp Socialt arbete Socionomprogrammet Höstterminen/Autumn term 2017 Handledare/Supervisor: Lennart Räterlinck English title: Mass media's representation of social welfare receivers – a discourse analysis of linguistic constructions in Swedish daily press Abstract English title: Mass media's representation of social welfare receivers - a discourse analysis of linguistic constructions in Swedish daily press Svensk titel: Massmediers framställning av socialbidragstagare - en diskursanalys av språkliga konstruktioner i svensk dagspress Author/författare: Jennifer Engström The purpose of this study was to examine how social welfare receivers is portrayed and constructed in Swedish daily press. The empirical data have consisted of twenty-one articles from the main national newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. The study had a qualitative disposition and the selection was made strategically to make sure the empirical data would be relevant to the study’s issues. The theoretical starting point was extracted from social constructivism and from Foucault’s theory about power and his discourse concept. The analysis was done with help of Foucault’s discursive analytic methods with focus on power, entities positioning, what was implicit in the articles and whom was given the space to be heard. It was found that the descriptions of social welfare receivers were often negative and contained assumptions that were seldom expressly explained. The rhetoric constructions may contribute to the legitimation of the marginalisation of social welfare receivers in Sweden through the focus on political, financial and work-related aspects. The result showed that social welfare receivers were considered to be uneducated and incapable in most of the articles. The result also showed that the main point of view was from the author to the article or political.
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Dósa, Mariann. "Citizenship undermined : messages received through the social assistance system in contemporary Hungary". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a5aa65f-259f-4206-9f07-5f8524389d18.
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Very few narratives go as unchallenged about the transition of Central and Eastern European countries from state socialism to market democracies as the following: before the transitions people in these countries had strong social rights but were lacking any civic and political rights, and while the transformations provided the people with firm civil and political citizenship, they lost out on social rights. In my dissertation I argue that this is an oversimplifying and highly distorted narrative that is blind to the deep inequalities in these societies. My research focused on one particular means of reproducing these inequalities, namely welfare institutions, and explored what recipients of social assistance provision learned about their citizenship in the post-transition Hungarian welfare complex. This analysis not only demonstrated an inextricable interrelationship between civil, political and social citizenship, but also allowed for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which apparent political inequalities were reproduced in practice. By the innovative method of institutional ethnography I constructed a mosaic of the various component elements of the institutional system of social assistance provision in contemporary Hungary and investigated the influence that each had on recipients' civil and political citizenship. This study indicated a marked discrepancy between recipients' ideal and their lived experiences of citizenship, and found that certain characteristics of the system of social assistance provision played a crucial part in reproducing this discrepancy. The high level of discretion in the system, recipients' lack of information, the treatment they underwent in the welfare office, as well as the lack of institutional guarantees that could ensure that they enjoyed equal and fair treatment in all the welfare offices in the country proved to be the most important characteristics of social assistance provision that had direct or indirect effects on recipients' democratic subjectivity.
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Dunkley, C. "Transmit and receive : what factors inhibit or facilitate the communication of emotional pain between suicidal patients and mental health professionals?" Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374976/.
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Escape from emotional pain has been identified through suicide-note research as the main driver for completed suicide. Research using fMRI scanning has detected shared neural networks between physical and emotional pain, suggesting that emotional pain is a discrete somatic experience very similar physiologically to physical pain. Little is known about the process by which suicidal patients communicate their emotional pain to mental health professionals. In this study data were collected from 26 mental health professionals and 9 patients at risk of suicide and subjected to inductive thematic analysis. The results were formulated into an emotional pain communication model, identifying 4 types of emotional communication Unspoken/Unheard, Spoken/Unheard, Spoken/Heard and Unspoken/Heard. 14 subthemes identify the inhibitors and facilitators of emotional pain communication within these 4 types.
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許文忠. "The Criminal Judgments Analysis of the Drugs Procurement in the Ministry of Health and Welfare affiliated Hospitals：Focus on the Doctors who Received Improper Benefits in the Hospitals". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9byw2h.
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碩士國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
104
The concurrence of Anti-Corruption Act and Government Procurement Act is a controversial issue in practice. The definition the public official is stipulated at ROC Criminal Code in Paragraph 2 of Article 10. Nonetheless, it is important yet difficult to define the roles of public officials under various purposes to protect public interest as well as to prevent corruption behaviors. In Taiwan’s National hospital system, person who be on duty and collect undue money are public officials under Paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the ROC Criminal Code when the individual offense is proposed to protect people from infringement of freedom and financial loss, and the person could be charged with Bribery, Extortion or Misconduct in Office. The Law of Government Procurement in a sense was created to reduce this kind of disputes and arguments as much as possible if followed by both sides and to fulfill the task given by the superior from their organizations. This study aims to discuss the boundary when applying Anti-Corruption Act and Government Procurement Act by introduce real criminal cases of physicians in the Ministry of Health and Welfare affiliated Hospitals (MOHW). These physicians purchase drugs for the treatment of patients, and also examine drugs to ensure the quality of medical treatment. They serve as public officials at the same time. However, are they conduct public power when doing the foresaid treatments and examinations? Moreover, if any physician get paid or inappropriate benefits from suppliers, will the physician be charged with corruption as a public official? These cases including Taitung, Pingtung, This study is divided into five chapters. Besides its introduction (first chapter) and conclusion (fifth chapter), the main chapters serve to explain the systems of the Anti-Corruption Act and Government Procurement Act. It focuses on not only the course of change and development in the National hospital system but also its problems in theoretical basis. It is found that the provision of medical services by the Ministry of Health and Welfare affiliated Hospitals is not considered as exercising of public power. Thus, the conductions of the physicians in accordance of Government Procurement Law by the MOHW affiliated hospitals should not be regarded as public power exercised by the public officials. It is hoped the study, based on comparing and reviewing the criminal cases to clarify the controversial issue between Anti-Corruption Act and Government Procurement Act, helps the physicians of MOHW understand the possibilities of offense and infringement and therefore be careful not to fall into the traps in the future . .
