Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / WELD METALLURGY

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „WELD METALLURGY”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Ravi, R. "Metallurgy of Basic Weld Metal". Indian Welding Journal 32, nr 3 (1.07.1999): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v32i3.177678.

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Sundaresan, S. "Metallurgy of Welding Stainless Steels". Advanced Materials Research 794 (wrzesień 2013): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.274.

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Based primarily on microstructure, five stainless steel types are recognized: ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardening. The major problem in ferritic stainless steels is the tendency to embrittlement, aggravated by various causes. During welding, control of heat input is essential and, in some cases, also a postweld heat treatment. The austenitic type is the easiest to weld, but two important issues are involved in the welding of these steels: hot cracking and formation of chromium carbide and other secondary phases on thermal exposure. The nature of the problems and remedial measures are discussed from a metallurgical perspective. Duplex stainless steels contain approximately equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. The article discusses the upset in phase balance during welding both in the weld metal and heat-affected zone and the formation of embrittling secondary phases during any thermal treatment. Martensitic stainless steels are susceptible to hydrogen-induced cracking. Welding thus involves many precautions to prevent it through proper preheat selection, postweld heat treatment, etc. In the welding of precipitation-hardening stainless steels, it is usually necessary to develop in the weld metal strength levels matching those of the base metal. This is achieved by applying a postweld heat treatment appropriate to each type of alloy.

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Dahmen, Martin, Stefan Lindner, Damien Monfort i Dirk Petring. "Weld Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties of High Manganese Ultra-high Strength Steel Dissimilar Welds". Physics Procedia 83 (2016): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.036.

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Coetsee, Theresa, i Frederik De Bruin. "A Review of the Thermochemical Behaviour of Fluxes in Submerged Arc Welding: Modelling of Gas Phase Reactions". Processes 11, nr 3 (22.02.2023): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030658.

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This review is focused on the thermochemical behaviour of fluxes in submerged arc welding (SAW). The English-language literature from the 1970s onwards is reviewed. It was recognised early on that the thermochemical behaviour of fluxes sets the weld metal total ppm O and the element transfer extent from the molten flux (slag) to the weld pool. Despite the establishment of this link between the flux-induced oxygen potential and element transfer, it is also well accepted that the slag–metal equilibrium does not control SAW process metallurgy. Instead, the gas phase must be taken into account to better describe SAW process metallurgy equilibrium calculations. This is illustrated in the gas–slag–metal equilibrium simulation model developed by Coetsee. This model provides improved accuracy in predicting the weld metal total ppm O values as compared to the empirical trend of Tuliani et al. Recent works on the application of Al metal powder with alloying metal powders provide new insights into the likely gas phase reactions in the SAW process and the modification of the flux oxygen behaviour via Al additions. Aluminium may lower the partial oxygen pressure in the arc cavity, and aluminium also lowers the partial oxygen pressure at the weld pool–slag interface. The weld metal total ppm O is lowered with the addition of aluminium in SAW, but not to the same extent as would be expected from steelmaking ladle metallurgy de-oxidation practice when using Al as de-oxidiser. This difference indicates that slag–metal equilibrium is not maintained in the SAW process.

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Butkovic, Samir, i Emir Saric. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WELD JOINTS BETWEEN SINTERED NB MODIFIED HK30 STAINLESS STEEL AND WROUGHT/CAST STAINLESS STEELS". International Journal of Advanced Research 9, nr 11 (30.11.2021): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13715.

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Very important property of powder metallurgy parts is ability to join to components produced by different manufacturing technologies or dissimilar materials. Properties of powder metallurgy Nb modified HK30 components are highly influenced by conditions applied during sintering. Weldability of sintered components can be improved using favorable sintering conditions. In this regard, effect of sintering parameters on fusion weldability of Nb modified HK30 is presented in this paper. Investigation of weld joints between HK30, produced by different sintering conditions, and cast HK30 stainless steel is performed. In addition, examination of welds between sintered HK30 and wrought 304 stainless steel is also performed. Microstructural examination and hardness testing of fusion zones and heat affected zones were done for different combinations of base material.

