Artykuły w czasopismach: „Water demand and supply”

1

Alfarra, Amani, Eric Kemp Benedict, Heinz Hötzl, Nayif Sader i Ben Sonneveld. "Modeling Water Supply and Demand for Effective Water Management Allocation in the Jordan Valley". Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications 01, nr 01 (30.03.2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14511/jasa.2012.010101.

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Cai, Ximing, i Mark W. Rosegrant. "Global Water Demand and Supply Projections". Water International 27, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060208686989.

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Rosegrant, Mark W., i Ximing Cai. "Global Water Demand and Supply Projections". Water International 27, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060208686990.

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Seizarwati, Wulan, Heni Rengganis, Muhshonati Syahidah i Waluyo Hatmoko. "Water Supply Scheme in Morotai Island". Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 6, nr 1 (19.05.2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.51516.

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Morotai Island is designated as one of the National Tourism Strategic Area, and has increased demand for pure water. It is known as a dry area where water is difficult to obtain, and therefore, it is necessary to prepare a supply scheme to meet the island's demand. Hence, this study aims to obtain supply protocol from various available sources, in order to meet all water demands, especially for tourism sector development. The several methods used in this research include demand calculation for domestic, industry, irrigation, livestock, and tourism; rainfall-runoff simulation using Wflow model and estimation of groundwater availability using the baseflow recession method. Furthermore, surface balance shows the water availability in each sub-districts is not able to meet the demands. To overcome this problem, a supply scheme has been prepared, e.g. surface water utilization by constructing free intake in North Morotai, groundwater use by constructing dug and drilled wells in many locations, especially coastal areas, spring water utilization by creating a collection system (broncaptering) in Jaya, East and South Morotai. Furthermore, small islands can utilize springs and shallow dug wells, to prevent seawater intrusion from affecting the quality. The scheme suggests an appropriate infrastructural support to supply local communities, as well as develop the Island to be the new primary tourism center in Indonesia.

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Sahin, Oz, Rodney A. Stewart i Fernanda Helfer. "Bridging the Water Supply–demand Gap in Australia: Coupling Water Demand Efficiency with Rain-independent Desalination Supply". Water Resources Management 29, nr 2 (14.09.2014): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0794-9.

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Zanfei, Ariele, Andrea Menapace i Maurizio Righetti. "An artificial intelligence approach for managing water demand in water supply systems". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1136, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1136/1/012004.

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Abstract Water demand management is essential for water utilities, which have the critical task of supplying drinking water from water sources to end-users through the distribution network. Therefore, the water utilities have to make decisions for the current and future functioning of the water distribution system. In this context, the artificial intelligence approach with data-driven methods can be used to develop powerful tools to improve overall water management. In fact, data-driven methods can model water demands for plenty of tasks and applications such as demand forecasting or anomaly detection. In this work, we propose and discuss a practical application of an artificial neural network to model the urban water demand of a water supply system. The flexibility of the proposed method allows the prediction of water demand on different horizons. Moreover, this developed model can effectively support water utilities on different operational schedules and decision tasks.

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Hoy, L., i S. Stelli. "Water conservation education as a tool to empower water users to reduce water use". Water Supply 16, nr 1 (19.08.2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.073.

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There is a finite supply of global fresh water available for human consumption, which is in great demand from both humans and the environment. As technology and populations increase, so do the demands and pressure on this limited resource. Demand far too often outstrips supply, requiring authorities to impose restrictions on water use. Recent research undertaken by Rand Water, in the Rand Water supply area (in and around Gauteng, South Africa) points to the desire from end users to be empowered with knowledge to make their own decisions on water use reduction, rather than to have authoritative restrictions imposed on them. This observation indicates the importance of water conservation education and awareness campaigns to facilitate the reduction in water consumption by consumers, and suggests that education is a priority in the implementation of water conservation strategies.

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He, Shuang Hua. "Functional Reliability Analysis of Post-Earthquake Water Supply System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (październik 2013): 1551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1551.

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Conventional demand-driven models of water supply system are formulated under the assumption that nodal demands are statistic constants, which is not suitable for the cases where nodal pressure is not sufficient for supplying the required demand. An efficient approach for pressure-dependent demand analysis was developed to simulate the hydraulic states of the network for low pressure scenarios, and the mean-first-order-second-moment method was introduced to do the functional reliability analysis of post-earthquake water supply system, which can be applied to further study for seismic performance control analysis of water distribution system.

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Zhu, Ran, i Yiping Fang. "Application of a Water Supply-Demand Balance Model to Set Priorities for Improvements in Water Supply Systems: A Case Study from the Koshi River Basin, Nepal". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 3 (30.01.2022): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031606.

