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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Water Sector Performance"
1
Reddy, V. Ratna. "Water sector performance under scarcity conditions: a case study of Rajasthan, India". Water Policy 12, nr 5 (1.04.2010): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.135.
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This paper makes an attempt to assess the water sector under scarcity conditions in the State of Rajasthan. It adopts the criteria of physical, economic, financial and equity performance across sub-sectors. The assessment brought out clearly that no indicator has shown satisfactory performance in any of the sub-sectors. Though the urban drinking water sector is relatively better in performance, a lot more needs to be done in order to bring it to the threshold level of economic and financial performance. The huge expenditures incurred in this sector are not going towards real investments that would improve the performance of the sector. Despite the fact that the water sector (except groundwater) is in the hands of the government, equity goals are not achieved. An urban and rich bias is prevalent as far as access to water and public distribution of water. Apart from suggesting some short-term measures to meet the immediate demands, this paper argues that institutional reforms are critical for sustainable water resource management under scarcity conditions.
2
Swamy, Raghu Rama D. T. V., Piyush Tiwari i Anil Sawhney. "Assessing determinants of PPP project performance". Property Management 36, nr 1 (19.02.2018): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2016-0046.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors that affect the performance of projects being implemented on the public-private partnership (PPP) framework, with specific reference to urban drinking water sector in India. Design/methodology/approach A listing of factors that have a bearing on project performance have been developed based on a review of the literature. Through a survey, seven factors that are relevant to the Indian context were determined. Interviews were then conducted across a cross-section of government agencies, financial institutions, development agencies, private sector entities and consultants to understand the relative importance of these attributes. The analytical hierarchy process was used to develop relative weights of these factors. Findings Ranking and relative weights of the factors in descending order are stakeholder consent and support for water PPP projects (22.1 percent), appropriate project structure (17.4 percent), availability of realistic baseline information (16.2 percent), reasonable water tariffs (13.9 percent), public sector capacity (13.0 percent), well-developed market (9.5 percent) and water sector regulator (7.9 percent). Differences in perceptions amongst various stakeholder groups were also found. Research limitations/implications Water sector has not matured, and with the advent of newer formats of implementation models, there could be significant changes in the sector. As the number of projects available for study is limited, this exercise can be undertaken periodically and updated in relation to experiences in other infrastructure sectors. Practical implications This analysis provides inputs to policymakers and project proponents for structuring more sustainable urban drinking water PPP projects. Originality/value Indian infrastructure PPP market is attracting increased attention from researchers, though not much emphasis is being given to urban drinking water sector. This paper aims to contribute toward filling this research gap.
3
Berg, Sanford, i Chen Lin. "Consistency in performance rankings: the Peru water sector". Applied Economics 40, nr 6 (marzec 2008): 793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840600749409.
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Al-Assa'd, Tamer, i Johannes Sauer. "The performance of water utilities in Jordan". Water Science and Technology 62, nr 4 (1.08.2010): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.907.
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This paper aims to measure the relative performance of Jordan's water utilities for water sector (WS) and wastewater sector (WWS), and to investigate the major factors behind their inefficiencies. DEA (non-parametric method) and Tobit model (parametric method) were used at two stages. At the first stage DEA was used to evaluate the utilities' efficiency and to investigate the utilities' scale effect on efficiency. At the second stage Tobit model (regression) is applied to determine the impact of the non-controllable factors on utilities' inefficiencies where the efficiency score is the dependent variable in the regression. The results of DEA showed that there is a potential to reduce inputs level: water supply and operational expense (OPEX) for WS, and treated wastewater and OPEX for WWS, by around 15–20 and 23–27%, respectively. Aqaba and Jarash utilities are the most efficient utilities in the WS, while it is Amman utility in the WWS. The utility size has relatively moderate effect on the relative performance. It is concluded that the medium utility size for WS and large utility size for WWS is the most appropriate. Tobit model results indicate that commercialization activities have a clear positive impact on efficiency improvement for both sectors.
5
Ishola, Oluseun A., i Modinat O. Olusoji. "Service Sector Performance, Industry and Growth in Nigeria". International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2020010103.
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This article extends previous empirical studies on service-industrial sector interactions and their impact on growth. It provides evidence from quarterly time series data using OLS, from 2010 to 2016 to account for new subsectors introduced from 2010 following the rebasing of the Nigerian economy. The article employs a disaggregated model to capture the individual productivities of subsectors. Series stationarity was determined with the ADF and PP test, thereafter Johansen technique was applied. The results indicate that while both services and the industrial sector contributed significantly to the economic growth (GDP) of Nigeria, some subsectors i.e. public administration, professional, scientific and technical services, transport (road, rail, pipeline, air, water), utilities (electricity, gas, and water supply, sewage, waste management) were found to be deficient. Finally, this article draws some policy implications to further strengthen the service and industrial sectors so as to maximise the potentials therein through the prescription of sector-specific policies.
6
Almeida, Rita. "Corporate social responsibility and performance: Evidence from the water industry". New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, nr 10 (13.01.2018): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3091.
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The aim of this research is assessment of the relationship between the adoption of social responsibility practices and the performance of the water sector companies. The complexity of challenges in the water sector means that innovative solutions are required, in the manner businesses are conducted and operated. In order to integrate sustainability into business companies, this investigation identifies performance indicators that recognise the main difficulties facing the water industry and contributes to define strategies sustainability for these companies, since the water market and the inherent value of water as a public good embrace all stakeholders. On the other hand, the financial crisis introduces in society, in general, the demand for greater interest on practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); for this reason, the authors defend the implementation of CSR strategies to get sustainable success in the water sector. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, financial performance, water sector, Portugal.
7
Chopra, Ashish, i Parthasarathy Ramachandran. "Understanding water institutions and their impact on the performance of the water sector in India". Water Policy 23, nr 2 (15.03.2021): 466–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.207.
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Abstract The water crisis in India is no more restricted to a few states or areas. It has started affecting all forms of life, industry, and livelihood, and therefore it emerges as one of the biggest challenges. The water crisis is a direct outcome of the governance and analysis of water institutions, playing a central role in understanding the state of water governance. This study aims to understand the water institutions and their ultimate impact on various aspects of water sector performance in India. A survey was administered to collect information on the perception of water experts on the role and importance of various institutional aspects including water law, policy, and administration in improving water sector performance in India. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression methods were used to find the significant factors of water institutions and their effect on the different aspects of water sector performance in India. The analysis shows that the most important factors for improving the water sector performance are (a) legal accountability provisions, (b) water transfer policies, and (c) use of science and technology application along with reliable data. The level of importance of these significant institutional variables also varies within various performance aspects.
8
Berg, Sanford V. "Seven elements affecting governance and performance in the water sector". Utilities Policy 43 (grudzień 2016): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2016.04.013.
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9
Ahmad Rizani. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF EAST JAVA PROVINCE". East Java Economic Journal 1, nr 1 (30.09.2017): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v1i1.3.
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This study aimed to investigate economic growth, regional economic pattern and structure of East Java Province. Other than that, this study also identified anddetermined superior sectors in East Java Province to give an illustration on which superior economic activities to be developed to improve the economic potential in East Java Province. Data employed in this study was secondary data in six years’ time series form 2010 until 2015 about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) for Indonesia, RGDP (Regional Gross Domestic Product) for East Java Province, total population in Indonesia, total population in East Java Province, the number of people living in poverty in Indonesia, and the number of people living in poverty in East Java Province. Data was obtained from Central Statistics Institution Indonesia, National Planning and Development Institution, Central Statistics Institution of East Java Province, and Regional Planning and Development Institution of East Java Province. Analysis tools used in this study included economic performance analysis, ShiftShare, Location Quotient (LQ), Growth Ratio Model (MRP) and Overlay analysis. The results of the study showed that: (1) economic performance index of East Java Province was quite good because during 2011-2015 the province got average economic performance index 0.847; (2) shift-share analysis showed that East Java Province economic showed an improvement during 2010-2015 by 340.769,50 billion rupiahs. Those economic performance improvements in East Java Province could be seen from the positive value of 16 (sixteen) economic activity sectors; (3) according to Location Quotient (LQ) analysis, there were five superior sectors in East Java Province, they were processing industry sector, water procurement sector, waste and recycle management sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, and information and communication sector; (4) Growth Ratio Model analysis showed that sectors which had dominants growth and big contribution were construction sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, transportation and warehousing sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, information and communication sector financial and insurance service sector, real estate sector, education service sector, health service and social activity sector; (5) Overlay analysis showed that potential economic sector in East Java Province included wholesale and retail, auto car andmotorcycle reparation sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, and information and communication sector; (6) weighing result according to Shift-Share Location Quotient (LQ), and Growth Ratio Model analysis were five sectors based on the highest rank of the most potential weighing result, they were accommodation and foods providing sector, processing industry sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, information and communication sector, and construction sector.
