Artykuły w czasopismach: „Water supply reliability”

1

Griffin, Ronald C., i James W. Mjelde. "Valuing Water Supply Reliability". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82, nr 2 (maj 2000): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00035.

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Chupin, Victor R., i Aleksei S. Dushin. "Assessment of the reliability of water supply to consumers: water supply reliability indicators". Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 9, nr 3 (2019): 578–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2019-3-578-593.

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Wurbs, Ralph A., i Awes S. Karama. "Salinity and Water-Supply Reliability". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 121, nr 5 (wrzesień 1995): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1995)121:5(352).

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Shamsi, U. M. "Computerized evaluation of water-supply reliability". IEEE Transactions on Reliability 39, nr 1 (kwiecień 1990): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.52638.

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Vogel, Richard M. "Reliability Indices for Water Supply Systems". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 113, nr 4 (lipiec 1987): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1987)113:4(563).

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Okeola, O. G., i S. O. Balogun. "Estimating a municipal water supply reliability". Cogent Engineering 2, nr 1 (9.04.2015): 1012988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.1012988.

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Wolff, Gary. "Calculating constant-reliability water supply unit costs". Water Policy 10, nr 1 (1.10.2007): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.032.

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Water planners facing a choice between water “supply” options (including conservation) customarily use the average unit cost of each option as a decision criterion. This approach is misleading and potentially costly when comparing options with very different reliability characteristics. For example, surface water, desalinated seawater or recycled wastewater and some outdoor demand management programs have very different yield patterns. This paper presents a method for calculating constant-reliability unit costs that adapts some concepts and mathematics from financial portfolio theory. Comparison on a constant-reliability basis can significantly change the relative attractiveness of options. In particular, surface water, usually a low cost option, is more expensive after its variability has been accounted for. Further, options that are uncorrelated or inversely correlated with existing supply sources—such as outdoor water conservation—will be more attractive than they initially appear. This insight, which implies options should be evaluated and chosen as packages rather than individually, opens up a new dimension of yield and financial analysis for water planners.

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8

Xu, Chengchao, i R. S. Powell. "Water supply system reliability: concepts and measures". Civil Engineering Systems 8, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259108970626.

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Matyash, О., i V. Novokhatniy. "INCREASING OF THE RELIABILITY CITY'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THROUGH ZONING". Municipal economy of cities 1, nr 154 (3.04.2020): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-143-147.

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The article analyzes the topical issue of assessing the reliability of water supply in Kremenchuk, Poltava region, in the zoning of the water supply system. The scheme of the integrated water supply system of Kremenchuk was built to calculate reliability, which reflects the movement of water from the source to the consumers and the main structures of the water supply system. The work of the water supply system of Kremenchuk and its structure is analyzed. In terms of reliability, it is concluded that water pipes are the least reliable element. The statistics on the failures of the water supply systems of the city of Kremenchuk are analyzed. The calculations showed that the actual failure rate for steel pipes d = 1100 mm of water pipes in Kremenchug is 2 failures per 10 km of steel pipe per year, which is 2 times higher than foreign and domestic data. The reliability assessment of both the integrated and district water supply system of Kremenchuk was performed on the failure of water supply systems for both separately connected individual elements. Comparative analysis of reliability of the integrated and district water supply system of Kremenchuk without fail has shown that the zoning significantly increases the reliability of water supply in the Kryukivsky district, and the reliability of water supply of the Avtozavodsky district remains unchanged. In the integrated system in the Kryukiv district, the parameter of the flow of failures was 1/year, that is, about 3 times a year a break in water supply is possible. In the district system, both systems operate independently, which is why everything remains unchanged in the Avtozavodsky district, and the failure flow parameter for the Kryukivsky district is significantly reduced and is: 1/year, which corresponds to a water supply interruption of about once every 2.5 years. Thus, zoning can increase the reliability of water supply in the Kryukovsky district of Kremenchuk approximately 8 times. Keywords: the water supply system, reliability, dependability, zoning.

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Novokhatniy, Valeriy, Oleksandr Matyash i Sergiy Kostenko. "Municipal Water Supply Systems of Giving-Distributive Complex Reliability with Branched Networks". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.2 (20.06.2018): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14608.