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Water scarcity is one of the leading challenges for sustainable development in the context of climate change, particularly for agriculturally reliant countries. Inadequate water supplies tend to generate environmental and health issues. Improvements in water supply systems should give priority to the region with the most severe mismatch between water supply and demand. To set priorities for the improvement of water supply systems, this study proposed a water supply-demand balance model to quantify the water supply-demand gap in the Koshi River basin and compared it with the traditional water vulnerability model. The results suggested that (1) the water supply-demand balance model had good applicability to the Koshi River basin and was superior to traditional models in identifying the region with the most severe mismatch; (2) the shortage of agricultural water was much more serious than that of domestic water in the basin; (3) the largest supply-demand gap of domestic water was in Tarai and that of agricultural water was in the hill areas; and (4) Four districts, including Lalitpur, Mahottari, Makwanpur, and Solukhumbu, were found to be the most water-stressed regions and priority should be given to them. Based on these findings, the priority setting in the improvement of water supply systems and adaptation strategies for mitigating water stress from the perspectives of the government, communities, and households were presented. It helps design water supply systems that match heterogeneous demands and optimize systems operation. Targeted improvements in water supply systems can make limited funds available to benefit more residents.

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Brazel, Anthony J. "Water: A Case of Supply and Demand". Weatherwise 39, nr 2 (kwiecień 1986): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1986.9930168.

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Marhaba, T. F., i K. Bengra�ne. "New Jersey's water supply demand and needs". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 6, nr 1 (1.12.2003): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-003-0179-x.

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She, David. "A Regional Social, Environmental and Economic Lifeline The Lake Gaston Water Supply Project". MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601102.

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Proactive water supply planning utilizes demand management strategies to promote the viability of future water supply. The Hampton Roads Region recognizes the importance of demand management and development efforts in water supply planning and also understands that it is crucial for the region to conserve local water resources and minimize both current and future water demands. Based on the water resource studies, the Hampton Roads Region is pursuing programs and projects to meet long-term needs while providing interim and drought-related solutions. Incorporating water demand management practices both in the long and short term is a necessary component to extend the useful life of the regional water supply. The Lake Gaston Water Supply Project is one of the most critical long-distance water supply pipeline projects in the region. It brings water from other watersheds and provides high quality, reliable fresh water to the Hampton Roads area. It has a positive and profound effect on the region’s social, environmental, and economic impacts.

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Yamamoto, Eva Mia Siska, Takahiro Sayama i Kaoru Takara. "Impact of Rapid Tourism Growth on Water Scarcity in Bali, Indonesia". Indonesian Journal of Limnology 2, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51264/inajl.v2i1.14.

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Despite Bali’s dependency on tourism, concerns over the impact of tourism on water scarcity are increasing. The objective of this study is to analyze the clean water demand related to tourism growth and compare them with the available clean water supply. This study suggested that tourism water demand has increased by 20.8 million m3 (295%) from 1988 to 2013. Sixty-eight percent of the increase was concentrated in Badung Regency, where the tourism water demand ratio has increased from 31% to 46%. The study also suggested that rapid population growth has caused an increase in domestic water demand by 48.3 million m3 (48%). This study also shows that the capacity of clean water supply in Bali has increased significantly to meet these demands and the water supply coverage of domestic water demand has increased significantly from 13% in 1988 to 53% in 2013. The water supply coverage of tourism demand varies from year to year with an average of 28% in the study period. The increasing issues over water scarcity despite the improvement in the coverage of domestic water demand suggest further investigations. Yet, despite the large gap between supply and demand in the tourism sector the industry still can have undisrupted clean water throughout the year. This indicates the use of alternative clean water which can be obtained locally such as groundwater. Wise water management through the sharing of scientific data, including in the tourism sector is imperative in solving water scarcity in Bali. Keywords: clean water demand, water scarcity, Badung Regency

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14

Liu, Yang, Yang Yang, Zhijie Wang i Shaoshan An. "Quantifying Water Provision Service Supply, Demand, and Spatial Flow in the Yellow River Basin". Sustainability 14, nr 16 (15.08.2022): 10093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610093.

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Quantifying and spatial mapping the ecosystem services driven by land use change will help better manage land and formulate relevant ecological protection policies. However, most studies to date just focused on water supply services, and ignore water demand services and their supply–demand coupling mechanisms. Ecosystem service flow could be used to evaluate the imbalance between water supply and demand. Therefore, this study takes the Yellow River Basin as the research object to quantify the supply, demand, and spatial flow of water provision services. The results showed that land use and land cover (LULC) played a critical role in the spatial distributions of water supply and demand in the Yellow River Basin. The total water supply was 3.03 × 1011 m3, with a range of 3.29 × 108 m3 to 7.35 × 1010 m3 for different sub-watersheds. The spatial patterns of water supply were strongly different from those in water demand, resulting in obvious spatial mismatches. There was a higher water demand for constructional areas and agricultural lands, which had relatively lower water supply. Most water areas and natural lands provide much more water supply than demand. We used a water flow process to assess the water provision service between water supply side and demand side. The water flow process suggested that the Yellow River Basin had an obvious imbalance between water supply and demand depending on land use and populations, which would help policy makers to manage water resources through optimizing land management in different cities and finally achieving a balance between water supply side and demand site.

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Joseph N.M, Joseph N. M., i Dr S. Mahendrakumar Dr.S. Mahendrakumar. "An Analysis of Demand and Supply of Water Resource in Karnataka – An Empirical Study". International Journal of Scientific Research 3, nr 5 (1.06.2012): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2014/31.

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Alhassan, Abdulaziz A., Alyssa McCluskey, Anas Alfaris i Kenneth Strzepek. "Scenario Based Regional Water Supply and Demand Model: Saudi Arabia as a Case Study". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, nr 1 (2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.739.

