Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Water resources development – Government policy – China”
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1
Shucheng, Wang. "Water resources management of the Yellow River and sustainable water development in China". Water Policy 5, nr 4 (1.08.2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0018.
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China is a country frequently hit by floods and droughts. Managing water resources and minimizing the losses caused by water disasters has always been among the most important issues faced by the Chinese government in governing the state. In recent years, to tackle the water problems in China and to meet the requirement of sustainable economic and social development, we have actively pursued sustainable water development. Thinking about water management has thus been greatly modified and remarkable achievements have been made accordingly. The Yellow River, known as the Mother River of China, is the cradle of Chinese civilization, whose problems can represent that of most Chinese rivers. Citing the Yellow River management in recent years as an example, this paper elaborates the strategy of sustainable water development in China.
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Jianqing, Yang, Dai Ning, Wu Mengying i Wang Guangsheng. "A tentative discussion on the monitoring of water resources in China". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (17.10.2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-85-2016.
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Abstract. With the rapid economy development and social civilization progress, the Chinese Government also is improving ecological environmental conditions. More efforts have been made to solve water problems through the implementation of stringent water resources management, as a key government policy on water. Thus, monitoring of water resources has been strengthened, being a main component of the hydrological work in recent years. Compared with routine hydrological monitoring, water resources monitoring pays more attention to the quantity and quality variations of regional waters, to reflect the status of water in river basins and administrative regions. In this paper, the overall layout of the hydrometric network in China is presented, monitoring efforts of the natural water cycle and water consumptions are analyzed, methodologies of water resources monitoring, which are commonly applied in the country, are summed up. Taking the hydrometric network planning on interprovincial boundary waterbodies as example, a summary of the planning at interprovincial boundary river sections is presented. The planning can meet the need of water resources management of administrative divisions. It can also improve the overall water resources monitoring for the country.
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Yan, Feng, He Daming i Beth Kinne. "Water resources administration institution in China". Water Policy 8, nr 4 (1.08.2006): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.041.
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Water is one of the basic natural resources and a strategic economic one. According to Chinese law (The Constitution and The 2002 Water Law), water resources are national properties and the state government has the responsibility to administer and protect them. At present, water administration is shared by several ministries of the State Council and called “nine dragons administer water”. This paper illustrates the overall water administration scheme. It focuses on the overlapping mandates and interactions between various ministries, particularly those between the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) and the State Environment Protection Administration (SEPA). The paper then analyzes the reasons why conflicts and disputes over ministry policies and strategies occur and the resultant lowering of administration efficiency and degradation of the water environment. Considering the complexity of water administration and the multiple demands on and limited water resources, some trends must be developed in water administration institutions to improve the efficiency of water administration. In particular, water administration must be strengthened and unified; administrative power must be separated from supervisory power; watershed management and planning must be strengthened; and cooperation among the related water departments must be increased.
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Yu, Lili, Yueyuan Ding, Fei Chen, Jie Hou, Guojun Liu, Shinan Tang, Minhua Ling, Yunzhu Liu, Yang Yan i Nan An. "Groundwater resources protection and management in China". Water Policy 20, nr 3 (13.09.2017): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.035.
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Abstract Groundwater is an important water source to support China's economic and social development. Since the 1970s, China, especially the north region, has started to intensively pump groundwater as a water supply for agricultural irrigation, industry and city expansion. To meet the water demand due to the rapid development of the economy and society, groundwater is continuously and disorderly exploited to a great extent for a prolonged time in some regions in China, besides faulty operation and management, and insufficient emphasis on protection, which leads to severe problems of groundwater over-exploitation and contamination. In recent years, the Chinese government has attached great importance to groundwater protection. This paper illustrates the general ideas and strategies of groundwater protection and management in China from the aspects of over-exploitation control, quality protection, water ecosystem protection, and implementation of the strictest water management systems.
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Zuo, Qiting, Huan Liu, Junxia Ma i Runfang Jin. "China calls for human–water harmony". Water Policy 18, nr 2 (27.08.2015): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.102.
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In order to achieve a more sustainable mode of development, the government of China declared its intention to build a harmonious socialist society, and the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) proposed ‘human–water harmony’. However, some problems still exist in China's water resources management (CWRM), which affect management performance and trigger acute water crisis. Nowadays, the human–water relationship in China is disharmonious and the relationship between human activities and water resources has entered into a vicious cycle. This paper concluded that achieving human–water harmony is a necessary and rational pathway to solve China's water problems on the basis of reviewing the development course of CWRM. In order to achieve human–water harmony in China, many impressive efforts both in terms of policies and measures have been made. Ultimately, they pointed out that human–water harmony can be achieved through our tireless efforts as long as people hold the belief that the idea of ‘human–water harmony’ is the first and the foremost way to deal with the contradiction between human activities and water resources.
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Huang, Yumei, i Inibehe George Ukpong. "ISSUES OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA: IMPLICATIONS ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN THE GUANGXI PROVINCE OF SOUTH CHINA". Journal of Asian Rural Studies 3, nr 1 (28.01.2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v3i1.1714.
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Despite China’s great stride in technology development and economic recovery, water remains a major issue of concern. Water has a direct impact on agriculture and food production, hence, water management is critical to achieving food security. This paper reviews in a broader perspective the relationship between water resource management and food security in China, and assesses water resource management interms of water use, pollution and influence of government policies, as well as social and economic systems. It also highlights the challenges of water resource management and its implications on agriculture and food security in the Guangxi province of South China. The review also sets a background upon which further studies and frameworks could be developed to help provide a sustainable solution to regional water management challenges, with a view to achieving improved agricultural production and food security in China and other countries with similar issues. Thus, in the growing quest for economic growth, and owing to the growing need for water in the country, the government of China should ensure through a properly monitored policy framework that water resources are not exploited by a particular sector or region at the expense of other regions in the country.
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Hong, G., Q. Yaqin, L. Qiong, N. Cunwen, W. Na, L. Jiajia, G. Jongde, Z. Na i D. Xiangyi. "Water risk assessment in China based on the improved Water Risk Filter". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (16.09.2014): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-222-2014.
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Abstract. Finding an effective way to deal with the water crisis and the relationship between water and development is a major issue for all levels of government and different economic sectors across the world. Scientific understanding of water risk is the basis for achieving a scientific relationship between water and development, and water risk assessment is currently an important research focus. To effectively deal with the global water crisis, the World Wide Fund for Nature and German Investment and Development Company Limited proposed the concept of water risk and released an online Water Risk Filter in March 2012, which has been applied to at least 85 countries. To comprehensively and accurately reflect the situation of water risk in China, this study adjusts the water risk assessment indicators in the Water Risk Filter, taking the actual situation in China and the difficulty of obtaining the information about the indicators into account, and proposes an index system for water risk evaluation for China which consists of physical risk, regulatory risk and reputational risk. The improved Water Risk Filter is further used to assess the sources and causes of the water risks in 10 first-class and seven second-class water resource areas (WRAs). The results indicate that the water risk for the whole country is generally medium and low, while those for different regions in the country vary greatly, and those for southern regions are generally lower than those for northern regions. Government regulatory and policy implementation as well as media supervision in northern regions should be strengthened to reduce the water risk. The research results may provide decision support and references for both governments and industrial enterprises in identifying water risks, formulating prevention and control policies, and improving water resources management in China.
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Qiu, Jane. "Safeguarding China's water resources". National Science Review 5, nr 1 (1.01.2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy007.