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The basics of the reliability theory of small settlements water supply systems were considered. Methods of the reliability calculation of the supply-distribution complex structures were reviewed: pumping stations, water pipes and branched network. The mathematical reliability model of the water supply technological process to the most distant consumers were constructed according to the water supply selected directions. The real possibility of water supply reliability calculation on an actual example was shown and a graphical representation of the results was performed.

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WARREN, R. P., S. C. COOK, J. P. LUMBERS i P. FANNER. "Optimization of Water Supply Systems: Risk Analysis and Reliability of Supply". Water and Environment Journal 3, nr 1 (luty 1989): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01362.x.

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Svintsov, Alexander, Evgeniy Alekseev, Svetlana Shambina, Roman Fediuk i Vladislav Fominov. "Reliability of water fittings in operating conditions". E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304010.

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Water fittings are an integral part of the internal water supply system. The reliability of their work under operating conditions largely influence on the continuity of water supply to the population. The reliability indicators of sanitary fittings allow the services responsible for the technical condition of the indoor water supply of houses to pay priority attention to the factors that determine the uninterrupted water supply of the population and reduce the loss of drinking water. In this study, the results of indicators of operational reliability of faucets for sinks in kitchens and washbasins in toilet rooms of apartments of multi-store residential buildings in a residential neighborhood are presented. The study was performed based on the analysis of records in the logs of data on valve failures for 2016-2018. The main malfunctions are established, the random coincidence of which leads to failures. The reliability of sanitary fittings is affected not only by their structure and the characteristics of the materials, as well as by the exploitation conditions. The probability of failure-free operation of sanitary fittings in exploitation conditions for a time not exceeding the duration of the reduction of water supply to consumers in residential buildings is the basic parameter of its reliability.

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Karambirov, S. N., D. A. Manukyan i L. B. Bekisheva. "Evaluation of reliability of water delivery by water supply systems". Russian Agricultural Sciences 40, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367414010091.

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Howe, Charles W., Mark Griffin Smith, Lynne Bennett, Charles M. Brendecke, J. Ernest Flack, Robert M. Hamm, Roger Mann, Lee Rozaklis i Karl Wunderlich. "The Value of Water Supply Reliability in Urban Water Systems". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1002.

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Li, Yanrong, i Jinxia Wang. "Village-level supply reliability of surface water irrigation in rural China: effects of climate change". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (5.06.2018): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-89-2018.

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Abstract. Surface water, as the largest part of water resources, plays an important role on China's agricultural production and food security. And surface water is vulnerable to climate change. This paper aims to examine the status of the supply reliability of surface water irrigation, and discusses how it is affected by climate change in rural China. The field data we used in this study was collected from a nine-province field survey during 2012 and 2013. Climate data are offered by China's National Meteorological Information Center which contains temperature and precipitation in the past 30 years. A Tobit model (or censored regression model) was used to estimate the influence of climate change on supply reliability of surface water irrigation. Descriptive results showed that, surface water supply reliability was 74 % in the past 3 years. Econometric results revealed that climate variables significantly influenced the supply reliability of surface water irrigation. Specifically, temperature is negatively related with the supply reliability of surface water irrigation; but precipitation positively influences the supply reliability of surface water irrigation. Besides, climate influence differs by seasons. In a word, this paper improves our understanding of the impact of climate change on agriculture irrigation and water supply reliability in the micro scale, and provides a scientific basis for relevant policy making.

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Hosoi, Y., i Y. Kido. "Comparative reliability analysis of the distribution areas of a water supply system and its application for an earthquake risk analysis". Water Supply 1, nr 4 (1.06.2001): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0087.

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A methodology for comparative evaluation of the water supply reliability of distribution areas was presented. There are various factors which affect water supply reliability. As they cannot be quantified by the same standard, reliability of water distribution area was examined according to the value of each factor. These factors were organized into an index through the analytical hierarchy process. The reliability of each distribution area of the water supply system in the case study area was comparatively evaluated by the method. The problems and points necessary for improvement of the water supply reliability of each distribution area were indicated.

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17

Maheepala, S., i C. Perera. "Climate change and reliability of urban water supply". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 7-8 (1.04.2003): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0677.

