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Crampton, Andrea, i Angela T. Ragusa. "Perceived agricultural runoff impact on drinking water". Journal of Water and Health 12, nr 3 (25.03.2014): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.212.
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Agricultural runoff into surface water is a problem in Australia, as it is in arguably all agriculturally active countries. While farm practices and resource management measures are employed to reduce downstream effects, they are often either technically insufficient or practically unsustainable. Therefore, consumers may still be exposed to agrichemicals whenever they turn on the tap. For rural residents surrounded by agriculture, the link between agriculture and water quality is easy to make and thus informed decisions about water consumption are possible. Urban residents, however, are removed from agricultural activity and indeed drinking water sources. Urban and rural residents were interviewed to identify perceptions of agriculture's impact on drinking water. Rural residents thought agriculture could impact their water quality and, in many cases, actively avoided it, often preferring tank to surface water sources. Urban residents generally did not perceive agriculture to pose health risks to their drinking water. Although there are more agricultural contaminants recognised in the latest Australian Drinking Water Guidelines than previously, we argue this is insufficient to enhance consumer protection. Health authorities may better serve the public by improving their proactivity and providing communities and water utilities with the capacity to effectively monitor and address agricultural runoff.
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Sun, Menglu, i Takaaki Kato. "The Effect of Urban Agriculture on Water Security: A Spatial Approach". Water 14, nr 16 (17.08.2022): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162529.
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This study aimed to examine the influence of agricultural development under urbanization on agriculture water supply internalization. Water supply internalization is the process of measuring water security to estimate the degree of water supply sustainably by region inside. According to water users, Water supply internalization could be divided into Agriculture and urban water supply internalization. Agriculture and urban water supply internalization are calculated in this study. This study employed a spatial model to analyze agricultural water supply internalization and its influencing factors. The results showed that the agriculture development associated with agricultural population and crop typology impacts agricultural water supply internalization. Urban water supply internalization increases lead to an increase in agricultural water supply internalization. The agricultural population’s spatial agglomerations lead to increased agricultural water supply internalization. Agricultural population’s spatial agglomerations mean neighborhood city agriculture population share similar trend. Agricultural and urban water supply internalization have spatial autoconnection. The study area consisted of 30 cities in four provinces in North China: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong.
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Baudišová, D. "Microbial pollution of water from agriculture". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 10 (21.10.2009): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2009-pse.
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Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, <I>Escherichia coli</I> and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relation to high precipitation. The water quality in three (and/or four) localities exceeded the acceptable counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci given by the Czech legislation (40 CFU/ml for faecal coliforms and 20 CFU/ ml for enterococci). In agriculturally polluted streams, there were detected more enterococci than faecal coliforms, and also some less frequent species related to farm animals (<I>Streptococcus equines</I> and <I>S. bovis</I>) or plant rests (<I>E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus</I>) were present. <I>E. faecalis</I> and <I>E. faecium</I> strains (these are the most common species related to human faecal pollution) were less frequent there.
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Wu, Guoyong, Noman Riaz i Waseem Akram. "UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WATER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH". Food and Agri Economics Review 2, nr 1 (2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/faer.01.2022.18.21.
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South Asia region has the largest agricultural land area and has the largest irrigated system for agriculture – abstracts groundwater for irrigation purposes. The world is facing water scarcity issues and South Asia is also facing the water-stressed due to high population growth. This study tried to examine the impact of water utilization in the agriculture sector and examined the agriculture sector impact on economic growth in South Asian countries. Water utilization means growth in the agriculture sector and it may cause an increase in economic growth. The study used data from South Asian countries (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives) from 2001 to 2018. Data has been observed through graphical representation to understand the relationship of variables of interest. The results of the research showed that the utilization of water in analyzed countries is one of the reasons for the development of agriculture. Moreover, the development of agriculture may, among other factors, positively affect economic growth. In all the South Asian countries, utilization of water is not efficient some countries utilized the maximum amount of water and get more agricultural growth. Some countries utilized the minimum amount of water and got less agriculture growth. Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka utilized a large amount of water and got more agricultural growth. Afghanistan, Nepal and Bangladesh utilized less amount of water and got less agriculture growth. So, this is not an efficient way of getting agricultural output. Due to old techniques of agriculture production in South Asia, it causes the wastage of water. The developed countries use less input and get more outputs because of this modern era of technology. Also, results revealed that agriculture growth has a positive impact on economic growth for all these countries such as Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. It means South Asian countries are agricultural base countries.
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Saludo, Ellysa Mae F., Maricel F. Lagado, Aaliyah Marie A. San Jose, Carmela P. Agustin, Nikka Joyce G. Lipardo i Michelle A. Agustin. "Water Salinity in Agriculture: Analyzing Irrigation Water Quality for Farmers". International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education 5, nr 3 (30.12.2023): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v5i3.104.
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The primary aim of this study is to assess irrigation water's salinity levels and categorize them as regular, slightly to moderately saline, or severely saline, using the salinity parameters established by Ayers and Westcot as a reference. This practice plays a substantial role in global agriculture, accounting for 20% of total cultivated land and contributing 40% of the world's food production. It falls under the classification of water usage known as Class C, which encompasses Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of aquatic resources, Recreational Water Class II for boating and similar activities, and Agriculture, including irrigation and livestock watering. This classification underscores irrigation water's profound influence on agriculture as a whole. Salinity, often considered one of humanity's earliest environmental challenges, is paramount. Excessive salinity in agriculture, particularly in the context of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, a staple crop that nourishes half of the global population, poses a formidable threat. High salinity levels can potentially hinder plant growth, reduce crop yields, and compromise the quality of agricultural products. This research seeks to illuminate the critical issue of salinity in irrigation, specifically focusing on its implications for rice cultivation, which plays a pivotal role in global food security. By delineating the salinity status of irrigation water, it aims to provide valuable insights into the challenges confronted by agricultural communities and lay the groundwork for informed decision-making in sustainable agriculture.
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Fereres, E. "Water-limited agriculture". European Journal of Agronomy 21, nr 4 (grudzień 2004): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.07.002.
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Zaporozec, Alexander. "Water and agriculture". GeoJournal 15, nr 3 (październik 1987): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00213450.
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Juana, James S., Kenneth M. Strzepek i Johann F. Kirsten. "Market efficiency and welfare effects of inter-sectoral water allocation in South Africa". Water Policy 13, nr 2 (20.10.2010): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.096.