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Schwarz, Ladislav, Tatiana Vrtochová i Koloman Ulrich. "Electron Beam Welding of Duplex Steels with using Heat Treatment". Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 18, nr 28 (1.01.2010): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10186-010-0009-z.

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Electron Beam Welding of Duplex Steels with using Heat Treatment This contribution presents characteristics, metallurgy and weldability of duplex steels with using concentrated energy source. The first part of the article describes metallurgy of duplex steels and the influence of nitrogen on their solidification. The second part focuses on weldability of duplex steels with using electron beam aimed on acceptable structure and corrosion resistance performed by multiple runs of defocused beam over the penetration weld.

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Liang, Wei, Ruming Geng, Jianguo Zhi, Jing Li i Fei Huang. "Oxide Metallurgy Technology in High Strength Steel: A Review". Materials 15, nr 4 (11.02.2022): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041350.

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Oxide metallurgy technology plays an important role in inclusion control and is also applied to improve the weldability of high strength steel. Based on the requirements of the weldability in high strength steel, the influencing factors of weld heat affected zone (HAZ) as well as the development and application status of oxide metallurgy technology are summarized in this review. Moreover, the advantages and difficulties in the application of rare earth (RE) oxide metallurgy technology are analyzed, combined with the performance mechanism of RE and its formation characteristics of fine and high melting point RE inclusions with distribution dispersed in liquid steel. With the weldability diversities of different high strength steels, the research status of weldability of high strength steel with high carbon equivalent and the effects of RE on the microstructure and properties of HAZ are discussed, and some suggestions about further research in the future are proposed.

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Che Lah, Nur Azida, Azman Jalar i Norinsan Kamil Othman. "Post-Weld Oxidation Behavior of AA6061 Al Alloy". Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (listopad 2011): 2087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2087.

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Welded AA6061 Al alloy using ER5356 (Al-5Mg) filler was oxidized in flowing air gas for 40hrs at 600oC at a total pressure of approximately 1 atm. The morphology and microstructure of welded joint after exposure was characterized by using optical metallurgy microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Different oxide morphologies and textures were observed on parent and fusion metal due to the differences of the alloying element. The oxidation mechanism represented a complex reaction occur where the morphology and phase formation of the oxide shows the protective oxide scales showed the protective oxide were developed on parent metal side, meanwhile non-protective oxide scale formed on fusion metal of the welded Al alloy. It can be concluded that the welded area failed to resist oxidation behavior compared to the parent metal. The differ results are discuss in term of microstructure changes caused by high temperature oxidation exposure and alloying element.

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Bayley, C. J., i A. Mantei. "Influence of Weld Heat Input on the Fracture and Metallurgy of HSLA-65". Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 48, nr 3 (wrzesień 2009): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2009.48.3.311.

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Viňáš, Ján, Miroslav Greš i Tomáš Vaško. "Cladding of Wear-Resistant Layers in Metallurgy and Engineering". Materials Science Forum 862 (sierpień 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.862.41.

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The paper presents the application of weld layers used in renovations of functional surfaces of components that are exposed to several tribodegradation factors in operation of metallurgical and engineering industries. Surfaces of selected components are renovated using arc welding processes, namely: (MMAW) Manual Metal Arc Welding, (SAW) Submerged Arc Welding methods, (GMAW) Gas metal arc welding and (FCAW) Flux cored wire metal arc welding without gas shield. Claddings were made always three-layered directly on the surfaces of renovated components using dedicated cladding machines in operations and laboratory conditions respectively. Their quality was assessed using non-destructive tests, namely (VT) visual testing by STN EN ISO 17637 and (UT) Ultrasonic testing STN EN ISO 11666. Within the destructive tests the quality of claddings was evaluated using the metallographic analysis conducted on a light microscope Olympus BX and electron microscope Jeol where the impact of mixing the weld metal as well as heat treatment after cladding on the final structure of claddings was observed. Using the Shimadzu HMV 2 device the microhardness of cladding layers was evaluated on metallographic samples by STN EN ISO 9015-2. In laboratory conditions the resistance of cladding layers to abrasive wear was verified on the device Di-1. Experimental testing of the claddings confirmed that the selected additives and cladding parameters witting individual technology were chosen correctly as in cladding layers no presence of internal defects was observed.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Flores, Torres Santiago. "Characterisation of weld-features in RR1000 inertia friction welds". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8389/.