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This paper describes a probability-based method for assessing the potential impact of climate change on urban water supply systems. Specifically, the assessment method uses probability distributions to place a confidence level on the plausible values of response variables. The Benalla water supply system has been used to demonstrate applicability of the proposed assessment method. For the application, the impact of the 2030 climate change scenarios on streamflows and system yield has been examined. The preliminary results have demonstrated that the proposed assessment method can provide valuable insights into the impact of climate change on water supply systems, allowing it to be incorporated into planning decisions.

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18

Majuru, Batsirai, M. Michael Mokoena, Paul Jagals i Paul R. Hunter. "Health impact of small-community water supply reliability". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214, nr 2 (marzec 2011): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.10.005.

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Gippel, Christopher J., Martin Cosier, Sharmil Markar i Changshun Liu. "Balancing Environmental Flows Needs and Water Supply Reliability". International Journal of Water Resources Development 25, nr 2 (czerwiec 2009): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620902868802.

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Shafiqul Islam, M., Rehan Sadiq, Manuel J. Rodriguez, Homayoun Najjaran i Mina Hoorfar. "Reliability Assessment for Water Supply Systems under Uncertainties". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, nr 4 (kwiecień 2014): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000349.

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Martínez-Rodríguez, José B., Idel Montalvo, Joaquín Izquierdo i Rafael Pérez-García. "Reliability and Tolerance Comparison in Water Supply Networks". Water Resources Management 25, nr 5 (13.01.2011): 1437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9753-2.

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Lee, Chan Wook, Hyuk Jae Kwon i Do Guen Yoo. "Seismic Reliability Assessment of Water Supply Systems Considering Critical Paths". Applied Sciences 10, nr 22 (13.11.2020): 8056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228056.

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In general, studies of the seismic reliability of water supply systems through hydraulic analysis models fall into three categories: (1) model development through hydraulic analysis, (2) establishment of post-earthquake recovery strategies, and (3) robust design in preparation for earthquakes and the development of improvement techniques. In this study, with regard to the design of earthquake resistance techniques, which is the third category, a seismic reliability assessment was conducted that considers the water supply system, and a plan to maximize the seismic reliability was determined as a result of the analysis. The degree of improvement in seismic reliability was quantified for water supply systems with various sources and water supply routes via modeling of seismic protection for each water supply route. Korea’s A industrial water system, which has a history of large-scale earthquakes, was divided into nine paths, and the reliability of the water supply system and the cost of earthquake resistance were calculated and compared between the different paths. A water supply path consists of a combination of pipes of various sizes and lengths, and the amount of water to be supplied differs between paths. Quantifying the effect of the water supply system and the seismic reliability of a route is intended to provide a basic methodology for identifying the critical path that should be the target of seismic protection when money and resources available for construction are limited. This methodology was used to confirm that the reliability of the water supply, the demand for water, and the cost of earthquake resistance should be considered together to establish an earthquake resistance strategy for the critical path in a water supply system. We expect that the results of this study will be used to establish detailed strategies for preliminary reinforcement against earthquake damage based on critical paths rather than all or individual pipelines in a water supply network.

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Piegdoń, Izabela, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Dawid Szpak i Anna Szlachta. "Analysis of Selected Reliability Indicators of Water Supply Network". Journal of KONBiN 47, nr 1 (1.10.2018): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0038.

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Abstract The operation of the water supply network is related to ensuring the reliability of water supply to each customer. The reliability analysis of water supply can be based on reliability indicators of renewable objects such as water pipes. These indicators take into account the characteristics of the system and its components, by function or numerical characteristics. An example of reliability analysis for main and distribution pipes was made. The average renewal time, the average working time without failure and the reliability of network operation were determined.

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Alshaari, A. H., i M. E. Nor. "Reliability Analysis on Water Pumps in Water Supply System in Johor". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1874, nr 1 (1.05.2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1874/1/012021.

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Primin, Oleg, i Grigory Gromov. "Reliability and environmental safety of water and sewer pipelines". E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304002.