Książki na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Sharon, Zohar. מיון נתוני מטופלים ומקבלי שרות לשנת 2002. תל אביב: עיריית תל אביב־יפו, מינהל השירותים החברתיים, 2003.
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United States. Bureau of the Census, red. Mothers who receive food stamps: Fertility and socioeconomic characteristics. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1995.
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Minnesota. Legislature. Legislative Commission on Children, Youth, and Their Families. Summary of testimony received by Legislative Commission on Children, Youth and Their Families, August 11, 1994 and August 26, 1994. [St. Paul, Minn.]: The Commission, 1994.
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Office, General Accounting. Illegal aliens: Extent of welfare benefits received on behalf of U.S. citizen children : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1997.
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Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: Former TANF recipients with impairments less likely to be employed and more likely to receive federal supports : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.
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Hoffman, Caroline. Families in poverty: Parents with disabilities and their children : a report on the effect of Wisconsin's welform reform program on families headed by a parent who receives SSI because of a disability. Madison: Wisconsin Council on Developmental Disabilities, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: States provide TANF-funded services to many low-income families who do not receive cash assistance : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.
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United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundredth [i.e. Hundred] First Congress, first session : the right to receive and impart information, prelude to the London Information Forum, March 16, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Harvey, Phil, i Lisa Conyers. The Human Cost of Welfare. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400667190.
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Why is the welfare system failing to work for so many people? This book examines the problems with the current welfare system and proposes reforms to create a smarter, smaller system that helps people improve their lives through rewarding work. Unlike other books on welfare, this one draws on the stories of more than 100 welfare recipients who are trapped in a system that keeps them underemployed and unemployed. The authors present case studies that show that being a part of a welfare program can actively result in the recipient having to limit their job efforts for fear of losing government assistance. The book examines all major U.S. welfare systems, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, SNAP, Medicaid, and others. The authors begin by exploring the nation's basic poverty issues and examining the relationship between work and happiness. Next, they zero in on specific welfare programs, reporting both on their dollar costs and on the ways that they fail enrollees. The book then concludes with strategies for addressing the shortcomings of the current U.S. welfare system. This book is appropriate for readers interested in public policy, government programs, welfare, and cultural shifts in America. It adds a new perspective to the existing body of welfare scholarship by systematically assessing the impact of welfare on the receivers themselves.
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Welfare: Who Should Receive Benefits. New Readers Pr, 1987.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Melkas, Helinä, Satu Pekkarinen i Lea Hennala. "Orientational Knowledge in the Adoption and Use of Robots in Care Services". W Knowledge and Digital Technology, 17–45. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39101-9_2.
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AbstractHealth and welfare technology are expected to help people live independent and healthy lives, including contributing to elderly care. Robots have gained more cognitive functions and improved safety, which makes it possible to use them to provide new types of services. Although care robots have great potential for health and welfare, their application proves challenging. A lack of knowledge is a major barrier to the use of robots in care. This chapter’s authors examine knowledge and knowledge building as a central perspective when introducing, using, and assessing care robots. In their research synopsis, they focus on the micro, meso, and macro levels related to care robot use while unveiling a more systemic view of the issue of its related orientation—a tangible example of the multi-faceted encounter of knowledge and technology. They propose focusing on orientation to care robot use as the continuous co-creative process of introduction to technology use and its familiarization, including the learning of multi-faceted knowledge and skills for its effective use. With this perspective, the authors emphasize the processes and actions that take place among orientation givers and receivers at different levels. The societal-level actors—such as business and industry, public administration, and the non-profit sector, the media, and other stakeholders in the related innovation ecosystem—should not be overlooked.