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This thesis is an investigation into a family of features that can form during the inertia friction welding of the nickel-based superalloy RR1000. A thorough characterisation of the weld features using scanning-electron microscopy has been carried out, yielding information about their composition, microstructure, morphology and their distribution within the weld zone.

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Sugden, Alastair Allen Brockbank. "Towards the prediction of weld metal properties". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221892.

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McRobie, D. E. "Cleavage fracture in C-Mn weld metals". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355272.

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Reed, Philippa Ann Sarah. "Effects of warm prestressing on A533B weld metal". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334223.

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Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh. "Acicular ferrite and bainite in Fe-Cr-C weld deposits". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221886.

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Lee, Taeseon. "Impact Welding: Fundamental Studies on Weld Interface Structure". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543493357444402.

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Reed, Roger Charles. "The characterisation and modelling of multipass steel weld heat-affected zones". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334220.

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rudow, matthew. "Effect of Oxidation on Weld Strengthof Dissimilar Resistance Weld Interface Between 304 Stainless Steeland Near Equiatomic Austenitic Nitinol Guide Wire". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/855.

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Abbott Vascular encountered strength and variability issues when attempting to resistively weld 304 Stainless Steel to equiatomic Nitinol. Initial observations suggested that passivation layer (Cr2O3, TiO2) formation affected the weld interface. One hundred 304 Stainless Steel/Nitinol pairs were allowed to oxidize in air at room temperature for allowed periods of time (.1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 16, 24, 168, and 336 hours). Each pair was welded resistively with constant current. A Miyachi/Unitek Advanced Data Analysis Monitor (ADAM) recorded the peak resistance at the instance the weld was made. Resistances were compared to Instron 5900 tensile maximum break load (KgF). Use of optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed microstructural reduction of void size at the sample fracture surface (1-.5 µm). Literature suggested the existence of metastable precipitate forms at near equiatomic compositions within the theoretical temperature range (261.9-1425.2 0C). The Instron 5900 mechanically validated presence of precipitates, while Electron Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the existence compositionally. Literature confirms B19’ precipitates size increases with temperature. This suggests higher resistance samples will promote growth of precipitates due to increased heat input. Increased average particle size was observed with increased resistance (0-.3 µm). Crystal lattice inconsistencies between Nitinol parent phase (B2) and B19’ promote premature fracture due to increased misfit dislocation density. Therefore increased weld resistance promotes the growth of incoherent Ti3Ni4 precipitates which inhibit load bearing capabilities, causing premature failure.

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Hodgson, David K. "The Post Weld Heat Treatment Response in the Heat Affected Zone of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1367416587.

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Maier, Petra. "Segregation behaviour of phosphorus, manganese and carbon in boiler shell weld materials". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35335.

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The work in this thesis has developed theoretical models to predict the microstructural behaviour of weld materials. Three different types of boiler shell weld materials from nuclear power plants have been investigated. The materials considered differ mainly in the manganese concentration and their microstructure after different temperature exposures during industrial use. Element segregation can be predicted according to the typical reactor conditions and therefore the influence of longer life times can be evaluated. Sufficient experimental data have been taken by application of advanced transmission electron microscopes which offer images of high quality. The application of a thermodynamic software package MTDATA to predict the free concentration of each element for model prediction has been. Phosphorus, of great interest because it causes embrittlement, is enhanced at the grain boundary and increases with operating temperature and life time. Its interaction with carbon and manganese is of interest. Site-competition between carbon, phosphorus and manganese has to be applied. These site competition model prediction results fit best to the experimental data.

