Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Water temperature”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Water temperature.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Water temperature”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Dudd, Lucinda M. "Organic chemistry in high-temperature water". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403413.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
McNeill, Laurie S. "Water Quality Factors Influencing Iron and Lead Corrosion in Drinking Water". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28242.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Corrosion is one of the most complicated and costly problems facing drinking water utilities. Corrosion of iron pipes can lead to economic losses and customer complaints, while lead corrosion poses a serious health risk.
This work first synthesizes nearly 100 years of iron corrosion research to provide the water industry with an updated understanding of factors that influence iron pipe corrosion including water quality and composition, flow conditions, biological activity, and corrosion inhibitors. Potential impacts of upcoming regulations on iron corrosion are also considered. Next, a four-year study is presented that evaluated the effect of water quality and phosphate inhibitors on the corrosion of iron pipes under extended stagnant water conditions. Surprisingly, many of the water quality parameters traditionally thought to influence iron corrosion were not controlling under these "worst case" stagnant conditions. Moreover, addition of phosphate inhibitors often had either no statistically significant effect or actually increased iron concentration, scale build-up and overall weight loss.
Temperature is often overlooked when corrosion of distribution systems pipes is considered. Temperature impacts many parameters that are critical to pipe corrosion including physical properties of the solution, thermodynamic and physical properties of corrosion scale, chemical rates, and biological activity. Moreover, variations in temperature and temperature gradients may give rise to new corrosion phenomena worthy of consideration by water treatment personnel. In laboratory experiments, cast iron samples at 5° C had 23% more weight loss, ten times higher iron release to water, and twice as much tuberculation compared to samples at 25°C.
For lead corrosion, hexametaphosphate inhibitors were proven to increase release of both particulate and soluble lead to drinking water by 200 - 3500% over a wide range of water qualities when compared to orthophosphate, effectively ending a long term debate as to their impacts. Utilities should consider these adverse effects whenever polyphosphate is used to prevent scaling or iron precipitation.Ph. D.
3
Chinnaswamy, Arulmani. "Water vapour and sea surface temperature retrievals". Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270328.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Whelton, Andrew James. "Temperature Effects on Drinking Water Odor Perception". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36221.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thirteen volunteer panelists were trained according to Standard Method 2170, flavor profile analysis (FPA). Following training these panelists underwent triangle test screening to determine whether or not they could detect the odorants used in this study. Following triangle testing, panelists underwent directional difference testing to determine if temperature affected odor perception when presented with two water samples. Following directional difference testing, panelists used FPA and evaluated water samples that contained odorants at either 25°C or 45°C. Samples containing geosmin cooled to 5°C were also evaluated.
Sensory analyses experiments indicate that odor intensity is a function of both aqueous concentration and water temperature for geosmin, MIB, nonadienal, n-hexanal, free chlorine, and 1-butanol. The higher water temperature resulted in an increase in odor intensity for some, but not all, concentrations of geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, trans-2, cis-6-nonadienal, n-hexanal, free chlorine, and 1-butanol. Additionally, above 400 ng/L of geosmin, 400 ng/L of MIB, and 100 ng/L the odor intensity was equal to or less than the odor intensity at 600, 600, and 200 ng/L, respectively. Henry's Law should predict that an increase in concentration would increase the amount of odorant the panelist comes into contact with; however, results demonstrated that at specific aqueous odorant concentrations odor perception did not follow Henry's Law. Odor response to drinking water containing isobutanal was affected by concentration but not water temperature.
Master of Science
5
Rosén, Elin, Andreas Abdelki, Beyar Abdulla, Alan Bugurcu i Nabelsi Mahmoud El. "Oxygenation conducted in low temperature clean water". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384153.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aeration tests were conducted under non-standard conditions with clean tap water in various temperatures below 20 °C, with the aim of studying changes that may occur. An initial deoxygenation of 0.8 litre water was performed with sodium sulfite and a cobalt catalyst pre-dissolved in water, in order to bind already present dissolved oxygen. The resulting dissolved oxygen concentration after 20 minutes did not decrease below 2 mg/L, despite increasing the sodium sulfite concentrations. Thereafter, a reoxygenation with the same time interval was conducted by using an aeration system, which resulted in an increase of saturated oxygen concentration with lower temperatures. pH-measurements were carried out during the whole experiment in order to follow the conversion of sulfite to sulfate. The pH-data obtained confirmed that sulfite had been converted to sulfate, although, a few deviations could be observed for most of the experiments. The conductivity was also measured to ensure that the sulfite had been properly dissolved when added to the water tank. In general, the conductivity never deviated and held a constant trend throughout the tests. The collected data could not be made of use in order to properly determine how the aeration, for temperatures below 20 °C, could be evaluated. Further tests have to be performed in order for a definite conclusion to be drawn.
6
Sardo, Rachel. "Anomalous effects while cooling liquid water". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
7
Taylor, Diana Jacqueline Falcon. "Temperature insensitive microemulsions". Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310404.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Gryga, Michele E. "Water Temperature Controls in the Sheepscot River, Maine". Thesis, Boston College, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/414.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis advisor: Noah P. SnyderThe Sheepscot River watershed is 590 km2 located in mid-coast Maine. Two branches comprise the river: the main stem and the West Branch, which merge in North Whitefield before flowing into the Gulf of Maine. The Sheepscot River has an imposed form that is strongly influenced by the Norumberga Fault Zone and it flows through glacial deposits. The watershed has a temperate climate because of its location in mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Water temperatures vary in the Sheepscot River over time and along the length of the river. The temporal and spatial variability of the river is due to air temperature, precipitation, discharge from the Palermo Fish Rearing Station, Long Pond, tree shade, confluence, and drainage area. Analysis of these hypothesized controls revolves around field water temperature measurements made between August 2005 and January 2006 and data collected from the North Whitefield gauging station. Supplementary digital spatial data from the Maine Geographic Information Systems data set were also used. Field measurements were taken at seven sites directly upstream and downstream of assumed controls. Climactic features of the watershed exert the main control over the entire river. Air temperature is the first order controls on water temperatures. Precipitation has some effect on water temperature but of less significance than air temperature. The river system has three areas that are affected by different combinations of the other controls: the upper main stem, the West Branch, and the lower main stem. Discharge from the Palermo Fish Rearing Station is the second major controlling factor of water temperature in the upper main stem. Its buffering effect is diluted downstream. Long Pond also affects the upper main stem by warming the water in the summer and cooling it in the winter. Drainage area explains variability in the West Branch and lower main stem. As drainage area increases downstream, water temperatures are controlled by more integrated factors. As a result of this the West Branch fluctuates more than the main stem because it has a smaller drainage area. Temperatures in the downstream reaches are less sensitive to any single control. Confluence and tree cover exert less influence over the system than other controls
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2006
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Geology and Geophysics
Discipline: College Honors Program
9
Parks, Olivia Waverly. "Effect of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49663.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In light of increased stream temperatures due to urbanization and climate change, theeffect of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion should be explored. The objectives of this study are to: determine the effect of water temperature on the erosion rates of clay; determine how erosion rates vary with clay mineralogy; and, explore the relationship between zeta potential and erosion rate. Samples of kaolinite- and montmorillonite-sand mixtures, and vermiculite-dominated soil were placed in the wall of a recirculating flume channel using a vertical sample orientation. Erosion rate was measured under a range of shear stresses (0.1-20 Pa) for a period of five minutes per shear stress at water temperatures of 12, 20, and 27�"C. The zeta potential was determined for each clay type at the three testing temperatures and compared to mean erosion rates. The kaolinite erosion rate doubled when the temperature increased from 12 to 20�"C, and erosion of vermiculite samples tripled when the temperature increased from 20 to 27�"C. The montmorillonite samples generally eroded through mechanical failure rather than fluvial erosion, and the limited fluvial erosion of the montmorillonite-sand mixture was not correlated with water temperature. The data suggest correlation between zeta potential and erosion rate; however, due to the small sample size (n=3), statistically significant correlation was not indicated. Research should continue to explore the influence of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion to better understand the influence of clay mineralogy. Due to the high degree of variability in cohesive soil erosion, multiple replications should be used in future work. The vertical sample orientation enabled discrimination between fluvial erosion and mass wasting and is recommended for future studies.