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Sköld, Johanna, Bengt Sandin i Johanna Schiratzki. "Redressing or Excusing the Past? The Evaluation of Sexual Child Abuse in the Swedish Redress Scheme for Historical Abuse in Out-of-Home Care". W Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience, 317–42. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38956-6_13.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses how adult victims of historical institutional child abuse have been treated in the Swedish state’s financial redress scheme. It demonstrates how the experiences of child abuse in welfare institutions materialize in new experiences of the welfare state when the state decides to acknowledge and offer redress to its historically abused citizens. It is shown how the Swedish state’s redress scheme shifted away from an explicit aim to acknowledge the victims’ unjustifiable suffering to the limited ways in which the state could be considered responsible for past harms. As a case, the chapter scrutinizes which details were pivotal for why victims of child sexual abuse in out-of-home care did not receive the financial redress as adjudicated by a temporary redress board. The chapter highlights how it proved difficult to combine an acknowledgement of the victims’ experiences of abuse with an assessment of the responsibility of the state. Furthermore, it demonstrates how contemporary tort law came to influence the assessment of the historical redress claims and set the standards for who received financial redress and who did not. This resulted in renewed experiences of the lived welfare institution caused by a “non-apology” from the welfare state.
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Marques, José Carlos, i Pedro Góis. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Portuguese Citizens Abroad". W IMISCOE Research Series, 387–407. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_23.
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Abstract Portugal is a traditional country of emigration with a multigenerational diaspora spread across a large number of countries. In the last 50 years, especially after the 1974 revolution, it developed a welfare state that responds to the needs of residents (including immigrants). Traditionally, this welfare state has been described as fragile in comparison with other welfare regimes in Europe. Nevertheless, it was built as a universal welfare system based on jus solis and deterritorialized jus sanguinis regime. The study of the extension of social protection to Portuguese citizens living abroad had not yet received sufficient attention, albeit recurrent news on measures and strategies that the state put in practice to assist Portuguese emigrants in need. This chapter will survey some of the recent policies to reach citizens abroad by showing the limits of the Portuguese welfare state in action. Through these policies and actions, Portugal projects an image of an always-present state that extents its national powers beyond the limits of its territorially confined borders.
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Linden, Philipp, i Nadine Reibling. "Unemployment: A Case for Medicine and Psychology?" W Toward a Biopsychosocial Welfare State?, 77–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32793-3_4.
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AbstractUnemployment is one of the classical social risks that are covered by the welfare state. For cases in which unemployment stems from ill health, welfare states have long provided specific medicalized benefits (e.g., sickness and incapacity benefits). However, the boundary between unemployment and sickness/incapacity has received an increasing level of attention in the context of activation and retrenchment reforms. In this chapter, Linden and Reibling present the most recent literature on the medicalization of unemployment from the last two decades and illustrate how institutional setups and reforms have led to both the medicalization and de-medicalization of unemployment in Germany. Moreover, the authors reveal how medicalizing unemployed individuals affects labor market reintegration, health status, and public attitudes toward unemployed people.
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Alcidi, Cinzia, Francesco Corti, Daniel Gros i Alessandro Liscai. "13. Towards a Socially Just Green Transition". W Greening Europe, 187–200. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0328.13.
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Chapter 13 by C. Alcidi, F. Corti, D. Gros, and A. Liscai builds on the issue that finding a balance between the objectives of economic growth, environmental sustainability and social fairness has been one of the key priorities of the EU agenda in the last years. While the link between economic growth and social and ecological objectives has historically received much attention, the socio-environmental nexus has received much less. Some scholars recently attempted to identify the possible functions that the welfare state could perform to accompany the green transition. Based on this recent literature, the authors identify two main functions (activating and buffering) that are not mutually exclusive. An important distinction is made in the logic under which the welfare intervention is carried out. Two different types of logic can underpin eco-social policies: compensatory or integrated. They show that an integrated approach to social and environmental policies seems to be the most suitable solution to achieve green and positive social outcomes.
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Shalev, Michael, i Amit Lazarus. "Horizontal Inequality in Israel’s Welfare State: Do Arab Citizens Receive Fewer Transfer Payments?" W Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel, 225–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137544810_11.
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Felsenstein, Frank. "Twenty-Nine". W No Life Without You, 417–58. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0334.29.
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During their time in France, Vera becomes pregnant. The correspondence features some brief disagreements between the couple regarding Vera’s increased workload when she is informed she will be put in charge of the new store, and how this might affect her pregnancy. The welfare department then ruled that the promotion would be too demanding for an expectant mother, Vera is disappointed by the news. The situation for Jews in Germany continues to decline, and Vera receives much correspondence requesting her assistance in escaping the country.
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Hirabayashi, Akira, Shouji Hagiwara i Yasushi Ishibashi. "We Want a Social System that Allows Everyone around the World to Receive Medical, Health and Welfare Services Anywhere, Anytime! — Social Welfare of Japan". W Hearing Impairment, 545–48. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68397-1_113.
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Gotoh, Reiko, i Henry Richardson. "Introduction to Dignity, Freedom and Justice". W Dignity, Freedom and Justice, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0519-1_1.