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Książki na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Welding thermal processes and weld pool behaviors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/China Machine Press, 2011.

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Berkhout, C. F. Metallurgy and mechanical properties of multipass submerged arc weld metal in C/MN and low alloy constructional steel. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1987.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Weldability of a nickel-based superalloy. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Weldability of a nickel-based superalloy. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Martin, Bartelheim, Pernicka Ernst, Krause Rüdiger i Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Institut für Archäometrie., red. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt =: The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world. Rahden, Westf: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 2002.

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Andreas, Hauptmann, Pernicka Ernst i Wagner Günther A, red. Archäometallurgie der Alten Welt: Beiträge zum Internationalen Symposium "Old World Archaeometallurgy," Heidelberg 1987 = Old world archaeometallurgy : proceedings of the International Symposium "Old World Archaeometallurgy," Heidelberg 1987. Bochum: Selbstverlag des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, 1989.

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Andreas, Hauptmann, Pernicka Ernst i Wagner Günther A, red. Archäometallurgie der Alten Welt: Beiträge zum Internationalen Symposium "Old World Archaeometallurgy", Heidelberg 1987 = Old world archaeometallurgy : proceedings of the International Symposium "Old World Archaeometallurgy", Heidelberg 1987. Bochum: Selbstverlag des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, 1989.

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Lepore, Lucia, i Paola Turi, red. Caulonia tra Crotone e Locri. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-931-1.

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The work comprises over 30 original contributions and is completed by numerous illustrations, drawings and plans. The topics addressed include historic sources, topography, architecture, town planning, religion, funereal ideology, musical culture, epigraphy, coinage, craftsmanship and metallurgy as well as applied sciences and technologies. The articles are remarkable in terms of a new approach to the reading of the historic events and archaeological problems of the Achaean colony of Caulonia within a broader territorial dimension that also takes in Crotone and Locri.

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Adaskin, Anatoliy, Aleksandr Krasnovskiy i Tat'yana Tarasova. Materials science and technology of metallic, non-metallic and composite materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1143245.

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Book 1 of the textbook consists of two parts. Part I describes the structure of metallic, non-metallic, and composite materials. Technologies of production of metal materials are considered: metallurgical production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; powder metallurgy; technologies of production of non-metallic materials: polymers, glass, graphite; technologies of production of composite materials, including semi-finished products-prepregs, premixes. Part II is devoted to methods for studying the properties of materials. Metal materials, technologies of their hardening by thermal, chemical-thermal treatment, and plastic deformation are considered. The features of organic and inorganic nonmetallic materials, as well as the possibility of changing their properties, are given. Composite materials are widely covered, and the areas of their rational application are shown. Revised chapter 14, which deals with intelligent materials. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For bachelors and undergraduates studying in groups of training areas 15.00.00 "Mechanical Engineering" and 22.00.00 "Materials Technologies". It can be used for training graduate students of engineering specialties, as well as for advanced training of engineering and technical workers of machine-building enterprises.

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Pachurin, German. Technology for studying the destruction of structural materials under different loading conditions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/981296.

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The textbook is devoted to solving topical issues related to the prediction of the effect of plastic deformation on the behavior in various operating conditions of a wide class of metals and alloys. The technology developed by the author for studying the mechanical properties and the process of destruction of plastically treated metal materials under various loading conditions (static at different temperatures, cyclic in air at low, room and elevated temperatures, as well as at room temperature in the presence of a corrosive environment) is described. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. Addressed to bachelors and undergraduates of higher educational institutions of full-time and part-time education in the areas of training 20.03.01 Technosphere safety" (training profile "Safety of technological processes and production"), 22.03.01 and 22.04.01 "Materials Science and Materials Technology", 22.03.02 and 22.04.02 "Metallurgy", 15.03.01 and 15.04.01 "Mechanical Engineering", 15.05.01 "Design of technological machines and complexes", 15.03.02 "Technological machines and equipment", 15.03.04 and 15.04.04 "Automation of technological processes and production", 17.05.02 "Strelkovo-pushechnoe, artillery and rocket weapons", 15.03.05 "Design and technological support of machine-building industries". It can be useful for scientific and engineering workers of enterprises of automotive, aviation, shipbuilding and other metalworking branches of mechanical engineering, laboratory workers, as well as for training specialists in materials science, metal science and metal forming."