JEL Classification : P47, O47, C02, C02, C02, C02
10
Nsabimana, René. "Electricity Sector Organization and Performance in Burundi". Proceedings 58, nr 1 (14.09.2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06938.
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Burundi faces low access to electricity and low quality of service. It depends on the interconnected networks constructed in the decade of 1980. Despite the different reforms relating to the liberalization and reorganization of the electricity sector, the REGIDESO remains the public company in charge of the production and distribution of electricity. It has also the responsibility to pump, treat, and supply drinking water in the main and secondary urban centers. This paper makes a review of the policies, reform, and organization of the electricity sector in Burundi. We estimate the performance of the electricity sector using descriptive analysis, on the basis of secondary data collected in East Africa and from the World Development Indicators (WDI), and qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews and text analysis. Our results show that despite the different reforms undertaken in 2000 and 2015, the electricity sector remains mainly a natural monopoly of the state. As a result, access to electricity and consumption per capita remain the lowest of East Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. The electricity sector is also characterized by the poor quality of service due to technical and non-technical losses. Among the non-technical losses, the unpaid bills especially for the public sector are very high. The study recommendation is to implement the reform undertaken in 2000 by splitting the public services of water and electricity, and the one of 2015 by unbundling the electricity sector. Policy implying private participation in the electricity sector and prioritizing regional projects for interconnection to facilitate cross-border trade of electricity are highly recommended.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Water Sector Performance"
1
Herrala, M. (Maila). "Governance of infrastructure networks:development avenues for the Finnish water and sewage sector". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514294778.
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Abstract The efficiency of public service provision has been a subject of debate for several decades. Discussions that are centred around whether public or private service provision is more efficient are still active around the world and also concern water and sewage services. Additionally, waterworks are facing tightening quality and environmental requirements, while ageing infrastructure and rapidly growing repair debt must also be addressed. This study aims to identify the actions that are required to improve waterworks performance without compromising service quality. The objective is to find both internal and external factors that will improve efficiency. Despite the clear pressure for new solutions, there is only a limited amount of research on the topic, which provides further justification for this study. This dissertation has adopted a case study approach with multiple data sources in order to provide as diverse, detailed and profound information regarding the Finnish water and sewage sector. Data sources such as interviews, questionnaire and publicly available financial data were used as a basis for analysis. The results of this study indicate that the external factors that influence the performance of waterworks include legislation, environmental issues, population density and municipal topography. When benchmarking different waterworks, it is important to understand that some of these conditions are case-specific. Waterworks cannot change the external factors but they must analyse them in order for them to operate optimally. Internal factors that waterworks managers and municipal owners can influence include the selection of a suitable ownership and governance model, the roles of different decision makers, the competence of board members, asset management practices, proper maintenance of infrastructure, and operational and financial transparency. This study emphasises that municipal owners should concentrate on ownership policy and focus on their role as owners, not as operational managers. The selection of waterworks board members should prioritise management and engineering expertise. Legislators could help improve the efficiency of waterworks by promoting transparency and requiring uniform reporting practices. Making key information publicly available would enable benchmarking and planning of development activities. Waterworks managers should make long-term investment plans and systematically manage their assetsTiivistelmä Julkisen palvelutuotannon tehokkuus on puhuttanut tutkijoita ympäri maailmaa jo vuosikymmenien ajan. Julkisen ja yksityisen palveluntuotannon eroista on keskusteltu monella sektorilla, niin myös vesi- ja jätevesihuoltopalveluissa. Vesihuollon kiristyvät laatu- ja ympäristövaatimukset, vanheneva infrastruktuuri ja nopeasti kasvava korjausvelka yhdessä tiukkenevien tehokkuusvaatimusten kanssa asettavat monet vesihuoltolaitokset ahtaalle. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää toimenpide-ehdotuksia, joiden avulla vesihuollon suoristuskykyä voidaan parantaa kuitenkaan vaarantamatta palvelun laatua. Tavoitteena on löytää sekä sisäisiä että ulkoisia tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat vesihuollon suorituskykyyn ja joita muuttamalla vesihuollon tehokkuutta voidaan parantaa. Tämän väitöskirjan lähestymistapa on tapaustutkimus ja siinä hyödynnetään useita erilaisia tietolähteitä, jotta pystytään luomaan monipuolinen kuvaus tutkimuskohteesta. Analyysin perustana käytettiin erilaisia tietolähteitä kuten haastatteluja, kyselylomaketta sekä julkisesti saatavissa olevia taloudellisia tietoja. Tutkimustulosten mukaan vesihuoltolaitoksen suorituskykyyn vaikuttavia ulkoisia tekijöitä ovat muun muassa lainsäädäntö, ympäristölliset seikat, kunnan topografia sekä asukastiheys. Vesihuoltolaitokset eivät voi suoraan vaikuttaa ulkoisiin tekijöihin, mutta niiden tunnistaminen ja vaikutusten analysointi on tärkeää, jotta annetuissa puitteissa voidaan toimia optimaalisesti. Sisäiset tekijät, joihin vesihuoltolaitoksen johto ja kuntaomistaja voivat vaikuttaa, ovat sopivan omistus- ja hallintomallin valinta, eri toimijoiden väliset roolit, hallituksen jäsenten pätevyys, omaisuuden hallinta sekä operationaalinen ja taloudellinen läpinäkyvyys. Tutkimustulosten mukaan vesihuoltolaitoksen kuntaomistajan tulisi keskittyä omistajapolitiikkaan ja rooliinsa omistajana eikä operatiivisena johtajana. Vesihuoltolaitoksen johtokunnan ja hallituksen jäseniä valittaessa tulisi etusijalle asettaa liikkeenjohdollinen ja tekninen osaaminen. Avoimuuden edistäminen ja yhtenäisten raportointikäytäntöjen edellyttäminen ovat lainsäätäjän mahdollisia työkaluja vesihuoltolaitoksen tehokkuuden edistämiseen. Vesihuoltolaitoksen johdon tulisi tehdä pitkän aikavälin investointisuunnitelmia sekä systemaattisesti hallita vesihuoltolaitoksen omaisuutta
2
Maziotis, Alexandros. "Developing panel based methods for profit and performance measurement in the water and sewage sector in England and Wales". Thesis, Aston University, 2011. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15801/.
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The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of regulatory price cap schemes on the financial performance of the Water and Sewerage Companies (WaSCs) even when the number of observations is small. We applied an index number approach to allow for cross sectional comparisons of relative profitability, productivity and price performance of WaSCs during the years 1991-2008. We also applied a panel index approach across WaSCs over time to decompose unit-specific (temporal) index number based profitability growth as a function of the profitability, productivity and price performance growth achieved by benchmark firms, and the catch-up to the benchmark firm achieved by less productive firms. We also employed both index numbers and DEA techniques to evaluate various profit drivers such as price changes, productivity changes and activity effect levels on the financial performance of WaSCs over time. Exogenous characteristics like water and sewerage quality were also included in a profit decomposition analysis. The results showed that during 1991-2000 price caps were “weak” as prices were high enough for the firms to achieve economic profits despite their low productivity levels. However, after 2000 prices became “catch up promoting” as they required less productive companies to eliminate at least some excess costs in order to eliminate economic losses. The steady decline in average price performance, gains in productivity and relatively stable economic profitability after 2000, suggest that Ofwat is now more focused on passing productivity benefits to consumers, and maintaining stable profitability than it was in earlier regulatory periods. The positive impact on profit changes came from substantial improvements in technical change, the cost efficient allocation of resources by substituting labour with capital and small improvements in efficiency gains and output mix. The input price and scale effect had a significant negative impact on profit changes. We suggest that our approach should be of great interest to researchers who are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of regulation and/or developing effective comparative performance techniques when sample sizes are limited.
3
Babayev, Farid Nabi. "Estimation Of Water Alternating Gas (wag) Injection Performance Of An Offshore Field (azeri Field,azerbaijan) Using A Sector Simulation Model". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609852/index.pdf.