Master of Science
10
Sousa, Magda Catarina Ferreira de. "Water temperature variability analysis along the Espinheiro Channel". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2594.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia FísicaO canal do Espinheiro é um dos quatro principais canais da Ria de Aveiro, fazendo a ligação entre o Rio Vouga e o Oceano Atlântico. Nesta zona é onde se dá a mistura entre a água salgada proveniente do oceano e a água doce de origem fluvial. Para fazer a monitorização da temperatura da água no Canal do Espinheiro foi utilizada uma nova tecnologia que consiste num cabo de fibra óptica longitudinal de 10 km de extensão, com 18 sensores de temperatura espaçados de 500 m, desde a embocadura até à foz do Rio Vouga. Resultados de um ano de monitorização da temperatura da água permitiram estudar a sua variabilidade espacial e temporal em função de dois forçamentos principais: maré e condições meteorológicas. A evolução temporal longitudinal da temperatura da água foi estudada, tendo sido aplicadas técnicas matemáticas, tais como: análise espectral, análise espectral cruzada e funções empíricas ortogonais (EOFs). A análise espectral mostra picos de maior energia que surgem nas frequências semi-diurnas e diurnas. Estas frequências podem estar relacionadas com a variação diurna da temperatura do ar e da maré, mostrando a importância das variáveis meteorológicas na modulação da temperatura da água em regiões pouco profundas. A análise espectral cruzada permitiu avaliar o desfasamento temporal entre a temperatura da água e do ar, que varia conforme a profundidade do local. Também permitiu observar que a maré tem uma grande influência na distribuição da temperatura da água, nomeadamente perto da embocadura da laguna. As EOFs mostram que a variabilidade da temperatura da água pode ser explicada maioritariamente pela primeira componente, que está relacionada com a variação anual da temperatura do ar. Os resultados mostram que os dois forçamentos principais (maré e condições meteorológicas) determinam a temperatura da água no interior do canal do Espinheiro. Verifica-se ainda que a distribuição da temperatura da água é influenciada também pela variação sazonal das condições meteorológicas e pelas variações de profundidade do canal, que apresenta zonas de reduzida profundidade. ABSTRACT: The Espinheiro channel is one of the four main branches of Ria de Aveiro, establishing the connection between the Vouga River and the Atlantic Ocean. This zone is where occurs the mixing between the salt water from the ocean and the freshwater from fluvial origin. In order to monitoring the water temperature in the Espinheiro channel a new technology was used, consisting on an optical-fibre longitudinal cable 10 km long with 18 temperature sensors separated by 500 m, from the mouth of the lagoon to the mouth of Vouga River. Results of a one year monitoring of water temperature permitted to study its spatial and temporal variability in terms of two major forcing: tides and meteorological conditions. The temporal evolution of the longitudinal water temperature was studied, and mathematical techniques, such as spectral analysis, cross-spectral analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) were applied to the data. The spectral analysis shows high energy peaks in both semidiurnal and diurnal frequencies. These frequencies may be related to the daily variation and tidal forcing, demonstrating the importance of the meteorological variables in the modulation of the water temperature in shallow areas. The cross-spectral analysis permitted to evaluate the time lag between the water and air temperature, which varies depending on the local depth. It also permitted to observe that the tide has a great influence on the water temperature distribution, particularly near the mouth of the lagoon. EOFs show that the variability of the water temperature can be explained by the first component, which is closely related to the annual variation of the air temperature. The results show the importance of the two major forcings (tides and meteorological conditions) that determine the water temperature within the Espinheiro channel. It can also be observed that the water temperature distribution is also influenced by the seasonal variation of meteorological conditions and by the channel’s depth variation, which presents very shallow areas.
11
Shepard, Dawn Joy. "Modeling water temperature in small agricultural drainage watercourses". Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2005/D%5FShepard%5F061505.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
12
Pivato, Mattia. "Water and Sediment Temperature Dynamics in Shallow Tidal Environments". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427269.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the water and sediment temperature dynamics in shallow coastal environments. Indeed, water and sediment temperature dynamics are a first order control of many physical and biological processes in aquatic ecosystem, driving the short and long term evolution of the ecosystem.
Given the scarcity of studies and data from the literature that investigate in particular the heat fluxes at the sediment-water interface (SWI), we conceived and performed an ad hoc, one-year-long field campaign was performed in the Venice lagoon to collect water and sediment temperature data. The collected data show that, in our study site, temperature is uniform within the water column, and enabled us to estimate the net heat flux at the sediment-water interface. Based on these results we developed a "point" model for describing the temperature dynamics of the sediment-water continuum in shallow tidal environments. Modeling the flux at the SWI as the sum of a conductive component and of the solar radiation reaching the bottom, we found the latter being negligible. Our analysis further revealed that, in general, horizontal advection driven by tidal currents is an important process also at our study site despite we placed it quite close to a divide. For applying the "point" model we therefore selected, in our data set, only periods when advection is negligible, that correspond to periods characterized by neap tide and small temperature difference between sea and lagoon. The results we obtained following our numerical approach are quite satisfactory showing the capability of the model of reproducing, in the selected conditions, the temperature dynamics both in the water column and within the sediments. Both the analysis of the data and model results show that the heat exchange between water and sediment is crucial for describing sediment temperature but plays a minor role on the water temperature. This observation suggests that, as a first approximation, the water temperature dynamics can be modeled neglecting the heat exchange between water and sediments.
Using the developed numerical model we further investigated the effect of different turbidity conditions of the water column on the water and sediment temperature and on the photosynthetic capacity of the microphytobenthos (MPB), i.e. communities of microalgae commonly present in coastal environments and colonizing the uppermost layer of bed sediments. We found that the water temperature dynamics is poorly affected by the different conditions investigated, while the sediment temperature variation is significant, especially for very shallow water depth (i.e. ≤0.5 m). Considering the average annual budget, the photosynthetic rate of the MPB is found to be better promoted by clear water conditions, being the light availability the major limiting factor for the photosynthetic process. These results suggest the possibility of investigating a positive feedback between water column turbidity and the MPB proliferation, driven by its photosynthetic capacity. In fact, the abundance of MPB provides a bio-stabilization of the sediment bottom, creating a biofilm that limits sediment resuspension and thus reduces the water column turbidity.Lo scopo della presente ricerca è di studiare la dinamica della temperatura dell'acqua e dei sedimenti in ambienti costieri poco profondi. La temperatura dell'acqua e dei sedimenti è certamente uno dei fattori più importanti per numerosi processi fisici e biologici che determinano l'evoluzione a breve e lungo termine degli ambienti acquatici. In letteratura si trovano pochi dati e pochi lavori che analizzano nello specifico i flussi di calore all’interfaccia sedimenti-acqua (SWI). Abbiamo quindi pianificato e realizzato una campagna di misura ad hoc della durata di un anno in laguna di Venezia al fine di raccogliere dati di temperatura dell’acqua e del fondale. L'analisi dei dati ha mostrato che, nel sito da noi considerato, la temperatura si può assumere distribuita uniformemente nella colonna d'acqua. I dati sono stati quindi utilizzati per stimare il flusso di energia all'interfaccia tra acqua e fondale. Sulla base di questi risultati, abbiamo sviluppato un modello ``puntuale'' per descrivere la dinamica del profilo verticale di temperatura nel continuo acqua-sedimento in ambienti a marea caratterizzati da bassi fondali. Modellando il flusso di energia al fondo come la somma di una componente conduttiva e della radiazione solare residua al fondo, si è osservato che la seconda risulta essere trascurabile. I risultati ottenuti mostrano inoltre che il trasporto orizzontale di calore legato alle correnti di marea, e pertanto l'applicabilità del modello ``puntuale'', è limitata ai periodi caratterizzati da condizioni tali da limitare l'avvezione (i.e. marea di quadratura e/o poca differenza tra la temperatura dell'acqua in mare e all'interno della laguna). I risultati forniti dal modello per periodi caratterizzati da avvezione trascurabile sono soddisfacenti. Sia l’analisi dei dati che i risultati forniti dal modello mostrano che lo scambio di calore tra acqua e fondale è di cruciale importanza per descrivere la temperatura dei sedimenti, mentre risulta trascurabile per la dinamica della temperatura dell’acqua. Questo suggerisce che, in prima approssimazione, la dinamica della temperatura della colonna d’acqua può essere modellata trascurando lo scambio di calore tra acqua e sedimenti. L'applicazione del modello ad una condizione sintetica ha quindi permesso di analizzare l'effetto di diverse condizioni di torbidità della colonna d'acqua sulla dinamica della temperatura della colonna d'acqua stessa e dei sedimenti al fondo, e quindi sulla capacità fotsintetica del microfitobentos, i.e. comunità di micro-alghe tipicamente presenti in ambienti costieri. I risultati mostrano che la dinamica della temperatura dell'acqua risente poco delle diverse condizioni di torbidità, mentre la temperatura dei sedimenti al fondo varia in modo significativo, soprattutto per fondali particolarmente bassi (i.e. ≤ 0.5 m). La capacità fotosintetica del microfitobentos, considerando l'andamento medio a scala annuale, risulta favorita dal condizioni acqua limpida, in quanto la disponibilità di luce al fondo risulta essere il principale fattore limitante per la fotosintesi. I risultati suggeriscono quindi la possibilità di indagare l'esistenza di un possibile feedback positivo tra torbidità della colonna d'acqua e proliferazione del microfitobentos, chiaramente legata alla sua capacità fotosintetica. Il microfitobentos infatti produce un biofilm che, se presente in quantità rilevanti, ha un effetto di bio-stabilizzazione del fondale che limita l'erosione e la risospensione dei sedimenti, e quindi una potenziale riduzione della torbidità dell'acqua.
