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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Weekly rest"
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PEKŞEN, Miraç Şamil. "Weekly Rest in Part-Time Employment Contracts". Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, nr 54 (3.04.2023): 339–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54049/taad.1274447.
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Hafta tatili dinlenme hakkı kapsamında yer alan önemli bir haktır. Hafta tatilinde işçiler bir yandan dinlenirken bir yandan da çalışmadıkları halde ücrete hak kazanırlar. Kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların böylesine önemli bir haktan yararlanıp yararlanamayacakları tartışma konusudur. Zira hafta tatiline ilişkin yasal düzenlemeler tam süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanlar dikkate alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Bunun neticesinde kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların hafta tatiline hak kazanıp kazanamayacakları belirsiz hale gelmiştir. Öğretide konuya ilişkin farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Ayrıca konuya ilişkin yargı kararları da çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Yargıtay yakın zamana kadar kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların hafta tatiline hak kazanamayacakları görüşündeydi. Yeni tarihli kararlar ise kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların hafta tatiline hak kazanabilecekleri yönündedir. Çalışmada kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların hafta tatili hakkı karşısındaki durumları incelenecektir. Bunun için öncelikle hafta tatili ve kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesi hakkında genel bilgiler verilecektir. Ardından hafta tatiline hak kazanma koşulu incelenecektir. Son aşamada ise kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesiyle çalışanların hafta tatiline hak kazanma koşulunu sağlayıp sağlamadıkları üzerinde durulacaktır.
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Liberal Fernandes, Francisco. "O fim do descanso semanal obrigatório ao sétimo dia?" Revista Electrónica de Direito 23, nr 3 (październik 2020): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2020-0003_0004.
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The monologue that is reproduced has in its genesis two sentences related to the imperfect problem of the enjoyment of weekly rest at shift work: the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, of 9-11-2017 (Maio Marques da Rosa, case C - 306/16), and the Supreme Court of Justice, of 14-11-2018 (case 1181/15.4T8MTS.P1.S1). The fact that the issue in question was decided on the basis of rules of general scope (respectively, Article 5, first part, of the Directive 2003/88, concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, and Article 232, paragraph 1, of the Labour Code) has given to give these decisions an innovative dimension, potentially disruptive in the social and legal sphere, if it is under-stood that the normativity of the first sentence is directly extendable to the com-mon of labour contracts. The final conclusion is that the Portuguese labour system enshrines the weekly rest rule on the seventh day, allowing for the possibility of derogations for a limited set of activities; however, in relation to these, the application of this regime depends on provision in terms of collective labour regulation instruments.
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Ertürk, Olgu Özdemir. "Non-dissolution of the Daily Rest Period into the Weekly Rest Period". International Labor Rights Case Law 9, nr 3 (3.11.2023): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056901-09030020.
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Poliak, Miloš, Patrícia Šimurková, Marek Jaśkiewicz, P. Posuniak i J. Stokłosa. "The Impact of the Ban on Spending Weekly Rest in the Vehicle on Transport Planning in the EU". New Trends in Production Engineering 1, nr 1 (1.10.2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0003.
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Abstract The working conditions of truck drivers and social legislation are both topical and political issues in the field of road freight transport. The contribution outlines problems which are linked to the observance of the ban on weekly rest in the vehicle. Based on the judgment, the Court of Justice of the European Union explicitly forbids drivers to take their regular weekly rest in the vehicle. The contribution identifies the impact of the ban on spending weekly rest in the vehicle on transport planning in the EU. The aim of the contribution is also to highlight the existing problems in international road freight transport sector in connection with insufficient number of truck parks with accommodation.
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Kang, Seong-Tae. "Amendment of Weekly Rest Systems under the Labor Standards Act". Korean Journal of Law and Society 54 (30.04.2017): 211–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33446/kjls.54.7.
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Gil, Leszek, Daniel Pieniak i Agata Walczak. "Safety in road transport". Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 189, nr 3 (30.09.2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6225.
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The article describes the transport process and the drivers’ approach with regard to respecting the applicable driver's working time standards. This paper presents and discusses the results of a survey conducted among professional drivers, the primary purpose of which was to obtain the response to the question whether drivers actually rest during the break. Legal regulations strictly determine the minimum daily and weekly rest periods and the maximum daily and weekly driving times. Appropriate advanced technologies represented by measuring tools to the great extent oblige drivers to take a rest at the right time. Nevertheless, on the basis of the research it was stated that drivers frequently execute other activities, thus trying to increase their profits during break time, and therefore they commit for a rest shorter time than this resulting from the current working time regulations. The introduction of newer and more advanced solutions in the recording equipment substantially limits the possibility of performing other activities related to the vehicle during a break, and forces drivers to have a rest, thereby they pose less risk on the roads.
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Rutkowska, Beata. "Scope of Reference of Employees’ Right to Daily and Weekly Rest (A Discussion Article)". Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 29, nr 2 (21.07.2022): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.22.017.15691.