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The subject of the paper is the reliability and environmental safety of water supply and sewer pipelines of public water supply and sanitation systems. It is shown that the steadily increasing rate of deterioration of water supply and sewer networks in cities and communities in Russia, the limitations of material resources for their rehabilitation have aggravated the problem of ensuring their reliability in recent years. The paper presents the reasons for the low reliability of pipelines. It is shown that the determining criterion for the environmental safety of pipelines is reliability - one of the main quality indicators of any structure (system). The research method was a statistical estimation of the reliability indicators of water supply and sewer pipelines, and an analysis of the factors that shape their change. The paper results in suggestions for a planning strategy of the rehabilitation and renovation of pipelines and reduction of all types of water losses.

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Nor, V. V., i T. Р. Khomutetska. "ENSURING COST-EFFECTIVE AND RELIABLE OPERATION OF AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (AS IN THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF TARASIVKA VILLAGE IN KYIV REGION)". Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", nr 2 (12.12.2019): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-190.

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The current state of water supply in Ukraine was analyzed and the main problems that arise on the existing water supply systems, related to the lack of efficiency of both water treatment technologies and operation conditions of the water supply system structures, characterized by high energy consumption, excess pressure formation and accident rate increase were studied. It was specified that in agricultural water supply systems additional difficulties can arise due to significant fluctuations of water consumption during the day, therefore, there is a need for the study of the joint work of interacting structures, especially in the towerless schemes. It is shown that to solve the problems of reliable provision of consumers with the required water amounts, water pressures and water quality, is possible taking into account the requirements of economy, reliability and environmental safety, and to identify weaknesses and develop recommendations for ensuring the efficient operation of structures can be fulfilled by mathematical modeling and analysis of various possible variants of system operation. The issue of increasing the efficiency and reliability of agricultural supply systems was considered using the example of the water supply system in Tarasivka village of Kyiv region. The article deals with increasing the efficiency and reliability of agricultural water supply systems. The results of the study of water supply systems operation, based on the utilization of ground water in the village of Tarasivka, Kyiv region are given, which demonstrate that when pumping water from the well directly into the water supply network, excess damage energy for water lift occurs. The reliability of the water supply system, when pumping water from the well, was analyzed and the measures to ensure cost-effective and reliable operation of water supply structures while reducing the specific costs of electricity for supplying water to consumers and improving its quality were proposed.

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Liu, Huan, Xiao Jia Huang i Shui Bo Xie. "Preliminary Study on the Reliability of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System in High-Rise Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (styczeń 2014): 2348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2348.

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The reliability models and calculation of fire water supply system was introduced to analyze the reliability of four water-supply modes of automatic fire sprinkler system in high-rise buildings. Study results showed that the reliability of fire pump parallel connected system is the highest, which consists with the provision of the code for design of water extinguishing system of civil buildings when the building height is less than or equal to 120 meters. And the methods of improving reliability of fire water supply system were concluded, which benefitted the optimal design of automatic fire sprinkler system.

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He, Shuang Hua. "Functional Reliability Analysis of Post-Earthquake Water Supply System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (październik 2013): 1551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1551.

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Conventional demand-driven models of water supply system are formulated under the assumption that nodal demands are statistic constants, which is not suitable for the cases where nodal pressure is not sufficient for supplying the required demand. An efficient approach for pressure-dependent demand analysis was developed to simulate the hydraulic states of the network for low pressure scenarios, and the mean-first-order-second-moment method was introduced to do the functional reliability analysis of post-earthquake water supply system, which can be applied to further study for seismic performance control analysis of water distribution system.

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Choi, Si Jung, Dong-Ryul Lee i Jang Won Moon. "Comparison of Water Supply Reliability by Dam Operation Methods". Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 47, nr 6 (30.06.2014): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2014.47.6.523.

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Howe, Charles W., i Mark Griffin Smith. "Incorporating public preferences in planning urban water supply reliability". Water Resources Research 29, nr 10 (październik 1993): 3363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93wr01040.

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Palmer, Richard N., i Regina M. Snyder. "Effects of Instream Flow Requirements on Water Supply Reliability". Water Resources Research 21, nr 4 (kwiecień 1985): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr021i004p00439.

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STUDZIŃSKI, Andrzej, i Katarzyna PIETRUCHA-URBANIK. "Preventive maintenance and reliability of water supply system elements". Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture XXXII, nr 3/I/2015 (30.10.2015): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rb.2015.126.

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Chang, Ching-Chiao, i Jakobus E. van Zyl. "Optimal Reliability-Based Design of Bulk Water Supply Systems". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000296.