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The need for increased agricultural production to meet the growing demand for food, coupled with concerns for environmental sustainability, economic growth and poverty reduction has increased demand on the already scarce water in South Africa. At the same time, because of agriculture's minimal contribution, compared to the industrial and mining sectors, to South Africa's GDP and employment, the call to reallocate water from agriculture to non-agricultural use has been intensified. This study updates the 1998 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for South Africa and uses the computable general equilibrium model to analyze the impact of water reallocation from agriculture to the non-agricultural sectors on output growth, value added at factor cost, which captures the payments from the production sectors to the factors of production, and households' welfare. Using different water reallocation scenarios, the simulation results indicate that water reallocation from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors beyond the level of a market allocation scenario will lead to a decline in sectoral output and a significant deterioration in the welfare of poor households. It thus undermines development efforts aimed at reducing the existing level of poverty in the country.
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Toerien, D. F. "Pollution of water supplies". Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 5, nr 1 (17.03.1986): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v5i1.972.
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Water is used in agriculture for irrigation as well as for drinking water for man and beast. The pollution of water with salts, plant nutrients, organic material, pathogens and parasites, as well as toxic components, decreases its value for agricultural purposes. The rapid development of and the population growth in South Africa will increase water pollution, and agriculture will thus be influenced. Agriculture will also have to intensify in the future to meet the expected increased demand for food; the role of agriculture as a water polluter will thus also increase. South African agriculturists and water managers will have to meet unique challenges in the next decade. However, there are also unique opportunities to utilise.
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Yu, Xiao, Xun Jian Long, Yan He i Ying Liu. "Study on Water Measuring Facilities in Water-Saving Irrigation District, China". Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (sierpień 2014): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1033.
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In recent years, the Chinese government has adjust the implementation of national industrial structure and popularize water saving. However, agricultural water consumption still accounted for more than 60% of the total water content. With the rapid development of economy, the situation of water shortage is becoming increasingly serious. In agriculture production, developing accurate quantity water infrastructure projects can promote water saving on agricultural production and advance the process of water-saving agriculture. Based on the analysis of the current situation of agricultural development in China, this manuscript compared the development of the irrigation district management system since 1950s, and summarized the main factors restricting the construction of water-saving irrigation area. The results show that (1) Irrigation facilities coverage remains to be improved. (2) Low accuracy of measuring water facilities. (3) Lack of economic and practical equipment. In addition, this paper also put forward the research and development direction of quantity of water facilities in future. It can provide useful reference for water-saving agriculture development in China.
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O'Neill, Michael P., i James P. Dobrowolski. "Water and Agriculture in a Changing Climate". HortScience 46, nr 2 (luty 2011): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.2.155.
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Agriculture, in its broadest form, is the greatest consumptive user of water resources in the United States and around the world. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing agricultural producers will be adapting water management to an increasingly variable climate. Adaptation will be extremely difficult, in part because other demands for water (e.g., energy, domestic, industrial, municipal) will continue to increase. Despite considerable improvements in irrigation technology, product development, and other water-saving approaches, agricultural producers will be expected to reduce water consumption and improve or protect water quality of water discharged from agricultural operations. In 2004, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture embarked on an effort to address Agricultural Water Security, ensuring sufficient water of the appropriate quality at the needed time to meet demands for food, fiber, and other agricultural goods and services. This effort identified six broad areas where agricultural research, education, and extension can impact water management to achieve agricultural water security. The six areas are: biotechnology, water reuse, general conservation, irrigation efficiency, water markets and trading, and drought preparedness. We present an overview of the six areas and opportunities for agriculture—and specifically horticultural and specialty crop producers—to adapt to climate change through improved water management.
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Naizi, Al Khun, i Zish Rahmen. "Effectiveness of Sustainable Agriculture and Industrial Agriculture in Africa". Journal Siplieria Sciences 2, nr 1 (11.04.2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48173/jss.v2i1.80.
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The aim of this analysis is to examine the efficacy of sustainable farming in Africa and industrial farming. Sustainable agriculture as an approach to food production that combines agriculture's economic, social and environmental dimensions. The agricultural societies in Asia and Africa have effectively followed these values. The growing evidence and accessible scientific review of the creation of programs suggests that sustainable interventions can be highly successful to enhance productivity, promote protection of soil and water incomes and to ensure food safety; improve agricultural, wildlife and plant health; increase natural disasters and climate change resistance, minimize greenhouse gas emissions and promote societies. This demonstrates that the efficiency of organic farming has a positive influence in different countries on the future of agriculture.
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Anand, Kishore, Sreerambabu, Mohammed Riyaz i Kalidasan. "IoT-Enabled Water Level Monitoring for Smart Farming". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 8 (31.08.2023): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55023.
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Abstract: The rate of population growth in the world is alarming. It is quite difficult to meet the needs of such a large population. Good nutrition is the most fundamental requirement for each human being. The old and conventional farming techniques, however, are proving insufficient for supplying food in large amounts due to the growing population. Fortunately, by utilizing cutting-edge agricultural techniques and smart electronics technology, we can raise efficiency and productivity to higher levels. Additionally, this will guarantee us access to food. An IOT-based smart agriculture monitoring system project using Arduino is presented to improve the effectiveness and productivity of agricultural crops. One of the most crucial aspects of our society is agriculture. Every day, farmers generate food. Water is a key aspect of successful agriculture. Technology has played a crucial role in developing agriculture. The world's largest water user is the agriculture industry. Since water is used so extensively in agriculture, which makes up the majority of the Indian economy, it is disappearing day by day. One answer to this issue is irrigation, as plants are fed with water by drip irrigation. Water is well conserved by irrigation. The agricultural land must be consistently watered while being continuously monitored. In many parts of the world, manual irrigation is still used to deliver water for agriculture.
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Murugesan, R. "Research requirement of agricultural engineering sector and formulation of new scheme at national level". Agricultural Engineering Today 45, nr 03 (31.07.2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/aet2021453.1540.
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Application of engineering in agriculture is getting momentum all over the world due to its long term benefit solution to the farming community besides attainment of sustainability in agriculture. Migration of people from agriculture to urban areas is inevitable due to socio economic changes. Application oriented agricultural engineering research is imperative for maximizing the input use efficiency, reducing post harvest losses, increasing the value addition of different agricultural produce, better utilization of agricultural waste for increasing the organic matter content of soil, promoting the utilization of solar energy in agriculture and thus increase the net income of the farmers. To retain the soil, water and youth in agriculture, agricultural engineering comprising of soil and water conservation, water management, farm machinery and power, post-harvest technology and value addition and agro energy activities in a dovetailed manner with a watershed approach shall be formulated at National level to retain the valuable soil and water resources besides encouraging youth to take up farming as a remunerative activity.
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Mendelsohn, R., i A. Dinar. "Climate, Water, and Agriculture". Land Economics 79, nr 3 (1.08.2003): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3147020.
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Gil, Juliana. "Water value in agriculture". Nature Food 1, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00154-z.
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Moss, Brian. "Water pollution by agriculture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, nr 1491 (30.07.2007): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2176.
