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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Water supply, 1882"
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Lyko, Michael. "Managing wastewater: Using membrane bioreactors for water supply". Filtration & Separation 45 (styczeń 2008): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70330-6.
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Bonnet, Johann. "Pharmaceuticals: Ensuring a supply of pyrogen-free water". Filtration & Separation 47, nr 4 (lipiec 2010): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(10)70164-6.
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Van der Merwe, J. C. S. "Vanwyksvlei: 'n Streekhistoriese skets". New Contree 6 (12.07.2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v6i0.830.
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Ever since the days of the pioneers water has played an important part in the founding and development of Vanwyksvlei, situated as it is in the Carnarvon district, one of the most arid parts of the central Karroo. The water scarcity is reflected in the names given to farms by White stockfarmers and Trekboers who, during the mid-nineteenth century, settled themselves in this barren region. A case in point is the township of Vanwyksvlei, which indeed came into being as a direct result of the construction of an irrigation scheme (dam) started in 1882. When it was completed in 1884, the first land below its wall was granted to farmers for irrigation purposes; water canals were also dug. As the township developed, facilities and services such as education, communication and the enforcement of law and order followed. At first farming was hampered by periodical drought and cattle diseases, and the supply of water to the villagers for household use also caused problems. However, the steps which were taken to solve these matters, later proved successful. The management of Vanwyksvlei was consecutively entrusted to the Department of Irrigation, the Department of Lands, and a Settlement Board. A village management board was instituted in 1972 and three years later the town was granted municipal status.
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Shumkin, George. "Energy Supplied per Job in the Steel Industry of Ural in the Late 19th and in the Early 20th Centuries". Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 497–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(4).497-528.
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The article contains the analysis of transformation in energy supply at factories of the steel industry in Ural from 1882 to 1911. The analysis was based on the materials of Statistical Compilations on Mining Industry of Russia regarding such indicators as: engine power per worker, fuel supply per worker and correlation between production workers and related workers. The study observes the impact of economic conditions and other factors on energy supply dynamics. Three stages in energy supply development were determined (from the 1880s to mid-1890s, second half of the 1890s and the early 20th century). The paper specifies the period of time of the main changes, which took place during the economic crises and the recession of the early 20th century. The text concluded that development of energy supply was due to the increased productivity of related workers, as well as to replacing water wheels with turbines and steam engines, while the amount of fuel supply per worker remained almost at the same level. As a result, the correlation between production workers and related workers has changed, as well as the structure of power facilities.
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Singh, Baljeet. "Action Plan for Urban Waste Water Recycling in Lucknow". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 10 (31.10.2021): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38410.
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Abstract: Urban waste water generation per day in Lucknow city is 84 MLD and the treatment capacity of this urban waste water is 446 MLD and 445 MLD urban waste water flows in Gomti River and 339 MLD urban waste water partially treated. Some waste water is recycled by Water treatment plant which are treating 560 MLD urban waste water and remaining are polluted to ground and as well as gomti river.to achieve 100% recycling and treatment we need a action plan for it. The formation of Lucknow municipal board took place in 1882, while as the water supply demand is fulfilled by tube wells, river Gomti, Sharda Sahayak feeder canal, aquifers, and so on, the maximum source of intake is Gomti which is geographically distinguished as Cis and Trans Gomti. The Cis Gomti side is comparatively lower than the area on Trans Gomti side. Since the city is located on alluvial aquifers of Indo-Gangetic plain, where due to easy accessibility, private tube well construction activity is going on unchecked, especially in residential colonies and multi-storeyed buildings, and this is the reason why the private tube wells/borings have almost mushroomed in this capital city. This has led to heavy pumpage/continuous abstraction of groundwater resources, widespread depletion of aquifers and as a result, going down of groundwater levels drastically to almost unsustainable levels, from where it seems very difficult that the depleted conditions of ground water could ever improve (6). The water supply network depends on sources like tube wells, river Gomti and the Sharda Sahayak feeder canal. The distribution of water supply has a very vast network and it is reported to be 2884 km. The rate of water supply is assumed to be 150 LPCD and water demand is calculated accordingly, The availability of water, as reported by Jawaharlal Nehru national urban and rural mission (JNNURM) on November 2016, was 619 MLD from various sources, however, it keeps fluctuating as the city is more vulnerable to migration from other parts of state. Keywords: urban waste water, waste water recycling, reuse of waste water, sewage treatment plant
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Mikhel, Irina. "Sanitary Reforms in Hong Kong (Second Half of the 19th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century)". ISTORIYA 13, nr 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023975-1.
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Sanitary reforms in China began in parts of the country where European influence was strong. The British colony of Hong Kong was at the forefront of sanitary reforms, where the population naturally had to adapt to the difficult conditions of the climate, the burden of infectious diseases and constant overcrowding. By the early 1880s, the colony's growing Chinese population and disorderly housing development raised serious concerns among the European community that the presence of the Chinese posed a tangible threat to the health and well-being of Europeans in this part of East Asia. This sentiment prompted a series of sanitary reforms, catalyzed by the reports of colonial engineer Osbert Chadwick, a staunch advocate of sanitation and equal access to modern sanitary infrastructure. His reports of 1882 and 1902 set the course of sanitary reform in Hong Kong for the long term. They were also a response to the Hong Kong Chinese community's request for universal access to adequate methods of rainwater and domestic sewage disposal, as well as access to a more equitable water supply. Like all fast-growing global cities, Hong Kong's continued development was impossible without an extensive sanitation transformation program. It was advocated not only by the most far-sighted members of the colonial administration, but also by much of the colony's Chinese population.
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Егорова, Ю. А., Т. А. Стрелкова i О. И. Нестеренко. "History of the creation and development of the water supply in Samara". Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, nr 9 (13.09.2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.09.01.