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AbstractMore than 50 years have passed since the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971) and Amartya Sen's Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970). This chapter introduces the following three purposes of this book. First, this book seeks to obtain clues for the critical development of the theory of justice and the welfare state by capturing the overlaps and differences between Rawls's political philosophy and Sen's normative economics. Second, this book examines the concept of dignity, which has not received much attention in liberalism. Neither a free competitive market system nor a wage-income redistribution system will be sufficient to protect and respect “dignity”. To protect and respect values stocked and sustained within an individual, it is necessary to pay attention to his/her capability for dignity and capability for utilizing the right to liberties. Third, this book cross-pollinates the methods of liberal social sciences and philosophy, working from existing connections between these two areas. Throughout this book, the reader will find that theories of liberal social science and philosophy contain clues of ideas and methods that critically develop themselves.
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Pellissery, Sony, Saloni Jain i Geo Varghese. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India". W IMISCOE Research Series, 147–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8.
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AbstractIndia has a segmented social protection system. About 92% of workers in India are in unorganised sector, deprived of formal social security provisions. Those who are in formal sector receive very generous social protection arrangements close to that of welfare states in Europe, primarily influenced by the colonial legacy. Those in the informal sector primarily meet their social security needs from their disposable income. With expansive private welfare providers, the rich segment in the informal segment is able to afford this. Indian unskilled migrants, mainly in the Gulf region, have a range of benefits that are primarily to meet the civil rights, rather than social rights. Compared to this, Indian migrants in Western Europe and the Americas mainly benefit from the social security system in those countries. On the other hand, foreigners coming to India have limited social security arrangements. Since 2000, India has entered into bilateral agreements with several countries, which also recognise a new category of workers called ‘international workers’. These workers have their social security benefits primarily protected as in source country.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Vitkovska, Inna. "Financial assistance to victims of war and internally displaced persons". W Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.161.
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Background: the author's analysis of the website of the Ministry of Social Policy, the websites of public and charitable organizations allowed us to conclude that the main trends and directions of their work after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine include: an increase in the number of public, charitable organizations, volunteer headquarters, which are oriented to help the army, to internally displaced persons, centers for displaced persons and victims of war, payment of monetary aid and assistance with evacuation to safe places in Ukraine or abroad. Purpose: describe the main international and domestic non-governmental organizations that provided financial assistance to war victims and internally displaced persons. Methods: method of content analysis of websites. Results: the number of internally displaced persons increased from 1.5 million in 2014 to 7.1 million in 2022. During 2022-2023, millions of internally displaced persons received and continue to receive monthly cash assistance for living from the state, free social services, humanitarian and food aid, etc. In addition, Ukrainians affected by military actions and internally displaced persons received and continue to receive financial assistance from international and domestic non-governmental organizations. Conclusion: the author's analysis is only one attempt to generalize the providers of monetary assistance to war victims and internally displaced persons in wartime conditions and, of course, is not exhaustive. We can conclude that financial aid from international and domestic organizations plays an important role in supporting Ukrainians who have fallen into a difficult life situation. Keywords: charitable organizations, internally displaced persons, monetary assistance, nongovernmental organizations.
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Elkind, Edith, Neel Patel, Alan Tsang i Yair Zick. "Keeping Your Friends Close: Land Allocation with Friends". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/45.
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We examine the problem of assigning plots of land to prospective buyers who prefer living next to their friends. In this setting, each agent's utility depends on the plot she receives and the identities of the agents who receive the adjacent plots. We are interested in mechanisms without money that guarantee truthful reporting of both land values and friendships, as well as Pareto optimality and computational efficiency. We explore several modifications of the Random Serial Dictatorship (RSD) mechanism, and identify one that performs well according to these criteria, We also study the expected social welfare of the assignments produced by our mechanisms when agents' values for the land plots are binary; it turns out that we can achieve good approximations to the optimal social welfare, but only if the agents value the friendships highly.
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Bei, Xiaohui, Alexander Lam, Xinhang Lu i Warut Suksompong. "Welfare Loss in Connected Resource Allocation". W Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/294.
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We study the allocation of indivisible goods that form an undirected graph and investigate the worst-case welfare loss when requiring that each agent must receive a connected subgraph. Our focus is on both egalitarian and utilitarian welfare. Specifically, we introduce the concept of egalitarian (resp., utilitarian) price of connectivity, which captures the worst-case ratio between the optimal egalitarian (resp., utilitarian) welfare among all allocations and that among the connected allocations. We provide tight or asymptotically tight bounds on the price of connectivity for various large classes of graphs when there are two agents, and for paths, stars and cycles in the general case. Many of our results are supplemented with algorithms which find connected allocations with a welfare guarantee corresponding to the price of connectivity.
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Wu, Xiaowei, Bo Li i Jiarui Gan. "Budget-feasible Maximum Nash Social Welfare is Almost Envy-free". W Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/65.
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The Nash social welfare (NSW) is a well-known social welfare measurement that balances individual utilities and the overall efficiency. In the context of fair allocation of indivisible goods, it has been shown by Caragiannis et al. (EC 2016 and TEAC 2019) that an allocation maximizing the NSW is envy-free up to one good (EF1). In this paper, we are interested in the fairness of the NSW in a budget-feasible allocation problem, in which each item has a cost that will be incurred to the agent it is allocated to, and each agent has a budget constraint on the total cost of items she receives. We show that a budget-feasible allocation that maximizes the NSW achieves a 1/4-approximation of EF1 and the approximation ratio is tight. The approximation ratio improves gracefully when the items have small costs compared with the agents' budgets; it converges to 1/2 when the budget-cost ratio approaches infinity.