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The paper attempts to answer the question of whether periods of daily and weekly rest provided for in Art. 132 and 133 of the Labour Code Act of 26 June 1974 are to be accounted for with reference to the employment relationship, employer, or employee. Determinations in this respect were made by analysing various situations occurring in practice—employment of an employee with one employer on the basis of one employment relationship, simultaneous employment of an employee in several employment relationships with that employer, and parallel employment of an employee by more than one employer. This takes into account the need to ensure that the employee is afforded rest periods within strictly defined legal limits, as well as the nature of the right to daily and weekly rest and the purposes of this right.
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Cerame, A., P. Coucheiro, L. Cayuela, M. Maiques i A. Franco Soler. "Descriptive study on the working conditions of residents of psychiatry in Madrid: working hours and 24-hour on call shifts". European Psychiatry 65, S1 (czerwiec 2022): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.291.
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Introduction Resident physician’s working conditions are linked to poor health outcomes of professionals and patient’s safety. Previous studies suggest that residents in Spain have difficulties enjoying mandatory rest after on-call shifts. Objectives This study aims at describing the working conditions: working hours and the absence of mandatory rest periods after a 24h on-call shift in residents of psychiatry in the region of Madrid. Methods A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out through an anonymous survey adapted from the available literature. Results Up to 24,1% of the surveyed residents could not enjoy mandatory resting periods after a 24 hour on-call shift and the mandatory weekly rest of at least 36 hours was not done in up to 17% of the cases with statistical significance (p <0.05). The average number of 24 hours on call shifts residents had to work per month was 5, which exceeds the maximum weekly hours allowed by law. Conclusions The findings reveal a violation of resident physician labor rights in relation to resting times after on-call shifts, weekly breaks and working hours. These phenomena pose a significant threat to resident physician’s health and patient safety. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Bălăneasa, Maria-Cristina. "Aspects Regarding Annual Leave and Weekly Rest-Basic Rights of Employees in Romania". European Journal of Law and Public Administration 9, nr 2 (20.12.2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/9.2/188.
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This material proposes the description of some general aspects regarding the employees' right to vacation, but also regarding their weekly rest as the main forms of rest and aimed at restoring physical and intellectual strength. Employers have legal obligations in granting them and in case of non-compliance, the sanctioning force of the state intervenes through the control actions of the Labor Inspectorate. Data on the number of checks and sanctions applied are reproduced in the pages of this work in order to highlight the degree of compliance with labor legislation by employers.
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Maloni, Judith A., Greg R. Alexander, Mark D. Schluchter, Dinesh M. Shah i Seunghee Park. "Antepartum Bed Rest: Maternal Weight Change and Infant Birth Weight". Biological Research For Nursing 5, nr 3 (styczeń 2004): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800403260307.
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Despite lack of evidence for effectiveness, obstetricians in the United States prescribe antepartum bed rest for more than 700,000 women per year. However, in nonpregnant samples, bed rest treatment produces weight loss. This study assessed maternal weight change (gain) during antepartum hospitalization for bed rest treatment; compared appropriateness of infant birth weights for gestational age, race, and gender; and determined whether maternal weight change predicted infant birth weight. The convenience sample for this longitudinal study consisted of 141 women with high-risk pregnancies who were treated with hospital bed rest. Weekly rate of pregnancy weight change by body mass index was compared with Institute of Medicine recommendations for rate of pregnancy weight gain. Infant birth weight was compared with current US infant birth weights for matching gestational age, gender, and race. Weekly antepartum weight change was significantly lower than Institute of Medicine recommendations (P < 0.001). Infant birth weights were also significantly lower than the national mean when matched for each infant’s gestational age, race, and gender ( P < 0.001). Maternal weight change predicted infant birth weight ( P = 0.05). Bed rest treatment is ineffective for improving pregnancy weight gain. Lower infant birth weights across all gestational ages suggest that maternal weight loss during bed rest may be associated with an increased risk of fetal growth restriction. A randomized trial comparing women with high-risk pregnancies who are ambulatory with those on bed rest is needed to determine whether bed rest treatment, underlying maternal-fetal disease, or both influence inadequate maternal weight gain and poor intrauterine growth.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Weekly rest"
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Vela, Gonzales Carlos Gil, i Rabanal Cristian Attilio Cadenillas. "Constitucionalidad y Legalidad en la aplicación de la Jornada de Trabajo Atípica Acumulativa en la Minería y Casuística aplicada". Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653469.
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La importancia de la Jornada Atípica Acumulativa en la minería en nuestro país radica en que facilita mayores niveles de producción y utiliza para ello la fuerza laboral de los trabajadores mineros en ciclos de trabajo (o también llamados sistemas de trabajo) que consisten en períodos acumulativos de trabajo y que son compensados también con períodos acumulativos de descanso, pero para ello debe cumplirse con diversos parámetros constitucionales (Constitución Política de 1993, Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional y Convenio 01 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo - OIT) así como con diversos parámetros legales (TUO de la Ley de Jornada y su Reglamento, Consolidación de los Descansos Remunerados y su Reglamento) y otros parámetros interpretativos sumamente importantes (Directivas e Informes del Ministerio de Trabajo – MTPE). De contar con dichos parámetros la jornada atípica acumulativa en la minería será constitucionalmente y legalmente válida.