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The WAG injection project feasibility of South Flank of Central Azeri field on the basis of simulation model was studied in this thesis work. The 58 sensitivity scenarios were considered to evaluate and analyze the behavior of WAG in this field. Scenarios are based on the important WAG parameters, such as half slug size volume, cycles, WAG ratio, start time, bottomhole injection pressure etc. The Base Case is set with static and dynamic characteristic close to real field. From the scenarios calculated, the Best (Scenario 53, 9.3% incremental oil) and the Worst (Scenario 52, 3.4% incremental oil) cases were analyzed to get general view of WAG in terms of profitability in comparison to the Base Case. For more profound conviction of feasibility of the WAG project, additional cases with Simultaneous WAG injection and cases with changed permeabilities have been considered. The Best case was re-evaluated under application of Carlson&rsquos relative permeability hysteresis model. All results eventually were analyzed in terms of economical profitability &ndash
net present value (NPV). Economical analysis of scenarios is provided at the end of the work.
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Zschille, Michael [Verfasser], Hirschhausen Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] von i David [Akademischer Betreuer] Saal. "Firm performance and industry structure : nonparametric efficiency analysis in the water sector / Michael Zschille. Gutachter: Christian von Hirschhausen ; David Saal". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066163626/34.
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Mårtensson, Emil, i Philip Rumman. "Asset management in the utility sector : The challenges of breaching the gap between current practice and best practice". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264206.
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Vital societal functions are upheld by public infrastructure. For some time, normative theories describing asset management have disseminated in research and in business. Public infrastructure companies are increasingly required to adhere to management standards under regulatory pressure, however, the research area is in need of more empirical contributions on which challenges companies face when implementing management systems standards in their organization. For asset management systems and the ISO 55000 series in particular, the empirical data is lacking. This thesis addresses the challenges public utility companies face when implementing asset management principles. A qualitative case study was conducted during a five-month period at Sweden's largest water utility company, Stockholm Vatten och Avfall AB (SVOA). Fourteen interviews were conducted and compared with company documents to provide triangulation. The findings suggest that the main challenges a public utility company has to overcome to implement an asset management model are: 1) Lack of strategic and long-term planning responsibility. 2) Unclear division of asset responsibilities. 3) Lack of top management commitment towards asset management systems. 4) No standardized risk management. 5) Lack of information sharing between departments. The implications of this study are twofold: In a practical sense the thesis argues for top management of public infrastructure firms to commit to principles of asset management theory, provide a clear division of asset responsibility, introduce systematic risk management principles and policies, as well as promote cross-divisional exchanges of experiences. Academically, this investigation contributes to the literature by providing a better understanding of the ISO 55000 series, and the implementation process of standards similar to it, in the context of companies managed by the public sector.Kritiska samhällsfunktioner möjliggörs av offentlig infrastruktur. Sen ett antal år tillbaka finns flertalet normativa teorier publicerade som beskriver hur tillgångshantering (asset management) ska gå till. Under krav från lagstiftning och tillsynsmyndigheter måste offentliga verksamheter i allt högre grad införa standardiserande arbetssätt. Det finns en brist på forskning kring utmaningarna att bygga upp och införa ledningssystem i verksamheten. Särskilt ledningssystem för tillgångshantering som till exempel ISO 55000 saknar empiriska data. Detta examensarbete behandlar de utmaningar offentliga infrastrukturbolag står inför för att implementera tillgångshanteringsprinciper. En kvalitativ fallstudie gjordes över fem månader på Sverige största leverantör av vattentjänster, Stockholm Vatten och Avfall AB (SVOA). Totalt fjorton intervjuer gjordes och jämfördes mot interna företagsdokument för att uppnå triangulering. Resultaten pekar på att de största utmaningarna ett offentligt infrastrukturbolag måste övervinna är: 1) Brist på strategisk och långtidsplanering. 2) Otydlig fördelning av tillgångsansvar. 3) Brist på ledningsengagemang för tillgångshanteringssystem. 4) Avsaknad av standardiserad riskhantering. 5) Brist på informationsutbyte. Konsekvenserna av examensarbetet är tvåfaldig: På ett praktiskt plan argumenterar examensarbetet för att ledningen av offentliga infrastrukturbolag bör förpliktiga sig åt tillgångshanteringsprinciper. De bör även införa en tydlig uppdelning av tillgångsansvar, introducera standardiserade riskhanteringsmodeller och policy, samt bidra till tvärfunktionella erfarenhetsutbyten. På ett akademiskt plan bidrar examensarbetet till att utöka förståelsen för ISO 55000 standarden och implementeringsprocessen för liknande standarder i kontexten av offentligt styrda företag.
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Colon, Marine. "Les contrats de performance dans le secteur de l’eau urbaine ougandais, structures de la matérialisation de la logique de marché et supports du travail institutionnel". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0063/document.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la diffusion des systèmes de contrôle de gestion, définis comme un ensemble d'indicateurs de performance, de mécanismes incitatifs et de dispositifs de contrôle, dans le secteur de l'eau urbaine. Le sujet nous a paru digne d'intérêt du fait des forts enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux du secteur. Une recherche-intervention menée auprès de l'opérateur public d'eau urbaine ougandais a constitué notre principal terrain, analysé à travers le prisme de la sociologie néo-institutionnelle, dans une démarche abductive et interprétative. En mobilisant le concept de logique institutionnelle, l'institutionnalisation de contrats de performance a été interprétée comme liée à la domination de la logique de marché. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle du contexte socio-politique et des prescriptions des bailleurs de fond dans ce changement institutionnel. Les systèmes de contrôle de gestion apparaissent comme des vecteurs structurant la matérialisation de la logique de marché, en structures, rôles et pratiques organisationnels. Une fois encastrés, ils contraignent l'innovation institutionnelle. Des acteurs du champ organisationnel s'en sont saisis pour conduire un travail institutionnel visant à légitimer leur existence, gagner de l'influence et maintenir l'ordre social. A l'issue de cette recherche, nous proposons d'élargir le modèle de changement institutionnel de Greenwood et al. (2002) par une analyse multi-niveau (société, champ et organisation) et l'intégration d'un nouvel objet : « l'outil de gestion » (Hatchuel et Weil, 1992). Sur le plan empirique, ce nouveau cadre invite à déconstruire les notions de public, privé, performance et service public, afin d'éviter les ambigüités qui limitent la portée des travaux menés sur le secteur de l'eau urbaine. Enfin, cette thèse constitue une mise en garde contre une focalisation sur la performance qui peut détourner des enjeux essentiels et spécifiques du secteurThis PhD thesis focuses on the diffusion of management accounting systems in the urban water sector. These are defined as a set of performance indicators, performance incentive mechanisms, and control practices. This topic is of particular interest considering the strong economic, social and environmental challenges of this sector. Intervention research carried out within the Ugandan urban water utility was our main focus. We analysed the case through the neo-institutional sociology lense in an abductive and interpretative approach. Using the concept of institutional logic, we interpreted the institutionalisation of performance contracts as associated with the domination of a market logic. We highlighted the key role of funding agencies’ recommendations and the socio-political context in this institutional change. The management accounting systems appear as vehicles structuring the materialisation of the market logic into organisational structures, roles, and practices. Once embedded, they constrain institutional innovation processes. Actors from the organisational field have used them to carry out an institutional work, aiming at legitimating their existence, gaining influence and sustaining social order. As the outcome of this research, we propose to expand upon the institutional change model of Greenwood et al. (2002). To do so, we suggested including a multi-level analysis (society, organisational field and organisation) and a new concept: “management tool” (Hatchuel and Weil, 1992). Empirically, this new framework challenges the notions of public, private, performance, and public service to prevent misconceptions limiting the significance of further research on the urban water sector. Finally, this PhD thesis warns against a focus on performance, which may divert from the essential and specific challenges of this sector
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Esposito, Marco. "Redefining the organization of the public water supply sector: an analysisof costs and performance in the Portuguese market". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20542.
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CEMSThe role of regulators in the public sector has never been so challenging. Their function of identifying and amending costs misallocations within operators’ financial statements is constantly threatened by operational inefficiencies and abuses of the local government funds. While encouraging investments, regulators have to deal with the local economic and political situation. Portugal is suffering from a critical fiscal recession that is alarmingly constraining the government budget. On top of this, the municipalities are lowering tariffs to gain citizens’ consensus, creating unsustainable public debts. This paper aims at facilitating the detection of these flaws through the implementation of a financial model, to in turn enhance operators’ sustainability while protecting citizens’ interests.
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Ribeiro, João Gonçalo Quintino Ferreira Reis. "Performance drivers and the public vs. private management debate on water sector companies : conclusions from the Portuguese case". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19965.