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Kuria, Faith W., i Richard M. Vogel. "Global Storage-Reliability-Yield Relationships for Water Supply Reservoirs". Water Resources Management 29, nr 5 (11.12.2014): 1591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0896-4.

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Song, Zhuo, Wei Wang, Zhao Han i Donghui Ma. "Analyze the Surplus Power Entropy of Water Supply Network after an Earthquake Based on the Pressure Drive Demand (PDD) Model". Sustainability 12, nr 4 (20.02.2020): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041591.

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It is necessary to evaluate the reliability of the water supply network, when the water supply network is damaged by an earthquake. Therefore, this paper researched the feasibility and characteristics of the surplus power entropy as the reliability index of the water supply network, and established a scheme framework for optimizing and improving the reliability of the water supply network. This paper developed a reliability evaluation model for the water supply network after an earthquake. Combined with the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation hydraulic analysis, this model is also based on the pressure-driven nodes water demand model. In the case study, the surplus power entropy method was applied to test the reliability of the model. The statistical curves of the surplus power entropy of nodes and pipe networks, the distribution of the surplus power entropy with different intensities in pipe networks, and the comparison results of three reliability improvement schemes, before and after, were obtained. The influence factors of the surplus power entropy were obtained from the data analysis. The high consistency between the surplus power entropy and flow entropy verifies the feasibility of the surplus power entropy as a reliability index. The three schemes show that the surplus power entropy index can be used as a beneficial supplement to the reliability evaluation index of the pipe network.

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Ren, Shu Yan, i Le Peng Song. "Fire Water Supply Control System of Petrochemical Enterprises". Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (listopad 2013): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.335.

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The petroleum chemical industry in the production process, fire water supply control system can not meet the normal transmission of signal nonlinear, reliability is low. Compared with the conventional fuzzy PID control system of PID water supply system, can be effective for the nonlinear input signal, and faster than the reaction rate of PID control, the more reliable. Application of fuzzy control to the fire water supply system of conventional, enhanced fire system speediness, stability and reliability.

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Bender, M. J., D. Hranisavljevic, R. Bernardin i R. Bianchi. "Dynamic operating rules for water supply reservoirs in La Paz". Water Science and Technology 46, nr 6-7 (1.09.2002): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0686.

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Dynamic operating rules have been applied to the drought-prone Andean water supply reservoirs near La Paz, Bolivia. The water supply reservoirs are not using conventional reservoir operating rule curves. Instead, dynamic operating rules opportunistically supply surplus water for soft demands, and proactively adjust the water supply before a drought causes a water shortage. The conventional approach of forcing water levels to follow a set rule curve is replaced with notions of tradeoffs between long-term reliability and short-term supply opportunities. Operators can customise the dynamic rules based on their tolerance of shortages, and can choose to operate more aggressively during wet periods. In this way, the dynamic rules offer a flexible tool for making short-term decisions while managing medium and long-term performance goals. In the case of La Paz, it is possible to utilise the water sources more efficiently in the short-term without significantly reducing the long-term water supply reliability. The dynamic rules will reduce the severity of future water shortages (if they occur) by 60%, and provide opportunities to increase the firm water supply by up to 8% without affecting the long-term reliability.

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Wang, Yu, i Siu-Kui Au. "Spatial distribution of water supply reliability and critical links of water supply to crucial water consumers under an earthquake". Reliability Engineering & System Safety 94, nr 2 (luty 2009): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2008.06.012.

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Cubillo, F. "Droughts, risk management and reliability". Water Supply 4, nr 3 (1.06.2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0038.

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In many places of the world, droughts become normal but not frequent meteorological conditions. Some times, extended drought conditions are the origin of scarcity scenarios in water supply systems. These scarcity scenarios, many times produced by causes not related to climate, are real threats to the reliability of water systems and must be prevented and managed. Those scarcity episodes have been approached in different ways and there are no clear criteria to apply based on risk management techniques to assess the risk of scarcity or to manage them within a context of efficiency and sustainable use of resources. This paper shows some ideas and guidelines on how to integrate drought planning and operation in an efficient and sustainable water supply management.