Más, luego de precisar la constitucionalidad y legalidad de este tipo de jornada de trabajo, corresponde ahora definir algunos aspectos importantes de casuística respecto al cálculo de la Jornada Atípica Acumulativa en la Minería que servirán para despejar algunas dudas en este tema poco estudiado aún en el Derecho Laboral y en el Derecho Minero. Y finalmente corresponde desarrollar una propuesta normativa que regule todos los aspectos necesarios para la aplicación de este tipo especial de jornadas de trabajo.The importance of Atypical Cumulative Working Day in mining in our country is that it facilitates increased production and uses for this labor force miners to work cycles (also called work systems) consisting of periods cumulative work and are also offset by cumulative periods of rest, but this should be met with various constitutional parameters (1993 Constitution, Constitutional Court rulings and Convention 01 of the International Labour Organization - ILO) as well as various legal parameters (Journey Act and Regulations, Consolidation of Remunerated Breaks and Regulations) and other highly important interpretative parameters (Directives and Reports of the Ministry of Labour - MLEP). To have these parameters cumulative atypical journey in mining will be constitutionally and legally valid. Moreover, after specifying the constitutionality and legality of this type of working day, it is now necessary to define some important aspects of casuistry regarding the calculation of the Cumulative Atypical Working Day in Mining that will serve to clear up some doubts in this little studied subject still in the Labor Law and Mining Law. And finally it corresponds to develop a normative proposal that regulates all the necessary aspects for the application of this special type of working days.
Tesis
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Moyer, Dean W. "Worship renewal for the vocational worship pastor an eight-week renewal curriculum established upon redemptive themes inherent in the theologies of baptism, Sabbath rest, and Imago Dei /". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Costa, Diana Maria Bessa. "Trabalho por turnos e descanso semanal : a atualidade de uma antiga controvérsia". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33662.
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O princípio do descanso semanal tem um extenso leque de fundamentos que expressam a sua essencialidade, principalmente para a segurança e saúde de todos os trabalhadores. Tendo em conta a penosidade acrescida do trabalho por turnos, mormente os turnos rotativos, o dia em que recai é um aspeto de extrema relevância, para a recuperação física e psicológica destes trabalhadores, como também para a sua inclusão nos eventos sociais e para garantir a sua presença no seio familiar. Por outro lado, o tema em apreço, o regime do descanso semanal no trabalho por turnos, tem sido amplamente discutido e tingido de discordância desde os anos 60. Mais recentemente, a controvérsia reacendeu-se em consequência da decisão do TJ no âmbito do Caso Maio Marques da Rosa, importando apreciar o seu impacto na Ordem Jurídica interna. Nestes termos, pretende-se, no presente estudo, analisar a evolução histórica do regime do descanso semanal no trabalho por turnos, a nível legislativo, doutrinal e jurisprudencial, até aos dias de hoje, com particular ênfase na decisão do TJ e respetiva interpretação por parte dos tribunais portugueses.The principle of weekly rest has an extensive range of fundamentals that express its essentiality, mainly for the safety and health of all workers. Bearing in mind the increased hardship of shift work, especially rotating shifts, the day it falls on is an extremely relevant aspect, for the physical and psychological recovery of these workers, as well as for their inclusion in social events and to guarantee their presence within the family. On the other hand, the subject under consideration, the regime of weekly rest in shift work, has been widely discussed and tinged with disagreement since the 1960s. More recently, the controversy has reignited as a result of the Court of Justice’s decision in the context of the Maio Marques da Rosa Case, and its impact on the national legal system needs to be assessed. The aim of this study is to analyze the historical evolution of the regime of weekly rest in shift work, at the legislative, doctrinal and jurisprudential level, until today, with particular emphasis on the decision of the Court of Justice and its interpretation by the Portuguese courts.
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CHENG, CHING-YUN, i 鄭璟昀. "The Crisis Communication Of Government:A Case Study Of “One Fixed Day Off And One Flexible Rest Day Per Week” Policy". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k93gw7.
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碩士世新大學
口語傳播學研究所
106
Every government has to promote policy. If it does not do a good job of communication and image management, even if the policy is "good intention," it may evolve into a "confidence crisis" or even a "ruling crisis" of the government. Therefore, when promoting policies, how to communicate effectively with the public is a topic that the government must pay attention to. This study examines how the “Tsai-Government” promoted the “One Fixed Day Off And One Flexible Rest Day Per Week Policy” and how to communicate in crisis. Apply Benoit's (1995) image-repair theory to examine communication strategies; and evaluate the effectiveness with the concept of media effectiveness of WU,YI-ZHENG(2002). The study found that “reducing offensiveness” was the main communication strategy. In the period of policy-regulate, they used“reducing offensiveness” and “evading responsibility ” strategies. In the period of policy-implement, they used “reducing offensiveness” and “mortification ” strategies to talk to public. The effectiveness of the two-stage strategy is negative. The researchers made recommendations on " principle of communication aspects" and " strategies aspects". On the " principle of communication aspects," the government should have the principles of "immediate response," "internal consensus," "clear information" and "use easy words." On the " strategies aspects ", the government should use “corrective action strategy”more. Also, they should pay attention to the "strategic-action consistency" and "strategic-appropriateness" to avoid conflicts and reduce the effectiveness of the strategy; in addition, based on facts use " attack accuser " to build trust.