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Представлена история создания и развития водоснабжения в г. Самаре. Современному жителю большого города сейчас трудно понять, но на протяжении нескольких столетий Самара испытывала серьезные проблемы из-за хронической нехватки воды. В город, стоящий между двумя реками, воду ежедневно доставляли многочисленные водовозы на конных повозках в бочках и прочих емкостях. Самара была беспомощна перед регулярно вспыхивавшими в ней пожарами, от которых периодически город выгорал почти целиком. Такая ситуация продолжалась почти до конца XIX века. Попытки построить водопровод в Самаре были, но оказались неудачными. В 1881 г. в журнале «Зодчий» был объявлен конкурс на составление технического проекта устройства водоснабжения г. Самары, в июне 1883 г. на конкурс было представлено 11 проектов. После их обсуждения первую премию в 3000 руб. получил проект заведующего московскими водопроводами инженера Николая Петровича Зимина. Строительство самарского водопровода началось сразу же после подписания договора с компанией «Торговый дом братьев Бромлей и К°» на выполнение работ. И уже 1 октября 1886 г. началась подача воды на главные улицы города. Благодаря уникальным инженерным решениям Н. П. Зимина в Самаре стал действовать оборудованный по последнему слову техники первый в России противопожарный водопровод. В то время только некоторые города Европы имели это чудо техники. Сейчас история самарского водопровода насчитывает 135 лет. Для сохранения истории создания системы водоснабжения города с 13 июля 2018 г. на площадке Городской водопроводной станции действует музей истории самарского водопровода «На Дне». Современная водопроводная система городского округа Самара снабжает питьевой водой более 1,2 млн жителей. Развитие продолжается. The history of the creation and development of the water supply in Samara is presented. It is difficult for a modern resident of a large city to understand now; however, for several centuries Samara has experienced serious problems due to a persistent deficit of water. Numerous water carriers on horse-drawn carriages in barrels and other containers delivered water to the city located between two rivers. Samara was helpless before the fires that regularly flared up in it that resulted in almost entire city burning out. This situation preserved almost until the end of the 19th century. There were attempts, however unsuccessful, to build a water supply system in Samara. In 1881, the Zodchii magazine announced a competition to draw up a technical project for a water supply system for the city of Samara; in June 1883, 11 projects were submitted for the competition. After appropriate reviewing, the first prize of 3000 rubles was awarded to the project by engineer Nikolai Petrovich Zimin, the head of the Moscow water supply system. The construction of the Samara water supply system started immediately after the signing of an agreement with the company «Trading House of Brothers Bromley and Co.» for the execution of works. And already on October 1, 1886, the water supply to the main streets of the city began. Owing to the unique engineering solutions of N. P. Zimin, the first fire-fighting water supply system in Russia, equipped with a state-of-the-art-infrastructure was commissioned in Samara. At that time, only a few cities in Europe had this marvel of engineering. Now the history of the Samara water supply system goes back 135 years. To preserve the history of the creation of the municipal water supply system, «Na Dne» («At the Bottom») museum of the history of the Samara water supply system has been operating since July 13, 2018 at the premises of the municipal water treatment plant. The modern water supply system of the Samara urban district supplies drinking water to more than 1.2 million residents. Development continues.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DNIPRO AND DESNA RIVERS IN THE WATER SUPPLY OF KYIV – TO THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KYIV CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (1872-2022)". Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, nr 2(64) (2022): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2022.2.1.
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The article shows the role of the Dnipro and Desna rivers in the water supply of Kyiv. 2022 marks the 150th anniversary of the Kyiv centralized water supply system, which was built in 1872 with a water intake from the Dnipro. For a century and a half, technologies in water supply have changed, the role of the Dnipro as a source of water supply – the role of groundwater, and subsequently the Desna, increased. In 1939, the Dnipro water supply station was built, which is still in operation (design capacity 600 thousand m3/day). In 1961, the Desnyanska water supply station was built (1080 thousand m3/day). The design capacity of the artesian water pipeline is 420 thousand m3/day. The Dnipro River to Kiev (Upper Dnipro) and the Desna River form their waters on the territory of Polesie, which affects the chemical composition and quality of river waters. The water quality of the Dnipro River with an average annual salinity of about 290 mg/dm3 is influenced by the Pripyat River, the chemical composition of the water of which is formed in wetlands and contains a significant amount of humic substances. This leads to the fact that in certain periods during the spring flood, a tense situation arises regarding the purification of water from organic matter at the Dnipro waterworks. There is no such problem with the water of the Desna River with an average annual salinity of about 330 mg/dm3. But the threat to the Desna floodplain, which is easy to spot on the ground, is its development. Often – this is a building unforeseen by the general plan for the development of settlements. In recent years, the average daily rise in water by subdivisions of the private JSC “AK” Kyivvodokanal “is 700-720 thousand m3/day. The share of water supply sources in the city is as follows: Desna – 66%; Dnipro – 25%; artesian waters – 9%. A high specific indicator of drinking water use in Kyiv per one inhabitant was in 1991 – 588 L/day/person. In 2018, it decreased 2.6 times (225 L/day/person) compared to 1991; in 2019 – 2.6 times (223 L/day/person); in 2020 – 2.7 times. (219 L/day/person). This was facilitated by the introduction of market relations in the procedure for payment by the population for water supply and sanitation services. The centralized water supply of the city also provides for the centralized water disposal of wastewater generated in the process of water use. Built in 1965, the Bortnytska aeration station receives 100% of the city’s wastewater with the discharge of treated wastewater into the Dnipro River below Kyiv. The Dnipro together with the Desna River play an extraordinary role in the city’s water supply. The Dnipro remains the hydrographic axis of the Ukrainian capital.
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Margeta, Jure, i Katja Marasović. "The restoration of the Roman water supply system in 1880 for the water supply to Split". Water Supply 20, nr 3 (13.03.2020): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.038.
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Abstract The paper describes the development of the Urban Water Supply System (UWSS) for Split (Croatia) in the second half of the 19th century. The selected concept of the water supply system was entirely based on the system of Emperor Diocletian's Palace from 305 AD, which has not been in operation since the 7th century. The research is based on the analysis of historical data and the actual state of the water supply system of Split. The study provides a clearer insight into the process of choosing the optimum concept of water supply system, the operational characteristics of Diocletian's system and the restored UWSS. The sustainability of both the Roman UWSS and the 1880 system, which has a significant part of the aqueduct still in use today, have been confirmed. It is an example of a zero-carbon water supply system running entirely on renewable energy: gravity.
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Harper, B. C. S. "The 1862 gold fields water supply scheme: Victoria, Australia". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 163, nr 3 (sierpień 2010): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ehah.2010.163.3.169.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Water supply, 1882"
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Ward, Kate Alice. "Engineering exploration of the water supply system of Constantinople". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33033.
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Before this research study began, relatively little was understood of the water supply in Constantinople, particularly within the walls of the city. Archaeological work had focused on collecting details of 160 cisterns and a small number of channels and pipes were incidental finds in other excavations. Although no-one had considered the water supply in Constantinople as a whole, the evidence seemed to indicate a sophisticated water management system. With the available data fragmented, and the potential for more evidence limited to serendipitous finds associated with construction work, the only way to move the understanding of the water supply forward is to take a radically different perspective: civil engineers are well placed to envisage the water supply as a working system and make use of their modern design skills and tools to fill in the gaps between the fragmented data. This reimagining of the water supply system was driven by a key piece of knowledge: the water supply worked, and worked for many centuries. That fact, combined with the fragments of physical and literary evidence, the largely unchanged landscape and the fundamental physical laws governing gravity-fed water systems, are enough to start filling in the information to create a complete system. The core work in reimagining the water supply system has been developing an understanding of the physical infrastructure of the distribution system. Although the two most recent and comprehensive studies appeared to agree that there were about 159 cisterns in the city, close examination of the available data showed that there were actually 209 with the possibility of more. An evaluation of the aqueduct routes in previous studies highlighted inconsistencies with newly available evidence: alternative routes were designed that tied together the available evidence, providing a consistently downhill route, shorter and more straightforward to construct. Having established the number and spread of cisterns and the locations of the aqueducts, it was possible to create a network delivering water from the aqueduct channels to the cisterns for collection by the public. Consideration has also been given to what occurs at either end of this physical infrastructure. At the upstream end, quantifying and characterising the water source defines the water available to distribute and helps to indicate the purpose of the cisterns. At the downstream end, developing even a basic model of water consumption has enabled the distribution network to move from a static artefact to a system with a quantifiable purpose. The combination of the physical infrastructure, inflow data and demand assumptions in an agent-based model demonstrate that the decisions and assumption made within each element work together and allow a fourth element, management, to be considered. The agent-based model of the water supply enables consideration of a dynamic system and the exploration of a number of 'what if?' scenarios. This exploration concludes that the cistern-based distribution system probably developed because of fluctuations in inflow. It may have been possible for the city to use a merged arrangement on the Aqueduct of Valens inflow, but the burden of pro-active management required to make it successful suggests that a parallel arrangement is more likely. There was likely to be an interconnection between the two main aqueducts, which would have enabled the use of water stored in the largest open-air cisterns.