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Abstract Water is scarce in China. The country ekes by with only one-quarter of the global average for water per person. The scarcity is exacerbated by rampant pollution—with devastating consequences on ecosystems, food supply and public health. In the face of growing population, water pollution threatens the very survival of the Chinese nation. In his speech at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China last October, President Xi Jinping repeatedly emphasized the importance to redress the balance between economic development and environmental protection. One of his most frequently cited phrases is ‘clean waters and lush mountains are gold and silver’. And he has matched his rhetoric with action. In April 2015, the State Council, China's cabinet, issued the Water Pollution and Control Action Plan (known as Shuishitiao or Water Ten Plan)—widely hailed as the toughest and most comprehensive water policy to date. Last October, it announced a five-year plan to tackle water pollution, with a budget of 700 billion yuan (US$106 billion). The country's top legislature has also revised the Water Prevention and Control Law, which will go into effect in early 2018. In a forum chaired by National Science Review’s Executive Editor-in-Chief Mu-ming Poo, a panel of experts of diverse backgrounds and perspectives discussed the current status of China's water resources, their views on the comprehensive policy package, how national initiatives have been going, what the challenges are and why information transparency and public participation are absolutely essential in environmental protection. Weijiang Liu Hydrologist at the Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China Ji Shen Environment scientist at Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China Chunmiao Zheng Hydrologist at Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China Jun Ma Founder and director of the non-governmental organization Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, Beijing, China Tao Tao Environment scientist at the College of Environmental Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment at Tongji University, Shanghai, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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HE, XU, ZHU TAN i DAI SHUGUI. "STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) OF WASTEWATER REUSE POLICY: A CASE STUDY FROM TIANJIN IN CHINA". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 05, nr 04 (grudzień 2003): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333203001504.
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China is one of the thirteen countries in the world that lacks water. Rapid economic growth and urbanisation over the past two decades have exerted enormous pressure on China's water resources. The shortage of water resources and serious water pollution have become important factors restraining the sustainable development in the cities. Wastewater reuse has been proven to prevent water pollution and ameliorate the pressure on the water environment. Moreover, wastewater reuse can make up for the lack of funds in wastewater treatment. So, wastewater reuse is a viable choice to realise the sustainable utilisation of water resource in China. There still remain many uncertainties in wastewater reuse. It is strongly recommended that a wastewater reuse policy be pushed forward considering the necessity and the implications to society, the economy and the environment. Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is seen as an important tool for integrating the environmental factors into decision-making. This paper illustrates a case study for SEA — aimed at Tianjin Wastewater Reuse Policy (TWRP). The process of SEA at the policy level and the related problems are presented within this case study. It provides a good framework for carrying out SEA of waste reuse at the national level. The study will support the Chinese Government in developing a national strategy on urban wastewater reuse through an investigation of the existing situations, evaluation of policy options in different areas, and offering recommendations.
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Zhang, Jingdong, Jiatian Fu, Chaoyang Liu, Zhiguang Qu, Yanan Li, Fei Li, Zhaofei Yang i Luping Jiang. "Evaluating Water Resource Assets Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model: A Case Study of Wuhan City, China". Sustainability 11, nr 17 (26.08.2019): 4627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174627.
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With the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for water resources continues to sharply increase, which has gradually contributed to serious environmental problems. The Chinese government has proposed establishing a natural resource balance sheet, which is expected to solve this problem by assessing the value of water resources. The main purpose of this study was to assess the value of water resources in Wuhan from 2013 to 2017. Based on a fuzzy mathematical evaluation model, 15 indicators were chosen considering the three main aspects of resources, society, and the environment to construct a water resource evaluation indicator system. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight methods were combined to determine the index weight. Based on this, we calculated the value of water resources in Wuhan from 2013 to 2017. The results demonstrated that the values of water resources in Wuhan from 2013 to 2017 were US$2.910 billion, US$5.006 billion, US$9.223 billion, US$14.167 billion, and US$7.189 billion, respectively. Therefore, this paper provides a scientific foundation for the rational establishment of water prices, the assessment of local natural resource assets, and the preparation of natural resource balance sheets.
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Shang, Wenxiu, Hang Zheng, Zhongjing Wang, Baimaqvzong i Yongping Wei. "Newspaper coverage of water issues in China from 1950 to 2000". Water Policy 17, nr 4 (26.12.2014): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.219.
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Mass media are important sources of information about water issues that significantly influence civil life. This paper presents a content analysis approach to contextualize the water issues reporting of the People's Daily. The intent of our approach is to uncover the reporting pattern of water issues and the relationship between government policies and their news reports. Using the newspaper with the second widest circulation in China, the content analysis approach reveals that the document frequency of water issues had shown a flat trend since the 1970s. Water-related articles were given more significance by providing additional front pages. The results suggest that newspapers have been focusing more on the recreational function and protection of water since the 1980s. The results also show that there was a relative shortage of coverage on certain types of water-related central government documents. Lacking persistence was another feature of policy propaganda. These factors could work against public engagement in water issues and undermine the public's understanding of and confidence in water management measures. We believe these results could help water resource managers to interpret media content of water issues and improve the propaganda of their policies, which would contribute to better administration of water resources.
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Gao, Xin, Juqin Shen, Weijun He, Fuhua Sun, Zhaofang Zhang, Xin Zhang, Liang Yuan i Min An. "Multilevel Governments’ Decision-Making Process and Its Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation". Sustainability 11, nr 7 (3.04.2019): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071990.
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Transboundary water pollution is a long-standing problem in China, although the Chinese government has been committed to the protection of water resources. Due to the different interests of multilevel governments and the regionalization of management, there is still no unified plan to solve the transboundary water pollution in China. Watershed ecological compensation as a holistic plan to deal with transboundary water pollution is being promoted currently. Taking the South-to-North Water Transfer Project’ eastern route as an example, this paper firstly analyses stakeholders’ strategies and establishes a tripartite game model based on evolutionary game theory. Secondly, by introducing Cobb Douglas production function creatively, the supervision level of the central government is refined into supervisory attitude and supervisory skills. Thirdly, the numerical simulation is used to analyze the sensitivity of influencing factors. The results show that: (1) whether the central government supervises the local governments mainly depends on the benefits of water environment improvement and supervision costs; (2) the initial negotiation plan of the stakeholders has a significant impact on their optimum strategies; (3) the fines imposed by the central government on the local governments have a small impact on the stable state of the system; (4) the higher the eco-compensation fee, the lower their likelihood of cooperation; (5) the central government’s supervisory attitude and supervisory skills have significant effect on the sustainability of the optimum arrangement, even when willingness of upstream and downstream governments to cooperate is low; (6) the initial ecological benefits of downstream governments have no effect on the optimum strategy. Therefore, considering these insights is helpful to improve the watershed ecological compensation mechanism in order to solve transboundary water pollution and achieve the sustainability of water resources.
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Xie, Lei. "Dilemmatic Resource Governance: China’s Balancing Act to Share Rivers". China and the World 02, nr 01 (marzec 2019): 1950004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729319500044.
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China itself is vulnerable to environmental threats. With its sheer size and population, China faces immense potential threats from global warming and uneven access to natural resources. At the same time, the legitimacy of the central government heavily relies on the country’s economic performance which in turn relies on the exploitation of natural resources. China is faced with growing pressure as to how it effectively manages natural resources on an international scale. This paper examines a dilemmatic situation that great powers are faced with the participation in international environmental cooperation. The formation of multi-lateral environmental agreements requires that nation states comply with environmental responsibilities when exercising sovereign rights over environmental resources. Great powers confront more pressure as they are expected to commit to greater responsibilities in international affairs. Adopting the sharing of the Mekong river basin as a case study, this paper examines the role China plays as a great power when exercising its right to appropriate natural resources. Changes are found in China’s international water policy including the establishment of the multi-lateral mechanism. This paper concludes that China’s policy developments in resource governance facilitate China to promote coordinated actions over the shared water resources. At the same time, such balancing acts serve to legitimize China’s dominance over the management of the Mekong river basin, which is embedded in the country’s Belt and Road Strategy.
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Yao, Jiping, Guoqiang Wang, Baolin Xue, Gang Xie i Yanbo Peng. "Identification of regional water security issues in China, using a novel water security comprehensive evaluation model". Hydrology Research 51, nr 5 (11.05.2020): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.014.