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Zaryshnіuk, Sofiіa, i Stanislav Andreichuk. "State regulation of the transition of servicemen from military service to civilian life: current state and prospects". W Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.220.
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Background: Keywords: military aggression, veteran, reintegration, socialization, social protection Today, the war started by Russia back in 2014 continues. As a result, tens of thousands of our compatriots took up arms and stood up to defend the independence and sovereignty of their homeland. At the same time, this war raised another urgent issue, namely the issue of reintegration and socialization of servicemen into peaceful life. After the victory, many people will return to their communities, and the state, first of all, at the legislative and administrative levels, must create all the conditions for them. During this period, we will proceed to the recovery of the country and sustainable development. Therefore, it is important to provide people with tools for their own development so that they integrate into families and the economy of the community, and receive a civilian specialty.
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Voitsyshyn, Diana. "Pension provision: domestic and world practices". W Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.208.
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Background: Pension provision of citizens of Ukraine currently remains one of the most important problems of the socio-economic development of the state. The existing system of pension insurance does not adequately fulfill its main task, since the size of pensions mostly does not provide an opportunity to maintain a minimum standard of living. Purpose: To investigate the features of pension provision for persons who have reached retirement age in Ukraine and world experience. Methods: A method of analysis, evaluation, comparison and generalization. Results: After analyzing the state of the pension system, it can be considered a crisis, because the pension does not protect pensioners from poverty, the system is also socially unfair, the Pension Fund receives significant subsidies from the budget in order to be able to pay pensions to the elderly. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the state of pension provision in Ukraine today is quite low. The pension system needs to be reformed, namely, the introduction of reforms in the solidarity system, the creation of an accumulation system and the development of voluntary pension provision, because reducing the level of pension payments cannot be a real alternative, as it will lead to an increase in poverty among elderly citizens. Therefore, the reforms should be aimed at reducing the inflow of new pensioners and increasing the number of people paying pension contributions. Keywords: retirement age, pension system, pension system reform, joint pension system.
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Kala, S. "Design of a software defined radio receiver using FM channelizer — A case study". W 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/startup.2016.7583965.
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Chen, Yu, Shahin Jabbari, Michael Kearns, Sanjeev Khanna i Jamie Morgenstern. "Network Formation under Random Attack and Probabilistic Spread". W Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/26.
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We study a network formation game where agents receive benefits by forming connections to other agents but also incur both direct and indirect costs from the formed connections. Specifically, once the agents have purchased their connections, an attack starts at a randomly chosen vertex in the network and spreads according to the independent cascade model with a fixed probability, destroying any infected agents. The utility or welfare of an agent in our game is defined to be the expected size of the agent's connected component post-attack minus her expenditure in forming connections. Our goal is to understand the properties of the equilibrium networks formed in this game. Our first result concerns the edge density of equilibrium networks. A network connection increases both the likelihood of remaining connected to other agents after an attack as well the likelihood of getting infected by a cascading spread of infection. We show that the latter concern primarily prevails and any equilibrium network in our game contains only $O(n\log n)$ edges where $n$ denotes the number of agents. On the other hand, there are equilibrium networks that contain $\Omega(n)$ edges showing that our edge density bound is tight up to a logarithmic factor. Our second result shows that the presence of attack and its spread through a cascade does not significantly lower social welfare as long as the network is not too dense. We show that any non-trivial equilibrium network with $O(n)$ edges has $\Theta(n^2)$ social welfare, asymptotically similar to the social welfare guarantee in the game without any attacks.
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Jiang, Bo, Amro M. Farid i Kamal Youcef-Toumi. "Impacts of Industrial Baseline Errors on Costs and Social Welfare in the Demand Side Management of Day-Ahead Wholesale Markets". W ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49459.
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Demand Side Management (DSM) has been recognized for its potential to counteract the intermittent nature of renewable energy, increase system efficiency, and reduce system costs. While the popular approach among academia adopts a social welfare maximization formulation, the industrial practice in the United States electricity market compensates customers according to their load reduction from a predefined electricity consumption baseline that would have occurred without DSM. This paper is an extension of a previous paper studying the differences between the industrial & academic approach to dispatching demands. In the previous paper, the comparison of the two models showed that while the social welfare model uses a stochastic net load composed of two terms, the industrial DSM model uses a stochastic net load composed of three terms including the additional baseline term. That work showed that the academic and industrial optimization method have the same dispatch result in the absence of baseline errors given the proper reconciliation of their respective cost functions. DSM participants, however, and very much unfortunately, are likely to manipulate the baseline in order to receive greater financial compensation. This paper now seeks to study the impacts of erroneous industrial baselines in a day-ahead wholesale market context. Using the same system configuration and mathematical formalism, the industrial model is compared to the social welfare model. The erroneous baseline is shown to result in a different and more importantly costlier dispatch. It is also likely to require more control activity in subsequent layers of enterprise control. Thus an erroneous baseline is likely to increase system costs and overestimate the potential for social welfare improvements.