13
Buck, Christina Rene. "Managing Groundwater for Environmental Stream Temperature". Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3565483.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This research explores the benefits of conjunctively managed surface and groundwater resources in a volcanic aquifer system to reduce stream temperatures while valuing agricultural deliveries. The example problem involves advancing the understanding of flows, stream temperature, and groundwater dynamics in the Shasta Valley of Northern California. Three levels of interaction are explored from field data, to regional simulation, to regional management optimization. Stream temperature processes are explored using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) data from the Shasta River and recalibrating an existing physically-based flow and temperature model of the Shasta River. DTS technology can collect abundant high resolution river temperature data over space and time to improve development and performance of modeled river temperatures. These data also identify and quantify thermal variability of micro-habitat that temperature modeling and standard temperature sampling do not capture. This helps bracket uncertainty of daily temperature variation in reaches, pools, side channels, and from cool or warm surface or subsurface inflows. The application highlights the influence of air temperature on stream temperatures, and indicates that physically-based numerical temperature models, using a heat balance approach as opposed to statistical models, may under-represent this important stream temperature driver. The utility of DTS to improve model performance and detailed evaluation of hydrologic processes is demonstrated.
Second, development and calibration of a numerical groundwater model of the Pluto's Cave basalt aquifer and Parks Creek valley area in the eastern portion of Shasta Valley helps quantify and organize the current conceptual model of this Cascade fracture flow dominated aquifer. Model development provides insight on system dynamics, helps identify important and influential components of the system, and highlights additional data needs. The objective of this model development is to reasonably represent regional groundwater flow and to explore the connection between Mount Shasta recharge, pumping, and Big Springs flow. The model organizes and incorporates available data from a wide variety of sources and presents approaches to quantify the major flow paths and fluxes. Major water balance components are estimated for 2008-2011. Sensitivity analysis assesses the degree to which uncertainty in boundary flow affects model results, particularly spring flow.
Finally, this work uses optimization to explore coordinated hourly surface and groundwater operations to benefit Shasta River stream temperatures upstream of its confluence with Parks Creek. The management strategy coordinates reservoir releases and diversions to irrigated pasture adjacent to the river and it supplements river flows with pumped cool groundwater from a nearby well. A basic problem formulation is presented with results, sensitivity analysis, and insights. The problem is also formulated for the Shasta River application. Optimized results for a week in July suggest daily maximum and minimum stream temperatures can be reduced with strategic operation of the water supply portfolio. These temperature benefits nevertheless have significant costs from reduced irrigation diversions. Increased irrigation efficiency would reduce warm tail water discharges to the river instead of reducing diversions. With increased efficiency, diversions increase and shortage costs decrease. Tradeoffs and sensitivity of model inputs are explored and results discussed.
14
Flynn, Timothy Joseph. "Water temperature as a groundwater tracer in fractured rock". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_143_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
15
Su, Yibing. "Real-time prediction of stream water temperature for Iowa". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5653.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the agricultural state of Iowa, water quality research is of great importance for monitoring and managing the health of aquatic systems. Among many water quality parameters, water temperature is a critical variable that governs the rates of chemical and biological processes which affect river health. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a real-time high resolution predictive stream temperature model for the entire state of Iowa. A statistical model based solely on the water-air temperature relationship was developed using logistic regression approach. With hourly High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) air temperature estimations, the implemented stream temperature model produces current state-wide estimations. The results are updated hourly in real-time and presented on a web-based visualization platform: the Iowa Water Quality Information System, Beta version (IWQIS Beta). Streams of 4th order and up are color-coded according to the estimated temperatures. Hourly forecasts for lead time of up to 18 hours are also available.
A model was developed separately for spring (March to May), summer (June to August), and autumn (September to November) seasons. 2016 model estimation results generate less than 3 °C average RMSE for the three seasons, with a summer season RMSE of below 2 °C. The model is transferrable to basins of different catchment sizes within the state of Iowa and requires hourly air temperature as the only input variable. The product will assist Iowa water quality research and provide information to support public management decisions.
16
Wimer, Gregory Spencer. "Effect of Temperature of Ingested Water on Themoregulation During Moderate Exercise in a Temperate Environment /". The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487933245536971.
Pełny tekst źródła
17
Monohan, Carrie Elise. "Riparian buffer function with respect to nitrogen transformation and temperature along lowland agricultural streams in Skagit County, Washington /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5591.
Pełny tekst źródła
18
Masters, Sheldon. "Lead and Copper Contamination in Potable Water: Impacts of Redox Gradients, Water Age, Water Main Pipe Materials and Temperature". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73338.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Potable water can become contaminated with lead and copper due to the corrosion of pipes, faucets, and fixtures. The US Environmental Protection Agency Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is intended to target sampling at high-risk sites to help protect public health by minimizing lead and copper levels in drinking water. The LCR is currently under revision with a goal of better crafting sampling protocols to protect public health. This study examined an array of factors that determine the location and timing of "high-risk" in the context of sampling site selection and consumer health risks. This was done using field studies and well-controlled laboratory experiments.
A pilot-scale simulated distribution system (SDS) was used to examine the complex relationship between disinfectant type (free chlorine and chloramine), water age (0-10.2 days), and pipe main material (PVC, cement, and iron). Redox gradients developed in the distribution system as controlled by water age and pipe material, which affected the microbiology and chemistry of the water delivered to consumer homes. Free chlorine disinfectant was the most stable in the presence of PVC while chloramine was most stable in the presence of cement. At shorter water ages where disinfectant residuals were present, chlorine tended to cause as much as 4 times more iron corrosion when compared to chloramine. However, the worst localized attack on iron materials occurred at high water age in the system with chloramine. It was hypothesized that this was due to denitrification-a phenomenon relatively unexplored in drinking water distribution systems and documented in this study.
Cumulative chemical and biological changes, such as those documented in the study described above, can create "high-risk" hotspots for elevated lead and copper, with associated concerns for consumer exposure and regulatory monitoring. In both laboratory and field studies, trends in lead and copper release were site-specific and ultimately determined by the plumbing material, microbiology and chemistry. In many cases, elevated levels of lead and copper did not co-occur suggesting that, in a revised LCR, these contaminants will have to be sampled separately in order to identify worst case conditions.
Temperature was also examined as a potentially important factor in lead and copper corrosion. Several studies have attributed higher incidence of childhood lead poisoning during the summer to increased soil and dust exposure; however, drinking water may also be a significant contributing factor. In large-scale pipe rigs, total and dissolved lead release was 3-5 times higher during the summer compared to the winter. However, in bench scale studies, higher temperature could increase, decrease, or have no effect on lead release dependent on material and water chemistry. Similarly, in a distribution system served by a centralized treatment plant, lead release from pure lead service lines increased with temperature in some homes but had no correlation in other homes. It is possible that changes throughout the distribution system such as disinfectant residual, iron, or other factors can create scales on pipes at individual homes, which determines the temperature dependency of lead release.
Consumer exposure to lead can also be adversely influenced by the presence of particulate iron. In the case of Providence, RI, a well-intentioned decrease in the finished water pH from 10.3 to 9.7, resulted in an epidemic of red water complaints due to the corrosion of iron mains and a concomitant increase in water lead levels. Complementary bench scale and field studies demonstrated that higher iron in water is sometimes linked to higher lead in water, due to sorption of lead onto the iron particulates.