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Agriculture disrupts all freshwater systems hugely from their pristine states. The former reductionist concept of pollution was of examining individual effects of particular substances on individual taxa or sub-communities in freshwater systems, an essentially ecotoxicological concept. It is now less useful than a more holistic approach that treats the impacts on the system as a whole and includes physical impacts such as drainage and physical modification of river channels and modification of the catchment as well as nutrient, particulate and biocide pollution. The European Water Framework Directive implicitly recognizes this in requiring restoration of water bodies to ‘good ecological quality’, which is defined as only slightly different from pristine state. The implications for the management of agriculture are far more profound than is currently widely realized.
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Costa, Sidney Anderson Teixeira da, Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, George do Nascimento Araújo Júnior, Cleber Pereira Alves, Carlos André Alves de Souza, Kaique Renan da Silva Salvador i Thieres George Freire da Silva. "Técnicas hidricamente eficientes e modelagem: estratégias para a sustentabilidade e intensificação da agricultura frente às mudanças do clima em ambientes suscetíveis à desertificação". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, nr 7 (3.01.2022): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.7.p4013-4034.
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Em regiões suscetíveis a desertificação, como é o caso do Semiárido, o uso de tecnologias hídricas pode servir como ferramenta para mitigar os impactos ambientais, aumentar a eficiência no uso da água e garantir uma menor estacionalidade da produção. Nesta revisão, buscamos abordar as principais estratégias que podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade, intensificação e planejamento da atividade agrícola nas regiões com riscos de desertificação. Para isso, discutiu-se os problemas e as principais características ambientais das áreas suscetíveis a esse processo; abordou-se o uso de tecnologias hídricas (e.g. adoção de espécies vegetais resistentes ao estresse hídrico, uso de clones/cultivares mais adaptados à condições estressantes, intensidade de corte, cultivo, uso de cobertura morta), práticas que visam aumentar a eficiência do uso da água na agricultura; destacou-se o modelo AquaCrop da FAO como ferramenta para inferir sobre o impacto de possíveis cenários ambientais na agricultura, bem como simular as melhores estratégias de resiliência; e, por fim, frisou-se outros conceitos relacionados a sustentabilidade da agricultura como: eficiência no uso da água, agricultura verde, e caracterizadores de um sistema agrícola. Nossos achados reforçam a necessidade de uma visão holística dos agroecossistemas para integrar as tecnologias hídricas a outras estratégias de aumento da eficiência no uso dos recursos e de redução a liberação de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), de modo a contribuir com a sustentabilidade da atividade e a mitigação dos impactos no meio ambiente. Outrossim, com a utilização da modelagem é possível prever os impactos que as condições climáticas futura proporcionarão ao planeta, de modo a planejar estratégias mais eficazes para a convivência da agricultura com as mudanças do clima.Palavras-chave: AquaCrop; eficiência no uso da água; estratégias de resiliência agrícola. Water technologies and modeling: strategies in the search for sustainability and intensification of agriculture in susceptible environments to desertification A B S T R A C TIn regions susceptible to desertification, such as the semi-arid region, the use of water technologies can serve as tool to mitigate environmental impacts, increase water efficiency, and ensure a lower state of production. In this review, we seek to address the main strategies that can contribute to the sustainability, intensification and planning of agricultural activity in regions with desertification risks. To this end, the problems and main environmental characteristics of the areas susceptible to this process were discussed; the use of water technologies (e.g. adoption of plant species resistant to water stress, use of clones/cultivars more adapted to stressful conditions, cutting intensity, cultivation, use of mulch), practices aimed at increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture; the FAO AquaCrop model was highlighted as a tool to infer about the impact of possible environmental scenarios on agriculture, as well as to simulate the best resilience strategies; and, finally, other concepts related to the sustainability of agriculture were emphasized, such as: efficiency in the use of water, green agriculture, and characterizations of an agricultural system. Our findings reinforce the need for a holistic view of agroecosystems to integrate water technologies with other strategies to increase resource efficiency and reduce the release of greenhouse gases (GHG), to contribute to the sustainability of the activity and the mitigation of impacts on the environment. Moreover, with the use of modeling it is possible to predict the impacts that future weather conditions will bring to the planet, to plan more effective strategies for the coexistence of agriculture with climate change.Keywords: AquaCrop; efficiency in water use; agricultural resilience strategies
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Shinde, Dr Sunil. "WATER PUMP CONTROL BY LORA FREQUENCY". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, nr 03 (22.03.2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem29562.
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This study investigates the use of LoRa frequency modulation in agricultural settings for water pump control systems. The paper explores the adaptability and efficacy of LoRa technology in tackling important issues associated with resource optimization, environmental monitoring, and water management in agriculture through an extensive examination of the literature. The research demonstrates how LoRa may transform current farming processes by facilitating data transfer, automation, and monitoring across a range of agricultural setups. Additionally, based on particular application needs, the comparative study of LoRa frequencies at various MHz ranges provides insights into well-informed decision-making for frequency selection. An essential component that enables remote monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision-making to improve productivity, sustainability, and resource efficiency in agriculture is the integration of IoT devices with LoRa technology. The focus on security measures highlights how crucial it is to protect private agricultural data from online attacks. Even with encouraging results, security, scalability, and reliability issues still exist, requiring more study and development to improve network efficiency, hone communication protocols, and find new uses for LoRa in agriculture. Through the perspective of LoRa technology, this study advances knowledge and use of IoT solutions for agricultural sustainability. Key Words: Lora frequency modulation, water pump, agricultural IoT, environmental optimization.
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Wang, Hua Qi, Mao Sheng Zhang, Xue Ya Dang i Hua Zhu. "The Response of Agricultural Water Demand to Climate Change in Shiyang River Basin, in Northwest China". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (październik 2011): 1964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1964.
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This paper reports on the method of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic and agricultural theory to study agriculture water demand under changing climate conditions, which is applied in Shiyang River basin, in Northwest China. We calculate agriculture water demand by use of Penman-Monteith formula and field water balance theory, droved by climate factors. This paper concludes that, the response of agriculture water demand to climate change exists, but the climate change can’t vary the basic law of water resources system; reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and temperature represent positive correlation, moreover, agriculture water demand and temperature also exist positive correlation, however, agriculture water demand and precipitation show the evident negative correlation; the influence of agriculture water demand which induced by temperature increase or decrease 1°C is larger than that induced by precipitation increasing or decreasing 10%; the influence range of agriculture water demand which induced by precipitation decrease is larger than that induced by precipitation increase; the influence range of agriculture water demand which induced in the guarantee rate of 75% is larger than that which induced in the guarantee rate of 50%; in additionally, the influence range of agriculture water demand in 2020 is larger than that in 2010. Therefore, in these relatively water shortage areas, changes in agriculture water demand due to climate change will require timely improvement in crop cultivars, irrigation and drainage technology, and water management.
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Viana, Felipe Jorge, Fernando França da Cunha, Mayara Oliveira Rocha i Job Teixeira Oliveira. "Water rationalization in Brazilian irrigated agriculture". Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 8 (25.02.2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.r154.v8.2022.