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Braga, Artur Sass. "Leakage and energy in water supply systemas : an experimental approach". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/42927.
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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Cristovão Vicente Scapulatempo FernandesCo-orientador : Sérgio Michelotto Braga
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiental. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/02/2016
Inclui referências : f. 113-116
Resumo: Vazamentos em redes de distribuição de água potável vêm causando perdas significativas de água e energia, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Os impactos dos vazamentos sobre a performance dos sistemas são principalmente causados pelo aumento do bombeamento de água, necessário para suprir a demanda usual adicionada de fluxos de vazamentos. A vazão extra implica em maiores quantidades de energia, aumento das perdas contínuas pelo atrito e condições de operação desbalanceadas, que causam ineficiência no sistema. Nesse contexto, para conter o aumento de vazamentos nas redes de distribuição é necessário entender suas causas, características e consequências. Na presente pesquisa é desenvolvida uma intensa investigação experimental acerca de vazamentos por orifícios em um sistema de distribuição em laboratório. O foco da abordagem experimental foi desenvolver relações entre as características dos vazamentos, a hidráulica do sistema e o balanço energético do sistema. Experimentos incorporando tantos aspectos das redes de distribuição são raros na literatura, pois tradicionalmente o interesse de pesquisadores sobre a hidráulica dos vazamentos ofuscou os impactos sobre a eficiência energética do sistema. De forma inesperada, os resultados demonstraram que o conhecimento da hidráulica de vazamentos em redes de distribuição de água ainda requer mais estudos, de modo a quantificar de forma confiável as vazões de vazamento em modelos hidráulicos dos sistemas. Os experimentos com orifícios apontam que o principal avanço necessário consiste da incorporação dos regimes de escoamento nas equações que descrevem o comportamento hidráulico dos vazamentos. Os resultados acerca de impactos de vazamentos no balanço de energia demonstraram que o aumento de vazamento causou maior ineficiência, o que significa que maiores quantidades de energia foram necessárias para atender condições similares de demanda na presença de vazamentos. Entretanto, a análise de componentes individuais das perdas de energia (e.g. perdas por atrito, perdas nas bombas hidráulicas) apontou para diferentes taxas de variação de acordo com as vazões de vazamento. Algumas componentes individuais do sistema inclusive apresentaram maior eficiência para condições de vazamento. Destaca-se que as relações desenvolvidas neste trabalho estão vinculadas ao sistema de laboratório empregado, porém, tais resultados têm grande potencial para guiar novos estudos em outros sistemas.
Abstract: Leakage in drinkable water distribution systems have been causing significant water and energy losses, especially in developing countries. The leakage impacts over the systems performance are mainly addressed to the increase of pumped flows required to supply the usual demand and additional leakage flows. The extra flow implies in greater input energy, higher friction losses and a general unbalance of the system operational conditions, which cause inefficiency. In such a context, to address the increase of leakage in water networks it is necessary to understand its causes, characteristics and consequences. In this research an intensive experimental investigation was performed regarding leakage through round hole orifices in a laboratory pipe system. The focus of the experimental approach was developing relationships between the leakage characteristics, the system hydraulics and the system's energy balance. Such a holistic experiment is rare in literature, specially because the leakage water losses traditionally draw the researchers attention to hydraulics, leaving aside impacts in efficiency and energy losses. Unexpectedly, the results show that the understanding about leakage hydraulics in water distribution systems still needs improvement, in order to better quantify leakage flows and develop reliable hydraulic models. The experiments with round orifice leaks pointed out that the required advances are mainly addressed to the leakage flow regime, which is usually adopted as a complete developed turbulent flow. Since this assumption was not necessarily verified in the experimental data analysis, better efforts are needed to understand the impacts of different leakage Reynolds numbers in leakage flows. Results regarding the leakage impacts in the system energy balance have shown that the increase of leakage have caused a greater inefficiency, which means that large amounts of energy were required to supply similar demand conditions in the presence of larger leakage flows. However, the analysis of individual components of systems energy losses (e.g. continuum head losses, local leakage head loss, hydraulic pump energy losses) points to different sensibility levels according to leakage conditions, which sometimes could even show better performance for higher leakage. It is important to note that the relationships developed in this research are binded to the laboratory system employed, but could guide further research in other systems.
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Anang, Zuraini. "Assessing the effective demand for improved water supply service in Malaysia : focusing on Johor Water Company". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1842.
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In Malaysia, the water management system was restructured in January 2005 by the transfer of water supplies and services from the State List to the Concurrent List. The National Water Services Commission or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) was established in July 2006 as the technical and economic regulator for the improvement of water supply quality and the efficiency of the water industry. This study focuses on SAJ Holdings (SAJH). This water supply company provides a fully integrated service, i.e. it is involved in the all the processes of drinking water supply; these range from raw water acquisition, treatment and purification, and the subsequent distribution of purified water to customers, plus billing and payment collection. This study attempts to assess the residential customers‟ preferences of different attributes of water supply. The water attributes are divided into two categories: Water Infrastructure (WI) and Residential Customers (RC). WI attributes are leakage, pipe bursts, and reservoirs; RC attributes are water quality, pressure, connections, and disruptions. Choice modelling (CM) was applied as a tool for the assessment of effective demand for improved water supplies, particularly by residential customers. There are two econometric models employed: Conditional Logit (CL) and Mixed Logit (MXL). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with residential customers and Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used in order to analyse the data. The model consists of a basic model and an interaction model with socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that the significant variables affecting demand are pipe bursts, (BUR), water quality (QUA), disruption (DIS) and connection (CON), as well as price (PRI). Among the socioeconomic characteristics that interact with the main attributes are gender, age, number of children, type of house, number of persons in the household, education, work, and income. This information is very useful for the water provider when upgrading the water service for valuable customers.
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Snyder, James Riley. "Construction requirements of the water supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8257.
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With the end of Western Roman rule and the emergence of new polities in the medieval world, it has been assumed that the technology of mortar reverted to a weak and friable building material. However, this period brought about the implementation of large-scale construction projects that still remain as a testament to their high quality construction techniques and materials. In order to meet the needs of its growing populace, the infrastructure of the new capital city of Constantinople was bolstered by these projects, many rivaling the scale and intricacy of Imperial Rome. A prime example of this is the extensive channel networks of the fourth and fifth centuries, built in the hinterland of Constantinople to supply fresh water from springs hundreds of kilometres away. In addition, the sixth century Long Wall of Thrace was built from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as a first line of defense against increased aggression. This project examines the tradition of monumental construction in the Late Antique and early Byzantine world through laboratory analysis of mortars and valuations of the structural makeup of the Water Supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall. By investigating the material technology, scale, and labour requirements of these systems, a better understanding can be gained of two of the largest building project of the early medieval period.
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Byars, Paul Francis Devine. "Role of the engineer in international development : a case study in water supply service delivery models in Sierra Leone". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10046.