Finally, one of the most significant emerging challenges associated with evaluating corrosion control and consumer exposure, is the variability in lead and copper during sampling due to semi-random detachment of lead particles to water, which can pose an acute health concern. Well-controlled test rigs were used to characterize the variability in lead and copper release and compared to consumer sampling during the LCR. The variability due to semi-random particulate detachment, is equal to the typical variability observed in LCR sampling, suggesting that this inherent variability is much more important than other common sources including customer error, customer failure to follow sampling instructions or long stagnation times. While instructing consumers to collect samples are low flow rates reduces variability, it will fail to detect elevated lead from many hazardous taps. Moreover, collecting a single sample to characterize health risks from a given tap, are not adequately protective to consumers in homes with lead plumbing, in an era when corrosion control has reduced the presence of soluble lead in water. Future EPA monitoring and public education should be changed to address this concern.Ph. D.
19
Lawler, Jennifer Rae Noelle 1962. "Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms in wastewater treatment: Reducing low-temperature stress". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291651.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Studies were carried out from July 1988 to August 1989 to assess the growth and winter survival of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in treatment of secondary domestic wastewater in Tucson, Arizona. Percent of surviving overwintered plants for the following frost protection treatments from November 1988 to March 1989 was: 25 (control), 48 (plastic tarps), 70 (sprinklers), 34 (fog) and 76 (greenhouse). Both control plants and protected plants had longer roots at the effluent end of the ponds than the influent ends during winter months. Greenhouse-protected plants had greater root and entire plant lengths, and greater fresh and dry weights. Dry weight per unit area (kg m⁻²) was higher for greenhouse plants though all protected plants showed decline in dry weight per unit area with temperatures below 10 C. Qualitative observations indicated that protected plants showed less chlorosis and necrosis from low temperatures than control plants, however, plants in all frost protected treatments experienced low temperature stress. Aphids were seen in some of the ponds throughout the study and contributed to severe lamina and petiole damage.
20
Castelo-Branco, João Diogo Cristovão Pinto. "Myrosinase stability in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Influence of temperature and water activity". Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2881.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaEpidemiological studies have shown that a diet rich in Brassica vegetables is associated with a decreasing risk of incidence of some types of cancer. These health promoting effects are most likely due to the breakdown products of glucosinolates formed by the action of myrosinase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, found in Brassica plants. Industrial processing of food can affect the content, composition, activity and bioavailability of glucosinolates breakdown products, due to cell lysis or glucosinolates and myrosinase degradation. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the combined effect of moisture content (water activity) and temperature on myrosinase stability. The study was conducted in batches of freeze dried broccoli with different moisture contents. These batches of broccoli were then heated at different time/temperature combinations and myrosinase activity was analysed, the obtained results from these measurements were kinetically modeled. Myrosinase was shown to be much less thermo stable in higher moisture content samples than in the driest samples. Thermal stability (30-80 ºC) of myrosinase was described by a first order kinetic model. Besides showing higher myrosinase thermal stability, driest samples show lower activation energies, i.e, lower increase of degradation rate when temperature increases.
21
Morello, Gerry F. "Temperature and heat transfer studies in a water immersion retort". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28556.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Temperature and heat transfer studies in a pilot-scale water immersion retort were performed. The temperature study investigated the temperature distribution and stability of the retort during the cook period. The investigation of heat transfer uniformity within the retort was based on heating and cooling parameters calculated from the heat penetration curves of food-simulating teflon transducers. The uniformity of sterilizing conditions within the retort was determined from process lethalities calculated for the transducers. Variable retort operating conditions consisted of two retort temperatures (115 and 125°C) and three weir heights (29.2, 31.2 and 34.6 cm).
Mean standard deviations of thermocouple readings indicating temperature distribution during the cook period ranged from 0.19 to 0.22 C°. Slight temperature gradients were found between the upper and lower water channels and between the entrance and exit regions of water channels. The coldest locations (the exit regions of water channels 1 and 2) averaged approximately 0.6 C° lower than the hottest locations (the entrance and exit region of water channel 11 and the exit region of water channel 10).
Mean standard deviations of thermocouple readings indicating temperature stability during the cook period ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 C°. Temperature stability was uniform between all water channels, except channel 11, which was less stable. The entrance and exit regions of water channels displayed similar stability.
The existence of heat transfer variability within the water immersion retort was indicated. A retort temperature of 125°C produced smaller fh and fc values
than 115°C. Variations in weir height influenced the distribution of fh values between trays. Weir height 2 (31.2 cm) exhibited uniform values between all trays. Weir height 1 (29.2 cm) exhibited uniform fh values between all trays, except for a significantly larger value for the very top tray. Although weir height 3 (34.6 cm) created the most variability between tray levels, weir height 1 displayed the widest range of fh values.
More variability in fc values between trays was shown during the cool period. Weir height 2 displayed the most uniform fc values between trays, however, the range of fc values between trays was similar for all three weir heights.
Within trays, a gradient of fh and fc values was found between the entrance, exit and middle positions, with the smallest values found in the entrance positions. In comparison, the largest fh values were found in the exit and middle positions of trays 1 and 10. The largest fc values were found in the middle positions of trays 1 and 3 and the middle and exit positions of tray 10.
Weir heights 1 and 2 produced smaller jh values than weir height 3, variations in weir height had no influence on jc values. A gradient of jh values between tray levels was shown, with smaller values associated with upper trays and larger values with lower trays. Smaller jh and jc values were associated with the entrance positions of trays than with the middle and exit positions.
A comparison with steam processing indicated larger fh values for the water
immersion process and larger fc values for the cooling method used with the steam process.
Calculation of process lethalities indicated variability of sterilizing conditions
within the retort. Larger Fo values were associated with upper trays than with lower trays. Within trays, larger Fo values were found in the tray entrance positions than the middle and exit positions. The largest Fo values were exhibited in the entrance positions of the middle to upper trays, while the smallest values were found in the middle and exit positions of the bottom trays.
Retort pressure studies indicated pressure stability during the cook period, however, during the initial minutes of the cool period, a significant pressure drop occurred, which the retort corrected. Pressure stability was maintained once the target pressure was re-established.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
22
Carter, James. "Gold catalysts for the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94306/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The stability of gold catalysts in the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction (WGS) was investigated. Using state-of-the-art electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the deactivation mechanism of 2wt% Au/CeZrO4 was probed. After exposure to reaction conditions, particle agglomeration and morphological changes were observed. Two strategies were developed to improve the stability of an Au/CeZrO4 catalyst: Modification of the supported metal and modification of the support. The former strategy involved the addition of Pd the catalyst, while the latter consisted of the use of sub-surface Mo dopants and the substitution of Zr for Ti or Al. A series of 2wt% Au, AuPd and Pd supported on CeZrO4 catalysts were prepared by deposition precipitation (DP) and screened for their WGS activity and stability. It was shown that the addition of Pd resulted in a significant decrease in the catalytic activity. There was no change in catalyst stability. Several characterisation methods showed that there was a particle size effect that explained the catalytic activity. A series of Mo-doped CeZrO4 supports were prepared and characterised using several characterisation methods. After the addition of 2wt% Au, the catalysts were screened for their WGS activity. It was shown that Mo poisoned the catalysts and there was no improvement to the catalyst stability. The role of the support was examined by preparing Ce0.5Ti0.5Ox and Ce0.5Al0.5Ox by a sol-gel methodology. After the deposition of Au by DP the catalysts were tested for WGS activity and stability and compared with an equivalent 2wt %Au/CeZrO4 catalyst. The 2 wt% Au/Ce0.5Ti0.5Ox was the most stable catalyst and was as active as 2wt%Au/CeZrO4. Ce0.5Ti0.5Ox was the subject of further work to establish the effect of the Ce:Ti ratio. Gold catalysts prepared by DP on CeaTi1-aOx (where a = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 or 1) were screened for WGS activity and stability before being characterised. Au/Ce0.2Ti0.8Ox exhibited the same stability as Au/Ce0.5Ti0.5Ox but achieved an even higher conversion. Characterisation showed that Au/Ce0.2Ti0.8Ox had similar chemical properties to the Au/Ce0.5Ti0.5Ox and an even higher surface area. The combination of defect sites, a high surface area, and a small crystallite size were concluded to be the key properties for an active WGS catalyst support.
23
Burchell, Ian Robert. "Water vapour and temperature retrievals from the EURECA occultation radiometer". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337562.