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M, Arunkumar, i Nethaji Mariappan V.E. "Water Demand Analysis Of Municipal Water Supply Using Epanet Software". International Journal on Applied Bio-Engineering 5, nr 1 (2011): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijabeg.10072.

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Aryastana, P., N. Sukaada, A. A. S. D. Rahadiani i C. A. Yujana. "Evaluation and development planning for clean water supply system of Sanih Fountain in Buleleng regency". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, nr 1 (1.12.2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012005.

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Abstract The rising population and economic activity have induced an increase in the demand for clean water in Buleleng Regency, especially in Sawan, Kubutambahan, and Tejakula District, respectively. The distribution of clean water supply is carried out through house connections and public hydrant by the Water Supply Company of Buleleng Regency with service coverage only reaching 40.09% in 2018. So it is necessary to evaluate and develop plans for the existing clean water supply system to increase service coverage. The evaluation of the water supply system includes an analysis of the availability and demand of clean water based on the population, with a projection for the next 25 years. Analysis of the clean water supply system development plan considers the availability of water resources potential. The evaluation results show that the existing system has not met the water demands in the service area. The development plan carried out to fulfill the demand for clean water is by optimizing the discharge of the Sanih Fountain by 125 liters/second and the construction of the Bungkulan 2 well.

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19

Haddadin, Munther J. "Shadow water: quantification and significance for water strained countries". Water Policy 9, nr 5 (1.10.2007): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.017.

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Shadow water, a term introduced to the water literature in this paper, is shown to be a crucial component of the supply side of the population–water resources equation in water-strained countries and helps keep this equation in a state of equilibrium. A virtual environment is imagined in order to compute the water demand for the country under consideration, enabling the subject country to produce all the commodities it needs. The water demand is thus calculated in a virtual plane and is transformed to the real plane in the calculation process. The demand for each of the three purposes considered (municipal, industrial and agricultural) is determined. The blue water equivalent of green water, responsible for the support of rain-fed agriculture and range land, is calculated and added to the other agricultural water resources of blue and grey water. The demand generated by the uses as determined in the virtual model is compared with the available supply. The gap between the supply of and the demand for production water (agricultural and industrial) is bridged by shadow water through commodity imports.

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Olsson, Gustaf. "Strategies to close water supply and demand gap". Water Supply 7, nr 4 (1.12.2007): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.146.

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The growing water and sanitation crisis in the world calls for enormous efforts from water professionals as well as economic and political leaders. The climate change contributes to the acuteness of the problem, with dryer areas in some parts of the world and severe floods and rains in other parts. The European Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform (WSSTP) is an industry driven organisation aiming to strengthen the potential for technological innovation and the competitiveness of the European Water Industry but is also a response to global challenges and regional demands to ensure safe, secure and sustainable water and sanitation services for the benefit of industry, the society and the environment. The supply of electrical energy has to be carefully considered as a pre-requisite for water supply and sanitation. The production of biogas can be significantly increased by using instrumentation and control. The use of monitoring and control has wide consequences for safe and reliable water supply and sanitation.

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Xu, Xiao Ling, Xu Feng Liang, Xiu Juan Liang i Chang Lai Xiao. "Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand Balance of Rural Land Remediation Project Area in Fuyu County, Jilin Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (październik 2012): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.609.

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Water resources are an important influence factor of land remediation. As support of food production, analysis of soil and water resources supply and demand balance is an important part and technical support of the construction. According to some relevant calculation formulas on water resources assessment, after forecast of water demand and the calculation of water supply, in the project area of the demonstration construction of whole rural land remediation in Fuyu County, the average water availability for many years is 70581.6 thousand m3 each year, including surface water availability 57003.3 thousand m3 and groundwater availability 13578.3 thousand m3. Water demand is 58806.2 thousand m3 in 2015; including water demand for life 5150.9 thousand m3 and water demand for agricultural irrigation 53655.3 thousand m3. Water supply is more than water demand; the basic supply-demand balance can be achieved in conditions of the design of water supply project.

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Zhu, Mingbo, Han Yu, Liang Yang, Xiaohai Wang i Yuanchun Zou. "Effects of Land Consolidation and Precipitation Changes on the Balance of Water Supply and Demand in Western Jilin". Water 14, nr 20 (12.10.2022): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203206.

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As an important ecosystem service, water supply is closely related to human well-being. Maintaining the balance of water supply and demand is essential in the sustainable development of a regional economy and society. Taking western Jilin, where the difference between water supply and demand is increasingly prominent, as the research object, from the perspective of land consolidation and precipitation changes, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial changes of water resources supply and demand at the regional and county scales in western Jilin from 2000 to 2018 by the InVEST model and the water resource demand model. The results show that water production in western Jilin did not change significantly before and after land consolidation. The change in planting structure made water demand increase from 3.03 billion m3 to 4.96 billion m3, which reversed the relationship between supply and demand. The impact of precipitation changes on water production is extremely significant. The annual production of water in wet years is 8.05 billion m3, and the annual water production in dry years is 1.08 billion m3. The amount of precipitation can directly change the relationship between the supply and demand of local water resources. The evolution of the water resources supply and demand pattern in western Jilin is the result of the combined effect of land consolidation and precipitation changes. Precipitation mainly affects supply, while land consolidation mainly affects demand.