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Shen, Shu-Nu, i 沈淑女. "Health-related Quality of Life among Caregivers in the Nursing Home of A Medical Center after Implementation the Policy “One Mandatory Day Off and One Flexible Rest Day Per Week”". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rhx3z6.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Weekly rest"
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Lord's Day Alliance of Canada., red. The workingmen and the weekly rest day. Toronto: Lord's Day Alliance, 1987.
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Rinderspacher, Jürgen P. Am Ende der Woche: Die soziale und kulturelle Bedeutung des Wochenendes : ein Gutachten für die Industriegewerkschaft Metall. Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft, 1987.
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Peter, Hans-Balz. Sonntagsarbeit: Ein Prototyp wirtschaftsethischer Auseinandersetzung. Bern: Institut für Sozialethik des SEK, 1994.
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Steffens, Hellmut. Der ge(schein)heiligte Sonntag: Fakten und Meinungen zur Sonntagsarbeit. Frankfurt am Main: J. Knecht, 1990.
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Suthaus, Christiane. Sonntagsarbeit aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen?: Eine wirtschaftsethische Analyse. Münster: LIT, 1997.
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Schwarz, Bernhard. Arbeitsruhegesetz. Wyd. 2. Wien: Verlag des Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbundes, 1987.
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Bernhard, Schwarz. Arbeitsruhegesetz. Wyd. 3. Wien: Verlag des Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbundes, 1993.
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Heckmann, Friedrich. Arbeitszeit und Sonntagsruhe: Stellungnahmen zur Sonntagsarbeit als Beitrag kirchlicher Sozialkritik im 19. Jahrhundert. Essen: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 1986.
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Japan. Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kanbō. Kōhōshitsu. Rōdō jikan shūkyū futsukasei ni kansuru seron chōsa: Heisei 3-nen 7-gatsu chōsa. [Tokyo]: Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kanbō Kōhōshitsu, 1991.
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Japan. Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kanbō. Rōdō jikan shūkyū futsukasei ni kansuru seron chōsa: Shōwa 61-nen 7-gatsu chōsa. [Tokyo]: Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kanbō Kōhōshitsu, 1986.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Weekly rest"
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Grodzinski, E., W. Schoop, G. Blümchen i J. S. Borer. "The Behavior of the Ejection Fraction at Rest and Exercise in Myocardial Infarction Before and After a 4-week Training Period. Comparison to a Control Group". W Secondary Prevention in Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction, 151–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5024-5_17.
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McLynn, Lucy. "Rest And Breaks". W Working Time And Holidays, 75–98. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551699.003.0004.
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Abstract This chapter considers the different types of rest for which provision is made under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR): rest breaks, daily rest and weekly rest. The particular categories of workers who are excluded from the entitlements to rest are outlined. The difficult issue of rest for on-call workers is discussed, as is the scope of the duty on an employer to enforce the taking of rest by workers. The chapter concludes by looking at record-keeping, enforcement, and the remedies for breach of a worker’s entitlement to rest.
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Taylor, Stephen, i Astra Emir. "26. Working time". W Employment Law, 461–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806752.003.0026.
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This chapter looks at the background to the Working Time Regulations, the core working time rights and the specifics of the law. It then considers some of the arguments that have been raised both for and against such regulation. The Working Time Regulations regulate daily rest, weekly working time, weekly rest and annual leave, among other matters. The maximum weekly working time is forty-eight hours, but the UK has retained an opt-out to this, so a person can agree to work more hours. The opt-out remains extremely controversial amongst fellow European Member States. The chapter also considers remedies if the rights are breached.
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Gribetz, Sarit Kattan. "Jewish and Christian Time". W Time and Difference in Rabbinic Judaism, 92–134. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192857.003.0003.
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This chapter examines rabbinic discussions of the Sabbath in light of Roman pagan critiques of and competing Christian claims to a weekly sacred day and other weekly worship practices. It begins by analyzing a section of Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael that contains an extended exegetical discussion about the Sabbath. This midrash offers passionate engagement with ideas that were popular in Second Temple and early Christian debates about Sabbath observance. The chapter then looks at a series of rabbinic stories that explore the sanctity of the Sabbath, found in fifth-century rabbinic sources compiled after Sunday became an imperially sanctioned day of rest and worship. It appears that rabbis proactively promoted the Sabbath as a day with distinct qualities that were inherent to it and persuaded Jews of this dimension of the Sabbath precisely because they worried that Jews might be drawn to other weekly temporal rhythms or that they could be susceptible to Roman Christian and non-Christian disparagement of the Sabbath and might therefore stop observing the Sabbath altogether.
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Jacobsen, Garrett A. "‘A holiday in a rest home’: Ted Hughes as vates in Tales from Ovid". W Ted Hughes and the Classics, 156–76. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199229710.003.0009.
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Abstract In 1996 Ted Hughes remarked in a letter to Ann Skea that ‘I also did 25 tales from Ovid’s Metamorphoses—enjoyed that. A holiday in a rest home!’1 The appeal of Ovid’s Metamorphoses to Ted Hughes on one level was no doubt the exercise of the mythic imagination, the focus of so much of Hughes’s own oeuvre. Even at Cambridge, Hughes had changed from English to reading Archaeology and Anthropology in his third year, confessing that he had found in himself an increasing resistance to the weekly critical essay in English literature, a resistance symbolized one night by the dream of a fox-like creature admonishing him for his pursuit of the prosaic.