Pełny tekst źródła
24
Venardou, Eleni. "Spectroscopic reaction monitoring in water under high temperature and pressure". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404782.
Pełny tekst źródła
25
Fegan, J. J. H. "Environment assisted cracking of deaerator steels in high temperature water". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260856.
Pełny tekst źródła
26
Li, Guangfu. "The performance of transition joints in high temperature water environments". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362413.
Pełny tekst źródła
27
Carrier, Roxie. "Temperature Tolerance of Freshwater Fish Exposed to Water-Borne Cadmium". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504077/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Lethal toxicity values (96 h LC50; mg Cd/L) for the test species were similar: Lepomis cyanellus, 11.52; Notropis lutrensis, 6.62; Pimephales promelus, 3.58. However the effects of cadmium concentration and exposure time on temperature tolerance varied between species. Neither cadmium concentration nor exposure time had a significant effect on the CTM of green sunfish. Both cadmium concentration and exposure time had a significant effect on the CTMs of red shiners and fathead minnows. By day 10 mean CTMs were 2.3 t- 4.5 C (red shiners) and 4.2 to 5.7 C (fathead minnows) lower than control CTM. These results suggest a potential problem in cadmium contaminated systems for high environmental temperatures to stress or kill fish.
28
Williams, Michael Shelby 1954. "BODY TEMPERATURE, EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS AND ACCLIMATION IN POLISTES WASPS". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277325.
Pełny tekst źródła
29
Benny, S. "High temperature water gas shift catalysts : a computer modelling study". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20444/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The high-temperature (HT) Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction has considerable technological relevance for lowering CO content during the conversion of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Conventional HT-WGS catalysts based on oxides of iron and chromium are well established industrially. However, it is crucial to remove any impurities present such as Cr6+, S or N during the catalytic process. In particular, Cr6+ is regarded as a Class I carcinogen and its presence is restricted by EU legislation. Even though Cr6+ is reduced during the catalytic process, caution must still be taken to eliminate any further impurities. Hence, it is desirable to identify alternative promoters and develop a Cr-free HT-WGS catalyst. This thesis presents results obtained using atomistic simulation techniques to investigate the effect of Cr3+ and possible alternative dopants in three important iron oxide materials, Hematite (α-Fe2O3), Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4). The starting point is to develop an understanding of the structural properties and distribution of Cr3+ on the bulk and surface material of hematite. The critical stage of understanding the role of Cr3+ provides the basis from which criteria for novel dopants can be assessed. Al3+ and Mn3+ are proposed as the promising candidates on the basis of this study. The research has been extended to other complex iron oxides, such as maghemite and magnetite. In summary, the role of chromium in the HT-WGS reaction has been investigated to establish criteria for effective, alternative promoter dopants. This investigation has provided a detailed insight into the atomic level behaviour of Cr3+, Mn3+, Al3+ impurities in three major iron oxide phases. The alternative dopants predicted in this study have been the subject of parallel experimental studies conducted by Johnson Matthey. The results of this study are already benefiting the design of more efficient iron-oxide catalysts for the HT-WGS reaction.
30
Kim, Seok-Jhin. "High Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction in Zeolite Membrane Reactors". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1321888491.
Pełny tekst źródła
31
Roberts, Stephen. "Performance of gold catalysts for low temperature water gas shift". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14970.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Bibliography: leaves 77-81.The ultimate objective of the study was to investigate the performance of suitably prepared gold catalysts for low temperature water gas shift (LTS) - and more specifically to investigate the performance of these catalysts at temperatures below those traditionally utilised. As opposed to the research undertaken to-date on gold catalysed water gas shift, the reaction was performed, as far as possible, under conditions resembling those found industrially, viz. conditions of temperature, pressure, WHSV and dry feed gas composition typical of those applicable to industrial LTS units. Important to this study was therefore the generation of a comprehensive performance benchmark for the commercially available LTS catalyst, a copper-based material, against which to compare the performance of the gold deposited catalysts. The gold catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation, a preparation procedure found to yield nano-sized gold particles, suggested in literature as being crucial for activity, on the metal oxide support. Using this procedure, gold promoted low (copper) and high (iron oxide) temperature shift catalysts and commercial zinc oxide supports were prepared and tested. A wide spectrum of Au particle sizes were prepared on the supports, ranging from approximately 3-500 nm. The gold promoted LTS catalyst was found to exhibit slightly higher activity than the commercially available catalyst at temperatures below the conventional LTS range. It would appear as if gold promotion is advantageous to the industrial catalyst and could impact greatly on LTS catalyst life. Even though substantially less active than the commercial copper catalyst was found, the gold promoted commercial zinc oxide catalyst exhibited significantly higher activity than that previously quoted in literature and better performance than the iron oxide supported catalysts of this study. Consequently, the Au/ZnO system exhibits good potential for further developments in terms of water gas shift conversion.
32
Smith, Alan. "The effects of inlet water temperature on condensing film coefficients /". Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11923.
Pełny tekst źródła
33
Hawkins, Richard H., i Francisco L. Santos. "Annual Water Yield Using Precipitation and Temperature: Grunsky's Equation Reconsidered". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296696.
Pełny tekst źródła
34
Parry, Christopher K. "Biophysically-Based Measurement of Plant Water Status Using Canopy Temperature". DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3563.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Precision irrigation scheduling is one approach that can conserve water by supplying crops with the minimum amount of water needed for sufficient vegetative growth and final crop yield. Improved methods for irrigation scheduling are needed for arid regions that rely mainly on irrigation for crop water needs, and humid regions that supplement water received from precipitation with added irrigation. Methods that directly determine plant physiological responses to water availability have potential to be significantly more sensitive and accurate than indirect approaches like soil moisture measurement. Stomatal conductance is a rapid physiological response to leaf water potential.
Stomatal conductance in single leaves has long been calculated using biophysical and energy balance principles. This same biophysical approach can be extended to plant communities using: 1) standard meteorological measurements, 2) accurate measurement of average canopy temperature, and 3) knowledge of canopy architecture.
Here we use a model designed to separate the energy balance of the soil and plant canopy for the calculation of stomatal conductance (gC) in row crops. This model is modified for application in row crops which differ in their spatial distribution when compared to more uniform crops such as turfgrass or alfalfa. The energy balance model requires measurement or estimation of the soil and canopy temperatures. Various methods can be used to derive these temperatures, i.e., using a composite temperature of the two and either directly measuring or estimating one of the temperatures to derive the other, or directly measuring both component temperatures. This study compares two methods to determine which one is more appropriate in determining canopy temperature for calculation of canopy stomatal conductance for the measurements taken on the fields studied.
By using the necessary environmental measurements, and model modifications, gC was continuously determined for 10 corn and 6 cotton crops throughout the Midwest and Southern United States. This gC value was then compared to a calculated reference gC for a well-watered crop. This reference gC represents the stomatal conductance of a well-watered crop experiencing no water stress. The ratio of the calculated and reference gC is an indicator of crop water status, which is called the stomatal conductance ratio (SCR). The SCR increased closer to one (indicating minimal water stress) after each irrigation or significant precipitation event, and steadily declined until the next irrigation event. Significant drought stress occurred in several of the fields.
Daily SCR values were weighted to correspond with growth stage sensitivity to drought stress. These weighted values were highly correlated with yield (r2 values up to 0.79). SCR values for cotton were also highly correlated with yield (r2 values up to 0.96).
This biophysical approach has the potential to provide a powerful tool for precision irrigation management. Growers can more efficiently apply water to their crops and more accurately determine when to apply irrigation.
35
Nelson, Jacob A. "Postharvest Degradation of Microalgae: Effect of Temperature and Water Activity". DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4458.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Though usually a nuisance in swimming pools and ponds, algae has the potential to be a valuable commodity for use as food and fuel. But before algae butter and biofuel become commonplace, issues with harvesting and storing this new crop need to be overcome. Though there has been ample research into how to grow and use algae, scientists have spent little time figuring out what to do after you pull it out of the water and before you eat it (or turn it into biodiesel). Algae, like all food products, starts to spoil as soon as it is harvested.
This study looked at three methods of preserving algae, freezing, drying, and pasteurization. Freezing is a good method for preserving fats and proteins, but it is expensive to freeze tons of algae. Freezing and thawing destroyed the algal cells, producing a soupy mixture that may cause complications for processing into foods or fuels. Drying was able to preserve the fats in algae, but only if it was dried just the right amount, about as dry as cheese or ham. Pasteurization was able to prevent the oils in the algae from going rancid by inactivating a protein in the algae that causes the oil to spoil rapidly.