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Merayyan, Saad, i Salwa Mrayyan. "Jordan’s Water Resources: Increased Demand with Unreliable Supply". Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 03, nr 02 (2014): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cweee.2014.32007.

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Hayama, Shouichi, i Mikihiko Ohnari. "Demand Prediction of Water Supply using Wavelet Analysis". IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 118, nr 7-8 (1998): 1215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.118.7-8_1215.

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GOUDY, AP, i FM LAW. "BOMBAY WATER SUPPLY PROJECT: DEMAND AND RESOURCE PLANNING." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, nr 4 (sierpień 1986): 945–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.634.

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Basu, S. R., i H. A. C. Main. "Calcutta's water supply: demand, governance and environmental change". Applied Geography 21, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-6228(00)00018-7.

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Ng, Wan Sing, i George Kuczera. "Incorporating demand uncertainty in water supply headworks simulation". Water Resources Research 29, nr 2 (luty 1993): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92wr01952.

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Zhu, Zhaoyu, Tingping Ouyang, Qinglu Deng, Houyun Zhou i Yaoqiu Kuang. "Forecasting Water Demand and Supply in South China". Journal - American Water Works Association 96, nr 8 (sierpień 2004): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10687.x.

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Xu, Xiao Ling, Xu Feng Liang, Xiu Juan Liang i Chang Lai Xiao. "Analysis on Water Resources Supply and Demand Balance of Rural Land Remediation Project in Baishan City, Jilin Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (luty 2013): 2132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2132.

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Water resources are an important influence factor of land remediation. As support of food production, analysis of water resources supply and demand balance is an important part and technical support of the construction. According to some relevant calculation formulas on water resources assessment, after forecast of water demand and the calculation of water supply, in the project area of the demonstration construction of whole rural land remediation in Baishan City, the average water availability for many years is 8990.1 thousand m3 each year, in which surface water availability is 7210.6 thousand m3, groundwater availability is 1579.4 thousand m3. Water demand is 5552.4 thousand m3 in 2015, in which water demand for life 4165.2 thousand m3; water demand for agricultural irrigation is 1387.2 thousand m3. Water supply is more than water demand; the results show that there is a slight surplus of water resources in the region. The basic supply-demand balance can be achieved in conditions of the design of water supply project in the project area.

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Kitessa, Bedassa Dessalegn, Semu Moges Ayalew, Geremew Sahilu Gebrie i Solomon T/mariam Teferi. "Assessing the supply for a basic urban service demand-with a focus on water-energy management in Addis Ababa city". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (7.09.2021): e0249643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249643.

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The demand for water-energy (WE) should be addressed with their sustainable supply in the long-term planning. The total energy demand was estimated to be around 14,000000 and 53,000000 MWh for 2030 and 2050 years respectively. These years’ predicted water demand was 0.4 and 0.7 billion-cubic-meter. Based on the estimated energy and water demand, sustainable supply through WE management were determined. In 2030 and 2050 the water supply-demand balance index is around 1, showed water demand will be met for respective years, whereas the energy supply-balance after the intervention become around 0.9 and 0.7. The study results clearly predicted future WE demand of Addis Ababa city and have been put their quantified supply suggestion.

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Voisin, N., L. Liu, M. Hejazi, T. Tesfa, H. Li, M. Huang, Y. Liu i L. R. Leung. "One-way coupling of an integrated assessment model and a water resources model: evaluation and implications of future changes over the US Midwest". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, nr 11 (18.11.2013): 4555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4555-2013.

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Abstract. An integrated model is being developed to advance our understanding of the interactions between human activities, terrestrial system and water cycle, and to evaluate how system interactions will be affected by a changing climate at the regional scale. As a first step towards that goal, a global integrated assessment model, which includes a water-demand model driven by socioeconomics at regional and global scales, is coupled in a one-way fashion with a land surface hydrology–routing–water resources management model. To reconcile the scale differences between the models, a spatial and temporal disaggregation approach is developed to downscale the annual regional water demand simulations into a daily time step and subbasin representation. The model demonstrates reasonable ability to represent the historical flow regulation and water supply over the US Midwest (Missouri, Upper Mississippi, and Ohio river basins). Implications for future flow regulation, water supply, and supply deficit are investigated using climate change projections with the B1 and A2 emission scenarios, which affect both natural flow and water demand. Although natural flow is projected to increase under climate change in both the B1 and A2 scenarios, there is larger uncertainty in the changes of the regulated flow. Over the Ohio and Upper Mississippi river basins, changes in flow regulation are driven by the change in natural flow due to the limited storage capacity. However, both changes in flow and demand have effects on the Missouri River Basin summer regulated flow. Changes in demand are driven by socioeconomic factors, energy and food demands, global markets and prices with rainfed crop demand handled directly by the land surface modeling component. Even though most of the changes in supply deficit (unmet demand) and the actual supply (met demand) are driven primarily by the change in natural flow over the entire region, the integrated framework shows that supply deficit over the Missouri River Basin sees an increasing sensitivity to changes in demand in future periods. It further shows that the supply deficit is six times as sensitive as the actual supply to changes in flow and demand. A spatial analysis of the supply deficit demonstrates vulnerabilities of urban areas located along mainstream with limited storage.