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Abstract In order to solve regional water security issues, such as shortage of water resources, the aggravation of water pollution, the destruction of the ecological environment, etc., this study proposed the flood control security index, resource security index and ecological security index, respectively, according to the construction principle of human development index. Based on the above security indexes, a novel water security comprehensive evaluation model is established by combining the coupling coordination degree model and the state space model. The proposed model has the advantage of simple operation and fast data speed, which is convenient for water security evaluation in different periods and regions. Taking China as an example, the water security conditions were evaluated from 2007 to 2016 for 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China, including flood control security index, resource security index, ecological security index and water security level of each region, and the specific problems of water security in each region were obtained. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation in each region, which provides the scientific basis for the local government authorities to formulate the corresponding regional water security policy.
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Li, Wei, Bao-Jie He, Jinda Qi i Jianwen Dong. "Water Conservation Scenic Spots in China: Developing the Tourism Potential of Hydraulic Projects and Water Resources". Sustainability 10, nr 12 (29.11.2018): 4509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124509.
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The reservoir-related tourism industry has been developed for leisure purposes since the 1970s and has gained popularity worldwide. To promote reservoir-related tourism in China, the Chinese government launched a “top-down” project titled “Water Conservation Scenic Spot” (WCSS) in 2001. However, because of the lack of reasonable planning, innovative ideas, and effective governance, there are some problems with WCSS constraining its development. To deal with those problems, it is necessary to have a holistic understanding of the WCSS situation. This study analyses the origin, status, opportunities, and challenges of WCSS development in China. The results show a trend of periodic increase in the number of WCSSs between 2001 and 2016, and WCSS development is unbalanced regarding regions and types. Moreover, the main issues for the WCSS include the failure to follow WCSS guidelines in practice, weak awareness of the scientific educational function, monotonous planning and construction, a lack of cultural preservation, insufficient funding, weak marketing, damaging of natural resources, destruction of clusters of animals and plants, land surface erosion, and landscape pollution. These adverse effects can be alleviated by strengthening supervision and fostering balanced development, promoting education and protecting cultural resources, distributing funding and enlarging popularity, controlling the amount of tourism, and avoiding overexpansion. Overall, the findings of this study can encourage the development of WCSSs in the future and are of significance in supporting the reservoir-related tourism industry.
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Shen, Kai-wen, Lin Li i Jian-Qiang Wang. "CIRCULAR ECONOMY MODEL FOR RECYCLING WASTE RESOURCES UNDER GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION: A CASE STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER CIRCULATION IN CHINA". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 26, nr 1 (27.11.2019): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.11249.
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A circular economy (CE) is proposed to mitigate resource shortage and environmental pollution. Given the inevitable conflict between the new development mode and traditional economic benefits, practical experience shows that CE implementation needs the support of outside forces, such as government policy interventions or environmental organisations’ propaganda guidance. On the basis of existing studies, the present work establishes a systematic economic model in accordance with the characteristics, objectives and principles of CE. The equilibrium solution and critical condition of government and non-government participation models are obtained through game analysis. We select the industrial waste water circulation of some provinces in China to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. Overall, our results indicate that the gap between the critical price and unit processing cost determines the promotion of CE and government intervention. Moreover, government intervention is critical to building a waste management department in its early stage.
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Yawen, Wu, Liu Jun, Xie Haowen, Yu Guangyuan, Zhou Hong i Yan Yichen. "Towards government mechanisms of sponge city construction in China: insights from developed countries". Water Policy 22, nr 4 (3.06.2020): 574–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.155.
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Abstract The sponge city concept is a new strategy for China designed to solve its urban water problems. The tasks involved in sponge city construction (SCC) have brought new challenges regarding the urban construction process for local Chinese governments. However, there is still no comprehensive and systematic study of the government mechanisms for guiding the construction of sponge cities. This paper aims to develop an evaluation index system of government mechanisms at the whole-of-nation scale. This system covers five elements of government mechanisms. This evaluation index system covers the specific content of the government mechanism anticipated before the process of SCC. Since work systems, functions, and capacities differ with each given local government, the work mechanism of local governments can be adapted to local conditions according to the research results of this paper. By doing so it is possible to make full use of the constraint and management function of each indicator, so that all departments can constantly optimize the allocation of resources and clarify responsibilities, so as to effectively promote the construction of a sponge city.
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Qu, Wei, Yanmei Tan, Zhentao Li, Eefje Aarnoudse i Qin Tu. "Agricultural Water Use Efficiency—A Case Study of Inland-River Basins in Northwest China". Sustainability 12, nr 23 (6.12.2020): 10192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310192.
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Water resources play a vital role in the process of economic development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Improving the efficiency of water use is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resources. In this paper, influencing factors of water utilization efficiency in three inland river basins (Shiyang, Heihe, and Shule river) in Gansu Province, Northwest China, are investigated. Using survey data of 306 households, results of the multiple linear regression analysis show that management capacity and its strictness in a different basin, irrigation technology and facility conditions, and farmers’ self-government are key factors affecting farmers’ irrigation efficiency. Additionally, factors at the farmer and family level, as well as the differences in natural conditions and economic and social development in different regions, also have a significant impact on water use efficiency.
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Cheng, Shikun, Mingyue Zhao, Heinz-Peter Mang, Xiaoqin Zhou i Zifu Li. "Development and application of biogas project for domestic sewage treatment in rural China: opportunities and challenges". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, nr 4 (20.10.2017): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.011.
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Abstract The biogas project for domestic sewage treatment (BPDST) is considered a promising facility for wastewater management in rural areas of China. This paper explores previous experimental works, cost analysis, and BPDST structure and design based on Chinese literature. Opportunities for developing decentralized or neighborhood-based BPDSTs include fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the water pollution situation and deficiency of wastewater treatment facilities, the advantages of BPDSTs compared with centralized sewage plant, government support and policy drive for rural wastewater treatment, and reuse demand for resources. Meanwhile, challenges faced are emphasized as follows: uncertain responsibility for BPDSTs under different governmental departments restricts BPDST development and should be specified; uncertain effluent quality due to low efficiency of nutrient removal requires aerobic post-treatment to some extent; rural environmental awareness is still low and should be heightened; more funds should be invested in R&D for improvement of technology innovation; more reuse and resource recovery elements should be considered during implementation; follow-up services are lacking and should be improved; and BPDST maintenance should be trained. This paper could provide valuable reference for other developing countries.
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Hongyun, Han, i Zhao Liange. "Chinese agricultural water resource utilization: problems and challenges". Water Policy 9, S1 (1.03.2007): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.064.
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With rapid industrialization and urbanization, scarce water resources are more and more being transferred from low-value agricultural use to high-value industrial and domestic uses in China. Along with water shortages, inefficiencies are apparent in Chinese agricultural water utilization. The causes of these inefficiencies include attenuated property rights, artificially low water prices, lack of farmer participation in irrigation districts management and fragmented government management. It is concluded, against the background of a transitional economy, that the lack of economic incentives in the allocation of water is the principal reason why shortage and waste coexists in Chinese irrigated agriculture. The challenge now facing decision makers is how to resolve the conflict between increasing food demand and decreasing water supply without undermining the growth of cities and the industrial sector. Owing to failures in both markets and government in water allocation, it is argued that it is necessary to establish a quasi-market for water.
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Li, Biao, Yunting Feng, Xiqiang Xia i Mengjie Feng. "Evaluation of China’s Circular Agriculture Performance and Analysis of the Driving Factors". Sustainability 13, nr 4 (3.02.2021): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041643.
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Along with industry upgrading and urbanization, the agricultural industry in China has been experiencing a stage of rapid development, on the bright side. On the other side, ecological environment deterioration and resource scarcity have become prevalent. Called by the current situation, circular agriculture arises as a direction for the industry to achieve sustainable development. This study develops an evaluation indicator system for circular agriculture using an entropy method, and evaluates factors that could drive the Chinese agricultural industry to achieve better performance. We employ the method using provincial data collected from the province of Henan, in which around 10% of the total grain in China is produced. It was found that agricultural technology and water resources per capita are positively related to circular performance in agriculture. In contrast, urbanization and arable land per capita are negatively related to circular performance. This article provides support to the government in policy-making related to the improvement of circular agricultural performance.