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Since the introduction of Public Private Partnerships as a financing model that the discussion around its advantages has been intense. Using as example a strategic and fundamental sector as the water sector, we analyzed what are the main drivers for financial and service quality performance. Public databases for Portuguese water companies were used and performance levels computed, using an evaluation model, Finally, regression analysis was used in order to achieve conclusions on the variables that enhance performance, and also to access the best management model – public or private. Aligned with the findings of the literature review, no clear advantage in private management was found. Nevertheless, solid conclusions were found that longer periods of concession and shorter periods until the end of the concession yield higher performance levels.
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Chopra, Ashish. "Water Market for Efficient Management of Water Resources in India". Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5403.
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India sustains nearly 17% of the world's population but with only 4 % of global water
resources. In India, the water sector faces enormous pressure due to increased
demand resulting from population growth, industrialisation, climate change, and
ine cient water management policies and practices. There is a need for institutional
change for managing the water resources in India. The market-based
mechanism as a demand management tool is gaining attention worldwide and is
being used to allocate or reallocate the water among its competing uses e ectively.
Water trading can improve water productivity and overall social welfare for the
entire basin as water is transferred from the lower value to high-value uses. The
literature on India's water markets indicates the existence of different forms of
informal water markets but lacks in the analysis of the benefit of formal water
trading. In this thesis, the broad objective is to design a formal water market for
efficient water management in India.
The first part of the thesis quantifies India's water scarcity and benchmarks India's
major states based on their water sector performance. The multi-dimensional
Water Poverty Index (WPI) using 20 subcomponents is used to capture the holistic
view of water scarcity. The major states of India are facing medium to scarce
water scarcity, as indicated by their WPI score, which ranges from 38.51 for Uttar
Pradesh to 59.80 for Punjab. The composite WPI index has the major limitation
of subjective weights for the subcomponents, and it has also been identified earlier
in the literature. Therefore, to overcome the drawbacks of WPI, a new multidimensional
index using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) using the concept of
relative efficiency is developed in this thesis. The DEA results indicate that Kerala
outperformed other states and achieved 100% of relative efficiency, while the least
performing state was Uttar Pradesh, with 73.25% relative efficiency.
The literature on water scarcity indicates that the water crisis is a direct outcome
of the governance crisis. Therefore, the second objective of the thesis aims
to understand the water institutions and their impact on the performance of the
water sector in India. Primary data collected using an online survey from water
experts in India is used in this study. An exploratory factor analysis has been
performed to determine the underlying water institution's latent factors. The significance of these extracted factors on six performance aspects of the water sector
was studied using multiple linear regression. The most significant predictor of water
sector performance turned out to be the factor related to accountability with
it's standardised beta varying in the range of 0.311 to 0.515, followed by a factor
related to water transfer policy with standardised beta varies from 0.259 to 0.491.All the six linear regression models were statistically significant with R2 in the
range of 39.3% to 71.4%.
Part-I of the thesis indicates India's alarming water situation as most of the
major states face medium to severe water scarcity. Status quo water institutions
that are supply-side oriented are weak in handling India's water sector's evolving
challenges. In the second part of the thesis, a public water bank based market
mechanism is proposed for efficient management of India's water sector. The market
agents' selection has been based on the historical data on the beneficiaries from
the basin's major reservoirs. The marginal benefit derived from the maximisation
of the participating agents' benefi t has been used to identify their willingness to
pay or accept. Further different price discovery mechanisms have been evaluated
for their effect on the surpluses of consumers and producers.
A case study on the implementation of the water market in the upper Cauvery
river basin is presented in the thesis. The result shows that agriculture agents are
the predominant seller, and the domestic sector emerges as predominant buyers.
The domestic agents were also able to satisfy the bare minimum water requirement
of the population by trading the water in the market. The implementation of a
water market has also resulted in an increase in social-welfare in the basin. The
study also evaluated the impact of increasing the minimum support price (MSP)
of the crops and a decrease in the total water availability in the river basin on
different market performance characteristics. The study shows a decrease in intersectoral
trade (agriculture to domestic) by 35% with a 50% increase in MSP and
an increase by 17% with a 50% decrease in water availability. Also, it has been
noted that the water traded in the market increases as the water scarcity increases
in the basin.
The analysis in this thesis shows that the proposed water market mechanism
results in a reallocation of water and social surplus gain in the basin and can be
used as a future management tool to mitigate water scarcity.
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Cardoso, Carla Jimena. "Corporate governance in municipality-owned enterprises: a case study". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/8185.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Finanças Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015Os problemas de governance são cada vez mais frequentes. São numerosos os escândalos que envolvem gestores de empresas influentes, a falta de transparência na publicação de relatórios empresariais ou os indícios de promiscuidade entre entidades públicas e privadas. Estes acontecimentos intensificaram o interesse de estudar o tema numa perspetiva empresarial municipal. O corporate governance é uma temática que abrange a forma como as empresas são geridas, o nível de confiança nos relatórios publicados e engloba também a relação da empresa com os seus stakeholders. O conceito é estudado desde há muitos anos, por diferentes investigadores, com o objetivo geral de conseguir determinar o papel do corporate governance. Os stakeholders representam todos os intervenientes que afetam e são afetados pela empresa, estando incluídos neste termo entidades com interesses diferentes como, por exemplo, os fornecedores, colaboradores, clientes e população em geral. Alguns teóricos defendem que o corporate governance é a solução para que os investidores garantam o retorno do capital investido. Outros definem o conceito como sendo um sistema que regula a administração das empresas. Opiniões diferentes sobre o conceito espelham a diversidade do que se entende por corporate governance. Numa perspetiva empírica, existem diversos estudos que pretendem medir o impacto do corporate governance, alguns focados na performance. A avaliação das políticas de governance praticadas utiliza, normalmente, as seguintes dimensões: (1) o conselho de administração, (2) a estrutura de capital, (3) a relação com os stakeholders da empresa, (4) transparência e a accountability e por último (4) plano legal e de regulamentação. O âmbito das diferentes dimensões incluí: i. No que diz respeito ao Conselho de Administração: a. Revisão e controlo da estratégia da empresa; b. Promoção da transparência e da ética dentro da empresa; c. Inclusão ou não de membros independentes; d. Estabelecimento de objetivos; e. Controlo da eficiência do corporate governance. ii. No que diz respeito à estrutura de capital: a. Igualdade entre os acionistas; b. Nível de dispersão do capital; c. Promoção do bom funcionamento da estrutura; d. Atenuar os “conflitos de agência”. iii. No que diz respeito às relações com os stakeholders: a. Respeitar os direitos dos stakeholders; b. Reconhecer a interdependência dos interesses dos stakeholders na empresa; c. Incluir a participação dos colaboradores na estratégia; d. Comunicar atividades ilegais ou imorais. iv. Em relação à transparência e accountability: a. Publicar relatório de contas com informação fiável; b. Promover a fiabilidade da auditoria externa para confirmar a informação publicada; c. Publicar possíveis riscos que possam afetar a empresa; d. Revelar as práticas de corporate governance implementadas na empresa; e. Revelar as políticas de remuneração aplicadas aos órgãos sociais. v. No que diz respeito ao plano legal e de regulamentação: a. Assegurar a regulamentação da atividade das empresas europeias; b. Definir os elementos que devem constar nos estatutos da empresa. A definição das vertentes de cada uma das dimensões permite a correta avaliação das empresas, relativamente às práticas de corporate governance implementadas. O objeto do presente estudo é, no entanto, estudar a governance em empresas municipais. O conceito de corporate governance aplicado à realidade municipal não tem sido objeto de muitos estudos. Embora, a OECD (2011) afirme que o setor público pode beneficiar dos instrumentos aplicados no setor privado, os dois sistemas assumem-se como diferentes. De acordo com a Lei n.º 50/2012 de 31 de agosto, as empresas municipais ou empresas locais, têm como objeto a exploração de atividades de interesse geral ou a promoção do desenvolvimento regional e têm como objetivo garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida aos residentes e alcançar a autossustentabilidade. A diversidade de interesses, entre os vários agentes, geram diferenças entre o corporate governance no setor público e no setor privado. Torna-se, por isso, necessário adaptar as responsabilidades e os indicadores das dimensões anteriormente descritos, à realidade das empresas municipais. Não são conhecidas metodologias de abordagem deste tema em empresas municipais. A relevância deste tema é, no entanto, relevante. As empresas municipais cumprem objetivos muito importantes e, no contexto empresarial do Algarve, são das empresas mais significativas, não só pelas atividades que desenvolvem mas também se as analisarmos pelos critérios ligados à sua dimensão em número de trabalhadores e em ativos. O objeto deste trabalho, ao procurar uma relação entre o corporate governance e performance, pretende responder às seguintes questões: a) Como pode ser medido o corporate governance em empresas municipais? e b) Como podem as diferenças no corporate governance afetar a performance das empresas municipais? Para responder a estas questões, adotaram-se as seguintes opções: (i) O estudo deveria centrar-se em empresas que atuassem nos mesmos setores de atividade, prestassem serviços similares, tivessem dimensões semelhantes mas com diferentes configurações a nível da estrutura capital; (ii) O estudo deveria avaliar as diferenças existentes ao nível das políticas de corporate governance praticadas nas empresas municipais escolhidas; (iii) Deveria ser feita uma análise à performance dessas empresas e analisar os seus resultados tendo em conta a natureza do modelo de governance seguido. No que diz respeito ao primeiro item, optou-se por estudar duas empresas municipais que se dedicam ao abastecimento de água e saneamento de águas residuais domésticas em locais distintos do Algarve, com dimensões idênticas mas uma é totalmente detida pelo Município e outra que, sendo detida maioritariamente pelo Município no qual tem sede, tem uma forte componente de capital privado. No que diz respeito ao segundo item, foi utilizado uma adaptação do modelo desenvolvido por Kaufmann et al. (2010). Finalmente, em relação ao terceiro item, procedeu-se a uma análise comparativa de indicadores chave de performance segundo as metodologias seguidas por Marr (2012) e por Neves (2012). A aplicação desta metodologia permitir compreender melhor a problemática em estudo e através da comparação dos seus resultados, extraíra conclusões sobre as questões supramencionadas. De acordo com a análise efetuada, concluímos que a empresa com capital privado apresenta melhores indicadores de governance do que a que é detida exclusivamente por capitais públicos. A análise comparativa dos indicadores chave de performance evidencia que a empresa com melhores resultados é, novamente, a empresa com capital privado. As conclusões alcançadas não devem ser generalizadas. Os resultados obtidos, refletem que melhores políticas de corporate governance têm um impacto positivo na performance da empresa, o que está de acordo com os estudos e recomendações da OECD.