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Freshwater, an essential asset for the life of living beings and one of the main resources for the development of nations. About 70% of the freshwater on the planet is used by irrigated agriculture. In view of the increasing population density for food production, considering the limitations of agricultural processes, countless producers are looking for viable alternatives that provide them with greater production, irrigation being one of them. This bibliographic review aims to summarize information on the topic: Rationalization of Water Resources and Environmental Impacts in Irrigated Agriculture, based on searches in books, scientific articles, and publications by reputable organizations related to the topic. In these, aspects related to water scarcity, the challenges of irrigated agriculture, contamination of water resources, the reuse of water for irrigation, the quality of reused water, and adequacy of water for irrigation are dealt with. The need for conservation of water resources and awareness of the irrigator regarding the rational use of water and the environmental impacts inherent to the irrigation process is evident, therefore, the intention is to consolidate increasingly sustainable agriculture.
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Budi Tjahjono, Kundang Karsono i Lista Meria. "Development of Precission Farming Hydropoonic Model Based On Internet of Things Using Arduino". International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 2, nr 6 (29.11.2021): 1946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i6.392.
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Agricultural land in urban areas was needed for community food security. Narrow agricultural land posed obstacles in the implementation of urban agriculture. Hydroponi is a solution for agricultureal development on narrow land. Precesion farming was needed to maintain plant growth. Hydroponic system required regulation of air and water temperature, humidity, water level, pH, water nutrient. This study used SDLC methodology. The result of this research is an automatic hydroponic implementation that can monitor and control an Internet of Things based hydroponic system using Arduino.
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Vedovello, Priscila, Lívia Valentim Sanches, Gabriel da Silva Teodoro, Vinícius Ferraz Majaron, Ricardo Bortoletto-Santos, Caue Ribeiro i Fernando Ferrari Putti. "An Overview of Polymeric Hydrogel Applications for Sustainable Agriculture". Agriculture 14, nr 6 (27.05.2024): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060840.
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Agriculture, a vital element of human survival, confronts challenges of meeting rising demand due to population growth and product availability in developing nations. Reliance on pesticides and fertilizers strains natural resources, leading to soil degradation and water scarcity. Addressing these issues necessitates enhancing water efficiency in agriculture. Polymeric hydrogels, with their unique water retention and nutrient-release capabilities, offer promising solutions. These superabsorbent materials form three-dimensional networks retaining substantial amounts of water. Their physicochemical properties suit various applications, including agriculture. Production involves methods like bulk, solution, and suspension polymerization, with cross-linking, essential for hydrogels, achieved through physical or chemical means, each with different advantages. Grafting techniques incorporate functional groups into matrices, while radiation synthesis offers purity and reduced toxicity. Hydrogels provide versatile solutions to tackle water scarcity and soil degradation in agriculture. Recent research explores hydrogel formulations for optimal agricultural performance, enhancing soil water retention and plant growth. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of hydrogel technologies as adaptable solutions addressing water scarcity and soil degradation challenges in agriculture, with ongoing research refining hydrogel formulations for optimal agricultural use.
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Bhandari, Babita, Rakesh Patel, Akshat Tiwari, Namita Sharma i Shiwangi Thawait. "Role of IoT in Agriculture in India in Water Irrigation". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 5 (31.05.2023): 6520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53257.
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Abstract: The Indian agricultural sector could be drastically changed by the Internet of Things (IoT), a rapidly developing technology. IoT can be quite useful in maximizing water usage in agricultural activities. Water irrigation is one of the most important parts of agriculture. In this study, we explore the current irrigation situation in Indian agriculture, the difficulties farmers confront, and the possible advantages of implementing IoT-based irrigation system solutions. We look at the several Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and applications that may be utilized in agriculture, such as sensors, drones, and machine learning algorithms, in order tomaximize water use, cut down on waste, and boost crop yields. Finally, we propose suggestions after discussing the obstacles and prospects for the mainstream use of IoT in Indian agriculture.
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Usman, Muhammad, Gulnaz Hameed, Abdul Saboor i Lal Khan Almas. "Research and Development Spillover, Irrigation Water Use and Agricultural Production in Pakistan". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (4.08.2021): 840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.79.
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This research entails investigation of the impacts of Research and Development (R&D) spillover and irrigation water use efficiency on agricultural productivity in Pakistan. Influenced through the importance of R&D spillovers in innovation, water scarcity, irrigation technology, internal and external R&D shocks, human capital, agriculture employment and land were analyzed in the agricultural productivity. Considered the research objectives the annual timeseries data is collected for the period of 1973 to 2020 from different sources. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to investigate the contribution of knowledge spillover and water resources efficiency for agricultural production in Pakistan. The results suggest the presence of positive and significant impact of foreign and domestic R&D spillovers on agriculture productivity of Pakistan. Further, the study found presence of larger positive externalities associated with external R&D spillovers in agriculture productivity. The estimates highlight that efficient utilization of water technology performs positive role in agriculture productivity in Pakistan. The results of both human capital and interactive term have negative sign and are significant which has clearly indicated that agriculture labor has less absorptive ability of foreign knowledge spillover. From the estimated results, it is recommended that government needs to focus on availability and accessibility of advance technology for farmers through increased outreach and extension services to educate the farmers and accelerate adoption of innovation in agriculture. Further, it is recommended that the Pakistani government must focus on the exploration of alternative irrigation technology in agriculture production for efficient use of water to increase agriculture productivity. Through the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques, the farmers can conserve the irrigated water, enhance water use efficiency in food production and overcome climatic challenges for agriculture production as well as food insecurity issues in Pakistan.
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Cameira, Maria do Rosário, i Luís Santos Pereira. "Innovation Issues in Water, Agriculture and Food". Water 11, nr 6 (12.06.2019): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061230.
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The main challenge faced by agriculture is to produce enough food for a continued increase in population, however in the context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and anthropic water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance. Such a context implies innovative issues in agricultural water management and practices, at both the field and the system or the basin scales, mainly in irrigation to cope with water scarcity, environmental friendliness, and rural society welfare. Therefore, this special issue was set to present and discuss recent achievements in water, agriculture, and food nexus at different scales, thus to promote sustainable development of irrigated agriculture and to develop integrated approaches to water and food. Papers cover various domains including: (a) evapotranspiration and crop water use; (b) improving water management in irrigated agriculture, particularly irrigation scheduling; (c) adaptation of agricultural systems to enhance water use and water productivity to face water scarcity and climate change; (d) improving irrigation systems design and management adopting multi-criteria and risk approaches; (e) ensuring sustainable management for anthropic ecosystems favoring safe and high-quality food production, as well as the conservation of natural ecosystems; (f) assessing the impact of water scarcity and, mainly, droughts; (g) conservation of water quality resources, namely by preventing contamination with nitrates; (h) use of modern mapping technologies and remote sensing information; and (i) fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare.