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"Chapter 2. “Half-freedom”: Retail Trade Labour Relations in Lisbon and the Introduction of the Weekly Rest, 1870–1910". W Labour History in the Semi-periphery, 61–82. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110620528-005.
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Diepeveen, Leonard. "Default Settings". W Modernist Fraud, 33–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825432.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 takes on methodological issues arising from the manner in which fraud discourse entered culture. It considers the place of ordinary intellectuals, and fraud discourse’s large presence in daily and weekly journalism, including the aesthetic principles that could be invoked but did not need to be argued for. It considers how this default aesthetic worked when it was at rest, comfortably interacting with works that responded well to its modes of analysis. It then turns to this aesthetic when it was under stress, dealing with modernist works that resisted its forms of analysis. The chapter then considers modernist criticism’s irritations with the standard criticism of the time, and to the place of evidence in early twentieth-century aesthetic argument. It ends with the function of journalism’s gestures of refusal to engage with modernism, and the functions of jokes and doggerel in that refusal.
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Urdarević, Bojan. "USLUGE SEZONSKOG RADA PREMA NOVOJ ZAKONSKOJ REGULATIVI". W XXI vek - vek usluga i uslužnog prava : Knj. 10, 163–72. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxiv-10.163u.
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Seasonal work can be defined as a specific form of employment in a specific services which are short-termed. In the Republic of Serbia those areas are agriculture, fishing and forestry. Those seasonal jobs are regulated by the Law on Simplified Work Engagement on Seasonal Jobs in Certain activities (applied from January 7, 2019). According to this Law, seasonal worker is entitled to get familiar with the working conditions before they start the engagement and to obtain a certificate of work engagement, as well as to basic working conditions, such as: limited working hours, daily break, weekly rest, right to safety and health at work, right to renumeration for work per working hour and right to pension and disability insurance and health insurance in the event of injury. Besides this, seasonal work is regulated by Labour Law, and its provisions of temporary and occasional jobs, which do not last longer then 120 working days in the calendar year, as well as Law on Cooperatives.
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Daugherty, Beth Rigel. "Becoming a Professional". W Virginia Woolf's Apprenticeship, 211–17. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399504515.003.0011.
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This chapter discusses Virginia Stephen’s search for work and establishment of writing routines. Her preparation of writing samples and her network of women friends such as Violet Dickinson and Kitty Maxse led to her being introduced to editors, and she moved from no work other than writing a memoir of her father for F. W. Maitland’s biography of Leslie Stephen in October 1904 to writing book reviews and essays for four papers by February 1905, including the Guardian’s women’s supplement and the Times Literary Supplement. By the time her apprenticeship was over in 1912, she had written for seven different periodicals. Virginia Stephen created productive writing routines, professional habits she would use the rest of her life, devoting time to reading for reviews, drafting, revising, and proofing while she maintained routines related to her Morley teaching and Greek studies and added novel writing to her daily and weekly rhythms for book reviewing in 1907. She also kept copies of her work and recorded books read and earnings.
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Tamte, Roger R. "Failure Achieved". W Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football, 186–92. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0033.
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The ruptured Harvard-Yale relations of chapter 33 come in the midst of a series of unpleasant experiences for Camp in addition to his mother’s death: In March 1894, NHCC borrows heavily, and the company’s board votes to place the company in the hands of a receiver if the borrowed funds are exhausted. In June 1894, Camp angrily writes Caspar Whitney about allegedly inadequate payments from Harper’s Weekly; further angry exchanges follow before Whitney agrees to pay an added 50 percent. In late spring 1895, while Camp is trying to obtain peace between Harvard and Yale to allow the rules committee to meet, the Yale football captain under pressure from Yale graduates sends an inflammatory letter to Harvard that dooms Camp’s efforts. Camp immediately resigns from the Yale athletic advisory committee and in October leaves for California and a month of rest, “for his health,” with coaching at Stanford. Meanwhile, the rules committee splits, with Cornell added to Harvard and Pennsylvania in one group, while Princeton and Yale remain in the IFA group; the two groups produce two different sets of rules.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Weekly rest"
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Jasim MOHAMMED, Ahmed, i Hussein Ismael KADHIM. "THE IMPACT OF THE JEWISH FAITH IN MODERN HEBREW POETRY "SHABBAT FOR EXAMPLE". W I V . I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N G R E S S O F L A N G U A G E A N D L I T E R A T U R E. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lan.con4-14.