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Części książek na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Rodriguez, P., i T. P. S. Gill. "High Temperature Transformations in Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals". W Advances in Physical Metallurgy, 530–41. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003424000-71.

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Folkhard, Erich. "Precipitation Phenomena in Stainless Steels and Weld Metals". W Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, 103–43. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8965-8_4.

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Folkhard, Erich. "Metallurgical Phenomena in Secondary Crystallization of Stainless Steels and Weld Metals". W Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, 78–102. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8965-8_3.

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Folkhard, Erich. "Metallurgical Processes Occurring During Solidification and Cooling in Stainless Steel Weld Metal". W Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, 52–77. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8965-8_2.

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Folkhard, Erich. "General Instructions for the Welding and Post-Weld Surface Treatments of Fabrications and Welded Components Made from Austenitic Stainless Steel". W Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, 223–25. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8965-8_10.

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Böllinghaus, Thomas, A. Gumenyuk i V. Quiroz. "Short Term Metallurgy and Hot Cracking During Laser Beam Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels". W Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds III, 103–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16864-2_7.

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Lancaster, J. F. "Metallurgical effects of the weld thermal cycle". W Metallurgy of Welding, 169–210. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845694869.169.

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Easterling, Kenneth. "The weld metal". W Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, 55–125. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-0394-2.50007-1.

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Granjon, H. "Formation of the weld metal zone". W Fundamentals of Welding Metallurgy, 68–96. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698805.68.

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Granjon, H. "Solidification of the weld metal zone". W Fundamentals of Welding Metallurgy, 97–121. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698805.97.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Sutton, Ben, i David Gandy. "Assessment of Powder Metallurgy-Hot Isostatic Pressed Nozzle-to-Safe End Transition Joints". W ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65776.

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Dissimilar metal nozzle-to-safe end welds represent a complex manufacturing operation for nuclear reactor fabrication. Transitioning from a low alloy steel nozzle to corrosion-resistant reactor coolant system piping systems requires weld buttering, an intermediate heat treatment, and a dissimilar metal weld between the nozzle buttering and safe-end. The process can be both time consuming and costly, and often provides difficulties for inspection of welds in the field. Through the use of powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP), a series of transition joint configurations have been evaluated that could reduce the complexity of nozzle-to-safe end fabrication by eliminating fusion welding from the process. Test coupons of SA508 low alloy steel have been joined via PM-HIP to either 316L SS or 347NG SS using various powder metal interlayer materials (Alloy 82, Nb-modified Alloy 600 (600M), Alloy 690, and 316L SS). The microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the joints have been evaluated following a post-HIP solution anneal, quench and temper heat treatment. Particular attention was given to evaluating bond-line regions via Charpy V-notch impact testing, tensile testing, microhardness, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results demonstrate that multiple transition layer configurations are capable of meeting the acceptable tensile and impact energy specifications of the two parent base material substrates. Interface impact toughness and ductility were dependent upon secondary phase precipitation within the diffusion region of the joints and presence of non-metallic inclusions. This assessment demonstrates that acceptable joint performance is achievable through proper material selection and should be considered for DMW applications in the future.

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Liburdi, J., K. A. Ellison, J. Chitty i D. Nevin. "Novel Approaches to the Repair of Vane Segments". W ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-230.

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Thermal fatigue and craze cracks in a set of industrial vane segments were successfully repaired using an advanced LPM™ powder metallurgy process. Unlike conventional braze repair processes that rely solely on chemical cleaning to reduce the oxides, the LPM™ approach will physically remove the cracked or damaged areas in a manner similar to weld repairs. Consequently, large areas in the fillet radius, airfoils, and shrouds were mechanically prepared using conventional hand tools and then replaced with matching or alternate alloys in a powder metallurgy form. In this application, it was decided to use a stronger nickel-based IN738 alloy to repair the cobalt-based X-45 vanes. The patented LPM™ process uses conventional vacuum furnace heat treatments to produce dense, wide gap repairs that are well bonded to the parent metal. The results of the metallurgical and mechanical tests are presented, along with the observations during final inspection of the parts.