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The eradication of global poverty is central to the concept of sustainable development. In developing nations the lack of essential infrastructure and technologies, which are necessary to provide people with their basic human rights, offer a central role for the engineer. These needs are increasing as new global threats, such as the pressures caused by population growth, the harmful effects of climate change or the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters, have only heightened the difficulties which threaten the world’s poorest nations. Decades of development practice has allowed the profession of engineering to engage with many of these global issues. Over this period the engineering approaches, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have gradually moved from high impact and short-term disasters relief interventions to long-term endogenous solutions. This change in overall aims has raised awareness of the sustainability of current engineering interventions. Many of the results are not entirely positive. For example, in water supply engineering, certain national estimates of sustainability of hand-pump wells for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa can range from 30- 80%. The role that the engineer could provide in addressing the concerns of poorer nations has not yet been fully realised. This thesis evaluates the current engineering models of service delivery that are used by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in developing nations. These models of technology transfer are supposed to provide communities in developing nations with a sustainable access to technologies that can provide for their basic rights. It is from within these models that engineers, who in many cases are foreign to the socio-cultural systems of the host nation, perform their engineering function and activities. The field research focuses on a case study of water supply engineering projects that have been carried out within the rural District of Tonkolili in Sierra Leone. To address the complex socio-cultural and socio-technical systems in Sierra Leone this field research adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods. This involved investigating both the technical and social sustainability issues found in Sierra Leone. The research visits were both inductive and deductive. They covered 150 spatially distributed villages in the rural district of Tonkolili. The methodologies used as part of this study involved; interviews, focus group discussions, community mapping, transect walks and technical observations, to provide a broad understanding of the sustainability issues affecting engineering projects. A total of 309 hand-pump wells, pulley systems and borehole water points were evaluated as part of the research. The study investigated the technical, socio-technical and socio-cultural consequences of these technology transfers - as well as the current condition of the social support mechanisms that are designed to sustain the water schemes. The results of the technical observations demonstrated that there are a diverse range of failures, from extreme to moderate, that have occurred at many of the water points. During the field visits observations of water supply solutions found to have urgent technical problems were frequent occurrences. The majority of the water points (96%) were found to have at least one technical failing that required immediate maintenance or further engineering assistance. The social research also indicated that, of the 4,700 individual categories monitored, a significant proportion (49%) were technical problems that were within the capacities of village members to address locally. These technical problems found to be ignored by the host communities. The NGO trained support mechanisms, which were designed to provide sustainability to the systems, for innumerable reasons, were unable to operate effectively. The breakdown in function of these supporting systems highlighted the serious weakness of current service delivery models in their ability to achieve sustainable engineering solutions. Investigating the relationship between the households and the water points suggests that the communities are not acting rationally towards their water sources. The majority of households were found to have unsafe water practices regardless of the provision of their improved sources. For example, many households that had access to improved water sources were found to still use their unimproved sources (30%). Many more (53%) complemented, and mixed, their unimproved water with water from their improved wells. This attitude towards safe water suggested that there were fundamentally flawed assumptions about how communities would receive and interact with their technologies. These household decisions, and the associated technical concerns, are directly attributable to the actions of the engineers from the project implementing development agencies. The results of these misinterpretations have undermined the long term sustainability of water supplies in Sierra Leone. The research indicated that to address sustainability the engineering profession is at a crossroads in determining its future in international development. Engineers have the capacity to acknowledge that the complexities of development limit their efficacy and therefore seek support from other professions. This would narrow the scope of their interventions. They are also capable of actively seeking the opposite; to broaden the scope as well as the responsibilities, expectations and skills of the engineers. It is this decision that will define the role of the engineer in international development.
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Schulte-Herbruggen, Helfrid Maria Albertina. "Remote community drinking water supply : mechanisms of uranium retention and adsorption by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7716.
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Worldwide, around 884 million people lack access to safe drinking water. To address this, groundwater sources such as boreholes and wells are often installed in remote locations especially in developing countries. However, the natural chemical composition of groundwater may be a source of toxicity to human health. Uranium is naturally present in the environment, and concentrations above the World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water guideline (15 μg/L) are found in various parts of the world. Uranium has a complex aqueous chemistry and its speciation, which varies according to pH and available ligands, determines its behaviour (e.g. mobility, reactivity or sorption tendency). Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have proved effective in removing uranium from water, although fundamental removal mechanisms are not well understood. Even the more porous ultrafiltration (UF) has been shown to remove uranium when used in combination with complexation/coagulation methods. To address the water purification needs of remotely located communities with no or unreliable access to energy, a renewable energy powered membrane system was designed using UF as pre-treatment to remove particles, bacteria and viruses and NF/RO to remove ions. The system was trialled in the Australian outback, using natural groundwater high in uranium (>300 μg/L). Results showed that pH had a large effect on the uranium behaviour in the system and, curiously, interaction by sorption or precipitation to the membranes was observed at certain pH values. However, due to the complexity of the water and the combination of UF and NF/RO membranes, the mechanisms of the uranium retention and interaction with the membrane were not clear. Further systematic study was needed to investigate the uranium behaviour with the membranes. Laboratory studies were carried out with one membrane type at a time: UF, NF and RO. It was postulated that pH, organic matter and inorganic ions such as calcium have an important influence on uranium retention and interaction with membranes. Results show that uranium behaviour in the membrane systems was highly pH dependent. During the UF experiments, increased adsorption of uranium occurred in uranium-only solutions at pH 5-7. From the UF experiments with organic matter it could be concluded that organic matter did not increase retention (size exclusion) of uranium, however it did increase the adsorption. Humic acid increased adsorption to 80-95% at pH 3-5, alginic acid at pH 3 while tannic acid caused a nearly 100% adsorption at pH 10-11. Further investigating uranium behaviour with NF and RO membranes, it was found that uranium showed the same increase in affinity to the membrane at pH 5-7, with about 50% being taken up by NF and 30% by RO membranes. The effect of pressure on uranium-membrane interaction was investigated for NF and RO at pH 6 and 8.5. Pressure and consequent concentration polarisation only increased uranium affinity to the NF membrane at pH 8.5 where the uranium species and MWCO of the membrane were similar. There was no or little effect of pressure on the affinity of uranium to the NF membrane at pH 6 or to the RO membrane. At pH 6, STEM-EDX results showed that uranium was distributed through-out the polyamide active layer of the NF membrane while FTIR results confirmed that uranium bound to carboxyl groups in the polyamide. At pH 8.5 however, FTIR results showed that uranium did not form chemical bonds with the membrane, but was rather attracted to the surface through hydrogen bonding and loosely forming a layer on top of the membrane visible in SEM. It was concluded that at least three different characteristics of the uranium species and membranes played a role for the interaction: 1) uranium species valency and membrane charge, 2) uranium species size relative to the membrane pore size, and 3) the reactivity of the uranium species towards the membrane functional groups. The effect of calcium on uranium retention and uranium-membrane interaction in NF and RO was also investigated. Calcium affects uranium speciation by forming a neutral complex with uranium at pH 8-9, causing a decrease in adsorption to the membrane. Calcium also precipitates at pH 10. SEM and TEM images showed that the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as calcite caused co-precipitation of uranium, trapping it on the surface of the membrane. About 48-55% of the calcium precipitated which caused a 26-35% co-precipitation of uranium, compared to <5% adsorption in the absence of calcium at pH 10. Finally the chemical drinking water quality of mainly boreholes and wells across a West African country, Ghana, was investigated (199 samples in total from “improved” sources). In addition, the user water costs were documented and the scope for advanced treatment explored. The WHO guidelines for chemical water quality were exceeded in 38% of the samples. The main contaminants were nitrate (21%), managanese (11%) and fluoride (7%), while heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and uranium were localised to mining areas. It was concluded that when taking the cost of unsuccessful borehole development into account, alternative treatment may be a suitable option where inorganic contamination is high. The findings from this study show the importance of the water quality conditions (pH, organic matter and calcium) on the behaviour of contaminants such as uranium in membrane systems and explain the mechanisms of adsorption and co-precipitation of uranium to the membranes at certain pH values. These are important considerations when selecting appropriate membranes for water treatment and also for the maintenance of membranes. The study also showed that there is need for advanced treatment of drinking water in e.g. Ghana, but highlights the importance of strategies on local and national level to ensure long-term sustainability and integration of any such treatment.