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This study is an attempt to shed light on a central and important issue in the lives of any nation or society or group of people, and it is the issue of "faith". One of the most important foundations in the Jewish faith is the "Sabbath" or day of rest for the Jews, which they respect and sanctify from all the other six days of the week. This study discusses the different representations of Saturday in Hebrew poetry. This study examined different representations of the theme of Saturday in Hebrew poetry with special emphasis on the significance of these representations shaped their worldview of the Jews on the topic flowing. Saturday is a day of rest and weekly holy people of Israel, the first deadline dates prescribed in the Torah. When there was a regular basis every seven days, on the seventh day a week. Saturday is the start of Friday's end, a little before sunset - the time called "Saturday Night", and tip the next day, with nightfall - long known as "Saturday". Jewish Saturday is considered the most sacred date. Saturday observance is one of the central commandments in Judaism; According to Judaism, this is the first commandment given to man, on the day he removed and weighed against all the commandments of the Torah. Judaism Saturday symbolizes the creation of the world by God and the holiness constant since the world was created by God. Reasons for the mitzvot and customs specific biblical command to sit origin consecrate this day and strike him from work, God's act of creation after the completion of the six days of creation. Saturday is used only for rest and refraining from doing work, and has been caught during today's Bible Holiness, pleasure, study Torah and elation. Observance of the Saturday, according to Judaism, is a practical admission creation of the world, reinforces the belief and non-observance leads to weakening of the Jewish faith, as well as keeping the Saturday brings a person to the Creator and secrete more physical nuns. Israel was set Saturday to officially rest. Sanctity of "on Saturday" is based - according to tradition - the thinking that thought that the God who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and Ahri-cc, he rested on the seventh day his work which he worked it, and he ordered them to stop all this day according craft books mentioned several books of the Bible. At the beginning of this study will be discussed at the origin of the word "Sabbath" (Saturday) in the Hebrew language, and the meaning of the word "Sabbath" in the Bible, Then, will be discussed on the types Saturday among the Jews, except they have a regular Sabbath day three ten types of Saturdays, expressing the various events and occasions and have various rituals and special customs. Too, will be discussed on the customs and rituals that the Jews do them during the entry to his departure on Saturday. Even so, it is during this study for some changes in different terms to Saturday, which the Jews call them the Sabbath. These names were used most by the Hebrew writers in modern times in their songs and stories that written in honor of this day, and Hebrew poets wrote poetry on Saturday: Bialik wrote the song "Saturday queen", poet Amir Gilboa wrote the song "Cch Cmo Sani the up" and others. By analysis of these literary works can be seen that the authors of these works depict through which all customs and ceremonies on Saturday in detail from beginning to end, especially the poet Bialik's poem "Saturday queen". And the end of the study conclusions and sources will come
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Alomari, Mahmoud A., Dana M. Shqair, Khaldoon Alawneh, Omar F. Khabour, Mahmoud E. Nazzal i Monsef A. Sadaqah. "Prayer-related Physical Activities for Cardiovascular Health". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0263.
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Introduction: Muslims are obligated to pray 5 times daily. Each prayer is a number of rakaa completed with a set of physical movements, preferably in the neighborhood masjid. The vascular effects of religious-related physical activities (RRPA) are not known, despite the well-known cardiovascular benefits of regular physical activity. Therefore, the current study examines the relationships of RRPA with vascular measures. Methodology: Arterial and venous indices at rest and after 5 of arterial occlusion were examined in 192 healthy participants (age: 19-85 years) using strain gauge plethysmography. The participants’ RRPA were collected in a 1-to-1 interview, including prayer (PN) and rakaa number (RN) performed, distance (DW) and time (TW) required to walk to the masjid, and the daily (DA) and weekly (WA) attendance to the masjid. Results: Resting blood flow correlated significantly with DW, TW, DA, and WA (r=0.2-0.4; p<0.01). Resting vascular resistance correlated with DW, TW, DA, and WA (r=-0.14-0.2; p<0.05). Resting venous capacitance correlated with DW, TW, DA, and WA (r=0.14-0.17; p<0.05). Resting outflow correlated with DW, TW, DA, and WA (r=0.15-0.2; p<0.05). Occlusion blood flow correlated with DW (r=0.17; p=0.02). Occlusion outflow correlated with DW and DA (r=0.16-0.17; p<0.05). Additionally, arterial and venous indices were greater (p<0.05) in the participants regularly prayed in the masjid. Discussion: The results confirm the importance of physical activities for the circulatory system. Uniquely, the data shows that RRPA might contribute to the maintenance of vascular function.
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Tonella, Paolo, i Roberto Tiella. "Weekly Round Trips from Norms to Requirements and Tests: An Industrial Experience Report". W 2015 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Testing (RET). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ret.2015.12.
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Patros, Panagiotis, i Kenneth B. Kent. "Automatic detection and elision of reset sub-circuits". W ESWEEK'16: TWELFTH EMBEDDED SYSTEM WEEK. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2990299.2990305.
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Kalinchyk, Vasyl, Mariia Buravliova, Vitalii Pobihailo, Olena Borychenko i Vitalii Kalinchyk. "Forecasting of RES Generation Indicators". W 2021 IEEE 2nd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/khpiweek53812.2021.9570019.
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Albu, Adriana, Alexandra Ioana Crăcană i Florin Dima. "CORRELATION BETWEEN PASSIVE REST AND THE APPEARANCE OF FATIGUE IN A GROUP OF PUPILS FROM BOTOSANI COUNTY". W International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end115.