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King, James P., i Robert D. Hendrix. "Investigation of Radiant Superheater Crossover Pipe Weld Cracking at Big Cajun II Station". W ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1319.

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This paper describes the many features of a detailed investigation into the determination of a root cause for internal cracking found in the circumferential welds of radiant superheater crossover piping lines, in the Units No. 1 and 2 boilers at Big Cajun II Station in New Roads, Louisiana. The history of inside diameter, circumferential cracks dates back to 1992. The cracking had been recorded during several outages for both units. It was discovered by use of ultrasonic shear wave testing, and verified by ultrasonic time of flight diffraction methods. During each of the ensuing unit outages, the crack depths were recorded and mapped. Repairs were undertaken by machining out the complete girth weld followed by re-welding. During the interim years cracking did re-occur at many of the weld locations. In 2000, a detailed investigation into the cause of the cracking was initiated, which resulted in recommendations for resolving the ongoing problem. This detailed study included; nondestructive testing and metallurgy of removed metal samples, boiler performance testing and analysis and stress, fatigue and fracture mechanics evaluations. The detailed background, applications and results of the many and varied testing and analytical tasks are fully described herein. The main conclusion to the root cause of the cracking is identified as fatigue caused by the combined effects of thermal and pressure cycles. Recommendations are given which address the actions needed to limit or prevent re-occurrence of the cracking, including revised boiler operating procedures. In addition, a series of fatigue crack growth curves is presented, as a monitoring toot for evaluating existing cracks in the welds.

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Stalheim, Douglas, Jiang Jinxing, Huo Chunyong, Zhang Yongqing, Jose Bacalhau i David Han. "Optimization of Through Thickness Microstructural Grain Size, Homogeneity and Niobium Metallurgy Performance for Cost Effective Improved API X80 Heavy Gauge Large Diameter Pipe Body and Weld Mechanical Property Stability". W 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87331.

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Abstract Today’s market for API pipeline steels requires higher strength and fracture toughness performance in heavier gauges and larger pipe diameters. Meeting basic average mechanical properties of strength, TCVN and DWTT performance has been achieved by many with newer powerful plate mills and cooling systems. However, stability/standard deviations of plate/pipe strength and toughness along with pipe seam/girth weld toughness continues to be challenging for many. Current focus has been on pipe seam and girth weld HAZ toughness stability which has proven to be difficult to achieve. Optimization of the alloy and processing design are critical components of creating the desired final through thickness microstructure, grain size/homogeneity and a volume fraction of proper size Nb precipitates in the hot rolled condition and corresponding final base and weld metal ductility properties. Optimized processing of two Nb levels, 0.055% and 0.075%, Nanjing Iron and Steel Company successfully improved base metal plate strength and toughness stability that translated into improved pipe strength and toughness stability including pipe seam/girth welds HAZ toughness. The optimized 0.075% Nb girth weld HAZ fusion line average was 339 J @ −80 °C with a 9.3 J standard deviation while the optimized 0.055% Nb girth weld HAZ fusion line was 307 J @ −80 °C with a 55.2 J standard deviation.

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Leggatt, N. A., R. Dennis, P. R. Hurrell, S. E. Gould i R. R. Kane. "Modelling the Fabrication of a Pressure Vessel Toroidal Seal". W ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26145.