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Farmanov, T., i F. Yusupova. "Main Measures to Increase the Use of Water-saving Technologies in Agriculture". Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, nr 9 (15.09.2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/12.
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The development of agriculture depends primarily on the availability of water resources. The current critical situation in the field of water on earth, which is already called Blue Gold, requires rational use of water resources, improvement of the agricultural system, which ensures a reduction in water use, and the introduction of modern water-saving technologies. Objective: To develop scientifically based proposals and practical recommendations to encourage the use of water-saving technologies in agriculture. Results: The proposed legal, organizational and economic measures will contribute to the further development of water-saving technologies in agriculture.
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Stern, Stephanie, i A. Dan Tarlock. "Moving Water". Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 49, S (1.04.2024): 249–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjel.v49is.12549.
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Climate change-induced megadrought and rapid urbanization are forcing western agriculture into retreat as water supplies diminish and heat and drought ravage crops and livestock. At the same time, the megadrought is imposing deep ecological harm on riparian areas, fish species, and soil and increasing the concentration of pollutants in dwindling waterways. These developments raise the question of how to use the water rights left behind as western irrigated agriculture in-evitably shrinks. We argue that federal purchase of some of these rights could create a pool of water available for instream flows (also termed environmental flows) to preserve waterways and aquatic eco-systems. We propose that the federal government acquire some west-ern water rights from agricultural holders, just as it has acquired homes in residential “managed retreat” programs, and dedicate those rights to instream flows. This proposal is novel in agricultural policy, which has stubbornly subsidized agriculture in place, and in the schol-arship on government managed retreat from climate change, which has focused on retreating people and land, not rights in natural re-sources. Federal government managed retreat of western water rights reasserts a federal role in western water allocation, a feature we con-tend accords with current needs as well as history. The allocation of western water and the system of state and private water ownership are largely the result of the post-Civil War response to illegal gold and silver mining thought necessary to encourage western settlement. These policies no longer respond to the modern urbanized West and its present environmental challenges. Drought retreat presents an oppor-tunity for the federal government to move toward a more balanced al-location of western water and create durable environmental benefits.
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Chouhan, Shambhu, Smita Kumari, Rajneesh Kumar i Pravin L. Chaudhary. "Climate Resilient Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 7 (10.05.2023): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i71894.
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The management of water resources in both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture is becoming an increasingly complex worldwide due to anticipated water scarcity, and compounded by the challenges of global warming and climate change. Climate-smart water technologies viz. Drip irrigation, Central pivot irrigation, Hydrogel and SWAT method need to be judiciously applied to overcome these challenges. Agriculture is a critical sector in India and other developing countries, providing substantial employment opportunities to rural populations and supporting efforts to achieve food and nutritional security. This paper addresses the challenge of increasing food production and improving rural livelihoods while safeguarding critical water resources for sustainable use, particularly in drought-prone regions, through adaptive measures for effective water management. An integrated approach is necessary for agricultural water management through the adoption of innovative technologies such as water harvesting, micro-irrigation, and resource conservation farming to increase water-use efficiency in agriculture and other critical services to humans and animals. The study aims to enhance understanding of the potential implications of climate change and adaptation options for agricultural water management, thereby enabling them to take up adaptation challenges and develop measures to reduce the farming sector's vulnerability to climate change.
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Torabi Haghighi, Ali, Nizar Abou Zaki, Pekka M. Rossi, Roohollah Noori, Ali Akbar Hekmatzadeh, Hossein Saremi i Bjørn Kløve. "Unsustainability Syndrome—From Meteorological to Agricultural Drought in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions". Water 12, nr 3 (16.03.2020): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030838.
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Water is the most important resource for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, where agriculture is the mainstay for rural societies. By relating the water usage to renewable water resources, we define three stages from sustainable to unsustainable water resources: (1) sustainable, where water use is matched by renewable water capacity, ensuring sustainable water resources; (2) transitional, where water use occasionally exceeds renewable water capacity; and (3) unsustainable, with lack of water resources for agriculture, society, and the environment. Using available drought indicators (standardized precipitation index (SPI) and streamflow drought index (SDI)) and two new indices for agricultural drought (overall agricultural drought index (OADI) and agricultural drought index (ADI)), we evaluated these stages using the example of Fars province in southern Iran in the period 1977–2016. A hyper-arid climate prevailed for an average of 32% of the province’s spatio-temporal coverage during the study period. The area increased significantly from 30.6% in the first decade (1977–1986) to 44.4% in the last (2006–2015). The spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought showed no significant negative trends in annual precipitation during 1977–2016, but the occurrence of hydrological droughts increased significantly in the period 1997–2016. The expansion of irrigated area, with more than 60% of rainfed agriculture replaced by irrigated agriculture (especially between 1997 and 2006), exerted substantial pressure on surface water and groundwater resources. Together, climate change, reduced river flow, and significant declines in groundwater level in major aquifers led to unsustainable use of water resources, a considerable reduction in irrigated area, and unsustainability in agricultural production in the period 2006–2015. Analysis of causes and effects of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought in the area identified three clear stages: before 1997 being sustainable, 1997–2006 being transitional, and after 2006 being unsustainable.
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Chinivasagam, Nalini, i Pat Blackall. "The re-use of water in agricultural settings". Microbiology Australia 30, nr 1 (2009): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09038.
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Agriculture offers considerable opportunities for the safe and sustainable re-use of water, be that water sourced from humans or animals. A key point is understanding the differences in pathogen profiles between wastewater from humans as compared with that derived from animals. Agricultural re-use also offers the opportunity to appropriately match the treatment level of the used water with the planned end-use. There is no doubt that the reuse of water in agriculture will be an increasing focus as Australian agriculture adapts to the challenges of food security in a changing world.
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Mohammed Baljon. "Revolutionizing Saudi Arabia's Agriculture: The IoT Transformation of Water Management". Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 36, nr 1 (24.12.2023): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.36.1.217240.
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Saudi Arabia's agriculture heavily depends on effective water management, given its limited freshwater resources and arid climate. Real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and crop watering needs, facilitated by IoT integration, plays a crucial role in conserving water and minimizing waste. The resultant improvements in crop yields and quality are essential for the long-term success of agriculture in the country. This study employs the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to investigate the transformative potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) in enhancing water management practices in Saudi Arabia's agriculture sector. The research begins by highlighting the significance of water management in agriculture, emphasizing the proportion of land in Saudi Arabia allocated to agricultural purposes. The problem statement underscores the pressing challenges in water management, encompassing issues such as water scarcity, inefficient irrigation methods, and the need for real-time data to inform decision-making. To address these challenges, the study proposes an IoT-based Agricultural Water Management System (IoT-AWMS) that leverages sensors, real-time data analytics, and machine learning algorithms. This system is designed to optimize water utilization in agriculture. Simulations conducted within the study demonstrate a significant enhancement in water usage efficiency, resulting in reduced water wastage and increased crop yields. In conclusion, this research underscores the critical importance of the proposed IoT-based water management system for Saudi Arabia. It is positioned as a valuable tool for mitigating water scarcity challenges and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural practices in the country.