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"Introduction: fatigue is a physiological phenomenon that disappears when lowering effort levels and when sleeping. Young people need at least nine hours of sleep per day. Material and methods: the study was carried out on a group of 246 high schoolers (9th and 11th grade) from three schools in Boto?ani County. Pupils completed a questionnaire with questions about the daily time spent sleeping at night, the presence of fatigue, the time of day and the day of the week when it occurs and the presence of sleep during the day (naps). The results were processed using Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results and discussions: most pupils sleep for 6-7 hours (37.80%) or 7-8 hours (33.73%) per night, with statistically insignificant differences between the two classes (p>0.05). Fatigue is often present in 46.34% of cases with insignificant differences between classes (p>0.05). The correlation between night sleep and fatigue shows significant differences (p?0.05). When waking up in the morning, 44.30% of young people feel tired, with statistically significant differences (p?0.01). The correlation between the time allotted for nighttime sleep and the presence of morning fatigue shows statistically significant differences (p?0.01). Most pupils in the 11th grade feel tired at the end of the week, while those in the 9th grade show signs of fatigue at the start of the week, the differences being statistically significant (p?0.05). The correlation between nighttime sleep and the occurrence of fatigue during the week highlights statistically insignificant differences (p>0.05). Napping is rarely present in most cases (46.74%), the calculated differences being insignificant between classes (p>0.05) Conclusions: insufficient sleep during the night is associated in most cases with the appearance of fatigue, an aspect that must be carefully studied and monitored from a medical point of view."
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Deak, Gratielaflavia, i Iuliana Borosbalint. "A 4-WEEK PILOT STUDY INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND AEROBIC CAPACITY". W eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-193.
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Suited for both elite athletes and untrained individuals, high intensity interval training (HIIT) is an increasingly popular cardio respiratory training technique that involves repeated bouts of high intensity exercise alternated with short periods of rest. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of a 4-week HIIT program on pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in recreationally trained individuals. Participants were 11 students (8 males and 3 females), aged between 21 and 25 years. They were randomly assigned to two groups: a Control group (5 subjects) and an Experimental group (6 subjects). Participants from the Experimental group trained 3 times per week, for a period of 4 weeks, performing HIIT with their own bodyweight. The exercises chosen for the training sessions were Burpees, squat jumps, push-ups, lunge jumps, mountain climbers, tuck jumps, planks, etc. Prior and post training protocol, all subjects effectuated pulmonary function tests with the Spirobank II® spirometer, manufactured by MIR (Medical International Research), Italy. The software used to process the acquired data was WinspiroPRO PC Software®. Anthropometric measurements and VO2max assessments were also carried out. VO2max was estimated using an online calculator after performing the Three Minute Step Test.After 4 weeks of bodyweight HIIT, the Experimental group showed improvements in VO2max, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1/VC). HIIT has proved effective in enhancing physical performance. Further research is needed to identify the effects of this particular training method on the cardiorespiratory function of individuals with different levels of physical training.
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Catalano, M., S. Belletti, E. Coazzoli, E. Gherardi, F. Lopriore, U. Russo i A. Libretti. "TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE WITH ILOPROST (ZK36374)". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644822.
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The action of a stable analogue of prostacyclin, Iloprost, was studied in 18 male in-patients aged 51-69 yr (mean 61±7) with peripheral vascular disease Fontaine stage lib and III who gave informed consent. Entry criteria were Fontaine stage III or II with free interval at treadmill test ≺ 100 m. (4 km/h, without slope), ankle/arm arterial pressure index (API)≺0.7 at rest. Patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction in the previous 6 mo, heart failure, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic diathesis, or kidney or liver failure were excluded. The patients underwent 3 weeks' treatment with 6-h infusion/day of placebo for week 1, Iloprost 1 ng/kg/min for week 2, and Iloprost 2 ng/kg/min for week 3. Before treatment, at the end of each treatment week, and 15, 30 and 60 days after the end of treatment we evaluated: absolute pain-free interval(APFI), relative pain-free interval (RPFI), and API. Platelet aggregation by ADP and collagen and plasma BTG and PF levels were also determined, and complete blood tests and ECG performed. All the patients showed a progressive but variable increase in RPFI and APFI at 15, 30 and 60 days compared with the valuesat baseline and the end of the week on placebo (basal vs 15, 30 and 60 days, p≺0.01 for both parameters, AN0VA BR and Tukey's test). The % variations of APFI compared with baseline were 58.7, 62 and 95.5% at 15, 30 and 60 days. No other significant variations were observed. The results obtained seem to indicate that the drug is effective since there was an increase in the pain-free interval starting from 15 days after treatment suspension which persisted at 60 days. A first hypothesis is that this could be the result of increased flow due to improved collateral circulation by a mechanism not influenced by the platelet parameters considered that merits further study.
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Popov, Nikolay. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LUMBAR SPINAL MANIPULATION IN PATIENTS WITH MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN". W INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/143.
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ABSTRACT The article aims to evaluate the functional impact of manipulation/mobilization of the lumbar region in patients with mechanical low back pain (MLBP). The survey was conducted with 23 patients (12 male and 11 female) with subacute MLBP, mean age 42,8 (32-50 y.o.). They respond to the criterion for application of spinal mobilization techniques and have not been treated with any other kind of treatment by that time. The patients were assessed at the beginning of every treatment session with the Shober test and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) with a six-week follow-up. Every patient has four visits in the first two weeks and one final visit after six weeks. Methods. Techniques for high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation of the lumbar region were used to treat the patients. First rotations, then posterior-anterior glidings were assessed on every level and applied in the region of hypo mobility. Results. There has been significant improvement in the symptoms of MBP in 21 (91.30%). In the rest of them, there was no benefit from the lumbar manipulation, and they were treated with lower thoracic spine mobilization techniques. Maximum benefit has been recorded after the first and second treatment sessions. Most often, rotational mobility has been affected, and rotational mobilization has been of more benefit. Conclusion. The hypo mobility of the lumbar region is the main source for MBP in patients that meet the criterion for application of spinal manipulation. That is why we strongly recommend functional assessment and treatment of the lumbar segmental mobility in every case of MBP with impact onto posterior-anterior thrust techniques.