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Xu, Xiao Ling, Xu Feng Liang, Xiu Juan Liang i Chang Lai Xiao. "Analysis on Water Resources Supply and Demand Balance of Major Engineering Project of Rural Land Remediation in Jilin Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (luty 2013): 2127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2127.

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Water resources are an important influence factor of land remediation in Jilin Province. As support of food production, analysis of water resources supply and demand balance is an important part and technical support of the construction. After forecast of water demand and the calculation of water supply, in major projects areas of the demonstration construction of whole rural land remediation in Jilin province, the average water availability for many years is 736796.1 thousand m3 each year, including surface water availability 543393 thousand m3 and groundwater availability 193403.1 thousand m3.water demand is 463 694.4 thousand m3 in 2015; including water demand for life 49150 thousand m3 and water demand for agricultural irrigation 414544.4 thousand m3. Water supply is more than water demand; the results show that there is a slight surplus of water resources in the region. The basic supply-demand balance can be achieved in conditions of the design of water supply project in every project area.

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Li, Ma, Wei i Zhang. "Urban Industrial Water Supply and Demand: System Dynamic Model and Simulation Based on Cobb–Douglas Function". Sustainability 11, nr 21 (23.10.2019): 5893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215893.

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In order to meet the needs of water-saving society development, the system dynamics method and the Cobb–Douglas (C–D) production function were combined to build a supply and demand model for urban industrial water use. In this model, the industrial water demand function is expressed as the sum of the general industrial water demand and the power industry water demand, the urban water supply function is expressed as the Cobb–Douglas production function, investment and labor input are used as the control variables, and the difference between supply and demand in various situations is simulated by adjusting their values. In addition, the system simulation is conducted for Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, with 16 sets of different, carefully designed investment and labor input combinations for exploring a most suitable combination of industrial water supply and demand in Suzhou. We divide the results of prediction into four categories: supply less than demand, supply equals demand, supply exceeds demand, and supply much larger than demand. The balance between supply and demand is a most suitable setting for Suzhou City to develop, and the next is the type in which the supply exceeds demand. The other two types cannot meet the development requirements. We concluded that it is easier to adjust the investment than to adjust the labor input when adjusting the control variables to change the industrial water supply. While drawing the ideal combination of investment and labor input, a reasonable range of investment and labor input is also provided: the scope of investment adjustment is , and the adjustment range of labor input is .

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Macharia, Pauline, Norbert Kreuzinger i Nzula Kitaka. "Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa". Water 12, nr 9 (13.09.2020): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092560.

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This work explores the application of the Water-Energy Nexus concept for water supply in the African context, where its operationalization is quite limited compared to developed regions. Furthermore, water supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy use are examined. This study found that there is limited literature available on the operationalization of the concept, and energy use is not considered a key performance indicator by water regulators and utilities. Regionally, most of the studies were carried out in the northern and southern Africa, where energy demand for water supply through desalination is high. An analysis of water supply and demand drivers show diminishing quantities of available freshwater, and increased anthropogenic pollutant loads in some areas are projected. Consequently, utilities will likely consider alternative energy-intensive water supply options. Increased population growth with the highest global urban growth rate is projected, with about 60% of the total population in Africa as urban dwellers by 2050. This implies huge growth in water demand that calls for investment in technology, infrastructure, and improved understanding of energy use and optimization, as the largest controllable input within utilities boundaries. However, it requires a data-driven understanding of the operational drivers for water supply and incorporation of energy assessment metrics to inform water-energy policies and to exploit the nexus opportunities.

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Madulu, N. F. "Integrated water supply and water demand for sustainable use of water resources". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, nr 20-27 (styczeń 2003): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.001.

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Nugroho, Iwan. "PENGEMBANGAN DAN KEBUTUHAN INVESTASI SEKTOR AIR BERSIH DI JAWA TIMUR". CAKRAWALA 1, nr 2 (21.03.2018): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32781/cakrawala.v1i2.74.

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This research aimed to implement demand approach on water supply development in East Java Province. Data collecting in conducted through field and institutional survey to obtain actual and behavioral variables. System analysis is aperated to project the water supply development dynamically, during 1993 to 2010 periods. Study involved variables and equation model in four subsystem, i.e. (i) final demand and regional GDP, (ii) production and investment, (iii) population and household, and (iv) surabaya’s raw water. Result of research showed that water supply development based on demand approach succeded to create significant incentive through water price and management improvement and willingness to pay promotion, succeeded to create a significant incentive for the water supply development. The policies of price growth 2 percent, gradual decreasing of unaccounted for water into 30 percent, and decreasing water connection fee have produced water suplly performance as follows : water service ratio of 43.5 percent, production capacity of 31 m3 per second, 5-years investment need of 1.38 trilions rupiahs and return on investment of 30 percent. Those investment come from 27 percent governance loan, 30 percent commercial loan and 12 percent equity.Private sector participation in water supply sector is a key word for improving efficiency and management, decreasing unaccounted for water, improving the servece ratio and creating investment.

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Huang, Li Guo, i Li Yin. "Models of Water Strategy Based on Linear Regression". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (czerwiec 2014): 3355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3355.