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Welding remains the key process in fabricating, as well as repairing, pressure vessel systems. Unfortunately, many manufacturing and through life service problems occur in or near welded regions. The through life integrity of welded components, e.g. distortion, fatigue, fracture, metallurgy and corrosion control remains a key challenge for structural integrity. The work reported in this paper investigates the complex manufacture and assembly of a pressure vessel toroidal seal. The seal is first created by depositing a series of austenitic welds onto a ferritic pressure vessel to build up a plinth, thus forming a transition weld. The transition weld is then subject to a high temperature Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) to stress relieve the welds and to temper the HAZ in the welds. An austenitic toroidal ring is positioned onto the plinths and welded in place thus forming the toroidal seal. The seal is manufactured from a 347 austenitic stainless steel comprising good ductility and corrosion resistance. The manufacture of the seal is simulated using 2D axisymmetric finite element analysis that are available to support both the design and integrity analysis of welded components. As well as the inherent residual stresses associated with welding, additional effects are important, for instance the austenitic to ferritic transition welds between the vessel body and plinths. This paper presents a novel approach to the simulation of weld metal deposition that is ideally suited to the modelling of transition welds and subsequent PWHT. The plinth welds undergo PWHT and so the creep behaviour of the welds is simulated. A series of intermittent as well as end of manufacture PWHT’s are investigated. Additionally the choice of material hardening law for the austenic weldment is studied. The full manufacturing history of the seal is taken into account within the analysis including welding, component machining and component geometry fit up.

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Brongers, Michiel P. H., John A. Beavers, Carl E. Jaske i Burke S. Delanty. "Influence of Line-Pipe Steel Metallurgy on Ductile Tearing of Stress-Corrosion Cracks During Simulated Hydrostatic Testing". W 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-189.

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Hydrostatic testing is one method to confirm the integrity of pipelines containing colonies of stress-corrosion cracks. Although this technique is widely used, a concern of the pipeline industry is the potential for ductile tearing damage of subcritical flaws in pipes with cracks in the base metal and in the welds. The objectives of the current study were to determine the amount of ductile tearing and crack tip blunting that may occur at the crack tips of flaws that survive a hydrotest and to evaluate the influence of metallurgy on the extent of ductile tearing. In this research, stress-corrosion cracks (SCC) were grown in a near-neutral-pH environment in compact tension (CT) specimens made from two heats of X-65 line-pipe steel and one heat of X-52 line-pipe steel with an electric resistance weld (ERW). Simulated hydrostatic tests were performed on these specimens at loads that corresponded to hoop stresses at and above the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe steel, resulting in applied J-integral values near and above J(Q). Some specimens ruptured; some did not fail. Crack tip blunting and the extent of tearing were evaluated. Based on curve fits of the data collected from the CT specimens, the CorLAS™ software was utilized to predict the maximum amount of tearing for cracks of varying flaw dimensions and hydrostatic pressures.

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Kimball, Douglas, i James Faust. "Ultraflex Coatings for Protection of Non-Line-of-Sight Surfaces". W ITSC2015, redaktorzy A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen i C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p1177.

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Abstract Kennametal’s UltraFlex surface treatments provide wear and corrosion resistant coatings in locations that are not easily protected by other methods such as weld overlay or thermal spray. The UltraFlex surface treatments are based on a powder metallurgy process where coatings are applied to substrates in a “green” state and then heated to fuse the coating into a dense, uniform, metallurgically bonded layer with almost no porosity. Unlike most weld or spraying processes, the process for applying UltraFlex does not require direct line-of-sight with the substrate, so components with very complex geometries, difficult to reach locations, or small IDs can be protected with a high-quality surface. UltraFlex coatings are available in multiple grades which are selected depending on the specific application environment. UltraFlex tungsten carbide grades have excellent abrasion and erosion resistance and cobalt alloy grades have excellent corrosion and high temperature resistance.

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Koganti, R., C. Karas, A. Joaquin, D. Henderson, M. Zaluzec i A. Caliskan. "Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding Process Optimization for Joining Aluminum 5754 Sheet Material Using OTC/Daihen Equipment". W ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42473.