Książki na temat "Water Sector Performance"
1
Saleth, R. Maria. Evaluation of water institutions and water sector performance. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999.
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Ghana. Ministry of Water Resources, Works & Housing. Water and sanitation sector performance report. Accra: Republic of Ghana, Ministry of Water Resources, Works, and Housing, 2009.
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M, Harchaoui Tarek, i Statistics Canada. Micro-Economic Analysis Division., red. Water use, shadow prices and the Canadian business sector productivity performance. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2004.
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A, Popov Alexander, Pushak Nataliya i World Bank, red. Does private sector participation improve performance in electricity and water distribution? Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008.
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Saleth, R. Maria, i Ariel Dinar. Evaluating Water Institutions and Water Sector Performance. The World Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4561-3.
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Drinking Water Sector in Ghana: Drivers for Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.
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Saleth, Maria. Evaluating Water Institutions and Water Sector Performance (World Bank Technical Paper). World Bank Publications, 1999.
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Gassner, Katharina, Alexander Popov i Nataliya Pushak. Does Private Sector Participation Improve Performance in Electricity and Water Distribution? The World Bank, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7715-4.
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Scaling up Multiple Use Water Services: Accountability in Public Water Sector Performance for Health and Wealth. Practical Action Publishing, 2014.
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Nyarko, Kwabena Biritwum. Drinking Water Sector in Ghana : Drivers for Performance: PhD, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Water Sector Performance"
1
Fekete, Balázs M., i Eugene Z. Stakhiv. "Performance Indicators in the Water Resources Management Sector". W The Global Water System in the Anthropocene, 15–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07548-8_2.
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Ong, Corinne, Cecilia Tortajada i Ojasvee Arora. "Introduction". W SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8677-2_1.
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AbstractThis guidebook on urban water demand management in ASEAN seeks to document and synthesise good WDM policies, measures, and practices, relevant to ASEAN stakeholders. In particular, the guidebook is expected to be useful to policymakers interested in considering non-structural (Soft approaches/non-price mechanisms such as public education campaigns and school curricula, water efficiency audits and benchmarking, outreach and communication through utility bills, etc.) approaches to water management; to regulators in monitoring and incentivising performance in the water sector; and water service providers in increasing their service efficiency.
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He, Yiming. "Electricity Consumption, Water Consumption and Long-Run Economic Performance: Based on a Dual Sector Dynamic Equilibrium Model". W The Institutional Paradigm of Economic Geography, 121–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9978-8_7.
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Tiwari, Udit, i Sahab Dass. "Moisture Stable Soot Coated Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photoelectrodes for Hydrogen Production in Water". W Springer Proceedings in Energy, 141–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_18.
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AbstractMetal halide perovskites have triggered a quantum leap in the photovoltaic technology marked by a humongous improvement in the device performance in a matter of just a few years. Despite their promising optoelectronic properties, their use in the photovoltaic sector remains restricted due to their inherent instability towards moisture. Here, we report a simple, cost-effective and highly efficient protection strategy that enables their use as photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production while being immersed in water. A uniform coating of candle soot and silica is developed as an efficient hydrophobic coating that protects the perovskite from water while allowing the photogenerated electrons to reach the counter electrode. We achieve remarkable stability with photocurrent density above 1.5 mA cm−2 at 1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for ~1 h under constant illumination. These results indicate an efficient route for the development of stable perovskite photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.
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Gulati, Ashok, Raj Paroda, Sanjiv Puri, D. Narain i Anil Ghanwat. "Food System in India. Challenges, Performance and Promise". W Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 813–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_43.
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AbstractIndia’s transformation of its food system from a highly deficient one in the mid-1960s to one that is self-reliant and marginally surplus now is a success story that holds lessons for many smallholder economies in Africa and south and south-east Asia. India has emerged as the largest producer of milk, spices, cotton and pulses; the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables; the third largest producer of eggs; and the fifth largest producer of poultry meat. It is also the largest exporter of rice, spices and bovine meat. All of this became possible with an infusion of new technologies, innovative institutional engineering, and the right incentives. However, as India looks towards 2030 and beyond, its food system faces many challenges ranging from increasing pressure on natural resources (soils, water, air, forests) to climate change to fragmenting land holdings, increasing urbanisation, and high rates of malnutrition amongst children. To meet these challenges successfully, India needs a proper mix of policies- from the subsidy-driven to the investment-driven, from price policy to income policy, promoting agricultural diversification towards more nutritious food. It also needs to incentivise its private sector to build efficient and inclusive value chains, giving due importance to environmental sustainability. More innovative technologies, from green-to-gene, increasing digitalisation, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, would be needed to ‘produce more from less’ with a goal of feeding the most populous nation on this planet by 2030 in a sustainable manner.
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Rahmani, Sita, Takehiko Murayama, Shigeo Nishikizawa i Muhammad Sani Roychansyah. "Local Governance of Sustainability Transition in Community-Scale Solar Water Pumping Systems in Indonesia". W Environment & Policy, 439–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_23.
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AbstractSustainability transition emerges in various types of community-scale projects. Indonesia has been actively implementing solar water pumping systems (SWPS) since 1982. However, for almost four decades, SWPS, as a niche innovation, have not achieved significant adoption of solar technology in the water utility sector. This study aimed to assess local governance aspects of SWPS in the context of sustainability transition from two perspectives: internal niche management and local actors. We assessed nine SWPS projects in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, using structured interviews that were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the discontinuation of support made SWPS unsustainable, operating only for an average of 4 years. Crucial operational factors included electrical damage, insufficient training, and lack of funds for damage repair. The iterative process of learning, network building, and vision did not eventuate. SWPS have direct benefit on the water supply; however, technological performance feedback related to the karst environment was insufficiently addressed and the network of actors did not expand to higher levels of local government. SWPS were viewed as an unreliable technology; hence, there was no vision for applying SWPS as a water utility. Solar photovoltaic pumps need strong support to compete with diesel and electrical water utility pumps. To achieve sustainability transition, it is imperative to generate vision, promote policy change, and build committed networks within local government rather than simply replicate the number of project installations.
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Milardi, Martino, Evelyn Grillo i Mariateresa Mandaglio. "The Importance of Testing Activities for a “New” Generation of Building Envelope". W The Urban Book Series, 703–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_63.