Overall, this research is an initial step in finding a process to produce a shelf stable algal commodity, opening the door to new and valuable products for human use.
36
Molyneaux, Glenn Arthur. "Resorption cycle heat pump with ammonia-water working fluid". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326335.
Pełny tekst źródła
37
Sylvia, Stephen F. "Effects of physiological state, temperature, water, and extended mixing on low-fat, high-added water frankfurters". Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09042008-063636/.
Pełny tekst źródła
38
Hansen, R. Peder. "Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach". PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3610.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem McKenzie River from Delta Park (RM 62.1) to Leaburg Dam (RM 38.8). Both COE projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawl capabilities.
39
Grant, Annie, i Ingrid Luffman. "IS WATER QUALITY IN BOONE LAKE A DAM PROBLEM? AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PRE- AND POST- DRAWDOWN". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/115.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Boone Lake was formed in 1952 by the impoundment of the South Fork Holston River in Sullivan and Washington counties, TN. The “V” shaped lake spans 6.88 square miles; it consists of two primary tributaries of approximately equal-length which meet just above the dam. South Fork Holston River makes up the northern arm and Watauga River feeds the southern arm. In October 2014, the discovery of a sinkhole led to detection of sediment-laden seepage under the earthen part of the dam. As a safety precaution, the reservoir was immediately lowered to an elevation of 1,352.5 feet, 10 feet below operational “winter” levels. It will remain there until the anticipated dam repair completion date of 2022. This study compares reservoir water quality data collected before seepage detection to data collected since drawdown to determine the impact of drawdown on water quality in the reservoir. Parameters analyzed were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity, conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, temperature, and Escherichia Coli (E. coli). Data were compiled from two sources consisting of samples taken from 22 locations dispersed throughout each arm of the reservoir. Statistical analysis of pre/post-drawdown data was conducted using independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests as appropriate. Results of this study indicate water quality in Boone Lake has changed significantly since water levels were lowered. This change is likely due to flushing of the reservoir caused by ongoing dam repair. Conductivity, TDS, and E. coli levels have decreased significantly, suggesting improvements in water quality. Changes in temperature and pH were also found to be significant. Time series analysis of temperature and pH show significant trends overtime suggesting the lake will continue to warm and acidify. This combination of changes could negatively impact water quality, as metals trapped in lake sediments will likely become increasingly mobilized. Based on these findings, it is recommended that water quality data be collected regularly at consistent time intervals using a paired samples approach throughout the completion of the dam’s repair and continuing thereafter. Additionally, based on pH and temperature findings, it is recommended that water quality testing include testing for presence and concentrations of metals to stay vigilant to potential changes in the water column.
40
Pilson, Richard Adair. "The effect of temperature on denitrification kinetics and biological excess phosphorus removal in nutrient removal activated sludge systems in temperate climates (12°C - 20°C)". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22577.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Filamentous bulking in nutrient (N & P) removal activated sludge systems is a problem of considerable magnitude - three quarters of 45 plants surveyed were found to have bulking sludges to the extent that sludge settleability (DSVI) was adversely affected. If filamentous organism proliferation could be controlled and thereby sludge settleability improved to below DSVI of 100 ml/g, then with provision for factors such as additional aeration capacity, between 50% and 7 5% more wastewater could be treated in existing nutrient removing activated sludge plants. Anoxic-aerobic (AA) or low F/M filaments appear to proliferate in activated sludge plants that incorporate biological nitrogen removal. From earlier research, Casey et al. (1992a) showed that the cause for AA filament proliferation lay in the denitrification behaviour of the N removal systems. They hypothesized that filamentous and floe-forming organisms have different denitrification behaviour - the former reducing nitrate only as far as nitrite whereas the latter reducing nitrate all the way to nitrogen gas via the denitrification intermediates nitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). If nitrate and nitrite removal to nitrogen gas is not complete in the anoxic reactor, then, when conditions become aerobic, the accumulated denitrification intermediates, in particular NO, inhibit oxygen uptake in the floc-formers. The filaments do not experience this inhibition because by reducing nitrate only to nitrite, no denitrification intermediates accumulate in their cytoplasmic membrane and consequently they can successfully compete against the floe-formers and proliferate in the N removal systems. If denitrification is complete, no residual intracellular denitrification intermediates remain in the floc-formers. Therefore, when conditions become aerobic, the floc-formers are not inhibited in their oxygen uptake and can successfully compete against the filamentous organisms which cause the bulking.
41
Zhu, Ni. "Long-Term Lab Scale Studies of Simulated Reclaimed Water Distribution: Effects of Disinfectants, Biofiltration, Temperature and Rig Design". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96702.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As demand for alternative water sources intensifies, increased use of reclaimed water is important to help achieve water sustainability. In addition to treatment, the manner in which reclaimed water is distributed is a key consideration as it governs the water quality at the point of use.
In this work, simulated reclaimed water distribution systems (SRWDSs) were operated for more than two years to examine the role of system design, biofiltration, residual disinfectant type (i.e., chlorine, chloramine, no residual) and temperature on important aspects of chemistry and microbial regrowth under laboratory-controlled conditions. Turbidity decreased to 0.78 NTU after biofiltration and chlorinated treatments from 10.0-12.6 NTU for conditions with chloramine and no residuals. SRWDSs were susceptible to sediment accumulation, which occupied 0.83-3.2% of the volume of the first pipe segment (1 day of hydraulic residence time), compared to 0.32-0.45% volume in the corresponding chlorinated SRWDSs. The mass of accumulated sediment positively correlated (R2 = 0.82) with influent turbidity.
Contrary to experiences with potable water systems, chlorine was found to be more persistent and better at maintaining biological stability in the SRWDSs than chloramine, especially at the higher temperatures >22°C common to many water scarce regions. The severe nitrification at the warmer temperatures rapidly depleted chloramine residuals, decreased dissolved oxygen, and caused elevated levels of nitrifiers and heterotrophic cell counts. A metagenomic taxonomic survey revealed high levels of gene markers of nitrifiers in the biofilm samples at 22°C for the chloraminated system. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis confirmed distinct taxonomic and functional microbial profiles between the chlorine and chloramine SRWDSs.