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Branzova, Petia. "PRECISION AGRICULTURE: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE". Economic Thought journal 69, nr 1 (14.05.2024): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2469102.
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Precision agriculture represents an innovative approach utilizing technologies and scientific methods to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural oper-ations and their application in modern agriculture. Various technological innovations are analyzed, including the use of sensors, GPS systems, remote sensing, and software solutions that aid in optimizing agricultural operations. The article discusses the chal-lenges of implementing precision agriculture, as well as future development opportuni-ties in the sector and the potential benefits for farmers, rural communities, and the en-vironment from implementing this approach. The importance of precision agriculture as an innovative strategy for addressing challenges and achieving sustainable develop-ment in agriculture is emphasized. The goal of this article is to assist agricultural pro-ducers, agricultural specialists, and decision-makers in the sector in making informed decisions and strategies for implementing precision agriculture in their practices. Im-plementing precision agriculture will lead to improved efficiency and sustainability by reducing the use of resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, increasing the productivity of agricultural crops, and reducing the adverse environmental impacts of agriculture.
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Kijne, Jacob W. "Preserving the (water) harvest: effective water use in agriculture". Water Science and Technology 43, nr 4 (1.02.2001): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0201.
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The alternative to increasing the world's irrigated area by an estimated 30% to secure food security for all, seems to be limited irrigation expansion and consequently higher food prices and probably food shortages. This paper explores other options for ensuring food security. It discusses meaningful similarities between innovative approaches for land and water management in rainfed and irrigated agriculture. The focus is on innovative approaches to increase yields in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Innovative technologies, such as improved tillage practices and water harvesting are important. But at least as important are the processes by which new agricultural practices are developed, improved and extended. In the end it comes down to human inventiveness.
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Tunç, Gamze, i Harun Kaman. "Tarım Topraklarında Tuzluluk Sorunu". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, nr 11 (1.12.2022): 2232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i11.2232-2236.5549.
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Soil and water are the two most important basic factors for ensuring sustainable agricultural production. On the other hand, supplying quality and sufficient irrigation water from the nature for agricultural production is getting harder day by day. The decrease or pollution of natural resources for irrigated agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid climatic regions, necessitates making agriculture with the use of low-quality irrigation water. Low-quality irrigation water causes salinization of the soils in the production areas. If the salinized lands are not washed or rehabilitated, it is inevitable that they will be out of production soon. In the agricultural area, salinity can occur naturally as well as irrigation practice. Salinity, which is an important problem for agriculture in the world, causes increasing soil losses every year. Efforts should be made to eliminate the problem of salinity in sustainable agriculture. In addition, salinity-resistant plants can be preferred to be grown as well as encouraging conscious irrigation in the salinized areas.
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Prajapati, Harshad A., Khushboo Yadav, Yamuna Hanamasagar, Margam Bharath Kumar, Tanzeel Khan, Ningaraj Belagalla, Vimala Thomas, Afshan Jabeen, G. Gomadhi i G. Malathi. "Impact of Climate Change on Global Agriculture: Challenges and Adaptation". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, nr 4 (18.04.2024): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i44123.
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Climate change poses a significant threat to global agriculture, disrupting crop production, soil health, water resources, and regional food security. This review paper comprehensively examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on agriculture, highlighting challenges faced by vulnerable regions and crops. The adverse effects on crop production, soil health, and water resources are analyzed, emphasizing the urgent need for adaptation strategies and innovations. The review further explores global collaboration and policy frameworks aimed at fostering resilience in agriculture. By addressing these interconnected issues, the paper offers insights into mitigating the challenges posed by climate change and enhancing the sustainability of global agricultural systems. Climate change poses significant challenges to global agriculture, impacting crop yields, water availability, and agricultural productivity. This abstract provides an overview of the challenges posed by climate change to agriculture and discusses adaptation strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. Climate change affects agriculture through changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, and shifts in pest and disease dynamics. These changes have profound implications for food security, rural livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. Adaptation strategies, including crop diversification, water management, adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices, and technological innovations, are essential to enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change. Collaborative efforts among governments, farmers, researchers, and policymakers are crucial to developing and implementing effective adaptation measures. By addressing the challenges posed by climate change and adopting adaptive strategies, global agriculture can become more resilient and sustainable in the face of changing climatic conditions.
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Swain, Itishree, Gita Majhi, Jagamohan Swain, Biplab Behera, Subhasish Bal i Chitrabhanu Sahoo. "Experimental Study on IOT Based Smart Irrigation". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42273.
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Abstract: India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture is the most important occupation for the most of the Indian families. It plays vital role in the development of agricultural country. In India, agriculture contributes about16% of total GDP and 10% of total exports. Water is main resource for Agriculture. Irrigation is one method to supply water but in some cases there will be lot of water wastage. So, in this regard to save water and time we have proposed project titled smart irrigation system using IoT. In this proposed system we are using various sensors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture sensors which senses the various parameters of the soil and based on soil moisture value land gets automatically irrigated by ON/OFF of the motor. These sensed parameters and motor status will be displayed on user android application. Keywords: Agriculture, IOT, Soil sensor
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Lasco, Rodel, Antonio Nangel, Wilfredo Cabezon, Samuel Contreras, Nenita Dasamero, Rex Victor Cruz, Edwin Combalicer, Artemio Salazar i Joan Urquiola. "Water for Food Security in the Philippines". Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 34, nr 2 (2012): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2012.3255.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Over the years, sectoral approach was used in ensuring the sufficiency of water supply for agriculture. In the Philippines, agriculture serves as the main consumer of freshwater resources. However, efforts in enhancing agricultural production were not linked with watershed protection. This paper uses the Ridge-to-Reef approach in establishing the link with watersheds and agriculture. It argues that the management of irrigation waters should consider watershed conservation to ensure the sufficiency of water supply. The paper presented several interventions that could be adopted by supply-side management through watershed conservation, and demand-side management through efficient use of irrigation waters. The information presented in this paper could help in crafting water-related policies or programs in the country.
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Salem, Hilmi S. "Agriculture Status and Women’s Role in Agriculture Production and Rural Transformation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Journal of Agriculture and Crops, nr 58 (28.08.2019): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.58.132.150.