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In this paper, we build a water resources strategy model based on the supply and demand balance to meet the projected water needs of China in 2025. By using the linear regression analysis and curve fitting method, a reliable forecast of water demand of China in 2025 is made. According to the purpose of water consumption, we divide water demand into four parts. By analysis the relationship between impact factors and water demand, we propose a linear model and predict that the future’s water demand quantity is much more than the total water supply. At last, we pose some suggestions for solving the imbalance between water demand and supply produced by the above model.

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Li, Mo, Hao Sun, Vijay Singh, Yan Zhou i Mingwei Ma. "Agricultural Water Resources Management Using Maximum Entropy and Entropy-Weight-Based TOPSIS Methods". Entropy 21, nr 4 (4.04.2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040364.

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Allocation and management of agricultural water resources is an emerging concern due to diminishing water supplies and increasing water demands. To achieve economic, social, and environmental goals in a specific irrigation district, decisions should be made subject to the changing water supply and water demand—the two critical random parameters in agricultural water resources management. This paper presents the foundations of a systematic framework for agricultural water resources management, including determination of distribution functions, joint probability of water supply and water demand, optimal allocation of agricultural water resources, and evaluation of various schemes according to agricultural water resources carrying capacity. The maximum entropy method is used to estimate parameters of probability distributions of water supply and demand, which is the basic for the other parts of the framework. The entropy-weight-based TOPSIS method is applied to evaluate agricultural water resources allocation schemes, because it avoids the subjectivity of weight determination and reflects the dynamic changing trend of agricultural water resources carrying capacity. A case study using an irrigation district in Northeast China is used to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the framework. It is found that the framework works effectively to balance multiple objectives and provides alternative schemes, considering the combinatorial variety of water supply and water demand, which are conducive to agricultural water resources planning.

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Ren, Wenying, Xue Bai, Yuetian Wang, Chaoming Liang, Siyan Huang, Zhiying Wang i Liu Yang. "Analysis of Water Supply-Demand Based on Socioeconomic Efficiency". Journal of Sensors 2022 (20.04.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3438943.

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Water resource is an important factor restricting social-economic development. Hebei Province is one of the regions suffering from severe water shortage in China. Based on the Water Resources Assessment and Planning model, population growth, economic growth, water-saving, and integrated scenarios were established. The water demand and supply in Hebei Province in 2025 and 2035 were forecasted in this study. The research results show that agriculture is the main unmet water demand sector. In the absence of large-scale population inflows, the local population growth has little impact on the changes in water supply-demand. Economic development is one of the main factors affecting water balance. The water-saving scenario has the greatest impact on water supply-demand. Compared to population and economic growth scenarios, the simulation results of water demand and unmet water demand were the smallest. Under an integrated scenario, the current situation of water shortage in Hebei has been greatly improved, but there is still a demand shortage of 44.12 × 10 8 m3 in 2030. It is necessary to take measures to improve the carrying capacity of water resources in various regions of Hebei Province and narrow the regional gap. This study provided a reference for the rational utilization of water resources.

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Wang, Xinyi, Zhengdong Zhang, Fangrui Liu, Songjia Chen, Jianbin Dong, Yuanyuan Mao i Jun Cao. "Study on Supply–Demand Balance Analysis and Service Flow of Water Resources in Dongjiang River Basin". Water 14, nr 13 (27.06.2022): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132060.

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The distribution of water resources is usually characterized by spatial heterogeneity, resulting in different water supply and demand pressures within the basin. Therefore, the analysis of water resources supply and demand balance and the mapping of water resources spatial flow can be an effective suggestion for the regional water resources allocation to relieve the regional water pressure. The uneven distribution of water resources in the Dongjiang River Basin is significant, and how to effectively allocate water resources in the Dongjiang River Basin has become a major focus of research. Based on the multi-source data of the Dongjiang River Basin from 2005 to 2020, this paper uses the SWAT model and water demand model to establish the spatial flow model of water resources supply and demand, and uses the subbasin-scale to explore the spatial distribution and flow of water resources supply and demand, obtaining the spatial scope and flow of water resources supply and beneficiary areas in the basin. The results show that (1) the water supply in the Dongjiang River Basin has been decreasing year by year, and the water demand has been increasing from 2005 to 2015, leading to an increase in the imbalance between supply and demand, and there is a significant reduction in industrial water use from 2015 to 2020, resulting in a reduction in the imbalance between water supply and demand; (2) the supply and demand pressure of water resources in the Dongjiang River Basin has obvious spatial heterogeneity, showing that the pressure of water use in the middle and upper reaches is small, while the pressure of water use in the lower reaches is large; (3) under the framework of spatial service flows of water resources supply and demand, this paper obtains three main beneficiary area ranges, which are Dongyuan County of Heyuan City, Yuancheng District of Heyuan City, and the main urban area of Shenzhen Dongguan Huizhou, and specifies the flow of service flows. This study can not only provide reasonable suggestions for water resources allocation in the Dongjiang River Basin but it also provides references for water resources management in other basins.

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Rak, Janusz, i Krzysztof Boryczko. "Diversification of water supply". E3S Web of Conferences 59 (2018): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185900006.