Reflecting on multiyear experiences operating two different SRWDSs reactor designs, including thin tubes (0.32-cm diameter) and pipe reactors (10.2-cm), illustrated strengths and weaknesses of both approaches in recreating key aspects of biochemical changes in reclaimed water distribution systems. It is clear that approaches deemed successful with drinking water distribution systems may not always directly transfer to simulating reclaimed distribution systems, or to proactively managing full-scale reclaimed systems that have long periods of stagnation and where minimally-treated wastewater with high levels of nutrients and turbidity are used.Doctor of Philosophy
Increasing water scarcity is creating an impetus for creating more sustainable water supplies. Wastewater effluent is increasingly viewed as in important resource that can reduce both water and energy demand. Reclaiming moderately to minimally-treated secondary wastewater effluent for non-potable reuse (NPR) applications; such as agricultural irrigation, landscaping, and toilet flushing, helps reduce demand for higher quality potable water sources. NPR presently accounts for more than 50% of total reuse and is projected to become increasingly important. While NPR is attractive, important knowledge gaps remain in terms of managing water quality and safety as it is transported through distribution pipes to the point of use. A comprehensive literature review revealed that NPR distribution systems are distinct from conventional drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and that it is doubtful if our current understanding of DWDSs would directly transfer to NPR systems. Unlike drinking water systems, NPR systems are currently unregulated at the national level and corresponding state-to-state regulations vary widely. The levels of water treatment can vary from simply distributing untreated effluent from wastewater treatment plants to very high-level treatment with membranes that produces water of equal or even higher quality than many existing tap waters. A common treatment train for minimally-treated NPR involves biologically activated carbon (BAC) filtration and the use of disinfectants (e.g., chlorine or chloramine) to control microbial water quality to the point of use. Prior studies from DWDSs have demonstrated water quality degradation in terms of disinfectant loss, bacterial growth, and aesthetic problems, with the settling of trace particulate matter producing sediment within pipe distribution systems. In particular, accumulated sediment can become a hotspot for water quality deterioration. Considering that minimally-treated reclaimed water can have much higher levels of particulate matter and nutrients than drinking water, it was predicted that NPR distribution systems could suffer from faster water quality degradation than corresponding drinking water systems, especially at the warmer temperatures common in water-scarce regions. This work was the first multi-year attempt to examine the effects of disinfectant (i.e. free chlorine, chloramine, no residual), BAC filtration versus no filtration, water age (up to 5-d versus 28-min), and temperature (14°C, 22°C, 30°C) in different types of lab-scale reactors. Two simulated reclaimed water distribution systems (SRWDSs) including 4-in. diameter Pipe SRWDSs versus 1/8-in. diameter Tube SRWDSs, were designed to study key aspects of full-scale NPR systems and were operated for more than two years to study chemical and microbial changes as distributed water traveled through the two systems. The Pipe SRWDSs were designed to assess the impacts on final water quality after long-term operation that allowed sediment to slowly accumulate, whereas the complementary Tube SRWDS design did not allow sediment to accumulate and only held the water for 28 minutes. Water was sampled regularly to track the trends of key water quality parameters, including disinfectant residuals, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen compounds involved in nitrification reactions, and various types of bacteria of interest. Sequencing of the biological genetic materials on selected samples was conducted to understand the types of bacteria present and their functions under the different circumstances. High levels of sediment were found to accumulate near the beginning of the Pipe SRWDSs, which caused loss of oxygen and disinfectants at the bottom of the pipes. Chlorine was more persistent and better at preventing bacteria growth as water traveled through the distribution system. In contrast, a type of bacteria that used ammonia as a nutrient (i.e., nitrifying bacteria) were observed in the pipes with chloramine (i.e., ammonia plus chlorine) as the disinfectant. The nitrifying bacteria caused rapid depletion of chloramine residuals, especially at temperatures above 22°C. At 30°C both chlorine and chloramine were almost immediately consumed in the pipe reactors. Nitrification is known to trigger water quality problems in chloraminated DWDSs, and we expect that chloraminated RWDSs would be even more susceptible to nitrification and associated water quality degradation issues in Compare the Tube SRWDSs to the Pipe SRWDSs, aside from heavy accumulations of sediment in the pipes versus no sediment in the thin tubes, the tubes clogged repeatedly from formation of thick biofoulants in the systems treated with no disinfectant and chloramine, whereas they remained relatively free of biofoulants and clogging in the tubes with chlorine. Even in just 28 minutes, it took water to move from the start to the end of the tube, both chlorine and chloramine were almost completely consumed in the tubes, due to the unrealistically high pipe surface area to the small flow volume inherent to this reactor design. As NPR becomes increasingly common to help achieve water sustainability, it will be important to deploy laboratory simulations, that are capable of testing and revealing key chemical and microbial processes that affect the operation of these systems and water safety at the point of use. The insights from this first long-term effort of simulating RWDSs highlight some unique characteristics and challenges of RWDSs, and reveals key concepts to help guide future research.
42
Akalin, Suleyman. "Water temperature effect on sand transport by size fraction in the Lower Mississippi River". Access citation and abstract, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075335.
Pełny tekst źródła
43
Joseph, Jyothis. "Improving Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency by Cooling Water Circulation". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404617/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis aims to increase photovoltaic (PV) panel power efficiency by employing a cooling system based on water circulation, which represents an improved version of water flow based active cooling systems. Theoretical calculations involved finding the heat produced by the PV panel and the circulation water flow required to remove this heat. A data logger and a cooling system for a test panel of 20W was designed and employed to study the relationship between the PV panel surface temperature and its output power. This logging and cooling system includes an Arduino microcontroller extended with a data logging shield, temperature sensing probes, current sensors, and a DC water pump. Real-time measurements were logged every minute for one or two day periods under various irradiance and air temperature conditions. For these experiments, a load resistance was chosen to operate the test panel at its maximum power point. Results indicate that the cooling system can yield an improvement of 10% in power production. Based on the observations from the test panel experiments, a cooling system was devised for a PV panel array of 640 W equipped with a commercial charge controller. The test data logger was repurposed for this larger system. An identical PV array was left uncooled and monitored simultaneously to compare the effect of cooling, demonstrating that the cooled array provided up to an extra 132W or 20% of maximum power for sunny weather conditions. Future expansion possibilities of the project include automated water level monitoring system and water filtration systems.
44
Eriksson, Mimmi. "Corrosion and microfluidics in hot water microsystems". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mikrosystemteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207573.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis addresses some important issues when designing microfluidic systems for hot pressurized water. The properties and behavior of water at elevated temperatures and in micro scale is briefly reviewed, and opportunities and possible problems of using hot pressurized water in microfluidic devices are brought up. Experimental work was focused on corrosion resistance for commonly used microsystem materials in hot pressurized water, and the microfluidic behavior for hot pressurized water. An experiment system was successfully designed, assembled and used for corrosion resistance experiments in hot pressurized water. Corrosion resistance tests were performed for some common materials used in microfluidic and microsystems (silicon, stainless steel grade 304, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass) in deionized water and in low concentration HCl (0.1 mM) at two different temperatures (180oC and 270oC). All of the tested materials, except soda-lime glass, showed a good overall performance in the low temperature range. In the high temperature range, all materials showed signs of corrosion to some extent. Severe damages and high corrosion rates were observed for silicon and the two glasses, and stainless steel 304 showed signs of pitting corrosion. A microfluidic study identified some major issues needed to be overcome to make future microfluidic studies with hot pressurized water possible. Important observations included the importance of a short traveling distance for a hot micro flow to avoid rapid cooling, and to choose a suitable dye to avoid particles clogging thin capillaries and micro channels.
45
Friesen, Brian J. "Whole-Body Cooling Following Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: Biophysical Considerations". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30510.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examined the effect of differences in body surface area-to-lean body mass ratio (AD/LBM) on core temperature cooling rates during cold water immersion (2°C, CWI) and temperate water immersion (26°C, TWI) following exercise-induced hyperthermia (end-exercise rectal temperature of 40°C). Individuals with a High AD/LBM (315 cm2/kg) had a ~1.7-fold greater overall rectal cooling rate relative to those with Low AD/LBM (275 cm2/kg) during both CWI and TWI. Further, overall rectal cooling rates during CWI were ~2.7-fold greater than during TWI for both the High and Low AD/LBM groups. Study findings show that AD/LBM must be considered when determining the duration of the immersion period. However, CWI provides the most effective cooling treatment for EHS patients irrespective of physical differences between individuals.
46
Chang, Chao-Ting. "Soil water availability regulates soil respiration temperature dependence in Mediterranean forests". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406082.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The variations of ecosystem and soil respiration are mainly driven by temperature and precipitation, but the importance of temperature and precipitation could vary across temporal and spatial. At diurnal to annual temporal scales, ecosystem and soil respiration generally increase with average annual temperature, but very low or very high soil moisture has been shown to diminish the temperature response of respiration. Therefore, in water-limited ecosystem, such as the Mediterranean region where the seasonal pattern is characterized with significant summer drought, precipitation patterns are likely to play a particularly important role in regulating ecosystem and soil respiration inter annual whereas temperature may be much less factor. In this dissertation, I try to reduce the uncertainties of terrestrial net ecosystem exchange in Mediterranean region by measuring the interaction between environmental factors and soil respiration at short (i.e., diurnal) and medium (i.e., seasonal-years) temporal scales. Three in situ experiments were employed to investigate how soil respiration responds to environmental variations and management. Together, these three studies gave a consistent picture on how soil moisture strongly affects the dynamic and magnitude of soil respiration in Mediterranean forests. Results elucidated a clear soil moisture threshold; when soil moisture is above this threshold, soil temperature is the main driver of soil respiration, meanwhile, when soil moisture is below this threshold, soil respiration decoupled from soil temperature and is controlled by soil moisture. This suggests that soil moisture modified, at least in Mediterranean ecosystems, the temperature sensitivity of respiration through threshold-like response.Las variaciones de la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo son principalmente impulsadas por la temperatura y la precipitación, pero la importancia de la temperatura y la precipitación puede variar a lo largo del tiempo y el espacio. En las escalas temporales diurnas a anuales, la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo generalmente aumenta con la temperatura media anual, pero se ha demostrado que la humedad del suelo muy baja o muy alta disminuye la respuesta a la temperatura de la respiración. Por lo tanto, en ecosistemas con escasez de agua, como la región mediterránea, donde el patrón estacional se caracteriza por sequías significativas en verano, es probable que los patrones de precipitación jueguen un papel particularmente importante en la regulación de la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo. En esta tesis, intento reducir las incertidumbres del intercambio de ecosistemas netos terrestres en la región mediterránea midiendo la interacción entre los factores ambientales y la respiración del suelo a escalas temporales cortas (diurnas) y medias (estacionales). Se utilizaron tres experimentos in situ para investigar cómo la respiración del suelo responde a las variaciones y manejo del ambiente. En conjunto, estos tres estudios dieron una imagen consistente de cómo la humedad del suelo afecta fuertemente la dinámica y la magnitud de la respiración del suelo en los bosques mediterráneos. Los resultados dilucidaron un umbral claro de humedad del suelo; Cuando la humedad del suelo está por encima de este umbral, la temperatura del suelo es el principal impulsor de la respiración del suelo, mientras que la humedad del suelo está por debajo de este umbral, la respiración del suelo está desacoplada de la temperatura del suelo y controlada por la humedad del suelo. Esto sugiere que la humedad del suelo modificó, al menos en los ecosistemas mediterráneos, la sensibilidad a la temperatura de la respiración a través de la respuesta tipo umbral.