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Ruggeri, Francesca. "Engineering the Byzantine water supply of Constantinople : mapping, hydrology and hydraulics of the long aqueducts outside the city". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31521.
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The Water Supply of Byzantine Constantinople is one of the most outstanding achievements of hydraulic engineering from the Roman world. Working entirely as a gravity-fed system, this infrastructure relied on hundreds of kilometres of masonry channels, winding along the hills of Turkish Thrace and carrying water to Constantinople across different watersheds. The Water Supply was built in two main phases: the first in the mid-fourth century, following the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD; and the second in the early fifth century. It is not clear whether the aqueducts from these two phases worked independently or as a single system, yet the scale of this would have been colossal, reaching lengths of 450 km between the two aqueducts. However, a full and close understanding of its hydraulic design and function has until now been missing. As such, this investigation aims to: (1) establish a clear route for the aqueducts, both in terms of length and gradient (mapping); (2) determine likely volumes of water entering the system at the various intakes (hydrology); and (3) evaluate its hydraulic behaviour and flow characteristics (hydraulics). While previous work on similar Roman aqueducts yielded only estimates of maximum capacity, this work delves into the engineering of the ancient infrastructure to provide a more realistic assessment of theWater Supply discharge to the City. The physical configuration of the aqueducts is reinterpreted based on the latest archaeological records comprising Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and field observations, and validated against modern satellite terrain data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Refined estimates of length and gradient are proposed, along with a reassessment of all channel observations, bridges and tunnels along the system. It is found that the total length of the aqueducts would have been around 426 km if they operated as a single system, and up to 565 km if they continued in parallel all the way to Constantinople; the gradient of the system would have been well below 0.1% throughout, decreasing from upstream to downstream, with steeper slopes only at the intakes. To estimate reasoned inflow conditions for the Water Supply intakes at the time of its operation, modern spring flow records are investigated, and climatic changes from the Early Byzantine period are studied by means of Macrophysical Climate Modelling (MCM). Monthly and daily resolutions are addressed: monthly inflow data can capture the extent of the seasonal variations that may have occurred at the springs, accounting for karst hydrogeology; daily inflow data allows the study of flow attenuation in the Water Supply in the short term. Simplified models and engineering judgement are employed to recreate monthly and daily inflow series from limited modern data for karstic springs and weather stations in Thrace. The results from GIS mapping, combined with the proposed inflow scenarios, are used to develop open-channel flow modelling of the Water Supply at a global scale. Aqueduct flow is numerically simulated by means of both steady (monthly) and unsteady (daily) analysis using the river modelling software HEC-RAS. The system capacity and hydraulic performance are studied for the fourth and fifth century aqueducts operating either as parallel lines or joining into a single system. An estimation of water delivered to Constantinople is proposed for typical dry, average and wet years. Results of this work are employed in a parallel research investigation on the management and distribution of water within the ancient city.
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Cosser, Elaine Margaret. "Water supply and utilization in Johannesburg, 1886-1905". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16540.
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This dissertation demonstrates that supply and non-supply of water
significantly affected Johannesburg's early development.
The introductory chapter examines the singularity of Johannesburg with
regard to water sources, and the dearth of material addressing this
subject. The second chapter considers the rapid transition from an ad hoc
to a formal privatized water supply system in the context of the political
and economic climate of the Transvaal; the discussion centres on the
profiteering of water companies and the concomitant inadequacy of supply,
which had a detrimental effect on industry and health. The third chapter
depicts the emergence of local government and its attempts to improve the
water supply, demonstrating that the powerlessness of the local state
enabled an inferior supply to persist. An examination of the British
authority's structural reorganization of municipal and water affairs in
the wake of the Tueede Vryhejdsoorlog, and the limited effectiveness of
these measures owing to the dilapidation of the supply system concludes
the argument.
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Fargher, W. R. "Running on empty : can current water reforms secure Australia's water future?" Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148270.
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Busch, Kelly. "Water and social activism in Canada". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/34.
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This thesis on water and social activism in Canada is a journey into the realm of shared social understanding. Water is too precious to all forms of life to simply permit commodification for the benefit of a few at the expense of the many. The Sun Belt case adjudicated under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) when compared with what prevailed under previous Canadian national law reveals severe limits to state sovereignty. A high measure of support has already been manifest around concerns and considerations which pertain to water and the potential for the growth of social activism with reference to water may well be unprecedented in Canada. There are fundamental inequalities found within the Sun Belt case. Current international trade policy coupled with private banking practices does not value the principles of sustainability, equality and justice because it is committed to the commodification of the “commons”. This thesis uses a variety of sources to oppose the present discourses followed by governments according to the doctrines found in the study of classical economics within a capitalist context.
Książki na temat "Water supply, 1882"
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Vallianatos-Grapengeter, Ina M. Der Nahostkonflikt im Prisma der Wasserproblematik: Wasserpolitik im Jordantal 1882-1967. Münster: Lit, 1996.
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Fuentes, Nelly León. Los debates y las batallas por el agua en Xalapa, 1838-1882. Xalapa, Veracruz, México: Universidad Veracruzana, 2009.
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Saʻūdī, ʻAbd al-ʻAẓīm Muḥammad. Tārīkh taṭawwur al-rayy fī Miṣr, 1882-1914 M. [Cairo]: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2001.
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Gago, Sonsoles San Román. La incorporación de la maestra a la escuela pública en Españaa, 1783-1882. San Luis Potosi: El Colegio de San Luis, 2001.
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Power, United States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and. Miscellaneous water and power bills: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on S. 934, S. 1577, S. 1882, S. 2556, S. 2696, S. 2773, H.R. 2990, July 31, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power. Miscellaneous water and power bills: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on S. 934, S. 1577, S. 1882, S. 2556, S. 2696, S. 2773, H.R. 2990, July 31, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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Ways, Harry C. The Washington aqueduct, 1852-1992. [Washington, D.C.?]: H.C. Ways, 1996.
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Cotilla, Manuel López. Historia de la introducción de agua en Guadalajara, 1842. Zapopan, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 2002.