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Han, J. G., Y. J. Zhang, C. J. Wang, W. M. Bai, Y. R. Wang, G. D. Han i L. H. Li. "Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China". Rangeland Journal 30, nr 2 (2008): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08009.
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Rangelands of China have for centuries provided forage for livestock but now their role in water, soil, and biodiversity conservation is being recognised by Governments and people. However, much of the rangelands has recently degraded and desertification is now a widespread problem. The cause of the degradation is over-grazing and over-cultivation. Climate change is exacerbating the problem. The Chinese Governments have begun to address these severe problems through policy adjustments and projects. In parallel, some research and development is taking place. There are major impediments to addressing the problem; the importance of rangelands to China and its people are generally underestimated, legislative protection is incomplete and often ineffective, little attention is paid to scientific knowledge for development of management of natural resources, there is insufficient technological support, and Governments are not able to invest sufficiently to effectively restore and develop rangeland natural resources. However, with this background we propose how the problems might be more effectively addressed in the future.
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Lv, Tiangui, Hualin Xie, Hua Lu, Xinmin Zhang i Lei Yang. "A Game Theory-Based Approach for Exploring Water Resource Exploitation Behavior in the Poyang Lake Basin, China". Sustainability 11, nr 22 (7.11.2019): 6237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226237.
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Exploring the relationship between competition and cooperation in water resource exploitation by applying a game model is crucial for achieving stable equilibrium in the presence of environmental externalities. To explore this, we used the Poyang Lake Basin, which is divided into three overly exploited sub-regions, as an example. This paper selected the different types of sub-regions of Poyang Lake Basin as the research subjects, and then proposed a game model to study evolutionarily stable equilibrium strategies. The results are as follows: (1) the behavior of the sub-regions of Poyang Lake Basin are affected by one another and cannot achieve equilibrium through independent games, which also need external forces to coordinate the three reaches; (2) the benefits improve gradually from the state of “non-cooperation” to “full cooperation” and reach an ideal equilibrium when all the sub-regions choose the strategy of cooperation; (3) the strategic choice of sub-reaches is difficult to maximize the overall benefits of the basin in the absence of external constraints. To ensure that the sub-regions choose the cooperative strategy, the central government should support the cooperative subsidies of local governments. In addition to improving the equilibrium state of the sub-reaches, this study proposes the following policy implications: constructing a basin plan and promoting fiscal transfer payments, inducing an industrial gradient transfer, and strengthening the payment for the use of water resources.
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Bi, Ting Yan. "Research of Development Policy for Renewable Energy Industry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (luty 2013): 1185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1185.
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The issues of energy and environment were two outstanding problems to control our economical and social sustainable development. Our government focused on the development of renewable energy industry all the time, having taken some positive matching policies in order to promote development and utilization of the renewable energy, which has gained great achievements. But with the consumption increase of oil, gas and coal etc, pressures in the ecological environment protection were becoming larger, and energy saving and emission reduction, green development, development of new energy have become the world's economic development strategies. As for China, there are still many difficulties and problems realizing the sustainable development of renewable energy industry, and we need to take the positive study and learn from foreign advanced experience. In biological energy, water power, wind power and solar energy and some like, we need to establish and perfect the relevant measures, and further make the development of renewable energy industry clear in the position of the national strategies. And improving the more positive policy to encourage to support renewable energy industry development, and earnestly carrying out tax, credit, investment, pricing and subsidies policies, supporting renewable energy industry international standards, promoting new energy resources, saving and replacing the fossil energy are the strategic choices to guarantee energy security, optimize the energy structure, and promote national economic and social sustainable development, and protect the ecological environment responding to climate change, to adjust the industrial structure.
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Gao, Siyu, Haixiang Guo i Jing Yu. "Urban Water Inclusive Sustainability: Evidence from 38 Cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China". Sustainability 13, nr 4 (15.02.2021): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042068.
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The ecological environment of urban water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is in a huge challenge; yet, while myriad studies have investigated the carrying capacity or sustainable utilization of Chinese water resources, few to none have looked at the inclusive sustainable development of water resources. In this article, a new concept of urban water inclusive sustainability (UWIS) is firstly proposed, and the conceptual framework of ASFII and a five-dimensional indicator system are developed, integrating availability, sustainability, friendliness, inclusiveness and innovation. The panel data of 38 cities in the YREB are adopted from 2008 to 2018 to measure UWIS and five development indexes by the TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) and entropy method. Moreover, the characteristics of the temporal–spatial evolution of the overall system and subsystems coupling coordination are described using the coupling coordination degree model. Key factors that hinder UWIS are identified through the obstacle degree model. The results indicate that the overall UWIS showed a gradual upward trend at a lower to medium level from 2008 to 2018 and a friendliness > sustainability > inclusiveness > innovation > availability index. The UWIS from high to low is YRDUA (Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration), MRYRUA (middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration) and CCUA (Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration). The 38 cities are in low-level coordination, and their temporal characteristics show a trend of economy > science and technology > water resources > environment > societal system, YRDUA > MRYRUA > CCUA. The spatial differentiation is manifested as high in the east and low in the west. The main obstacles come from 12 factors, such as the water resources utilization rate, etc. The findings of our study will be a scientific reference for the Chinese government to track UWIS and ensure urban water resources security in the YREB.
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Liu, Yue, Weibin Huang, Guangwen Ma, Shijun Chen i Jinlong Wang. "Competitiveness of hydropower price and preferential policies for hydropower development in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area of China". Water Policy 20, nr 6 (31.07.2018): 1092–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.122.
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Abstract Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area have enormous potential for hydropower development. Therefore, accelerating hydropower development in these areas can contribute to water resource utilisation and help relieve the poverty, which has also become a necessary choice of national strategic importance to comply with energy-saving, emission reduction, and ‘power transmission from west to east’ policies. Under existing policies, research has shown that the basic costs of electricity from the typical plants in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area are high and uncompetitive, so that investment enthusiasm for hydropower companies will wane and water resource utilisation will be affected. In this study, we suggest policies to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the hydropower development in the Tibet and Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan areas; eventually, the water resources therein can be more effectively utilised. Research has indicated that drafted preferential policies can effectively decrease the cost price. Additionally, the hydropower industry in these areas should be incorporated into the national primary energy balance, forming a government-dominated market mechanism. This would consist of a mandatory market share of the hydropower transmitted from Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area and hydropower–carbon trade mechanism – the aim being to promote the consumption of hydropower across the nation.
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Xia, Chun, i Claudia Pahl-Wostl. "The process of innovation during transition to a water saving society in China". Water Policy 14, nr 3 (2.01.2012): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.140.
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To achieve an efficient use and allocation of limited water resources and thus resolve increasing water use conflicts due to fast rising societal water demands, in 2000, the Chinese government started a management strategy of ‘Construction of a Water Saving Society (WSS)’. It is guided by the principle that socio-economic development should consider the carrying capacity of the ecosystem and focuses on institutional innovation, building on the water rights concept. This paper explores the innovation process during the transition towards WSS by investigating the development course of the innovation process during the transition towards WSS, and the adaptive capacity of the existing water management regime underlying the innovation process. Accordingly, an analysis framework consisting of three types of governance activities and factors determining a regime's adaptive capacity was developed, based on the theory of transition management and adaptive governance. The Tianjin and Zhangye WSS experiments were selected for a deep understanding of local innovations. It is revealed that co-evolution of all three types of governance activities that are claimed to be essential for transition has taken place. However, the current adaptive capacity of the regime still needs further enhancement to support the transition towards the desired WSS in China. Finally, some general insights are provided for policy innovations in other political economies.