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AbstractThe construction sector is considered, directly or indirectly, one of the pillars for the application of technological solutions to rise the quality levels of building envelopes. The need to realize new processes capable of “dynamically” reading the responses of the built systems becomes an essential action to understand how the dynamics of climate change determine and trigger evident effects on the built environment. In this scenario, the contribution describes the experimental research activities on a curved facade—carried out at the TCLab Section of Building Future Lab of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria—to verify its performance responses to extreme events according to specific standardized protocols. Therefore, this study focuses on the building envelope, as the main subsystem through which leakage occurs, not only in terms of thermal and dynamic fluxes, but of air and water permeability. Testing activities, nowadays of fundamental value for climate change phenomena, allow to predict the behavior of the built environment and at the same time to evaluate alternative solution. The research efforts go toward defining a design methodology for a new generation of building envelopes, capable of reacting to different contextual conditions by raising the environmental and performance quality according to adaptive dynamics. From the tests carried out, the results take the form of test protocols, giving real added value to research and implementing applied experimentation actions with highly reliable results.
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Sethuramalingam, R., Abhishek Asthana, S. Xygkaki, K. Liu, J. Eduardo, S. Wilson i C. Bater. "Energy Demand Reduction in Data Centres Using Computational Fluid Dynamics". W Springer Proceedings in Energy, 275–84. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30960-1_26.
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AbstractA data centre is a facility where it hosts the server systems, computer systems, and its associated components such as cooling units, redundancy power supplies and power storage systems. Data centres are a very energy-demanding sector. Data Centre Dynamics magazine forecasts that by 2025, Data Centres will consume more than 2% of the global electricity supply. Due to this forecast, it is become vital to reduce the energy consumption in the data centre industry. On average, data centres use 30–50% of their total energy supply on mechanical cooling to cool their IT equipment. However, many of them still have difficulties with high-temperature regions such as hot spots in the server data hall which contributes to server downtime. Along with this, the power densities of the data centres are on the rise as the telecommunication industry at exponential growth over the years. This inefficiency in the temperature distribution can be resolved through advanced computational fluid dynamics software. It also becomes essential to expand the use of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) into key sections of Data Centre design, to reduce thermal inefficiencies. It is necessary to identify the potential issues at the initial stages to deliver efficient solutions which will work at a low Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), to future-proof data centre facilities. This paper outlines the importance of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis in the data centre design. The mock-up data centre internal and external models are analysed in 6Sigma Software. The various parameters were investigated to optimise the energy performance of the infrastructure. The results also provided the analysis of the data hall with detailed rack inlet and 3D modelling of the data hall, external simulations with chillers and generators inlet temperatures highlighting trouble areas. Additional to this, Water cooled, and Air-cooled chiller performance comparison also studied and concluded that Water cooled chiller performance well than Air cooled chiller. Having the data hall air supply temperature 27 °C than 24 °C, has improved the energy efficiency in the data centre. The model developed in this study can be used as a benchmark study for the present and future thermal optimization of data centres.
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Ghisellini, Patrizia, Rashmi Anoop Patil, Sven Kevin van Langen i Seeram Ramakrishna. "Circularity at Meso Level: A Sector Perspective". W Circularity Assessment: Macro to Nano, 57–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9700-6_4.
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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the application of CE at the meso level. The authors focus on EIPs, as the most representative cases at this level. The EIPs are unique examples showing how companies can cooperate in sharing resources such as water, energy, material, by-products, and services. Case studies of EIPs (IZ NÖ-Süd in Austria and Ulsan Mipo and Onsan Industrial Park) are presented, with their environmental, economic, and social performances tracked through existing evaluation frameworks. To provide a deeper perspective on the topic, the origins, evolution, and current performances of Kalundborg Symbiosis EIP in Denmark, the well-known longstanding case of EIP are briefly summarized. Moreover, the current monitoring framework developed by the Chinese government complements the analysis. So far, China has developed the largest EIP program worldwide. Overall, the EIPs case studies show that, besides the economic benefits, EIPs provide environmental and social benefits depending on their implementation and management. In such a way, the cases show how EIPs can contribute to diversifying the industrial context in a more sustainable way and more in harmony with the natural environment and the surrounding social community.
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Hu, Cao, Kunpeng Fan, Minghua Li, Jie Wu i Yiwen Xu. "Study on the Influence of Sand Mining in the Channel of Sima Bend in Yangzhong of the Yangtze River". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1–9. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_1.
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AbstractTaking the sand mining project in a local river section in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, as an example, this paper investigates the complex effects of sand mining project on river potential. Based on MIKE21 software to establish a two-dimensional water–sand mathematical model of the project river section, this study investigates the change of river potential in the local river section near the project after the implementation of different sand mining schemes through numerical simulation to explore the influence of this sand mining project on river potential. The results show that (1) except for slight changes in the project area, there are no significant changes in the rest of the section. Under each calculation condition, the mainstream line in the sand mining area is slightly rightward by about 5 m; (2) the implementation of sand mining project, the diversion ratio of the left branch of Taiping Island slightly increases, and the corresponding diversion ratio of the right branch of Taiping Island decreases, but the change of the diversion ratio is very small, such as the increase of the diversion ratio of the left branch of Taiping Island and the left branch of the inaugurated Island is generally within 0.01% (3) the implementation of the sand project, the water level The overall performance is slightly congested. The implementation of the project has a small impact on the change of the deep flood line in the project section, and the river pattern will not change significantly.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Water Sector Performance"
1
Zahraie, Banafsheh, Mohammad Karamouz, Reza Kerachian i Masoud Asadzadeh. "Evaluation of Water Sector Performance: A Case Study". W World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)503.
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Figueiredo, Marielle Ferreira, i Rossana Veiga do Canto. "Staff turnover: A study conducted in the operational sector of a water supply and sewage treatment company". W III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-258.
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Nowadays, a highly competitive market is perceived, and there is a need for companies to adopt an efficient management process to ensure their survival. It is observed that the organizational environment presents high levels of demands with complex objectives, which demand from employees a high degree of performance and productivity, which are challenged to maximum productivity in a climate of high pressure. In this case, knowing how to manage the psychological state and satisfaction of your employees is of great importance so that the work does not become exhausting and the desired productivity is achieved.
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Cudd, Robert, Kevin Anderson i Wael Yassine. "Evaluating the Energy Savings From Community Scale Solar Water Heating in Los Angeles County: Residential Case Studies". W ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3960.
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Abstract Estimation of Energy Savings from Community Scale Solar Water Heating in Los Angeles County explores the extent to which community scale solar water heating systems, designed for residential structures in Los Angeles County and constructed from currently available technology, can displace natural gas for domestic water heating through a series of case studies. The effects of policy, urban form, and building characteristics on the performance of solar water heating systems, as well as community scale solar water heating’s potential to reduce emissions from the residential housing sector, are discussed herein. Three public and three private residential developments were selected as case studies for community scale solar water heating, with numbers of units and residents ranging from the tens to hundreds. These six cases were draw from the pool of approximately 19,000 “energy communities” in Los Angeles County, i.e. residential developments where the installation and operation of community scale solar water heating systems is broadly feasible. The six properties were also chosen to represent a cross-section housing stock and development patterns common in Los Angeles County, and different levels of suitability for solar water heating. The performance of and energy savings from solar water heating systems on each of these properties is then evaluated using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s System Advisor Model (NREL SAM). The results of the system simulations reveal how building characteristics and hot water demand affect the performance of community scale solar water heating systems. The case study sites’ system simulations show that residential developments with community scale solar water heating systems reach an average solar fraction of 50%. The results of the case studies indicate that community scale solar water heating is viable as an emissions reduction technology for the residential building sector in Mediterranean climates. However, side-by-side comparison with solar PV systems and other water heating technologies (such as grid-connected heat pumps) is necessary to determine optimality in terms of cost, emissions reduction, and thermal efficiency) in specific contexts.
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Chen, Hua, i Qianqian Di. "Application of Water-Cooled Air-Conditioning for High-Rise Residential Buildings". W 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22127.
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To improve the applicability of water-cooled air-conditioners in the domestic sector, the development of a prediction model for energy performance analysis is needed. This paper addressed the development of an empirical model for predicting the operation performance and the annual energy consumption for the use of water-cooled air-conditioners. An experimental prototype was set up and tested in an environmental chamber in validating the empirical model. The predictions compared well with the experimental results. Furthermore, a high-rise residential building whole-year energy consumption simulation on applications of water-cooled air conditioners in South china was also analyzed. The results show 20.4% energy savings over air-cooled units while the increase in water-side consumption is 31.1%. The overall energy savings were estimated at 16.2% when including the additional water costs.
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Chougule, Sandesh S., i S. K. Sahu. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Augmentation in Automobile Radiator With CNT/Water Nanofluid". W ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22100.