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This paper focuses on the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), comprised of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, with respect to the status of agriculture and the role of Palestinian women in the agriculture sector, water management, and agricultural sustainability in rural areas in the OPT. Recent estimates indicate that 15.4% and 7.8% of the total employed are employed in the agriculture sector in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, respectively. Despite the fact that the contribution of the agriculture sector to the GDP has decreased to 3% only, this sector is still hosting until recently 7.5%–10.5%, on average, of the employed in the OPT. Palestinian women only compose 18% of the labor force, and a little bit more than one fifth of them (22%, which is equivalent to around 4% of the women’s labor force) contribute to the agricultural sector in the OPT. However, most of women’s labor in the informal sector remains hidden and, thus, their contribution to the agriculture sector in the form of home-based activities is much higher than what is officially reported. Over 30% of informal agricultural work is performed by women as part of their domestic responsibilities. In addition, Palestinian women work at home as well as in the field, contributing effectively to the agriculture sector (plant and animal production) and, thus, to sustainable development in the OPT. With respect to water resources, women in rural areas play a considerable role in making water available for domestic and agricultural use, either by bringing water from far distances or getting water from springs and domestic harvesting wells (cisterns). Despite the fact that the status of agriculture in the OPT is really bad and getting even worse, and despite the presence of economic, financial, and political hardships and challenges, Palestinian women have obviously contributed to the agricultural sector towards achieving sustainable development in their communities in the OPT’s rural areas.
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Phonphan, Walaiporn. "Application of Geo-Informatics to Estimate Agricultural Water Use in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand". Proceedings 2, nr 22 (30.10.2018): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2221397.
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Water use of human depends on daily life activities. Agriculture is the main activity of Thailand. In the present, there are the extension of agriculture, industry, residence, and community which increase water demand. It can cause a problem of water use among urban, industrial and agricultural. Most agricultural in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand were planting crops such as pomelo, coconut and lychee, which are famous and generate a lot of income for farmers. The quality and quantity of water is an indicator for measure of the quality and yield of agricultural products. The aim of research is to estimate water use through geographic information system, and remote sensing from Landsat8 satellite. This research considers the main parameters which were; estimation of spatial rainfall runoff and quantity of evaporation, infiltration rate of the soil. To evaluate the amount of soil moisture in order to create soil moisture map for planning the utilization and management of water for agriculture. The classification land use was to investigate from Landsat8 which shown currently agricultural area. The result showed the soil moisture which distributes in each area especially the agricultural area. This information can be used by agriculturists and related organizations to plan and make the decision of growing appropriate plants according to the soil moisture for the sustainability of the agriculture.
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Kumar, Rajesha, Mansour Ahmed, G. Bhadrachari i Jibu P. Thomas. "Desalination for agriculture: water quality and plant chemistry, technologies and challenges". Water Supply 18, nr 5 (24.11.2017): 1505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.229.
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Abstract The growing scarcity of fresh water has motivated the use of non-conventional and re-used water resources for agriculture by applying some efficient technologies. The desalination technologies for agricultural irrigation play a major role in satisfying growing water demands in water scarce regions. Due to stringent ionic concentration standards for agricultural irrigation water, desalination for agriculture is more energy demanding and additional post-treatment is requisite. Reverse osmosis (RO) has emerged as an efficient technology, but the burning of fossil fuels to fulfil the energy requirements is becoming expensive and emission of greenhouse gases is recognized as harmful to the environment. Thus, efforts should be directed towards cost reduction by integrating renewable energy resources into the process. Many of the bench and pilot scale trials like integrated RO with low energy such as forward osmosis (FO), nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration (MF) and solar energy revealed significant improvements in cost savings. However, all these modern technologies have their own problems which can be overcome by further research and development. This paper aims to review the main benefits and constraints associated with desalination technologies for agriculture. The available water resources, the desired qualities of water for agriculture and the challenges and future of desalination in agriculture are discussed.
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Alekseev, Stanislav, i Tatyana Alekseeva. "Development of agricultural water supply and sanitation using information technologies". E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339003020.
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The problem of digitalization of agricultural water supply and sanitation is considered. The processes of development of information technologies and the features of their implementation in the activities of construction participants and organizations providing water supply and sanitation in agriculture have been studied. An approach to the creation of an effective system for managing the life cycle of agricultural water supply and sanitation facilities using information technology is proposed. The implementation of the results of the study will help improve the quality of water supply and sanitation services in agriculture and provide conditions for the growth of agricultural production.
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PARTHASARATHI, PRASANNAN. "Water and Agriculture in Nineteenth-century Tamilnad". Modern Asian Studies 51, nr 2 (marzec 2017): 485–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000129.
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AbstractWith a focus by scholars on states and classes, the environment of India and its impact on agriculture has been neglected, except to provide a context—which was largely unchanging—in which states extracted and classes struggled. One example of environment as the backdrop is the distinction between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ areas in Tamilnad and South India more widely. This distinction is based on the availability of water and on the local categorization of agricultural activity (nanjai versus punjai). There are two problems with this approach, however. First, it is a narrow treatment of the environment as it neglects other features of the land such as forests, grasslands, scrublands, and other so-called wasteland. Second, it sees the environment as a fixed entity, but the landscape has changed dramatically in the past, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. If changes in the environment are included in the mix, the development of agriculture in nineteenth-century Tamilnad may be seen in some new ways. Agricultural production existed in symbiosis with the complex and varied environment of the region. In the early nineteenth century Tamilnad contained extensive tracts of forests, widespread wastelands, and abundant surface water. This diverse environment made it possible to maintain high levels of agricultural productivity as it provided the resources to maintain the fertility of the soil and the supplies of water that were critical for agricultural enterprise, as well as the well-being of the rural population. The consequences of changing regimes of water is the focus of this article.
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Cai, Rui Kun, Fu Quan Ni i Yu Deng. "Features of Water Function Zoning of the Surface Water in Sichuan Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (styczeń 2015): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.221.
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In this study, based on the water function zoning and the related analyses on the current situations and tendency of the pollutions on water environments in Sichuan province, concluded that the primary cause responsible for the deterioration of water resources is the discharge of agriculture wastewater, and the strengthening of agricultural production management as well as the reduction of the agricultural wastewater discharge are the key points to alleviate the water-quality deterioration.
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Umesh Babu B. S., Archana K. A., Honnappa, Afsanabanu Manik, Surekha S. i Revanasiddayya. "Streamlining Different Plant Breeding Methods to Enhance Water Use Efficiency in Agricultural Systems". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 11 (15.11.2023): 3171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113487.
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The relevance of Water in human life and agro-ecosystems has been extensively illustrated for decades around the globe. Despite the reality that the earth is mostly surrounded by water, its utility has been limited to domestic consumption and agricultural purposes. Thus, tweaking water usage in agricultural systems has been a tricky problem in order to meet the requirements of the growing population and to obtain more crop yield per drop of water in agriculture. In this review, an attempt has been made to revisit the methods available to improve water use efficiency in agriculture.