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Wang, Jinxia, Jikun Huang, Scott Rozelle, Qiuqiong Huang i Amelia Blanke. "Agriculture and groundwater development in northern China: trends, institutional responses, and policy options". Water Policy 9, S1 (1.03.2007): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.045.
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Despite the growing importance of groundwater in Chinese agriculture, there is a lamentable lack of systematic information on the groundwater economy, especially on the agricultural consequences of groundwater depletion. This paper makes an attempt to overcome this limitation with information and analysis on trends in the expansion of agricultural groundwater use, resource management challenges, and institutional and policy responses in the particular context of northern China. The results show that groundwater problems and their agricultural consequences in northern China are heterogeneous across space and changing rapidly over time. While the problems are serious, they do not present everywhere with the same severity. As result, policies for their solution should be clearly discriminatory and carefully targeted. Even targeted policies will be difficult to implement, and government has had little success in controlling the extraction of groundwater or protecting its quality with the many formal laws and regulations now in existence. In contrast, farmers have been responsive to increasing shortages. Individual farmers (i.e. the private sector) have taken control of most well and pump assets, developed groundwater markets, changed cropping patterns and adopted water savings technologies. While market forces and economic incentives can change use, public initiatives for agricultural groundwater regulation to balance short term economic efficiency with long resource sustainability are urgently needed.
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Lee, Frederick, Veena Aggarwal i James Nickum. "Urban domestic water pricing in India and China". Water Policy 18, S1 (17.10.2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.205.
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Despite significant differences in political and administrative structures, recent reforms in urban domestic water tariff regimes in India and China have had similar trajectories with important but sometimes nuanced differences. In both countries, there has been a devolution of operational authority to municipal governments and acceptance of greater reliance on cost recovery through user fees. Reflecting this, there is considerable variation within each country in water tariffs, with cities in more water-short areas charging more than those with relatively abundant and accessible water resources. At the same time, authority over tariff setting remains largely outside the domain of the water agencies, and is highly political. One reflection of this is the infrequent adjustment of tariffs in both countries.
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Fan, Guohua, Baodeng Hou, Xinsheng Dong i Xiaowen Ding. "Technical Points of Water-Draw and Discharge Impact Analysis in Guidelines for Water Resource Assessment of Coastal Nuclear Power Plants". Sustainability 13, nr 11 (2.06.2021): 6308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116308.
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Nowadays, cleaner production is getting more and more attention, and nuclear power has been widely used due to its low energy consumption and lower pollution. Most nuclear power plants in China, including those under construction and constructed ones, are coastal. For a nuclear power plant, however, its large amount of water consumption and high guarantee rate of water quality will have impacts on the regional water-resource allocation in the site area. During the water-discharge process, low-level radioactive wastewater and warm water will be discharged, while medium or even highly radioactive wastewater will be generated in an accident, both of which will affect the environment of the receiving water. In 2016, the Chinese government began to work on the Guidelines for Water Resources Assessment of Coastal Nuclear Power Plant Projects. The compilation work, led mainly by the Ministry of Water Resources, focused on analyzing key technical points of the impacts of water intake, wastewater discharge, and their reduction measures, as well as water-protection measures. In this study, the technical requirements for impact analysis of water-draw, wastewater discharge, and their remedial measures for coastal nuclear power construction projects in different periods were put forward. Lastly, the measures for water conservation, protection, and management were given. All the technical requirements and measures gave a research basis and technical support for the formulation of the guidelines.
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Xiang, Nan, Feng Xu, Jing Hua Sha, Helmut Yabar i Yoshiro Higano. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Effectively Utilizing Reclaimed Water to Accomplish Sustainable Development in Tianjin, China". Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (maj 2012): 3040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3040.
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Water shortage and water pollution problems are becoming more and more serious nowadays; it gives rise to the use of reclaimed wastewater as an additional source of water supply and an efficient method of reducing and preventing water pollution. Tianjin is a rapidly growing city in both population and economy while water scarcity is intensifying and water pollution is deteriorating; also reclaimed water reuse in this city has just started. This study aims to find out the potential to realize sustainable development utilizing reclaimed water, and prove the feasibility of local government plan of Tianjin. This study mainly utilizes computer simulation to accomplish the comprehensive evaluation with LINGO programming. The simulation model will forecast the social and economic developing trend of Tianjin with the introduction of developed technology. According to scenarios, this research can give policy-making basis on implementing reclaimed water utilization to realize environment and economic development in Tianjin from 2010 to 2020. Furthermore, it can provide the specific developing plan to establish the sustainable development target, such as construction plan of new sewage plants, financial support, and reclaimed water distribution. Simulation results show that reclaimed water can be effective in saving water resource, reducing water pollutant and improving economic development in the catchment area.
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Ge, Min, Fengping Wu i Xiaoping Chen. "Using Multiple Discriminant Analysis for the Assignment of Initial Water Entitlements at River Basin-Level under the Strictest Water Resources Management System Constraints in China". Sustainability 10, nr 12 (26.11.2018): 4414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124414.
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From the perspective of system science, in China, an assignment system of initial water entitlements at the river basin-level can be divided into two subsystems, namely the assignment subsystem of initial water entitlements at the province-level and government reserved water at the river basin-level. Under the new backdrop of implementing the strictest water resources management system (SWRMS), we propose a novel methodological framework for addressing the in-coordination of pre-allocation plans between two subsystems for Lake Tai Basin, China. First, considering total water use, pollutant discharge and water use efficiency, we establish several criteria for the discriminant analysis of pre-allocation plans. Whilst based on these criteria, we built a comprehensive discriminant criterion to further verify coupling and coordination of pre-allocation plans between two subsystems. Second, according to uncoordinated or less coordinated situations, we propose adjusted strategies to decide the direction (increase or decrease) of the adjustment for pre-allocation plans of two subsystems. Third, taking coupling and coordination as optimal objectives, and considering total water use, total pollutant discharge and water use efficiency as constraints, we built an adjusted decision-making model for the assignment of initial water entitlements of the basin. Finally, the results of this novel discriminant analysis methodology that were applied to the Lake Tai Basin show that under the water frequency of 75%, in the planning year 2030, Jiangsu Province is assigned the most initial water entitlements at the province-level, followed by Shanghai and Zhejiang Province. In this paper, results are generally in accordance with pilot plans released by China’s Ministry of Water Resources. Apart from pilot plans, our findings also show the assignment plans for government reserved water at the river basin-level, which is coordinated and coupled with assignment plans for initial water entitlements at the province-level. The novel methodological framework of this paper can also be applied as a reference to other similar river basin.
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Lu, Qingshui, Shangzhen Liang i Xinliang Xu. "Classification and Estimation of Irrigation Waters Based on Remote Sensing Images: Case Study in Yucheng City (China)". Sustainability 10, nr 10 (29.09.2018): 3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103503.
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The downstream plain of the Yellow River is experiencing some of the most severe groundwater depletion in China. Although the Chinese government has issued policies to ensure that the Yellow River can provide enough irrigation waters for this region, groundwater levels continue to decrease. Yucheng City was selected as a case study. A new method was designed to classify the cropland into various irrigated cropland. Subsequently, we analyzed data regarding these irrigated-cropland categories, irrigation norms, and the minimum amount of irrigation water being applied to cropland. The results showed that 91.5% of farmland can be classified as double irrigated (by both canal/river and well water), while 8.5% of farmland can be classified as well irrigated. During the irrigation season, the sediments brought in by the river have blocked portions of the canals. This has led to 23% of the double-irrigated cropland being irrigated by groundwater, and it is thus a main factor causing reductions in groundwater supply. These blocked canals should be dredged by local governments to mitigate local groundwater depletion. The method for classifying irrigated cropland from high-resolution images is valid and it can be used in other irrigated areas with a declining groundwater table for the sustainable use of groundwater resources.