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The subject of the publication is the presentation of a methodology for determining the degree of diversification of water resources in collective water supply systems (= CWSS). Knowing the number of subsystems for water supply and their share of total water production, it is possible to calculate the dimensionless Pielou index. Similarly, the diversification indicators for networked water tanks (number and volume) and pressure pipelines of the second degree pumping station (number and flowability) can be determined. The work presents the calculation of diversification indices for selected CWSS in Poland. The presented methodology gives the possibility of three-parameter evaluation of settlement units with different water demand and different technical structure.

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Ahmed, Saminu, Temitope Hafusat, Abdullahi Sarki Zayyan i Aliyu Dadangarba. "Statistical Analysis of Domestic Water Demand and Supply for Kaduna North, Kaduna State". European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 8, nr 1 (13.01.2023): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2023.8.1.2922.

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Water is life when it’s safe. Water demand means the quantity produced by treatment plants in order to meet all water needs in the community. While water supply is the process of accumulation, transmission, treatment, and distribution. In this study, first-hand information was derived through the process of distributing questionnaires and verbal interviews. The secondary data was obtained from related books, journals, published and unpublished texts, documents magazines, conference articles, government ministries, and agencies. The ministry concerned is of Water Resources. The generated data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Interactive linear regression of the data was also employed on R software. The correlation coefficient, R2 of water demand and supply in the area is 1 (i.e.100%). This means there is a strong positive linear correlation between water demand and water supply in Kaduna North. The p-value was obtained as 2.2 x 10-16 which shows that the regression model is statistically significant and negates the null hypothesis. Also, it can be derived from the study Kabala has the largest population with the highest water demand and supply while Ungwan Rimi has the smallest population with the lowest water demand and supply. It is discovered in the study that water demand is more than the water supply in Kaduna North. So, more effort should be put to a water supply to meet the people's demand.

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Zeraebruk, Kahsay N., Alfred O. Mayabi i John M. Gathenya. "Assessment of Water Resources and Analysis of Safe Yield and Reliability of Surface Water Reservoirs of Asmara Water Supply System". Environment and Natural Resources Research 7, nr 1 (6.02.2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v7n1p45.

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In a water supply system safe yield is the average annual volume that can be supplied to the system subject to an adopted set of operational rules and a typical demand pattern without violating a given level of service standard. It is dependent upon storage and hydrologic (rainfall/runoff/evaporation) characteristics of the sources, the source facilities, upstream and downstream permitted withdrawals and minimum in-stream flow requirements.For effective operation and management of a water supply system, it is important to have knowledge of water balance of the reservoirs and estimate their safe yield at a certain level of reliability. In this study, to assess water resources potential of existing surface water sources and new catchments and estimate the water balance of the water supply system, the hydrologic simulation model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was utilized. The model was calibrated and validated successfully. The safe yield and corresponding reliability of reservoirs were estimated using a deterministic water balance model. The results of the water balance analysis and projected water demand were used to assess existing water supply situation and challenges in future. The assessment indicated that the gap between demand and supply at high population growth rate scenario is wide and very critical.To close the gap between the available water supply and the increasing water demand in the study area, utmost attention is needed by the decision making authorities and the management of the water utility to improve performance efficiency of the water supply system by instituting effective water governance and reducing leakage losses.

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Di, Chongli, i Xiaohua Yang. "Modeling and Dynamical Analysis of the Water Resources Supply-Demand System: A Case Study in Haihe River Basin". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/171793.

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The relationship between water resources supply and demand is very complex and exhibits nonlinear characteristics, which leads to fewer models that can adequately manage the dynamic evolution process of the water resources supply-demand system. In this paper, we propose a new four-dimensional dynamical model to simulate the internal dynamic evolution process and predict future trends of water supply and demand. At the beginning, a new four-dimensional dynamical model with uncertain parameters is established. Then, the gray code hybrid accelerating genetic algorithm (GHAGA) is adopted to identify the unknown parameters of the system based on the statistic data (1998–2009). Finally, the dynamical analysis of the system is further studied by Lyapunov-exponent, phase portraits, and Lyapunov exponent theory. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed water resources supply-demand system is in a steady state and is suitable for simulating the dynamical characteristics of a complex water supply and demand system. According to the trends of the water supply and demand of several nonlinear simulation cases, the corresponding measures can be proposed to improve the steady development of the water resources supply-demand system.

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Tarigan, Nita, Perdinan i Bambang Dwi Dasanto. "Bogor Water Adequacy Status for 2009-2019". Agromet 36, nr 1 (20.05.2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.36.1.42-50.

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Water adequacy becomes one of the global concerns as the trend of population growth continues to arise. The condition of water adequacy can be worse in some regions since it also relates to rainfall, which is greatly influenced by global climate change. Here we explore water adequacy at local scale especially in Bogor, Indonesia based on sectoral water demands. The study aims to analysis water adequacy for 2009-2019 based on a climatic water balance. Water supply-demand analysis was performed using water usage index (WUI) in which high WUI corresponds to high critical water balance. Our results showed there was a deceased trend for water supply in Bogor approximately 0.6% per year, whereas an increased trend was observed for water demand (1.7% per year). The main contributor for the increased demand was from domestic water demand by 48%. Generally, water adequacy in Bogor for the period analysis (2009 -2019) is still adequate, but a proper management of water resource will ensure water adequacy in the long run in response to population explosion and climate change.