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Yatsyshyn, Uliana. "The problem of implementing inclusive education in higher education institutions in Ukraine". W Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.102.
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Background: Ukraine took a major step towards promoting inclusive education by adopting a new law on education in 2017. This law guarantees the right to education for all individuals, regardless of their disabilities, and aims to enhance their socialization and educational opportunities. However, most higher education institutions require adaptation to the individual needs of individuals with special educational needs. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore the conceptual foundations and identify practical problems in implementing the strategy for creating an inclusive educational environment in higher education institutions in Ukraine. Methods: We used document analysis as a method to identify the problems in the way of implementing the strategy for creating an inclusive educational environment in higher education institutions in Ukraine and ways to address them. Results: The results of the study of the conceptual foundations and implementation problems of inclusive education principles in higher education institutions in Ukraine showed an increasing number of individuals who require the creation of an inclusive educational environment, as well as practical problems with implementing these principles, including unprepared facilities, insufficient qualification of teaching staff, and a lack of adapted educational materials. Conclusion: The aim of inclusive education for individuals with special educational needs is to ensure full and equal access to education and to develop their potential, enabling them to function successfully in society. Inclusive education prevents the exclusion of such individuals from the educational process and creates an environment where everyone can freely express their ideas and needs, develop their potential, and receive support from teachers and other students. Keywords: inclusion, inclusive educational environment, person with special educational needs
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Welfare receivers"
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Chong, Alberto E., Jesko Hentschel i Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví. Bundling of Services and Household Welfare in Developing Countries Using Panel Data: The Case of Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010815.
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Using panel data for Peru for the period 1994-2000, we find that when households receive two or more services jointly, the welfare increases of the household, as measured by changes in consumption, are larger than when services are provided separately. Such an increase appears to be more than proportional, as F-tests on the coefficients of the corresponding regressors confirm. Thus, we find that bundling of services may help realize welfare effects.
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Reddy, P. H. A qualitative study of quality of care in rural Karnataka. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1018.
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The Third Five-Year Plan (1961–66) aimed at reducing the crude birth rate in India to 25 per 1,000 population by 1973, however this goal has not been achieved. Several other demographic goals were set later, to be achieved by specified years, but they were deferred or revised. One major reason for the failure to achieve these goals was thought to be the lack of adequate infrastructural facilities for the family welfare program, thus it was decided to improve the institution–population ratio. The primary objective of this study is to assess the quality of interaction between clients and providers, and the quality of family welfare services. More specifically, the study examines how family welfare program personnel interact with clients in a given setting, the quality of interaction, how frequently such interaction takes place, the provider's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services provided, and the client's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services received. The focus of the investigation is on the family welfare program—the maternal and child health and family planning programs.
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Hernández Romero, Karla. How does Avancemos Work?: Best Practices in the Implementation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, luty 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010637.
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The Avancemos conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which has operated since 2006 in Costa Rica, focuses on families living in extreme poverty and social vulnerability with adolescents and youth between the ages of 12 and 25. In August 2015, nearly 157,000 students received the cash transfer upon meeting certain co-responsibilities associated with school attendance and completing the school year in secondary school. Beneficiaries are eligible based on their score in the Target Population Information System (Sistema de Población Objetivo - SIPO), calculated through the Social Information Record (Ficha de Información Social - FIS). To receive the benefit, the mother or guardian of the student needs to sign a contract with the Joint Institute for Social Welfare (Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social - IMAS) in which they commit to meeting the abovementioned co-responsibilities. Verification of the co-responsibilities is carried out by the IMAS in conjunction with the education centers. The payments are made monthly through a prepaid card issued by the National Bank of Costa Rica (Banco Nacional de Costa Rica - BNCR). This document is part of a series of studies carried out in several countries of Latin America and the Caribbean with the objective of systematizing understanding of the operations of CCTs. The other case studies are available on the IDB´s Conditional Cash Transfers website.
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Hertel, Thomas. Global Applied General Equilibrium Analysis using the GTAP Framework. GTAP Working Paper, styczeń 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp66.
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Contributed Chapter for Peter B. Dixon and Dale W. Jorgenson (eds.) This chapter provides an overview of the first two decades of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) – an effort to support a standardized data base and CGE modeling platform for international economic analysis. It characterizes GTAP in four different dimensions: institutional innovation, a network, a database and a standardized modeling platform. Guiding principles for the GTAP modeling framework include flexibility, ease of use, transparency, and symmetric treatment of production and utility fundamentals across regions. The chapter reviews core modeling assumptions relating to the regional household, private consumption behavior, welfare decomposition, the “global bank”, treatment of the international trade and transport sector, and imports. Model validation and sensitivity analysis, as well as software issues receive attention as well. The chapter also offers brief overviews of the two major areas of application: international economic integration and global environmental issues. It closes with a discussion of future directions for the Project.