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Chu, Anthony. Public-supply pumpage in Kings, Queens, and Nassau counties, New York, 1880-1995. Coram, N.Y: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Jack, Monti, Bellitto Anthony J, New York (N.Y.). Dept. of Environmental Protection. i Geological Survey (U.S.), red. Public-supply pumpage in Kings, Queens, and Nassau counties, New York, 1880-1995. Coram, N.Y: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Water supply, 1882"
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Nalatawada, Abhishek, Sanjeev Sangami i Chidanand Patil. "Comparative Study on Design of Water Supply Distribution Network Using LOOP and WaterGEMS Software: A Case Study". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1029–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1862-9_66.
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Farias, Lucas Eduardo Lopes, Breno Jorge Zeferino Monteiro, Joseph Pina Bonfim Ferreira, Breno Porto de Oliveira Cunha, Ana Vitória Pinheiro Serra, João Paulo Amaral da Silva, Luana Cristhiny Silva da Costa i in. "Pau rosa (Aniba rosaeodora): An extractivist potential". W UNITING KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/uniknowindevolp-143.
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Pau-Rosa (Aniba rosaeodora), which belongs to the lauraceae family, is a species with high added economic value. Its value is based on the extraction of its essential oil, which is highly prized by the chemical, cosmetic and food industries. Its exploitation began in 1882 in French Guiana, when the extraction of its oil generated interest in the perfumery industry because it has a sweet, woody smell. The great interest shown by the industries in the essential oil has motivated producers to plant the species. However, there is a limited supply of seedlings for sale, as its exploitation was unsustainable, so most of the trees were felled to produce the oil in distillation plants. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile substances that dissolve in fat, propagate an aroma, are liquid and are normally obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation, where steam distillation is the most widely used in industry. During the essential oil extraction process, the water that drags the volatile constituents becomes aromatized, which is called hydrolate.
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Hollander, Rachelle D. "Expert Claims and Social Decisions: Science, Politics, and Responsibility". W Acceptable Evidence. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089295.003.0014.
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Concern for relationships among ethics, values, policy, and science and engineering is prominent in modern society. The existence of a program called Ethics and Values Studies in an agency of the U.S. government, the National Science Foundation, provides some evidence of this (Hollander 1987a, 1987b; Hollander and Steneck 1990). The bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to support bio(medical) ethics centers through the National Institutes of Health also provide evidence (U.S. Senate 1988). New initiatives support research and related activities in areas of biomedical ethics in the National Center for Nursing Research and the Office of Human Genome Research in the National Institutes of Health. In July 1988, the Board of Radioactive Waste Management of the National Research Council devoted one day of a four-day retreat to considering the ethical and value aspects of that issue (BRWM 1988). In this chapter I shall attempt to show why such issues occupy particular attention now. My thesis is that a new acknowledgment of our collective moral responsibility is needed because of the political and social context in which science now operates. This context requires more sophisticated scientific and ethical analysis, as well as scientists, engineers, policymakers, interested scholars, and others working together to determine not just acceptable risk but also acceptable evidence. To provide perspective on these matters, we should note that interactions of science, technology, and society have raised these kinds of problems for a long time. A play by Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People, written in 1882, raises all these concerns. An Enemy of the People is a story about the possibility of contamination in the water supply that feeds a town's new mineral baths. The baths attract the summer visitors that have rejuvenated the community. A Dr. Thomas Stockmann has investigated and discovered the problem; he has documented it, and he is delighted to have made the discovery. He, after all, had warned the town fathers about the problem when they designed the water supply, and they did not listen. Now he presents the truth as he sees it—and he sees it in the worst possible light—to his brother Peter, the mayor, who had organized the efforts to construct the baths.
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O'Dell, Gary A. "The Water Works". W Bluegrass Paradise, 178–86. University Press of Kentucky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813196718.003.0011.
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This chapter tells Georgetown's important water-works history, which began largely prompted by the need for fire protection. Beginning 1889, several meetings were held to consider the construction of a water supply system using the Royal Spring as a source. Over fifty years of industrial and commercial clutter around the springhead speaks to how Royal Spring plunged Georgetown into the prosperous 20th century.
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"Edwin Chadwick and the engineers, 1842-1854: systems and antisystems in the pipe-and-brick sewers war". W Water-Supply and Public Health Engineering, redaktor Christopher Hamlin, 259–88. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315234274-13.
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Levy, Daniel S. "The Power of the Fire Engines". W Manhattan Phoenix, 176–91. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382372.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses how the arrival of Croton water in 1842 not only gave the city potable water, it supplied the firemen with a reliable source to fight the flames. It was hoped that an accessible water supply would make the city safer. Even so, blazes still flared up. Sadly, the Bowery Theatre caught fire for the fourth time in April 1845, two and a half years after the Croton celebration. And then three months later, the new aqueduct system received a serious test when a fire broke out at J.L. Vandoren's sperm-oil store on New Street. While what became known as the Great Fire of 1845 destroyed 345 buildings, wiped out firms like Philip Hone’s American Mutual Insurance company, and brought physical, personal, and financial damage to many, the Croton water supply proved its worth. At the same time, the chapter explores how the volunteer fire department had become a problem for the city. While the men had zealously committed themselves to their jobs, their fire houses had developed into entrenched and troubling centers of entitlement, and would give future Tammany boss William Tweed his springboard to power.
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Kaufman, George G. "Lender of Last Resort: A Contemporary Perspective". W Financial Crises, Contagion, and the Lender of Last Resort, 169–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199247202.003.0009.
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Abstract Although much discussed in both the economic and banking literature, the lender of last resort (LLR) has always been a vague concept. Apparently first discussed by Sir Francis Baring in 1797 and refmed by Henry Thornton (1802) and Walter Bagehot (1873), among others, the lender of last resort’s function was to prevent fmancial panics and crises from being ignited by problems at individual institutions or markets. This has generally been interpreted as preventing the individual problem from causing a decline in the aggregate money supply.
8
Leiner, Frederick C. "The Odyssey of the Edwin". W The End Of Barbary Terror, 5–38. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195189940.003.0002.
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Abstract In March 1812, the brig Edwin sailed from her home port of Salem, Massachusetts, to New York, and then for Gibraltar and Malta, probably carrying a cargo of food and provisions for the British army garrisons there. The trading voyage of the Edwin was tinged with danger. She may have sailed with a British license to carry grain to supply Lord Wellington’s army in Spain—a lucrative business that violated American trade laws. Her owners, captain, and crew knew that in departing American waters, she was sailing in the face of an embargo the federal government planned to lay on American shipping, which President Madison presented to Congress on April 1, 1812, but was widely known to be in the offing. The Madison administration pushed for the 1812 embargo to allow thousands of American seamen aboard hundreds of American merchant ships to reach United States ports before the anticipated declaration of war with Britain. The new law did not stop the Edwin, which not only wanted to land her cargo at British-owned Mediterranean naval ports, but also expected to return with a load of import goods.
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"Water Supply of London (continued): Profits of Companies, and their Charges, Down to 1827: Wooden Pipes: Defective Service: Parliamentary Inquiries, 1821 and 1828: Polluted Sources of Supply: Royal Commission, 1827-8: Mr. Teleford's Scheme, 1834: Renewed Inquiries by Parliament, 1834 and 1840: Bill of Government to Consolidate Companies, 1851: Metropolis Water Act, 1852: Quantity and Quality of Water: Reports and Inquiries, 1856-69: Plans of Supply, 1840-84: Disputed Purity of River Water: Constant Supply: Metropolis Water Act, 1871: Extinction of Fires: Attempts to Transfer Water Supply to Public Bodies: Metropolis Water-works Purchase Bill, 1880 : Assessment of Water Rents: Increased Value of Water Under Takings". W A History of Private Bill Legislation, 148–217. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-7.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Natural Gas : The Least Polluting Of The Fossil Fuels". W Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0012.