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Novokhatniy, V., S. Kostenko, O. Matyash i S. Sadoviy. "RELIABILITY OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ACCORDING TO OPERATING DATA". Municipal economy of cities 3, nr 163 (29.06.2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-16-21.

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The centralized water supply system from the water source to the consumer includes 3 main complexes: water intake, water treatment and supply and distribution. The reliability of water supply in the area depends on the reliability of each of these complexes, which, in turn, consist of a number of structures. The paper develops the developed principle of assessing the reliability of water treatment plants (WPP) by quantitative indicators of the quality of treated water. The assessment of the reliability of the current WPP was performed to reflect its work, which implements the "black box" model. That is, some process parameters have one value at the input and other values at the output. The disadvantage of this method is that it is impossible to assess the reliability if the process does not occur. In addition, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the BOC for another set of individual structures. And the advantage is the sufficient simplicity of calculating the reliability indicator. Data on the purification of the Dnieper water at the Kremenchug WPP in terms of turbidity and chromaticity are used. Graphs of average variable indicators of turbidity and chromaticity of Dnieper water at the entrance of the WPP and graphs of exceedances of maximum permissible concentrations of treated water are constructed. The main indicator of reliability for municipal water supply facilities is the coefficient of readiness of KD, and the basic indicators of reliability are the average operating time for failure T and the average recovery time of the TR. The possibility of calculating the coefficients KD downtime and KR readiness in case of exceeding the MPC treated water is shown. After analyzing the graphs of water quality indicators, it was determined that the greatest turbidity and chromaticity of the Dnieper water is observed in the autumn.

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41

Chen, Boris Po-Tsang, i Chang-Shian Chen. "Feasibility Assessment of a Water Supply Reliability Index for Water Resources Project Planning and Evaluation". Water 11, nr 10 (23.09.2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101977.

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In order to estimate water supply potential, the effects of shortages on water users, and the uncertainty of local headspring conditions during the planning stage of reservoir construction, the Shortage Index (SI) is often employed. However, the criterion used in the SI is difficult to adjust to satisfy local conditions and objectives. The SI also employs an ambiguous definition of value. Thus, this study adopted a water supply reliability index (WSRI) as an alternative to the SI for providing the criterion for water resources project planning. The value of the WSRI is easily understood, because it is defined according to the real water supply situation and it has a strong linear relationship with values of SI. For any given water supply system, the estimated results derived from this study could serve as an additional remark on different SI values to explain the relevant water supply considerations. In addition, for a new planning site, the estimated results of this study could provide another way for engineers to evaluate the maximum water supply capability. Consequently, an interesting avenue of investigation in future research would be the incorporation of the WSRI with the risk of deficit frequency in establishing an efficient and transparent bottom-up approach for water resources management, involving all the relevant stakeholders.

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Bross, Lisa, Steffen Krause, Mia Wannewitz, Eva Stock, Simone Sandholz i Ina Wienand. "Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability". Water 11, nr 4 (9.04.2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040732.

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Drinking water supply is at the core of both, humanitarian action in times of crisis, as well as national policies for regular and emergency supply. In countries with a continuous water supply, the population mostly relies ingenuously on the permanent availability of tap water due to high supply standards. In case of a disruption in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards become important for emergency management during disasters. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably fewer disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water provision standards in case of a disaster. Acknowledging that these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high supply standards. Based on a comprehensive literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper flags potential improvements for emergency water supply planning and identifies future fields of research.

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Kwietniewski, Marian, Katarzyna Miszta-Kruk, Kaja Niewitecka, Mirosław Sudoł i Krzysztof Gaska. "Certainty Level of Water Delivery of the Required Quality by Water Supply Networks". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 10 (27.05.2019): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101860.

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The security of water delivery of the required quality by water supply networks is identified with the concept of reliability. Therefore, a method of reliability evaluation of water distribution of the required quality was developed. The method is based on the probabilistic character of secondary water contamination in the water supply network. Data for the method are taken from monitoring of the water distribution system. The method takes into consideration the number and locations of individual measurement points and the results of the tests of water quality indicators at these points. The sets of measurement points and water quality indicators constitute a matrix research (observation) field in the model. The proposed method was implemented to assess the reliability of a water distribution process with respect to water with the required microbiological quality indicators in a real distribution system.