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Baliki, Ghassan, Dorothee Weiffen, Melodie Al Daccache, Aysegül Kayaoglu, Lara Sujud, Hadi Jaafar, Hala Ghattas i Tilman Brück. Seeds for recovery: The long-term impacts of a complex agricultural intervention on welfare, behaviour and stability in Syria (SEEDS). Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), kwiecień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/crpp7.
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There is scarce evidence on whether and how assistance in humanitarian emergencies and conflict settings impacts household well-being and behaviour. Conducting rigorous impact evaluations in such settings poses multiple challenges in design and data collection. In SEEDS, we evaluate the impact of a complex large-scale multi-arm agricultural intervention on productivity, food security, and resilience in the context of an on-going humanitarian crisis in Syria. Specifically, we identify the causal impacts of agricultural asset transfers over various time horizons (the short-, medium-, and long-run), and across different conditions and subgroups (gender and conflict intensity) at the household-level. We evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation rehabilitation separately at the community-level. We use and combine various data sources, including a unique survey panel dataset collected over a period of four years from multiple governorates in Syria, satellite remote-sensing data, and publicly available violent conflict incidence and weather data. Our findings from using cutting-edge machine and deep learning approaches together with innovative balancing and analytical methods can be summarised as follows: For average treatment effects at the household-level, we find that the provision of agricultural asset support leads to significant improvements in food security in the short- and long-term, three years after the intervention. The positive and significant effect on food security is driven mainly by the increased consumption of healthy food items such as vegetables. In the long-run, livestock support reduces the use of harmful coping strategies households employ to deal with food shortages. Interestingly, we find that households who received vegetable kits are not just less likely to sell their productive assets in the long-term but also are less likely to marry off their young daughters or send their children to work. Overall, we find that both agricultural and livestock asset support is key to improving households’ resilience in the long-term. The irrigation rehabilitation interventions at the community-level positively affected agricultural productivity compared to the pre-intervention and pre-conflict periods. However, these effects were only significantly pronounced in the spring season. As for the heterogeneity analysis, we find that female-headed households benefit remarkably more in terms of food security in the medium-term compared to male-headed families. Moreover, households residing in areas that are moderately affected by violent conflict show stronger food security improvements compared to households from peaceful or conflict-intense settings. Overall, we draw three overarching lessons from our findings in SEEDS: First, agricultural support in protracted conflict settings effectively improves the long-term welfare and resilience of vulnerable households. In fact, the presence of an ongoing humanitarian operation acts as a social safety net if circumstances deteriorate suddenly. Second, not all interventions are equally effective, and not all households equally benefit, underscoring the need to design and implement inclusive context-specific interventions with detailed targeting. Third, methodologically, using multiple remote data sources and machine learning methods help overcome challenges in conducting rigorous impact evaluations in hard-to-reach humanitarian emergency settings.
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Hertel, Thomas, Jevgenijs Steinbuks i Uris Lantz Baldos. Competition for Land in the Global Bioeconomy. GTAP Working Paper, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp68.
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The global land use implications of biofuel expansion have received considerable attention in the literature over the past decade. Model-based estimates of the emissions from cropland expansion have been used to assess the environmental impacts of biofuel policies. And integrated assessment models have estimated the potential for biofuels to contribute to greenhouse gas abatement over the coming century. All of these studies feature, explicitly or implicitly, competition between biofuel feed stocks and other land uses. However, the economic mechanisms governing this competition, as well as the contribution of biofuels to global land use change, have not received the close scrutiny that they deserve. The purpose of this paper is to offer a deeper look at these factors. We begin with a comparative static analysis which assesses the impact of exogenously specified forecasts of biofuel expansion over the 2006-2035 period. Global land use change is decomposed according to the three key margins of economic response: extensive supply, intensive supply, and demand. Under the International Energy Agency’s “New Policies” scenario, biofuels account for nearly one-fifth of global land use change over the 2006-2035 period. The paper also offers a comparative dynamic analysis which determines the optimal path for first and second generation biofuels over the course of the entire 21st century. In the absence of GHG regulation, the welfare-maximizing path for global land use allocates 170 Mha to biofuel feed stocks by 2100, with the associated biofuels accounting for about 30% of global liquid fuel consumption. This area expansion is somewhat diminished by expected climate change impacts on agriculture, while it is significantly increased by a moderately aggressive GHG emissions target and by advances in conversion efficiency of second generation biofuels.
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Schling, Maja, Nicolás Pazos, Leonardo Corral i Marisol Inurritegui. The Effects of Tenure Security on Women's Empowerment and Food Security: Evidence From a Land Regularization Program in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005355.