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In terms of emissions from combustion, natural gas, composed mainly of methane (CH4), is the least polluting of the fossil fuels. Per unit of energy produced, CO2 emissions from natural gas are 45.7% lower than those from coal (lignite), 27.5% lower than from diesel, and 25.6% lower than from gasoline. As discussed by Olah et al. (2006), humans have long been aware of the properties of natural gas. Gas leaking out of the ground would frequently catch fire, ignited, for example, by lightning. A leak and a subsequent fire on Mount Parnassus in Greece more than 3,000 years ago prompted the Ancient Greeks to attach mystical properties to the phenomenon— a flame than could burn for a long time without need for an external supply of fuel. They identified the location of this gas leak with the center of the Earth and Universe and built a temple to Apollo to celebrate its unique properties. The temple subsequently became the home for the Oracle of Delphi, celebrated for the prophecies inspired by the temple’s perpetual flame. The first recorded productive use of natural gas was in China, dated at approximately 500 BC. A primitive pipeline constructed using stems of bamboo was deployed to trans¬port gas from its source to a site where it could be used to boil brine to produce both economically valuable salt and potable water. Almost 2,000 years would elapse before natural gas would be tapped for productive use in the West. Gas from a well drilled near Fredonia, New York, was used to provide an energy source for street lighting in 1821. The Fredonia Gas Light Company, formed in 1858, was the first commercial entity established specifically to market natural gas. Joseph Newton Pew, founder of the Sun Oil Company (now Sunoco), established a company in 1883 to deliver natural gas to Pittsburgh, where it was used as a substitute for manufactured coal gas (known also as town gas). Pew later sold his interests in natural gas to J. D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. The early application of natural gas was primarily for lighting, not only for streets but also for factories and homes.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Water supply, 1882"
1
Real, Daniel, i Nico Hotz. "Novel Non-Concentrated Solar Collector for Solar-Powered Chemical Reactions". W ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18382.
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The purpose of this study is the proof that non-concentrating solar-thermal collectors can supply the thermal energy needed to power endothermic chemical reactions such as steam reforming of alcoholic (bio-) fuels. Traditional steam reformers require the combustion of up to 50% of the primary fuel to enable the endothermic reforming reaction. Our goal is to use a selective solar absorber coating on top of a collector-reactor surrounded by vacuum insulation. For methanol reforming, a reaction temperature of 220–250°C is required for effective methanol-to-hydrogen conversion. A multilayer absorber coating (TiNOX) is used, as well as a turbomolecular pump to reach ultra-high. The collector-reactor is made of copper tubes and plates and a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst is integrated in a porous ceramic structure towards the end of the reactor tube. The device is tested under 1000 W/m2 solar irradiation (using an ABB class solar simulator, air mass 1.5). Numerical and experimental results show that convective and conductive heat losses are eliminated at vacuum pressures of <10−4 Torr. By reducing radiative losses through chemical polishing of the non-absorbing surfaces, the methanol-water mixture can be effectively heated to 240–250°C and converted to hydrogen-rich gas mixture. For liquid methanol-water inlet flow rates up to 1 ml/min per m2 of solar collector area can be converted to hydrogen with a methanol conversion rate above 90%. This study will present the design and fabrication of the solar collector-reactor, its testing and optimization, and its integration into an entire hydrogen-fed Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell system.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K., L. V. Plichko i M. R. Zabokrytska. "The Centralized Water Supply of Kyiv Is 150 Years Old (1872–2022) - the Importance of the Dnipro and Desna Rivers". W 16th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2022580001.
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Riccardella, Peter C., Marcos L. Herrera, Arthur F. Deardorff, Shu S. Tang i Anthony J. Giannuzzi. "Preemptive Weld Overlays to Mitigate PWSCC Concerns in PWR Piping System Dissimilar Metal Butt Welds". W ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71544.
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Primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) continues to be a concern in nickel-based alloys (Alloy 600 and the associated weld metals, Alloys 82 and 182) in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). It has caused cracking and leakage in a number of components, including steam generator tubes, vessel head penetrations, and most recently, the dissimilar metal butt welds (DMWs) commonly used to connect vessel nozzles to PWR primary system piping. Weld overlays (WOLs) have been used extensively in the past twenty years to repair nuclear plant piping that has been found to be cracked or leaking due to stress corrosion cracking [1]. This paper summarizes the advantages of and technical justification for applying preemptive weld overlays (PWOLs) before cracking or leakage is observed, to mitigate PWSCC in Alloy 82/182 butt welds. PWOL design is governed by a number of considerations. The PWOL must supply sufficient thickness of resistant material (Alloy 52 weld metal) to provide new structural reinforcement of the original pipe weld sufficient to sustain design basis loads within ASME Code margins. Structural reinforcement calculations are presented demonstrating the achievement of this capability in accordance with ASME Section XI rules for evaluation of flaws in austenitic piping. The PWOL must supply sufficient thickness to effectively reverse the highly tensile residual stresses from the original DMW, including the potential detrimental effects of an in-process repair weld. Residual stress evaluations using elastic-plastic finite element models are presented that demonstrate the achievement of this objective for several typical nozzle geometries. Finally, analyses are presented to demonstrate that a dissimilar metal weld, with PWOL applied, meets the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) criteria for leak-before-break (LBB).
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Yoshida, Takeshi, Takaaki Matsuoka, Yuta Uchida i Takashi Hirano. "Application of Magnetic Stir Welding to Dissimilar Metal Structural Weld Overlay". W 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48319.
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Alloy 600 and associated welds, Alloy 82/182 of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) plants have been known as being susceptible to the Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC). Dissimilar metal (DM) piping butt welds were welded with Alloy 82/182. As one of the mitigation techniques of the PWSCC, Structural Weld Overlay (SWOL) has been applied to the DM welds, but it has tendency to occur weld cracks on the first layer. One of the reasons of the weld cracks is the sulfur which is highly contained in stainless steel base metals, because old stainless steels would contain higher sulfur (e.g. 0.02%) than later ones. In response to this situation, Magnetic Stir Welding (MSW) was proposed to apply for the first layer of SWOL, and tested to evaluate its weldabilities. MSW has been developed for several years, and it is generally known that MSW has characteristics to improve a heat transfer in the molten pool, so that it could reduce a dilution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate weldabilities of MSW for welding Alloy 52 and/or Alloy 52M as filler metal on high sulfur contained stainless steel pipe. Single bead tests and all position welding tests were conducted. As a result of this study, MSW can prevent from occurring weld cracks and lack of fusion due to stirring effects of the molten pool. Therefore, SWOL can be welded without weld cracks on the first layer by applying MSW, even though the stainless steel base metal contains relatively high sulfur. In addition, MSW can weld at high wire supply rate because of prevention of lack of fusion. So it could improve weld efficiency.
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Roth, M., B. Stoffel i G. Ludwig. "Experimental and Numerical Research of the Effects of a Perturbed Inflow of a Centrifugal Pump". W ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98030.