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Kim, Tae Jin. "Application of water rights priority and natural priority orders to river and reservoir operation systems". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 38, nr 6 (czerwiec 2011): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l11-040.

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Surface water rights in Texas are developed based on “Prior Appropriation Doctrine”. The Texas Water Availability Model, a computer-based simulation model based on water rights priority order, has been used for computing the amount of water supply and determining the amount of water available for a newly requested water right for the past several years. This study compares the water rights priority and natural priority orders by applying it to the largest sixteen reservoirs in the Brazos River Basin, Texas. The water supply reliability, reservoir storage frequency, and stream flows are analyzed corresponding to each priority orders. The natural priority order increases water supply reliability for most reservoirs about 1 to 2% and mean reservoir storage volume located in the upper basin than water rights priority order. The stream flows based on water rights priority order are more regulated than natural priority order by 3 and 5%. The composite priority order is more effective than each priority order in increasing the water supply reliability.

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45

Chupin, Victor R., i Aleksei S. Dushin. "Assessment and improvement of the operational reliability of the water supply and distribution system in the Irkutsk-II microdistrictof the Irkutsk city". Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 11, nr 1 (2021): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2021-1-112-125.

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The aim was to test the developed methodology for assessing and improving the operational reliability of the water supply and distribution system and computer software for assessing the reliability of water supply to end users using an example of the water supply system in the Irkutsk-II microdistrict. The research methodology consists in compilation of probabilistic water withdrawal by end users, compilation of a mathematical model of probabilistic flow distribution, formation of key indicators of reliability of end users provision, description of the implementation of the methodology. Based on the results of processing statistical data on water withdrawals and accidents at the sections of water supply networks of the Irkutsk-II microdistrict for previous years, using electronic models of the developed computer software, the functioning of the water supply and distribution system of the microdistrict was simulated in various operating modes. The assessment of the reliability of supplying end users with water was carried out, key indicators of the quality of providing them with a calculated and reduced level for each end user (node) of the calculation scheme were formed, sections of the network that most negatively affect the quality of feeding end users were identified, measures were proposed to optimize the operation of the system, and their impact was evaluated. The advantage of probabilistic modeling, which corresponds to the adequacy of the real processes of the system’s functioning, is the possibility of developing more precise rules for controlling the water supply and distribution system. The paper shows the effectiveness of the developed methodology and software, which, in turn, allow evaluating the performance, reliability, and controllability of the system. The developed calculation method and software is a modern and effective tool for solving many operational and design tasks for the maintenance and development of water supply systems.

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46

Dushin, Aleksei S. "Identification of priority areas for ensuring reliable and efficient operation of existing water supply and distribution systems". «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, nr 4 (2022): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-4-546-559.

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This paper addresses a method for determining priority areas for ensuring and maintaining the suffi-cient reliability and efficiency of existing water supply and distribution systems, based on previously obtained mathematical models of water sampling (cross-section method) and flow distribution. The main task of the organisations, operating water supply and distribution systems, involves a high-quality water supply to consumers. Regardless of the wear of water supply and distribution systems, as well as changes in their structural state, the water having suitable parameters must be supplied to the con-sumer in the required quantity. Given the variety of regimes, modelling the operation of water supply and distribution systems indicates a wide range of their possible behaviour, for example, poor quality of supply to consumers during trouble-free operation or no impact of shutdowns of some sections on the quality of supply. It is necessary to analyse the systems and model their operation regimes using a mathematical tool. Here, probabilistic nodal reliability indices of water supply to consumers were used in mathematical models. They include Kj and Pj, decomposed into components characterising the wear of elements (sections) in the system and the reliability of supply to consumers in each of its structural states. The need to adjust the system parameters to ensure the required level of reliability of its opera-tion was assessed, with various solutions being outlined. The technical and economical comparison of possible measures allows an optimum option to be determined, prioritising the replacement of outdated elements and the construction of additional elements (sections) of the system. All stages of the sug-gested method, which can be widely used by organisations, maintaining water supply and distribution systems, are shown in the example of a system.

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Lourenço, M., A. Silva-Afonso i C. Pimentel-Rodrigues. "Performance Indicators for Water Supply in Buildings". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (4.10.2022): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.106.