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The development of lightweight vehicles, in particular aluminum intensive vehicles, require significant manufacturing process development for joining and assembling aluminum structures. Currently, 5xxx and 6xxx aluminum alloys are being used in various structural applications in a number of lightweight vehicles worldwide. Various joining methods, such as MIG, Laser and adhesive bonding have been investigated as technology enables for high volume joining of 5xxx, and 6xxx series alloys. In this study, metal inert gas (MIG) welding is used to join 5754 non-heat-treatable alloy sheet products. The objective of this study is to develop optimum weld process parameters for non-heat-treatable 5754 aluminum alloys. The MIG welding equipment used in this study is an OTC/Daihen CPD-350 welding systems and DR-4000 pulse power supply. The factors selected to understand the influence of weld process parameters on the mechanical properties and metallurgy (weld penetration) include power input (torch speed, voltage, current, wire feed), pulse frequency, and gas flow rate. Test coupons used in this study were based on a single lap configuration. A full factorial design of experiment (DOE) was conducted to understand the main and interaction effects on joint failure and weld penetration. The joint strengths and weld penetrations are measured for various operating ranges of weld factors. Post weld analysis indicates, power input and gas flow rate are the two signficant factors (statistically) based on lap shear load to failure and weld penentration data. There were no 2-way or 3-way interaction effects observed in ths weld study. Based on the joint strength and weld penetration, optimum weld process factors were determined.

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Cooke, Lloyd A. "Life Extending Advanced Component Repairs — Field Operating Experience". W ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0609.

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Advanced repair technologies have been introduced to the gas turbine industry over recent years. An increasing selection of coating systems is available which can be tailored to the specific operating environment. Automated welding systems and the use of custom weld filler metals for enhanced component life provide a means of reliably welding the new generation of high strength turbine blade alloys. Powder metallurgy processes have been introduced as an alternative to welding and have been used to upgrade certain components by employing higher strength repair materials than the original castings. In the paper, these and other technologies are assessed based on engine operating experience with direct comparison to the conventional repair techniques which they have replaced.

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Wang, Mingxiang, Peihao Geng, Hong Ma i Guoliang Qin. "Mechanical Property and Microstructure of IN718/FGH96 Dissimilar Superalloy Linear Friction Weldment". W ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85288.

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Abstract Wrought superalloy IN718 and powder metallurgy (P/M) FGH96 were joined by linear friction welding (LFW). The variation of microstructure and mechanical properties at different welding parameters has been investigated. Macrostructural examination of the double flash morphology indicated a conservative shortening length of 2.57 mm that was recommended to extrude out the original surface contaminants into the flash. Weld zone of the joint was featured with weld interface zone (WIZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), where deformed morphology tended to be more narrow with increasing applied pressure. The increasing oscillatory frequency or decreasing applied pressure promoted the refinement of dynamically recrystallised γ matrix grain. The analysis of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of the weldments showed that dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) occurred in the weld zone of dissimilar nickel-based superalloy. Continuous dynamic recrystallisation (CDRX) became the predominant behaviour, accompanied by inconspicuous discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (DDRX). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that dissolution of the strengthening phase occurred from WIZ to TMAZ, strongly influencing hardness distribution across the interface. Sound joints with a higher interface strength than the base metals of IN718 were obtained.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "WELD METALLURGY"

Fazeli, Fateh. PR-631-174506-R01 Substandard Properties in Pipeline Fittings and Flanges. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011560.

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Some instances of substandard high yield (42-80 ksi) fittings and flanges have been reported over the past few years in Canada and the USA. In response, PRCI launched project MAT-7-1 to investigate some of the potential metallurgical causes of this issue. The main activities in this project included a survey of operators and manufacturers, a review of the scientific literature pertinent to the metallurgy of fittings and flanges, a critical review of the relevant MSS and CSA manufacturing standards, as well as a summary of proposed changes for MSS-SP-44 that have been recommended by API Sub Committee 21 (Materials work-ing group on pipeline flange and fitting quality). The report provides information, which should be useful for operators and manufacturers on the metallurgy pertinent to the manufacturing of fittings and flanges. The information should also help to improved stand-ard practices, as well as the quality and reliability of pipeline fittings and flanges. This document has a related webinar.

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