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The influence of a disturbed inflow condition on a single-stage, end suction volute casing pump, as they are frequently found e.g. in water supply plants, was analyzed experimentally in a test bench and numerically using CDF simulation. The analyzed pump operates with water and has a specific speed (ns) of 42 (metric units), an outside impeller diameter (D2) of 188 mm and an operating speed (n) of 2300 rpm. The measurements were carried out in a closed test loop where the operating conditions and the inlet piping can be varied to analyze the influence of bend and valve over the pump performance. For the 3-D numerical analysis two configurations were simulated. First the combination bend and butterfly valve was calculated and second the complete pump. Different coupling methods between fixed and rotating parts and some turbulence models were analyzed. For the comparison between experiment and simulation the characteristic curves of the pump are used. Also the calculated flow distribution directly upstream of the suction branch of the pump was compared with the velocity profile measured non-intrusively with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). The aim of the study is to determine the effects of a disturbed flow at the inlet of a pump on its performance and to analyze the causes of these effects using CFD.
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Park, Kwang Soo, Chang Sig Kong, Seon Ho Lee i Woo Sung Kim. "Development of Repair Technologies for J-Groove Welds of Drain and Instrument Nozzle in Steam Generator". W 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75817.
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SG drain & instrument nozzles and their welds fabricated with alloy 600 and alloy 82/182 is susceptible to Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC). In Korea, the cracks due to PWSCC were discovered in the drain nozzle of Yongkwang units 3 & 4. Doosan has developed a system for steam generator to repair damaged drain nozzle & welds and to prevent further damage on the instrument nozzle & welds. The repair system consists of machining, welding equipment and installation tool for this equipment. The machining equipment is used to remove the nozzle and J-groove welds. The process is called mechanical machining and the main equipment is installed on steam generator’s outer wall. The welding equipment is designed for the machined J-groove welds and overlay. The auto welding equipment consists of welding head, controller, monitoring tool and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) power supply. Doosan has developed remote welding process using the monitoring tool. The installation tool consists of automatic installment tool for instrument nozzle and manual installment tool for drain nozzle. Doosan successfully completed a mockup test and field application for Yongkwang unit 3.
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Dean, K. Bruce, Femi Ade, Les Sawatsky, R. Gray, John Cutler i Neil Wheeler. "Remedial Protection of a Pipeline Crossing of the River Wye, UK". W 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-149.
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This project is of interest to those involved in construction, siting and repair of pipeline crossings of rivers, streams and estuaries. In early 1999, Mainline Pipelines Limited discovered that their pipeline crossing of the River Wye had been exposed by river scour. Originally laid in 1972, the line provides petroleum products main supply from the port at Milford Haven to the Midlands, England, and operates at a high pressure. A break in or temporary shutdown of the pipeline would have had serious implications. Remedial protection options were needed rapidly, to ensure the integrity of the pipeline. A review of historical air photographs and maps, dating back to 1888, showed that the meandering channel of the River Wye has shifted to the north at an average rate of 0.65m per year. Thus, the remedial works would have to account for ongoing vertical and lateral scour. It was recognized that river training works would be required at the site to ensure continued protection of the pipeline in the long-term. The recommended design and remedial construction techniques allowed for safety issues, the potential impact on the river ecology, recreational river users, the river hydrology and restricted access to the steep northern riverbank. The design comprised filling of the eroded riverbed and bank with rock aggregate and placing a protective layer of graded rock riprap. Grout filled fabric formwork bags were placed beneath the pipeline to minimise deflection and the development of unacceptable stresses in the exposed length during rock placement. Rock filled wire mattresses were placed immediately on top of the pipeline to protect it from point loading of the angular riprap. A satellite guided positioning system was used to control material placement, and environmental monitoring of river water quality was carried out continuously during construction.
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Nagar, Arvind. "Fatigue Damage at Open Holes in Laminated Composite Under Thermo Mechanical Loads". W ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cmda-29080.
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The high temperature composites have been studied for applications to secondary structures due to their light weight and thermal resistance. Relatively few studies have been conducted to consider them for primary structural load bearing capabilities. These studies focused on titanium matrix composites to characterize their material behavior [1], unidirectional [2], simple loading conditions [3, 4] in a laboratory environment or unrealistic structural geometry [5]. The purpose of this work was to study fatigue damage and determine fatigue life in titanium matrix composite panels at unloaded fastener holes subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue loads with variable amplitudes and temperature ranges. The test panels were machined from a prefabricated structural component with pre-drilled fastener holes. The test material was a 32 ply, quasi-isotropic, approximately .224 inch thick titanium matrix laminated composite with SCS-6 fibers and Ti-15-3 metal matrix. The material was HIP consolidated followed by slow cool to room temperature. The thermal zone area was 2 inches long along specimen length and 1.875 inch wide with a .3125 inch fastener hole at the center of the thermal zone. All specimens were machined using a 3-D water jet cutter. The test system consisted of a closed loop servo-hydraulic 30 Kip test system equipped with an MTS model 458 control system, a 486 PC containing a Keithley Metrabyte DAS 1601 computer card. The specimens were gripped using MTS model 647 side load hydraulic wedge grips equipped with surfalloy grip surface. The thermal loads were provided by an Ameritherm 5 kilowatt induction power supply and a total temperature instrumentation model MC-125 temperature controller. The temperature controller was equipped with analog set point and recorder output of temperatures with both set for 1–5 volt signal levels for 0 to 1832 F. The computer generated the temperature and load profiles and monitored error band for temperature. The computer system was set to null pace the temperature and loads if the temperature exceeded a 18 degree F variation. In effect all processes would hold until the temperature error returned inside the error band. This temperature error control was accomplished by comparing the command signal to the temperature controller to the process temperature signal from the temperature controller. The nominal uniform temperature zone was one inch long centered at the specimen geometric center and maintained required temperatures within 10 degrees. The variations in temperatures along the crack line were controlled to with in 5 degrees. Cooling blocks were attached to the test samples at the end of uniform sections near the fillet blend. These blocks were cooled with water passages and compressed air was passed through holes in the blocks and impinged on the samples to provide additional cooling at the end of the thermal ramp during cool -down. The air was turned on by the computer at about 400 degrees F during each block. On all notched test samples, an extensometer was mounted across the center flaw to obtain load-deflection data (COD). The optical crack lenth measurements were made using a 20 X Gaertner traveling microscope. The load versus crack mouth opening displacement readings were taken to compare with the optical measurements of the crack length. The thermomechanical load spectrum was developed from the distribution and frequency of loading that the airframe will experience based on the design service life and typical design usage. The loads and environmental spectra are used to develop design flight by flight stress environment spectra. The data and failure surfaces were analyzed to study the high stress and low stress failure, environmental degradations, surface cracks in matrix and the effect of notch on crack initiation failure mechanism. During this investigation it was observed that the most difficult task in thermomechanical fatigue testing is to control the cooling rate as required by the thermal profile. The results show that the fatigue life depend on the applied maximum stress, increased temperatures and hold levels of both the loads and the temperatures. The variation in experimental fatigue life is with in the order of magnitude typical of fatigue data considering the complexity of the test and loading conditions. The SEM photographs and micrographs showed that in titanium matrix composite, the mode of cracking is under partial bridging of fibers at the matrix crack. The COD data was of little use for totally automated measurements when comparing with the crack sizes measured.