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Wang, Zhong, Yuyan Luo, Pengchong Li i Xiaoqian Cai. "Problem Orientated Analysis on China’s Shale Gas Policy". Energies 11, nr 11 (31.10.2018): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112962.
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China has accelerated the pace of shale gas development from 2010. A series of policies were issued by the Chinese government to motivate and regulate shale gas exploration and exploitation. In order to investigate the effectiveness of these policies and provide reference to the policymakers, the most relevant policies from 2010 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Our study summarized that, in total, eight government agencies issued 25 related policies, which cover all the main problems that impede China’s shale gas industry. With the aid of these policies, the approved research and development (R&D) funds exceed 350 million Chinese yuan (CNY) ($55 million), and over 80 domestic companies participated in exploration rights bidding and nine foreign companies initiated thirteen international cooperation projects. In 2016, China’s shale gas production reached 7.88 × 109 m3, ranking third in the world. However, these policies still have some shortcomings, such as low environmental concerns, weak financial stimulus, and inefficient implementation. Therefore, we suggest that future policy should put particular emphasis on (1) formulating special environmental regulations and determining development scale based on water resource; (2) providing detailed implementation plans and maintaining stable subsidy; (3) enhancing communication and supervision; and (4) establishing a public big data platform.
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Xu, Shasha, Weijun He, Liang Yuan, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Yang Yang i Hua Li. "The Relationship between Coordination Degree of the Water–Energy–Food System and Regional Economic Development". Sustainability 13, nr 3 (27.01.2021): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031305.
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The sustainable development of the water–energy–food (WEF) system has gained global attention as a result of limited land resources, inadequate energy supply and growing water stress. Coordination degree is an important indicator to measure the sustainable development of the WEF system. Improving the coordination degree contributes to the sustainable development of the WEF system and affects regional economic development. The extended Cobb–Douglas function is applied to examine the relationship between coordination degree of the WEF system and regional economic development in 31 provinces of China during the period of 2007–2018. By using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation, empirical results indicate that in the regions with low coordination degree, improved coordination degree of the WEF system will hinder regional economic growth. In the regions with high coordination degree, it will promote regional economic growth. The results indicate that there is a lag period for the influence of improved coordination degree on regional economic growth. When making resources management policies, shortening the lag period is conducive to achieving sustainable development and promoting regional economic development. Governments of various regions should formulate different resource management policies based on the conditions of each region and the different relationships between coordination degree of the WEF system and regional economic development.
36
Wang, Fan, Shaoliang Zhang, Huping Hou, Yongjun Yang i Yunlong Gong. "Assessing the Changes of Ecosystem Services in the Nansi Lake Wetland, China". Water 11, nr 4 (16.04.2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040788.
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Wetlands provide many essential ecosystem services for human well-being. The ecological assessment of wetland ecosystem services is problematic and thus is an important focus in the field of ecological research. In this study, an ecological assessment system containing the ecosystem product value, ecosystem regulation service value, and ecosystem cultural service value was established to calculate the gross ecosystem product in the Nansi Lake Wetland, China. Based on remote sensing images, field studies, and literature reviews, the gross ecosystem product was estimated for the years 1985, 1992, 2005, 2011, and 2017. The results showed that the gross ecosystem product of the Nansi Lake Wetland increased from 40.91 × 108 USD in 1985 to 46.28 × 108 USD in 2017. The gross ecosystem product of the altered wetlands increased by about 8.5 times with a rising linear relationship, while natural wetlands presented a nonlinear relationship. Furthermore, except for the changes in climatic condition, anthropogenic interference factors such as coal mining activities, farming practices, and government policies have promoted significant services in the Nansi Lake Wetland over the past 30 years. This study could provide important insight into the ecological assessment of wetland ecosystems and thus inform policy for the protection and better use of wetland resources.
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Wu, Miao, Ang Chen, Xingnan Zhang i Michael E. McClain. "A Comment on Chinese Policies to Avoid Negative Impacts on River Ecosystems by Hydropower Projects". Water 12, nr 3 (20.03.2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030869.
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The rapid economic development of river basins depends on the excessive use of water resources. China experienced a rapid development of hydropower projects in the last two decades and thus faces many ecological and environmental issues, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. Environmental flow is an important management tool that requires attention in the environmental impact assessment of hydropower projects. Environmental flows are of great significance for maintaining river structures and protecting the health of both aquatic ecosystems and human sustainable livelihoods. Although the government authorities have done much work in this area and attempted to consider technical requirements to address the negative externalities of hydropower projects, there are still defects in the basic procedures, calculation methods, and ultimately implementation process from policy to operationalization in terms of environmental flows. The official standards for environmental flows assessment mainly appear in two documents: 1. specification for calculation of environmental flow in rivers and lakes; and 2. code for calculation ecological flow of hydropower projects. This paper reviewed the overarching framework of the two documents and then summarized their fitness in terms of environmental flows implementation in hydropower projects. The research status of environmental flows and future directions for China were also proposed in this paper.
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Yu, Zhang, Yang Qingshan i Lv Donghui. "A case study on a quasi-market mechanism for water resources allocation using laboratory experiments: the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China". Water Policy 17, nr 3 (22.12.2014): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.019.
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The chosen water management mechanism will directly or indirectly determine the success or failure of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Due to the importance and complexity of the project and based on national conditions and the water situation, it is necessary to adopt a quasi-market mechanism. Using the advanced experience in China and abroad for reference, this study takes the central route of the project as an example and conducts experiments by undergraduates in the laboratory. Under the simplified experimental environment, three basic rules of a quasi-market mechanism are contained and integrated: the combination of governmental macro-control with a market mechanism; the combination of water-supply management with water-demand management; and the combination of routine management with emergency management. By observing the decision-making behaviour of the experimental participants, researchers constantly changed experimental conditions to simulate the real water market realistically; finally, researchers drew conclusions based on the repeated experiments.
39
Deng, Caiyun, Hongrui Wang, Weiguang Zhang i Zhiqian Jiao. "Optimizing Policy for Balanced Industrial Profit and Water Pollution Control under a Complex Socioecological System Using a Multiagent-Based Model". Water 10, nr 9 (25.08.2018): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091139.
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Water pollution is a prominent and urgent environmental problem that represents a significant challenge in solving the water resource crisis. The ability to choose an optimal environmental policy can provide support for decision makers to effectively control water pollution. This study presents an agent-based model (ABM) approach involving two classes of agents, agricultural household agents and factory agents, to simulate pollutant discharge, and discusses the effectiveness of the whole system and subsystems under multiple policy scenarios involving a combination of environmental tax (ET) and payments for environmental services (PES). This idea is applied to the Shanmei Reservoir watershed, one of the important reservoirs watersheds in China. The results showed that: (1) the ABM represented well pollutant discharge scenarios where Nash coefficient (NSE) values were greater than 0.76; (2) though ET and PES policies were both effective in reducing water pollution, PES was more effective at reducing pollution from households, while ET was more effective at controlling industrial pollution emissions; (3) considering the environmental costs and general effect of the system, a medium degree of PES for agricultural household agents and a medium degree of ET for factory agents were found to be optimal for controlling water pollution in this watershed. A differential compensation mechanism and the introduction of market incentives were recommended to reduce the financial burden of the government. The results also demonstrated that ABM was helpful for choosing an effective policy to control pollution emissions and realizing environmental objectives and socio-economic co-benefits. The model structure and parameters should be optimized in specific cases because of the uncertainty of partial parameters and the neglect of the consumption process. These findings could be helpful for providing guidelines for water pollution control and sustainable water management in China.
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Zhao, Xiaoyu, Dengfeng Liu, Xiu Wei, Lan Ma, Mu Lin, Xianmeng Meng i Qiang Huang. "Analysis of Socio-Hydrological Evolution Processes Based on a Modeling Approach in the Upper Reaches of the Han River in China". Water 13, nr 18 (7.09.2021): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182458.