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PA Simons, Luuk, Bas Wielaard i Mark Neerincx. "Hypertension Self-Management Success in 2 Weeks; 3 Pilot Studies". W 36th Bled eConference – Digital Economy and Society: The Balancing Act for Digital Innovation in Times of Instability. University of Maribor Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.6.2023.2.
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Hypertension Self-Management is more powerful when done in groups, and with daily (e)Support for maximum impact. Small intervention groups enable high degrees of personalization, interaction, and learning. We compare three Self-Management Support (SMS) pilots of two weeks duration, in which various tools and daily microlearning strategies were used. Average blood pressure improvements in the pilots were 161/112 to 129/90 mmHg, resp. 145/92 to 126/86 mmHg, and 155/95 to 139/85 mmHg. User evaluations (n=20) were collected on perceived effectiveness of the various support components. This showed the importance of core SMS components: information transfer, daily monitoring, promoting health competences and follow-up. A tentative cross-case conclusion is that more daily social learning and microlearning feedback helps build more success: for blood pressure results and for competence building.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Weekly rest"
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Acevedo, Ivonne, Francesca Castellani, Carlos Lopez de la Cerda, Giulia Lotti i Miguel Székely. Natural Disasters and Labor Market Outcomes in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005187.
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This study examines the relationship between climate change-induced weather emergencies and labor market outcomes in Mexico from 2016 to 2020. Using panel data and a two-way fixed effects estimation, the analysis focuses on storms, floods, wildfires, and landslides. The results show that storms can have significant negative associations with labor market outcomes. When living in municipalities affected by storms individuals experience 3.5% lower wages. Also, storms are associated to a decrease in weekly working hours, while the rest of weather-related emergencies do not show significant effects. Furthermore, the probability of employment is negatively and significantly affected by storms, resulting in a 1 percentage point reduction in the likelihood of being employed.
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Narvaez, Liliana, Joerg Szarzynski i Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Tonga volcano eruption. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/ysxa5862.
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On 15 January 2022, the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai volcano eruption was felt across the Pacific Ocean and beyond, releasing energy equivalent to hundreds of Hiroshima nuclear explosions and creating supersonic air pressure waves that were observed from space. In the archipelago Kingdom of Tonga, the ashfall, tsunami and shock waves caused widespread devastation on several islands. The only fibre-optic cable that connects the islands with the rest of the world was severely damaged, leaving the entire country offline for more than three weeks. The case the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption showed that the inability to “be online” becomes a vulnerability in the context of extreme events. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Tonga volcano eruption through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart i Jane Wilbur. Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.005.
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Anyone, of any gender, at any age, can leak urine or faeces. What would you do if it happened to you? Imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. What would you do? Have a wash, put on clean clothes, change the bedding and put it in a washing machine? You may go to the shop and buy an incontinence pad. And perhaps if you knew that there was help available for leaking urine you’d make an appointment to see a doctor next week and then just carry on with the rest of your day, dignity intact. Now imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. But to have a wash, or clean your clothes and bedding, you’d have to walk for an hour to collect water. Imagine you are frightened to walk there alone, the path is steep and you struggle to use the hand pump. Even if you did get water, you don’t have enough soap so the smells would linger anyway. And after all that effort, you have nothing to wear to soak up urine if it happens again. What if you didn’t know that leaking urine was common, and you spent the rest of the day worried about your health and too embarrassed to go to work in case people could tell? What if you were worried that your partner would hit you again for making a mess so you had very little to drink all day for fear of it happening again? What can you do to support people living with incontinence? To start, we need to talk about leaks.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart i Jane Wilbur. Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.011.
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Anyone, of any gender, at any age, can leak urine or faeces. What would you do if it happened to you? Imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. What would you do? Have a wash, put on clean clothes, change the bedding and put it in a washing machine? You may go to the shop and buy an incontinence pad. And perhaps if you knew that there was help available for leaking urine you’d make an appointment to see a doctor next week and then just carry on with the rest of your day, dignity intact. Now imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. But to have a wash, or clean your clothes and bedding, you’d have to walk for an hour to collect water. Imagine you are frightened to walk there alone, the path is steep and you struggle to use the hand pump. Even if you did get water, you don’t have enough soap so the smells would linger anyway. And after all that effort, you have nothing to wear to soak up urine if it happens again. What if you didn’t know that leaking urine was common, and you spent the rest of the day worried about your health and too embarrassed to go to work in case people could tell? What if you were worried that your partner would hit you again for making a mess so you had very little to drink all day for fear of it happening again? What can you do to support people living with incontinence? To start, we need to talk about leaks.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John i in. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.
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We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.