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This paper evaluates the impact of a rural land administration program in Ecuador on female empowerment and household food security. Using a double robust estimation that combines the difference-in-difference approach with inverse probability weighting, we explore whether receiving a georeferenced cadastral map of ones parcel provides women with increased bargaining power, empowering them to participate more actively in productive and consumption decision-making that leads to improved diversification of the production portfolio and the households food security. Although we find no significant effects on aggregate levels of empowerment, results show that female beneficiaries became more empowered with regards to access to resources, particularly in terms of applying for and receiving credit. Program participation also significantly affected womens time use, as beneficiary women spent more hours working in non-agricultural activities, investing in their own businesses, and generating off-farm wages. Households who received jointly titled cadastral maps also increased their food security and shifted their production portfolios towards crops and livestock products of both higher market and nutritional value. These results suggest that increasing informal tenure security through cadastral mapping may spur female empowerment, which enables women to increase their bargaining power within the household in order to improve their own and the family's overall welfare.
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Schmitz, Wiebke. Gender still determines how, and how long, we work. Linköping University Electronic Press, grudzień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/asc.011.
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Female-coded family work keeps women away from late working life – but it makes a difference where in Europe they live because Nordic countries do not recognize this divide. Key Findings Childcare impacts upon late working life – women tend to be employed part time or outside paid labor if they engaged in childcare during earlier life stages; men with children are more likely to be in full-time employment. Women are more affected by early working life decisions – previous labor-market participation or a reduction in working hours due to childcare obligations have a greater impact on late working life. A North–South divide in Europe – it is mostly in southern and western Europe that women’s domestic work or part-time employment prevents full-time employment in late working life, but in northern Europe, female employment in late working life is barely affected by previous family obligations. This research on gendered late-working-life trajectories is part of the research programme EIWO. Schmitz, W., Naegele, L., Frerichs, F., & Ellwardt, L. (2023): Gendered late working life trajectories, family history and welfare regimes: Evidence from SHARELIFE. European Journal of Ageing, 20, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-023-00752-3 (open access). The paper received the "Best Paper Award 2023 for Early Career Researchers" from the German Gerontological Association (see https://www.dggg-online.de/best-paper-award.html).
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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness i Klavs Ciprikis. A universal basic income for Ireland: Lessons from the international literature. ESRI, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs146.
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A universal basic income (UBI) is defined as a universal, unconditional cash payment that is made regularly, is sufficient to live on, is not means tested, carries no work requirements and is paid on an individual basis. This study examines the international evidence on universal basic incomes and identifies key issues for consideration in the design of any UBI pilot for Ireland. Despite the mainstream interest in UBI as a potential policy tool, relatively little is known about the associated consequences of such policies. Even the definition of a UBI appears to be poorly understood and is often misused in the public discourse. Several pilot studies have been recently implemented across different countries. However, some pilot studies depart from the accepted definition of UBI. For example, some are not universal, in that they only target a specific subgroup of the population and/or have eligibility restrictions based on earnings. Others provide a relatively low level of payment, which may fall short of what an individual could reasonably be expected to live on. There are a number of potentially positive impacts associated with a UBI. A universal, unconditional payment could eliminate the stigma associated with welfare receipt. If replacing existing welfare payments, a UBI would also involve lower transaction costs, both on the recipient (in terms of the application procedure) and on Government (in terms of administering the payment). Universal, unconditional payments would also avoid situations where people choose not to work in order to retain means-tested benefits. UBI could give individuals the freedom to turn down or leave insecure, exploitative or low-paid work in pursuit of better or improved work opportunities. In addition, it would mean that persons in informal and often unpaid work, such as childcare and eldercare, which is mostly done by women, receive some compensation for their labour. Empirical results from several pilot studies have found evidence of positive health impacts following the implementation of a UBI. In terms of potential disadvantages, a UBI, by definition, may not target those that are most in need, as a large percentage of recipients will be high-earning individuals. Furthermore, the cost of a UBI is likely to be very expensive, even if other existing benefits (such as unemployment benefits) are no longer required. The net impacts of a UBI on labour supply are unclear, with both positive and negative influences on labour market participation potentially arising as a consequence of a UBI. In this study, we undertake some basic calculations relating to four possible UBI approaches, all of which would involve an unconditional payment to every individual aged over 18 in Ireland.
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Merrien, François X. Reforming Higher Education in Europe: From State Regulation Towards New Managerialism? Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010752.
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The present study describes the changes in the traditional European model of higher education, its successes as well as failures. The remarkable expansion of higher education in Europe during the postwar period was the result of a shared belief in the virtue of higher education per se. The traditional model of higher education assumes a stable relationship of fair exchange between the State and the academics: the State gives power to the academics in the belief that in this way it will receive in return the forms of knowledge, basic research, and advanced education that will be of most value to itself. In Europe-as was the case in Latin America-the policy of developing the higher education sector was supported by the elite and by the middle classes, both of whom considered higher education to be a means for training professional workers and a way to enhance economic development and social mobility. The 1980s marked the beginning of some radical changes on the two continents in terms of higher education. This evolution can be associated with a shift from a more interventionist, Keynesian welfare state to a more neoliberal and supervisory State. This shift meant diminution of the belief that bureaucratic institutions could respond correctly to society's needs and increased currency of the belief in the virtues of markets or quasi-markets. The aim of the study is not to compare trends in Europe with those in Latin America. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that from the beginning of the 1970s radical changes were also introduced into the Latin American systems of higher education, partially for economic and political reasons.