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The trend toward higher engine power leads to larger radiators in automobile sector and increased frontal areas, resulting increased fuel consumption. Heat transfer of coolant flow through the automobile radiators is of great importance for the optimization of fuel consumption. Compaq cooling system can be manufactured by introducing nanocoolant with in automobile radiator. In this paper, heat transfer of CNT based nanocoolant has experimentally compared to that of pure water in an automobile radiator. Four different concentrations of nanofluids in the range of 0.15–1 vol. % have been prepared by the addition of CNT nanoparticles into the water. The test liquid flows through the radiator consisted of vertical tubes with rectangle cross section and air makes a cross flow inside the tube bank with constant speed. The CNT nanocoolants are synthesized by functionalization CNT (FCNT) and surface treatment (SCNT) method. The effects of type of nanofluid, variation in pH and nanoparticle concentration on the Nusselt number are deeply investigated. Results demonstrate that both nanocoolant show enormous change Nusselt number in comparison with water. The results of functionalized CNT nanocoolant with 5.5 pH show better performance than 6.8 and 9 pH nanocoolant. The surface treated CNT nanocoolant show results deterioration in heat transfer performance. Furthermore, increasing the nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid velocity enhances the Nusselt number.
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Vujošević, Nina. "ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN MONTENEGRO". W Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0001.
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The average stock of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) assets in Montenegro accounts for almost 100 percent of the GDP. SOEs in Montenegro are concentrated in natural monopoly sectors such as energy, transportation, water supply, waste management, and tourism. A SOEs employment footprint in Montenegro accounts for almost 10 percent of total employment which is rather high and similar to some other South-East Europe developing economies. The objective of this research is to analyze fiscal risks stemming from the 20 largest out of 45 central-government-owned SOEs and to show whether SOEs’ corporate governance weaknesses are at the root of the arising fiscal risks. The methodology used in the research, first includes the OECD corporate governance criteria implementation to measure the stance of corporate governance of 20 analyzed SOEs. The second step of the research methodology is about carrying out a financial ratio analysis to identify fiscal risks stemming from SOEs and confirm whether the fiscal risks are increasing if SOEs’ corporate governance is weak. Assessing fiscal risks for the selected group of SOEs is based on the IMF methodology that defines a threshold to assess whether the financial performance of SOEs leads to fiscal risks. Although having a prominent role in the Montenegrin economy, weaknesses in SOEs’ corporate governance reflected in inefficiencies in their management impose substantial financial and fiscal costs. Looking a few years backward, the economic performance of SOEs varies across sectors from profitable SOEs in the energy sector to loss-making enterprises in transportation.
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Martins, Lui´s B., Ana C. M. Ferreira, Manuel L. Nunes, Celina P. Lea˜o, Senhorinha F. C. F. Teixeira, Francisco Marques i Jose´ C. F. Teixeira. "Optimal Design of Micro-Turbine Cogeneration Systems for the Portuguese Buildings Sector". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64470.
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The use of combined heat and power (CHP) systems to produce both electric and thermal energies for medium-size buildings is on the increase, due to their high overall efficiency, high energy prices and political and social awareness. In this paper, an energy-economic study is presented. The main objective is to implement an analysis that will lead to the optimal design of a small cogeneration system, given the thermal power duration curve of a multi-family residential building. A methodology was developed to obtain this curve for a reference B-class building located in the North of Portugal. The CHP unit is based on a micro gas-turbine and includes an Internal Pre-Heater (IPH), typical of these types of small-scale units, and an external Water Heater (WH). A numerical optimization method was applied to solve the thermo-economic model. The mathematical model yields an objective function defined as the maximization of the annual worth of the cogeneration system. A purchase cost equation was used for each major plant component that takes into account size and performance variables. Seven decision variables were selected for the optimization algorithm, including performance of internal gas-turbine components and electrical and thermal powers. The results show that, the revenue from selling electricity to the grid and fuel costs have the greatest impact on the annual worth of the system. The optimal solution for the small CHP is sensitive to fuel price, electricity feed-in-tariff, capital cost and to the thermal load profile of the building. High European energy prices point towards future micro gas-turbines with better electrical efficiencies, achieved via a higher pressure-ratio compressor and turbine inlet temperature.
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Nanstad, Randy K., G. Robert Odette i Mikhail A. Sokolov. "Ensuring the Performance of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels for Long-Time Service". W ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25832.
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Structural integrity of the reactor pressure vessel is a critical element in demonstrating the capability of light water reactors for operation to at least 80 y. The Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program Plan is a collaborative program between the U.S. Department of Energy and the private sector directed at extending the life of the present generation of nuclear power plants to enable such long-time operation. Given that the current generation of light water reactors were intended to operate for 40 y, there are significant issues that need to be addressed to reduce the uncertainties in regulatory application. The neutron dose to the vessel will at least double, and the database for such high dose levels under the low flux conditions in the vessel is nonexistent. Associated with this factor are uncertainties regarding flux effects, effects of relatively high nickel content, uncertainties regarding application of fracture mechanics, thermal annealing and reirradiation. The issue of high neutron fluence/long irradiation times and flux effects is the highest priority. Both data and mechanistic understanding are needed to enable accurate, reliable embrittlement predictions at high fluences. This paper discusses the major issues associated with long-time operation of existing RPVs, the LWRSP plans to address those issues, and recent relevant results.
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Bucovetchi, Olga maria cristina, Dorel Badea i Cristina petronela Simion. "BUSINESS CONTINUITY APPLIED TO EEDUCATION". W eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-059.
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In order to talk about performance management, one shall apply business continuity concepts that imply to forecast, understand, document, measure and transform a complex situation at a specific time in a highly depended environment. Business continuity within critical infrastructures (CI) sectors represent the core of a comfortable life in term of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people (as stated Directive 114/2008). For a long period of time, critical infrastructure sector were assessed as an isolated system with no exchanges with the macro-system / environment. Nowadays, when the "systems of system" paradigm is more and more applied, the interdependencies become a major topic of discussion. Interdependencies represent the bi-directional relationship between the sectors under evaluation; the activity disruption within one sector is followed by the disruptions within the interdependent sectors. The authors consider very useful such demarche as identifying the CIs sectors interdependencies that might occur when dealing with e-Learning platforms. Furthermore, once identified, the authors analysed the impact of service disruption within one CI sector over the others CIs performance. The method used during the primary research was the survey and the tool - the structured-interviews. The second step was to add expert elicitation in order to surpass the challenges emphasized by the analysis. One of the input data for the present paper was a previous research made by the authors that highlighted that the research made at national level should be analysed in terms of critical infrastructures. The originality of the present paper consists in identifying the interoperability of sectors that weren't taken into consideration before, as for example research, while most interdependencies' studies are focused on IT&C and energy or water and energy interdependencies.
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González Sánchez, Belén, Wladimir Salazar Chuquimarca, Joan Ramon Rosell Amigó i Antonia Navarro Ezquerra. "The importance of water in traditional gypsum works". W HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15303.
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Until the second half of the 20th century, the traditional architecture of the Iberian Peninsula was directly linked to the resources available in its immediate surroundings, naturally diversification the built heritage throughout the territory. In its gypsiferous areas, we find a great versatility of construction systems in which the main binder used is traditional gypsum, although this material has been forgotten in the 20th and the 21st century architecture, meanwhile industrial gypsum currently plays a secondary role in the construction sector. Gypsum, like any traditional binder, is a material that is particularly sensitive to the amount of water with which it is mixed, which will be strongly linked to the technique of application, among other technological parameters. Thus, the final performance of the product is, among other things, a consequence of this water/gypsum ratio, as Francisco Arredondo states in some of his works. In them, the behaviour of an industrial gypsum is analysed as a function of the mixing water, relating it in turn to other parameters such as compressive strength, water absorption and bulk density. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the mixing water on the physical and mechanical properties of different traditional plasters, taking into account previous studies, the diversity of traditional uses of gypsum and current application techniques.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Water Sector Performance"
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Adam, Isabelle, Mihály Fazekas, Alfredo Hernandez Sanchez, Peter Horn i Nóra Regös. Integrity Dividends: Procurement in the Water and Sanitation Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. Redaktorzy Marcello Basani i Jacopo Gamba. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004688.
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Public procurement represents a large portion of government expenditure, more so in developing economies. Inefficiencies in public expenditures thus place a heavy burden on society. The Water and Sanitation (W&S) sector is especially vulnerable to public procurement inefficiencies due to the capital-intensive and complex nature of large-scale projects such as sewage, pipelines, and general maintenance. Recent studies have found that quality of corporate governance and transparency of water utilities as well as regulatory and supervisory agencies are key drivers of the sectors performance. To support better policies in the W&S sector, this report conducts a sectoral measurement of public procurement integrity using government administrative data and identifies effective interventions for improving the performance of utilities. The following questions are explored: Which types of integrity risk carry the highest economic costs? What are effective policy solutions? Which address the most impactful risks effectively? What are the price savings and project-delay-reducing impacts of such solutions? To this effect, the study analyzes data for six countries in the Latin American & Caribbean region. Several regression models were run to assess which indicators of integrity are good predictors of improved outcomes in terms of price (unit or relative) and quality (delays) of public purchases in the sector.