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Drinking water is a vital resource for the population’s quality of life and health. The satisfaction of their needs is increasingly demanding, essentially associated with the growth of the population's income and the possibility of improvements in terms of comfort, quality, and safety at lower costs. However, despite the accuracy of engineering design, the functional performance of the building's water networks does not always match the expectations because it can be subjected to failures, which can compromise other infrastructures and cause a lot of inconvenience to the residents or users. In this case, we can say that the water supply system is no longer reliable. In the study presented in this article, profiles were developed that make easier the assessment of the reliability of the installation, specifying key aspects involved, which may be called performance indicators. The indicators combined in a balanced way according to their importance make it possible to translate the relevant aspects regarding the operation of the water supply systems in the building and their reliability. In this sense, it is expected to contribute to the improvement and durability of building installations, regarding the water supply's performance, security, and quality.

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48

Mangalekar, R. D., i K. S. Gumaste. "Residential water demand modelling and hydraulic reliability in design of building water supply systems: a review". Water Supply 21, nr 4 (21.01.2021): 1385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.021.

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Abstract The building water supply system is a fundamental unit in water supply systems as it is directly associated with end users. However, the studies available on its efficient design are limited. Water demand estimation continues to be an important issue in water supply systems' design because of its multifaceted nature. Hunter's curve, or Fixture Unit method, is widely used for estimating the load on plumbing. Regardless of its popularity, it has a few drawbacks and is arbitrarily modified in some plumbing codes. Fixture-use probability, a basic entity in the Fixture Unit and some other methods, is a difficult parameter to estimate. Commonly, high-resolution field data is used for stochastic modelling of residential water demand which may not be always available. The paper reviews important residential water demand models in view of their applicability in building water supply system design. The irregular nature of water demand in buildings is due to uncertainty in water-use behaviour of users at fixture level. Use of soft-computing techniques can provide an advantage over the other methods in modelling such behaviour. The paper also discusses reliability of building water supply systems and applicability of some common indices for estimating reliability of building water supply systems.

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Zeraebruk, Kahsay N., Alfred O. Mayabi i John M. Gathenya. "Assessment of Water Resources and Analysis of Safe Yield and Reliability of Surface Water Reservoirs of Asmara Water Supply System". Environment and Natural Resources Research 7, nr 1 (6.02.2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v7n1p45.

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In a water supply system safe yield is the average annual volume that can be supplied to the system subject to an adopted set of operational rules and a typical demand pattern without violating a given level of service standard. It is dependent upon storage and hydrologic (rainfall/runoff/evaporation) characteristics of the sources, the source facilities, upstream and downstream permitted withdrawals and minimum in-stream flow requirements.For effective operation and management of a water supply system, it is important to have knowledge of water balance of the reservoirs and estimate their safe yield at a certain level of reliability. In this study, to assess water resources potential of existing surface water sources and new catchments and estimate the water balance of the water supply system, the hydrologic simulation model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was utilized. The model was calibrated and validated successfully. The safe yield and corresponding reliability of reservoirs were estimated using a deterministic water balance model. The results of the water balance analysis and projected water demand were used to assess existing water supply situation and challenges in future. The assessment indicated that the gap between demand and supply at high population growth rate scenario is wide and very critical.To close the gap between the available water supply and the increasing water demand in the study area, utmost attention is needed by the decision making authorities and the management of the water utility to improve performance efficiency of the water supply system by instituting effective water governance and reducing leakage losses.

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Liu, Yi, Zhengpeng Tao, Jie Yang i Feng Mao. "The Modified Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm for Least-Cost Planning of a Regional Water Supply Network Problem". Sustainability 11, nr 15 (30.07.2019): 4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154121.

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A regional water supply network (RWSN) plays a key role in the process of urbanization development. This paper researches the planning optimization model of a regional water supply network with the payoff characteristic between economical cost and reliability, in which the hydraulic-connectivity is selected as the surrogate measure of the reliability in the regional water supply network. The modified artificial fish swarm algorithm (MAFSA) is proposed to solve the optimization problem by adjusting research visual and the inertia weights of artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) according to the hydraulic-connectivity. The experiment results of regional water supply network show that MAFSA can effectively obtain the optimal solution with the maximum reliability and least cost compared to other algorithms, which can thereby achieve the optimization of RWSN engineering applications.

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