47
Lei, Yun School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry UNSW. "Novel Fe2O3-Cr2O3 catalyst for high temperature water gas shift reaction". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23321.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The thesis is focused on the study of high temperature water gas shift catalysis, the identification of new improved catalysts and the study of the kinetics and mechanism of reaction over these catalysts. Rh-promoted Fe2O3-Cr2O3 was found to offer best performance which was significantly better than unpromoted catalyst over wide temperatures range. An extensive literature survey is first reported. Guidelines to develop new WGS catalysts are developed. As a result, the activities of precious metals supported on various oxides for high temperature WGS reaction have been tested. Rh(1wt%) doped Fe2O3/Cr2O3, exhibits the highest activity for WGS over a wide temperature range. 5wt%CuO/Fe2O3-Cr2O3, 1wt%Pt/Cr2O3, 1wt%Pt/Fe2O3-Cr2O3, 1wt%Pt/U3O8, 1wt%Pt/10%U3O8-Al2O3 and 1wt%Pt/5%V2O5-TiO2 fall into the second most active catalysts group, with an improved activity compared to commercial Fe2O3-Cr2O3 catalyst. It is clear that both the support/catalyst and the promoter can affect the efficiency of the WGS, leading to the obvious inference that the reaction rate is controlled at the promoter ??? support interface. Further kinetic studies and characterisation (TPR, TPD, pulse-adsorption (reaction)) on Rh/Fe3O4/Cr2O3 have been conducted. The study, conducted under conditions without inhibition from products of both forward and backward reactions, shows that the overall reaction rate expression is described as: 2 22 ??? =0.0041exp(???4042.6 ) 0.64 0.5 ???0.024 exp(???6022.9 ) 0.46 0.73 CO CO H O CO H r PP P P T T . Kinetics studies carried out under fuel reforming gas compositions shows that reaction rate expression changed when the temperature of reaction varied. The reaction rate equations at temperatures of 573K, 623K and 673K are derived as: 573K: 2 2 2 - 2.84 10-6 0.6 0.12 - 9.08 10-7 0.09 0.52 rCO = ?? PCO PH O ?? PCO PH 623K: 2 2 2 - 1.45 10-6 0.99 0.40 - 7.12 10-7 0.11 0.73 rCO = ?? PCO PH O ?? PCO PH 673K: -6 2 2 2 - = 4.37 ?? 10 0.86 0.41 -1.83 ??10-6 0.28 0.66 rCO PCO PH O PCO PH , The apparent activation energy was 61.7??2.5 kJmol-1 . TPR, TPD, TPO characterisation studies and reoxidation of catalysts by CO2 or H2O show that the active site for high temperature WGS reaction on Rh/Fe2O3/Cr2O3 is reduced magnetite Fe3O4 which dissociatively breaks down the H2O to form H* and OH* and adsorbs CO2. The deposited metal, Rh, acts as a promoter by facilitating the uptake of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), desorption of H2 (at high temperature) and CO2.
48
Fonseca, Rojas Mirla Josefina. "Phase behaviour modelling of water-hydrocarbon in high temperature petroleum reservoirs". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2152.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Development of high pressure-high temperature (RPHT) reservoirs is increasingly being pursued world wide to exploit hydrocarbon from deep formation. Due to their extreme conditions (can be up to 2000e and 16000 psia), composition of RPHT fluids can be considerably different from that of conventional reservoirs, particularly the concentration of heavy hydrocarbons in the vapour phase can be quite high. Also, at high temperature the amount of water dissolved in the reservoir hydrocarbon phase could be significant and should be taken into account in detennining the phase and volumetric properties of the fluids. In this study, a model based on equations of state (BOS) was developed to predict phase behaviour of RPHT fluids in the presence of water. The conventional mixing rule was modified by adding a non-random element in the attractive term of EOS. This modification was required to describe the interaction between non-polar (hydrocarbon) and polar (water) compounds. The developed phase behaviour model with the added term to the conventional mixing rules was evaluated for predicting the phase behaviour of hydrocarbon mixtures in presence of water. The conventional (random) interaction parameters (kij) and the non-random interaction parameter of the asymmetric term (lpi) for water-hydrocarbons were determined by matching the solubility data of hydrocarbon-water binary systems in vapour-liquid equilibrium for light and in liquid-liquid equilibrium for intermediate and heavy hydrocarbons. A method based on the Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky equation was developed to correct the effect of pressure on fugacity of the solute in the liquid phase in liquid-liquid equilibrium. The determined binary interaction parameters (BIP) were generalised by correlating them with critical properties and the molecular weight of hydrocarbons. The reliability of the model was evaluated against measured data, not used in its development, over a wide range of pressure and temperature and compared with those of leading models reported in the literature. The model could reliably predict the presence of free water phase and the effect of pressure on the liquid water phase at high temperatures. It also reliably predicted the effect of water on saturation pressure of tested synthetic reservoir fluids. However, it failed to accurately reproduce the effect of addition of water on the volumetric behaviour of the liquid hydrocarbon phase.
49
Clutter, Melissa, i Melissa Clutter. "The Use of Subsurface Temperature Fluctuations to Estimate Plant Water Use". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621451.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Irrigation agriculture is the largest use of water (~80%) in the United States ('Irrigation and Water Use', 2016) A combination of irrigation and precipitation infiltrates through the Earth's subsurface and represents the primary inputs to an agricultural field's groundwater system. This water propagates down from the surface, with some of it recharging the underlying groundwater storage as return flow. The difference between the amount of irrigation water applied and the return flow to the aquifer, represents the consumptive use of the system. The alterations in the quality and distribution of water from groundwater pumping and irrigation places greater emphasis on the need to understand the connection between agricultural consumption and subsurface groundwater flux. Temperature fluctuations in the Earth's shallow subsurface are mainly governed by spatial and temporal variations in temperature at the ground surface (Hatch et al., 2006). These temperature signals at depth are primarily controlled by advection, dispersion, and thermal conduction. It has been shown for streambeds that when temperature propagates through the subsurface, it is a nonlinear function of fluid velocity, the frequency of the surface temperature variations, and the sediment and fluid thermal properties (Stallman, 1965). This information has been useful for understanding fluxes for saturated conditions such as in stream systems, but has not yet been applied to understand consumptive use in unsaturated conditions such as in agricultural systems. Temperature propagation in unsaturated conditions is different than saturated conditions due to changes in soil and thermal properties. Previous models have had difficulty estimating groundwater fluxes for some unsaturated conditions. This study experiments with the possibility of using a combination of MATLAB and HYDRUS 1D to infer unsaturated groundwater fluxes, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and saturated water content. One application of this type of flux estimation could be the inference of root water uptake and the consumptive use of an agricultural system. The method is designed to calculate root water uptake under steady-state conditions; and therefore might have limitations for quantifying consumptive use in field applications.It is beneficial to research the consumptive use in agricultural systems in order to gain understanding of the effects of irrigation on the total flux in groundwater storage. Other applications of consumptive use include: site specific farm efficiency and crop use parameters, nonpoint source pollution to estimate nutrient fluxes, irrigation efficiency, soil salinization, waste isolation, and slope stability.
50
BEKOU, EVANGELIA. "EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS USING ROOM TEMPERATURE WATER-IMMISCIBLE IONIC LIQUIDS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1045773164.
Pełny tekst źródła