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The Han River is the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the “Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project” in China. In order to ensure that the water quality and quantity are sufficient for the water diversion project, the natural forest protection project, river chief system and other measures have been implemented in the Han River by the government. At the same time, several large reservoirs have been built in the Han River basin and perform the functions of water supply and hydropower generation, which is an important type of clean power. Under the influence of human activities, the coupling interaction between humans and water in the upper reach of the Han River drives the socio-hydrological evolution process. In this study, from the perspective of socio-hydrology, a model of socio-hydrological evolution (SHE) in the Han River in southern Shaanxi was built to simulate the potential evolution path of the socio-hydrological system and determine possible measures for the sustainable governance of the river basin. By adjusting the model parameters, four future scenarios were established: natural continuation, economic development, environmental protection and industrial adjustment scenarios. Taking 2018 as the base year, the evolution of socio-hydrology in the upper reaches of the Han River was predicted under the four scenarios from 2019 to 2045. The simulation results show that: (1) In the entire study area, except for domestic water, the water consumption of other departments show an upward or stable trend. There are differences in water consumption changes in the upper and lower sections, which are related to the different socio-economic conditions. (2) Comparing different development scenarios, the industrial adjustment and environmental protection scenarios are superior to the other scenarios. Natural continuation and economic development scenarios appear to be unfavorable for the sustainability of water resources and the economy. (3) In addition, based on the development scenarios, some policy suggestions are put forward, such as reducing the irrigation water quota, appropriately adjusting the industrial structure and promoting the growth of the urban population and the development of urbanization.
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Huang, Feng, i Baoguo Li. "What is the Redline Water Withdrawal for Crop Production in China?—Projection to 2030 Derived from the Past Twenty-Year Trajectory". Sustainability 12, nr 10 (20.05.2020): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104188.
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The Chinese government set up a redline for water resources in 2011, mandating water withdrawals and management criteria to the year 2030. ‘How much water is required to produce sufficient crop to feed a 1.6 billion population in 2030?’ becomes a crucial question to be addressed. The objectives of this study are to: (1) document crop water use and productivity from 1998 to 2017 and (2) define the redline water withdrawal for crop use (REWCU) to 2030. The study inversely inferred REWCU from broadly-defined available water for crop use (BAWCU) and associated parameters. Of all BAWCU, 66.3% had been consumed by crops, in which rainfall-derived water consumption accounted for 71.7% of it, while the irrigation-derived water consumption represented the remaining 28.2%. Of all the rainfall that was available for crop use, 72.1%, or the rainfall depletion rate, had been actually consumed by crop evapotranspiration (ET). Likewise, 55.2%, or the irrigation depletion rate, had been consumed by crops. Crop water productivity (CWP) measured by crop yield per unit ET was computed for six major crop categories. Five broad scenarios have been formulated—business as usual, optimistic, deliberative optimistic, pessimistic, and deliberative pessimistic—under lower, higher, and average population and crop projections, respectively. The projected REWCU was 4166.30 × 108 m3, and the projected agricultural water withdrawal was 4629.22 × 108 m3 to 2030, representing 66.1% of the projected nationwide redline total water withdrawal (RETWW) of 7000 × 108 m3. The study used CWP and BAWCU to inversely infer REWCU since they reflect diverse biophysical and management factors and can be used as reliable proxies. Both methodology and research results may offer references and support when making nation- and region-wide water-for-food decisions by crop and water administrations.
42
Zhu, Yingming, Yuan Li, Yi Wang i Lingfeng Li. "The Impact of Water and Soil Scarcity and Pollution on Industrial Agglomeration: Evidence from China". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (12.05.2021): 5428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105428.
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Water and soil scarcity and pollution have become more severe problems in China in recent years. On one hand, rapid economic growth has led to increasing environmental problems. On the other hand, the environmental problems resulting from human economic activities can impose new constraints on industrial agglomeration, making economic development unsustainable. In the present study, an individual fixed-effect model was constructed based on the framework of the new economic geography and the provincial-level data of China. The model estimated its parameters with OLS in order to analyze how the mechanisms of industrial agglomeration are affected by resource security and environmental factors. In addition, this study also used Hausman statistical tests and Fisher–PP unit root tests to analyze the endogenous problems and robustness of the model, respectively. The results showed that water and soil scarcity and environmental pollution have negative effects on industrial agglomeration. The negative effects were observed to significantly increase with levels of local government competition, but did not vary with the regional market segmentation.
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Kong, Feng, Shao Sun i Yifei Wang. "Comprehensive Understanding the Disaster-Causing Mechanism, Governance Dilemma and Targeted Countermeasures of Urban Pluvial Flooding in China". Water 13, nr 13 (25.06.2021): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131762.
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Urban pluvial flooding in China has become one of the major challenges for sustainable development. This paper analyzes the impact of climate change, urbanization, and integrated disaster drivers on urban pluvial flooding hazards, starting from the disaster-causing mechanisms of urban pluvial flooding in China. This paper then analyzes the main features and progress of urban pluvial flooding governance in China. In particular, this paper describes the progress of sponge cities in China. On the basis of the above contents, this paper describes three manifestations of the fragmentation dilemma at the level of governance, namely, fragmentation in value integration due to conflicting management orders and service values, fragmentation in resource and power allocation due to the lack of vertical top-level design and blurred horizontal departmental management boundaries, and fragmentation in policy formulation and implementation due to outdated urban flood control standards and interdepartmental information compartmentalization. In response to the fragmentation dilemma in urban pluvial flooding management in China, this paper introduces the concept of holistic governance and clarifies the path of urban waterlogging management, i.e., forming a collaborative and diversified governance subjects, deeply optimizing the organizational structure of urban waterlogging management, creating a mature information-based governance platform, and improving the legal and rule of law construction model. This paper is informative for understanding the governance of urban pluvial flooding in China from a government-led management level.
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Wang, Xiyi, Shuzhen Peng, Hongbo Ling, Hailiang Xu i Tingting Ma. "Do Ecosystem Service Value Increase and Environmental Quality Improve due to Large–Scale Ecological Water Conveyance in an Arid Region of China?" Sustainability 11, nr 23 (21.11.2019): 6586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236586.
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With the rapid development of the economy and the intensification of human activities, ecological systems have been degraded, especially in arid areas. The lower reaches of the Tarim River represent a typical arid area in China. Since 2000, the Chinese government has been heavily investing in the protection and restoration of the natural ecological environment of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In this study, we aimed to resolve two key scientific issues: (1) reveal the changing characteristics of land-use in the region and identify the changes in ecosystem service value caused by these land-use changes and (2) evaluate whether the environmental quality has improved or worsened. The objective of this study is to verify whether the ecological water conveyance project promotes an increase in the ecosystem service value, with an improvement in the ecological environment, to thereby provide references for the evaluated effects of ecological water conveyance for the management of water resources. In this way, economic development can support environmental protection. Thus, the economy can be sustainably developed. Hence, based on the remote sensing data of land-use in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016, with the value coefficients proposed by Constanza in 1997 and changing characteristics in the land-use, the ecological service value, and environmental conditions from 1990 to 2016 were analysed. According to our results, from 1990 to 2016, the ecosystem service value has increased substantially, indicating that the benefits of ecological water conveyance were significant. The environmental condition index increased by 21.14%, showing that the ecological environment has improved. However, the environmental quality remained low. In the future, we should formulate plans for reasonable land-use that control the replacement of woodlands and grasslands with farmlands and construction. The results of this study provide a scientific basis and practical guide for restoring inland river ecosystems in arid regions.
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Wang, Xiaowei, Jingli Shao, Yali Cui i Qiulan Zhang. "Application of a Surrogate Model for a Groundwater Numerical Simulation Model for Determination of the Annual Control Index of the Groundwater Table in China". Sustainability 12, nr 14 (17.07.2020): 5752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145752.