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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Ana Beatriz Loureiro Gonçalves da Silva, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, Priscila Gonçalves Moura, Elvira Carvajal, Adriana Sotero-Martins i José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos. "Sanitary quality of reused water for irrigation in agriculture in Brazil". Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 17, nr 3 (25.05.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2809.
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Reused water is produced from treated effluents, and can be an alternative source of water for agriculture. However, its quality must be assessed to avoid causing damage to human and environmental health. This study evaluated the sanitary quality (bacteriological and physicochemical) of reused water samples for agricultural irrigation, compared with those described in Brazilian and international regulations. Bacteriological analyses were performed, and the results were compared with the norm of the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT) NBR nº 13.969/1997. Physical and chemical analyses of the reused water samples were carried out, and the results were compared with the standards described by regulations: Resolution of the State Council for the Environment of Ceará No. 2 of 2017; Resolution of the Bahia State Water Resources Council No. 75 of 2010; and “Guidelines for Water Reuse” from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA. According to Brazilian regulations, bacteriological analyses showed that the "chlorinated" and "polished" samples were suitable for agriculture. However, the “biological" sample was unsuitable for use, and showed a high level of thermotolerant coliforms (25.800 CFU / mL). According to bacteriological and physical-chemical analyses, the “polished” sample was only proper for agriculture irrigation. Therefore, the work suggests the creation of federal law regarding agricultural reuse to control the sanitary quality of water for human and environmental health.
Keywords: agricultural reuse, agriculture, bacteriological and physicochemical evaluation, norms for reuse in agriculture.
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Zhao, Mengzhen, Zhenhua Chen, Hailing Zhang i Junbo Xue. "Impact Assessment of Growth Drag and Its Contribution Factors: Evidence from China’s Agricultural Economy". Sustainability 10, nr 9 (12.09.2018): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093262.
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The sustainable development of agriculture is important for China, where more than 20 percent of the world population live. Many factors affect the sustainable development of agriculture in China. The purpose of this paper is to find out what factors play influential roles on affecting the growth pattern. Based on a modified production function model built upon Slow (1956) and Romer (2001), the impact of growth drag on the agricultural economy, and the contribution resources, are evaluated empirically using a time-series regression analysis based on the case of China for the period 1978–2015. The estimated coefficient of the total agricultural growth drag in China is 1.32, which suggests that the annual agricultural growth is associated with a 1.32 percent decline due to the scarcities of land, water, and energy. Specifically, the growth drags from land, water, and energy are found to be 0.5 percent, 0.44 percent, and 0.38 percent, respectively. Additionally, the results suggest that capital is the most important factor in the agricultural sector, although agriculture is highly dependent on land. Capital contributes around 76.86 percent to the growth of the agricultural economy, whereas contributions from land, energy, water, and technological progress are relatively small. Therefore, more investment should be added to agriculture, to accelerate the technology progress. Furthermore, the saving of water and energy is also important for the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Ahammed, Sumaiya, Eun-Sung Chung i Shamsuddin Shahid. "Parametric Assessment of Pre-Monsoon Agricultural Water Scarcity in Bangladesh". Sustainability 10, nr 3 (15.03.2018): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10030819.
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This study assesses the geographical distribution of agricultural water scarcity in Bangladesh in order to streamline the adaptation measures. The agricultural water scarcity was assumed to be a system with five subsystems, namely, groundwater depth, surface water availability, rainfall availability, groundwater salinity for irrigation, and surface water salinity for irrigation. The catastrophe-theory-based multi-criteria decision making approach was used for the estimation of agricultural water scarcity index from five subsystem indices. The obtained results showed that agriculture in about 6.3% of the area of the country is experiencing very high-risk water scarcity, 19.1% with high water scarcity, 37.2% with moderate water risk, and the rest is low or no risk of water scarcity for agriculture. Results showed that the western part of Bangladesh was more vulnerable to agricultural water scarcity. The analysis of the results showed that higher agriculture water scarcity in the northwest region resulted from water unavailability, and in the southwest region it was closely related to poor water quality. The severe areas of water scarcity are very similar to those that are usually regarded as water-scarce. The approach presented in this study can be used for rapid but fair assessment of water scarcity with readily available data, which can be further improved by incorporating other factors related to water scarcity.
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Ingole, Kartik, i Dinesh Padole. "An Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart irrigation and crop suggestion platform for enhanced precision agriculture". Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 45, nr 4 (2024): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jios-1612.
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The country’s agriculture sector operating autonomously within the overall economic system. India is the world’s number two producer of agricultural goods. Farmers primarily focus on crop rotation, irrigation, and fertilization. Modern technological advancements have rendered farmers completely powerless when it comes to attaining optimal agricultural yields under the present weather conditions. Maximizing agricultural output via the integration of cutting-edge technological solutions must take precedence. Agricultural productivity is enhanced with the usage of the Internet of Things (IoT) as it allows for improved prediction of crop production and other factors that contribute to high yield. Soil temperature, pH, and water level are three of the many factors that influence how crops should be spaced out for maximum harvest. To help farmers who use the Internet of Things (IoT) for precision agriculture increase their crop output, this study proposes a smart irrigation system and an agriculture cultivation recommender. By analyzing water content throughout the several phases of plant development and integrating the IoT applications into agriculture, the module optimizes the water level for future irrigation decision-making, ensuring optimal crop growth and water stability in precision agriculture. Using the suggested method to keep tabs on massive agricultural areas yields good results. This method is useful for anticipating irrigation needs using a variety of sensor metrics, which in turn assists with irrigation planning. Soil moisture, soil temperature, and humidity are the characteristics used for prediction. The experimental findings presented here provide credence to the idea of smart irrigation, which may increase agricultural yields while decreasing water use.
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Patle, G. T., Mukesh Kumar i Manoj Khanna. "Climate-smart water technologies for sustainable agriculture: a review". Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, nr 4 (29.07.2019): 1455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.257.
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Abstract Worldwide water management in irrigated and rain-fed agriculture is becoming more and more complex to overcome the expected water scarcity stress. In addition to this, challenges of global warming and climate change would have to be met through the judicious application of water in agriculture through climate-smart water technologies. Agriculture is an important sector in India and many developing countries, providing huge employment opportunities to rural populations, and supporting them to achieve food and nutritional security goals. In this paper, an attempt has been made to address challenges of increasing food production and improving rural livelihoods, while safeguarding critical water resources for sustainable use through adaptive measures for effective water management, particularly in drought-prone regions. An integrated approach needs to be implemented in agricultural water management through adoption of innovations such as water harvesting, micro-irrigation and resource conservation farming to increase water-use efficiency in agriculture and other critical services to humans and animals. The aim of this study is to facilitate an improved understanding of the potential implications of climate change and adaptation options for agricultural water management and thereby assist policymakers in taking up adaptation challenges and developing measures to reduce the vulnerability of the farming sector to climate change.