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Coli, Pedro, Caroline Pflueger, Tyler Campbell i L. Javier Garcia. Blockchain Uses for Microfinance Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Pilot Study. Redaktorzy Mauro Nalesso i Keisuke Sasaki. Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003273.
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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are organizations that provide small loans to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history and therefore do not have access to traditional commercial banking. Blockchain technology could be used to create a more holistic view of the financial position of a potential borrower, which could result in better lending decisions. This study explores how blockchain technology has the potential to assist Microfinance Institutions in the water and sanitation sector through a pilot project developed in Peru. The improvements seen in the existing microfinance ecosystem during the implementation of the blockchain platform can be sorted into two main groups: improved institutional performance, and data ownership for the individuals.
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Féry, Guillaume. The Digital Journey of Water and Sanitation Utilities in Latin America and The Caribbean: What is at Stake and How to Begin. Redaktorzy Marcello Basani i Xoán Fernández. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004562.
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This discussion paper provides a foundation for digital transformation of water and sanitation utilities and illustrates how emerging technologies, new types of organizations, and forms of working can improve service performance and address issues related to water and wastewater management, with a focus on Latin America and the Caribbean. It also explores the fundamental dimensions of digital transformation of organizations, beyond technology, highlighting the importance of the human side of things, as well as operational impacts associated with data profusion, systems integration and interconnectivity. Finally, it shows examples of how decision-making has evolved for some front-runners, from planned and reactive operations to proactive and data-driven utilities. It aims to answer the following questions: What does digital transformation mean for the Water and Sanitation sector? What lessons can be learned from peers around the world? What are the learning points for the LAC region, considering the specific local context and its priorities? The authors also want to offer some tangible illustrations and actionable insights for professionals, wherever their organizations stand along the journey to a fully digital, connected, and data-driven company. The target audience is anyone interested in this sector, with a special focus on key actors in the ecosystem (such as regulators as well as practitioners). The goal of this paper is to raise awareness among people from water and sanitation utilities and, most importantly, provide them with insights to get started with their digital journey.
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Ali, Ayman, Ahmed Saidi, Yusef Mehta, Christopher DeCarlo, Mohamed Elshear, Benjamin Cox i Wade Lein. Development and validation of a balanced mix design approach for CIR mixtures using full-scale testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45704.
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The main goal of this study was to improve the performance of cold in-place recycling (CIR) mixtures by using a balanced mix design (BMD) approach. This study involved preparing and testing CIR mixtures in the lab at varying contents of bituminous additives and constant content of 1% ce-ment and 3% water. Eight combinations of CIR mixtures were produced for this study using two binders (emulsion and foamed asphalt), compaction efforts (30 and 70 gyrations), and curing processes (72 hours at 140°F and 50°F). Results showed that asphalt pavement analyzer, semicircular bend, and indirect tensile strength tests presented the highest correlation with the change of binder contents. The study successfully used the developed BMD for designing CIR mixtures and selecting their optimum binder contents. It then used three balanced CIR mixtures to construct full-scale pavement sections to validate the BMD approach in the field. A heavy vehicle simulator was used to apply different accelerated loadings on each section. Results showed that the CIR section with 2% binder presented the best rutting performance under truck loading and the highest rutting susceptibility under aircraft loading. Conversely, the CIR section with 3% binder presented the highest cracking resistance under both truck and aircraft loading.
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Madrzykowski, aniel, Craig Weinschenk i Joseph Willi. Exposing Fire Service Hose in a Flashover Chamber. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, kwiecień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/tkog7594.
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At the request of the Fire Department City of New York (FDNY), UL’s Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) instrumented and documented a series of 12 thermal exposure hose experiments that were conducted in the burn compartment of an FDNY flashover simulator. The main objective of the experiments was to observe the performance of fire hoses exposed to the heat flux from flaming hot gas layer conditions above the hose. FDNY collected a variety of hose types that represented a cross section of commercially available materials and construction methods. The thermal exposures generated in the burn compartment were measured. The fire experiments were stopped once the hose being examined began to lose water through the wall of the hose. All of the hoses lost water through their wall, although the size of the holes and the amount of water leakage varied. While the burn compartment provided a “fire room environment” and different types of hose failures were demonstrated, the thermal exposure within the compartment was not demonstrated to be repeatable. Therefore it is not possible to develop a comparable rank or rating of the fire resistance of these hoses from this series of experiments.
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DeSantis, John, i Jeffery Roesler. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on I-72 Experimental Unbonded Concrete Overlay. Illinois Center for Transportation, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-002.
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A research study investigated longitudinal cracking developing along an experimental unbonded concrete overlay (UBOL) on I-72 near Riverton, Illinois. The project evaluated existing literature on UBOL (design, construction, and performance), UBOL case studies, and mechanistic-empirical design procedures for defining the mechanisms that are contributing to the observed distresses. Detailed distress surveys and coring were conducted to assess the extent of the longitudinal cracking and faulting along the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint. Coring over the transverse contraction joints in the driving lane showed stripping and erosion of the dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) interlayer was the primary mechanism initiating the longitudinal cracks. Cores from the lane-shoulder joint confirmed stripping and erosion was also occurring there and leading to the elevation difference between the driving lane and shoulder. Field sections by surrounding state departments of transportation (DOTs), such as Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, with similar UBOL design features to the I-72 section were examined. Site visits were performed in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, while other sections were reviewed via state DOT contacts as well as Google Earth and Maps. Evidence from other DOTs suggested that HMA interlayers, whether dense graded or drainable, could experience stripping, erosion, and instability under certain conditions. An existing performance test for interlayers, i.e., Hamburg wheel-tracking device, and current models reviewed were not able to predict the distresses on I-72 eastbound. Adapting a dynamic cylinder test is a next step to screen HMA interlayers (or other stabilized layers) for stripping and erosion potential. To slow down the cracking and faulting on I-72 eastbound, sealing of the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint and driving lane transverse joints is suggested. To maximize UBOL service life, an HMA overlay will minimize water infiltration into the interlayer system and significantly slow down the HMA stripping and erosion mechanism that has led to longitudinal cracking and lane-shoulder faulting.
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Kedzierski, Mark A., i Donggyu Kang. Horizontal convective boiling of R1234yf, R134a, and R450A within a micro-fin tube :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), sierpień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1966.
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This report presents local convective boiling heat transfer and Fanning friction factor measurements in a micro-fin tube for R134a and two possible low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant replacements for R134a: R1234yf and R450A. Test section heating was achieved with water in either counterflow or in parallel flow with the test refrigerant to provide for a range of heat fluxes for each thermodynamic quality. An existing correlation from the literature for single and multi-component mixtures was shown to not satisfactorily predict the convective boiling measurements for flow qualities greater than 40 %. Accordingly, a new correlation was developed specifically for the test fluids of this study so that a fair comparison of the heat transfer performance of the low GWP refrigerants to that of R134a could be made. The new correlation was used to compare the heat transfer coefficient of the three test fluids at the same heat flux, saturated refrigerant temperature, and refrigerant mass flux. The resulting example comparison, for the same operating conditions, showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the multi-component R450A and the single-component R1234yf were, on average, 15 % less and 5 % less, respectively, than that of the single-component R134a. Friction factor measurements were also compared to predictions from an existing correlation. A new correlation for the friction factor was developed to provide a more accurate prediction. The measurements and the new models are important for the evaluation of potential low-GWP refrigerants replacements for R134a.
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A Governance Approach to Urban Water Public–Private Partnerships: Case Studies and Lessons from Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr220100.
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This publication explores lessons from case studies on the governance of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in the water and sanitation sector in Asia and the Pacific. It aims to support governments and private practitioners in meeting the challenge of providing universal access to water and sanitation in the region’s fast-growing cities. The report suggests three key areas for action. First, governments can establish a water governance framework supported by capable public institutions, a buoyant revenue regime, and transparent targeted subsidies. Second, they can develop the enabling environment through a sector-specific PPP strategy, rigorous project preparation, and a sound fiscal framework. Third, they can embed transaction design that incorporates bankability, balanced risk allocation, efficient and competitive procurement, and clear performance metrics linked to payment.