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HWANG, YUJIN, YOUNGCHULL AHN, SEONGIR CHEONG, KEUNHO JIN i JAEKUEN LEE. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER TANK FOR DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY USING PEMFC CO-GENERATION SYSTEM". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 18, nr 03 (wrzesień 2010): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132510000113.

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There are many attempts to use a fuel cell system as a residential power generation system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal design of a water tank for a hot water system when the fuel cell co-generation system is combined with a domestic hot water supply system. The demands of hot water supply per month per home for 76–168 m2 of acreage are investigated in Busan for a year. It showed somewhat large differences between the actual demand and the designed demand of hot water, but the actual capacity of hourly averaged hot water demands is analyzed as 60 ℓ/h in this study based on the actual demand. The experiments are performed in the various inlet and outlet locations of nozzles in the hot water tank, and the hot water consumption rates. The experimental results showed that the optimal capacity of the water tank is 200 ℓ when the thermal efficiency, the storing capacity of hot water and the space for installation are considered.

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Ambrosio, Julia K., Bruno M. Brentan, Manuel Herrera, Edevar Luvizotto, Lubienska Ribeiro i Joaquín Izquierdo. "Committee Machines for Hourly Water Demand Forecasting in Water Supply Systems". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (8.01.2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9765468.

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Prediction models have become essential for the improvement of decision-making processes in public management and, particularly, for water supply utilities. Accurate estimation often needs to solve multimeasurement, mixed-mode, and space-time problems, typical of many engineering applications. As a result, accurate estimation of real world variables is still one of the major problems in mathematical approximation. Several individual techniques have shown very good estimation abilities. However, none of them are free from drawbacks. This paper faces the challenge of creating accurate water demand predictive models at urban scale by using so-called committee machines, which are ensemble frameworks of single machine learning models. The proposal is able to combine models of varied nature. Specifically, this paper analyzes combinations of such techniques as multilayer perceptrons, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, random forests, adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, and the group method for data handling. Analyses are checked on two water demand datasets from Franca (Brazil). As an ensemble tool, the combined response of a committee machine outperforms any single constituent model.

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S., Nyambar, i Bong C.H.J. "Long Storage as Water Source during Dry Period for Sarawak River Basin". Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 1, nr 2 (1.04.2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.74.2010.

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The recent drought in August 2009 which was triggered by the El Nino phenomenon had affected Kuching city to the extent that the city was facing critical shortage of water supply. In this study, the daily water demand for Kuching city was determined based on two major usages which were treated water demand for water supply production and for the flushing operation by the barrage in Sarawak River Basin for a selected year. These water demands were compared with the available supply from Sarawak River to determine the amount of water as storage to be prepared for critical shortage during the drier period. The results shows that the total maximum, average and minimum daily water demand for Sarawak River Basin are 8,715.264, 3,812.516 and 82.946 cumec.day respectively. The maximum daily demand was compared with the water supplied by Sarawak River Kiri at Kpg. Git station and from the flow mass curve; the needed storage is approximately 100 cumec.day for the critical period of May to October. A preliminary design for long storage has also been proposed to store water during the wet season to be used during the dry period.

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Mahmoud, Ahmed Aboelgasim. "Assessment of Water Supply and Demand, a Case Study of Elfasher Rural Area-North Darfur State". Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 10, nr 5 (28.10.2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8942.

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This study was conducted in Elfasher Rural Area. The area is located within North Darfur State. The objectives of this study are to assess Water Supply and Demand Assessment in Rural of Elfasher and possible future scenarios; to provide and highlight the status of water resources in Elfasher Rural, and to give recommendations to take remedial actions and potential solutions for identified problems. The study includes the water supply situation in Elfasher Rural for different areas and evaluates the role of the community in the management part. The data collected from field visits and questionnaires were analyzed: It was found that the main problems in quality were the presence of Nitrate, hardness and bacteriological contamination in the hand pump. In the recommendations, some of them are conducting groundwater monitoring to test groundwater depletion. Promote surface water harvesting and aquifer artificial recharge. Taking immediate action to solve the problems that have been identified.

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Tarapure, Ms Sakshi Pandurang, Mr Prathamesh Santosh Tule, Ms Sneha Gokul Surane, Mr Nivrutti Santosh Chaudhari i Prof Satish A. Pitake. "Design of Water Supply Scheme for Bisur Village". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 1960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42660.

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Abstract: In order to meet the water demand of the continuously growing population of Bisur village and failure of current water supply system it is essential to provide the sufficient and uniform quantity of water through the design of various units of water treatment plant, so for design work we have collected information of proposed area like Main water source, Population, Demand of water, quality of water, distribution network and water tanks etc. from MJP (Maharashtra Jeevan Prabhakaran) and local authorities. After analysed above data we calculated (i) Future population (ii) Water characteristics (iii)Design Period (iv)Water demand [101 LPCD]. After conducting and analysis of survey data we proposed an efficient new alignment for water distribution system and we designed various units of water treatment plant like Aeration, Alum Tank, Tube settler, Rapid Gravity filter, rising main, Jack Well, Sump etc. This proposed design of the water supply scheme for proper supply of water is sufficient to meet the daily requirement of water in selected area. Keywords: RRWS, ESR, Water Demand, MJP, WTP, Population

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