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The Chinese government hopes to implement groundwater table control to realize the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources based on controlling the current groundwater exploitation amount. In this study, a method to determine the control index of the groundwater table is proposed. In the method, the reasonable relationship between the groundwater table and groundwater exploitation amount is ensured using the groundwater numerical simulation model. The operability of the index determination is improved using a surrogate numerical model, and the annual hydrological dynamic is simplified to three scenarios of dry, flat, and wet. To verify this method, the Minqin Basin in Northwest China was chosen as a typical study area. It is assumed that the control index of groundwater exploitation in 2020 is 85,000 × 103m3. Then, the preset annual water table index is calculated as [−0.70, 0.62, 1.13, −1.25, 1.36, 3.09] m [−0.77, 0.53, 1.05, −1.33, 1.27, 2.96] m, and [−0.83, 0.46, 0.99, −1.40, 1.20, 2.85] m for the chosen six monitoring wells, varying over the years with wet, flat, and dry scenarios. This method can ensure high precision, operability, and dynamic management when determining the control index of the groundwater table and satisfy the demand of managers.
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Zhao, YongQi, i ShiHao Dong. "Research on Ecological Compensation in the Yellow River Basin Based on the Perspective of Game Theory". E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502002.
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The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological function zone in China, and it plays an important role in the national economic and social development pattern. However, the over-utilization of water resources has made the ecological and environmental problems in the river basin more and more serious. For this reason, the coordinated governance of the areas along the Yellow River basin has become very important. Based on the static game model, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the coordinated governance of the Yellow River basin in the upstream and downstream areas, constructs a static game model of ecological compensation between the Shanxi and Henan governments under coordinated governance, and studies the feedback equilibrium strategies of the Shanxi and Henan governments. This article provides theoretical basis and suggestions for collaborative governance to achieve sustainable development. The game results show that: reducing the cost of protecting the ecological environment of the upstream basin, increasing the benefits of protecting the ecological environment, and increasing the amount of ecological compensation can promote the implementation of the ecological compensation policy between the upstream and downstream in the basin.
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Heimo, Claude René. "Removing Natural Forest From Timber Production: A New Challenge for the Development of Forest Industries in China". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, nr 9 (1.09.2000): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0341.
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In spite of its impressive reforestation record which ranks China first in the world, China's forestry development program is still far from meeting the country's national economic and social development needs. With a total forest area of about 134 million hectares and a standing volume of 11.8 billion cubic meters, total forest resources are insufficient, and the natural forest resources available for harvesting are almost exhausted. Furthermore, forest management is too extensive and forest infrastructure development inadequate to meet the needs of modern forestry development. The heavy tax burden and complexity of the tax system remain major impediments to the full participation of farmers in sustainable forestry development and forest conservation activities. Property rights issues continue to be problematic as farmers are still uncomfortable with the often inconsistent and volatile policy changes. Furthermore, the structure, scale and pattern of forest industries are somewhat irrational, and enterprises still depend upon state support and are requested to take on heavy social burdens. The secondary and tertiary forest industries are seriously stagnant with low levels of processing efficiency. All these factors have seriously damaged the structure and ecological functions of natural forests. Over the last 50 years,China's ecological environment has deteriorated at high speed and ecological disasters have occurred more frequently as all over China, the ability of forests to prevent erosion and conserve water has greatly decreased. Prompted by the floods in the reaches of the Yangtze River in August 1998, the Chinese goverment now clearly recognizes the importance of protecting natural forests. The reduction of natural forest resources and the deterioration of the ecological environment in the major watersheds are now both restricting the country's social and economic development. Consequently, conserving natural forests, banning the harvesting of natural forests in the upper and middle reaches of the main rivers, afforesting mountains and returning converted forestland to forestry are now listed as priorities for the government which launched the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), and as urgent tasks for the forest sector. However, in a country with a population of 1.3 billion,improving the eco-environment and resolving the disparity between conservation and development will not be an easy task. Due to the implementation of the NFCP, China's timber supply deficit is expected to increase from 5 million m3 in 1997 to about 25 million m3 in 2003, thus further affecting domestic wood-processing enterprises as well as the availability of fuelwood and non-timber forest products in areas already prone to poverty. As a result, many State-owned forest enterprises may not survive in a competitive environment, which will be further boosted by trade liberalization induced by China's admission to the WTO. The current shortage of timber alongside further trade liberalization measures should, however, provide a competitive opportunity for those enterprises investing in technologies which make use of the wood waste and engineered wood products that reduce the dependency on timber from natural forests. As a result, more research is needed to reshape China's forest product industry. It is essential to assess the conditions under which sustainable forestry, in tandem with adequate management and good business practices, can contribute to both the competitiveness of state forest enterprises and environmental conservation through lower production costs, product enhancement, environmental accountability (ethical standards),business redefinition and the ability to ensure longterm reliable, high quality sources of wood.
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Li, Fengshou, Kai Liu, Huanli Tang, Lin Liu i Hongxing Liu. "Analyzing Trends of Dike-Ponds between 1978 and 2016 Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images in Shunde District of South China". Sustainability 10, nr 10 (30.09.2018): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103504.
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Dike-ponds have experienced significant changes in the Pearl River Delta region over the past several decades, especially since China’s economic reform, which has seriously affected the construction of ecological environments. In order to monitor the evolution of dike-ponds, in this study we use multi-source remote sensing images from 1978 to 2016 to extract dike-ponds in several periods using the nearest neighbor classification method. A corresponding area weighted dike-pond invasion index (AWDII) is proposed to describe the spatial evolution of dike-ponds, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Furthermore, the evolution mechanisms of dike-ponds are determined, which can be attributed to both natural conditions and human factors. Our results show that the total area of dike-ponds in 2016 was significantly reduced and fragmentation had increased compared with the situation in 1978. The AWDII reveals that Shunde District has experienced three main phases, including steady development, rapid invasion and a reduction of invasion by other land use types. Most dike-ponds have now converted into built-up areas, followed by cultivated lands, mainly due to government policies, rural area depopulation, and river networks within Shunde. Our study indicates that the AWDII is applicable towards the evaluation of the dynamic changes of dike-ponds. The rational development, and careful protection, of dike-ponds should be implemented for better land and water resource management.
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Han, Meiling, Martin de Jong i Minghui Jiang. "City Branding and Industrial Transformation from Manufacturing to Services: Which Pathways do Cities in Central China Follow?" Sustainability 11, nr 21 (28.10.2019): 5992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215992.
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A potentially attractive way for cities to maintain economic growth while reducing environmental harm is to let their production structures undergo industrial transformation, a process otherwise known as ecological modernization. This attraction lies mainly in the fact that residents, visitors and corporations prefer clean air, water and soil as a milieu to invest their resources in. Municipal governments can use city branding as an important instrument to force off such a transformation, if it is taken as a point of departure for the adoption of a strategy to which they are deeply committed and for the benefit of which they are willing to deploy their various policy instruments. In the literature on ecological modernization, five different pathways for industrial transformation in cities have been identified and these have been matched with city branding practices. In this contribution, the abovementioned conceptual framework is further detailed and specified to account for a variety in types of secondary and tertiary sector industries. In the empirical sections, all cities in the Chinese provinces Hubei and Hunan, where the transition from manufacturing to services is typically most pressing, are examined in terms of their industrial structures, pathways to industrial transformation and city branding choices. The results indicate, inter alia, that further subdivision of the secondary and tertiary economic sectors is useful in understanding key features of the transformation, and that different sub-pathways affect tradeoffs between economic expansion and ecological preservation differently. Branding practices among Hubei and Hunan cities also indicate that some industries are more easily embraced and utilized than others in establishing brand identities and adopting popular city labels.
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Huang, Ai Ling, Jing Cai i Jun Lu. "A Model for Water Management in China". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (sierpień 2013): 3657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3657.
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The objective of the article is to construct a model to help Chinese government with water policymaking. This paper will take the policy of water price ladder model as an example,respectively pricing for municipal water and industrial water. The strategy of waters price ladder can promote the conservation of water resources.