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Regli, Philip Warner. "Residential demand for water in the Phoenix metropolitan area". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_160_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Collins-Webb, Jason. "Decision support for sustainable water supply management". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250879.
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Du, Plessis J. A. "Integrated water demand management for local water governance". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5435.
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Nyong, Anthony Okon. "Domestic water demand in rural semi-arid Nigeria /". *McMaster only, 1998.
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Cobba, Hussain M. A. Raji. "Pricing, investment, and demand management in the water supply industry". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35472.
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The subject matter of this thesis is the definition, measurement and use of marginal cost as a tool of analysis to assist the process of decision-making in the water supply industry. Demand management is viewed in broad terms to include the establishment of an optimal structure and level of prices and investment in optimal capacity as well as investment in demand-restraining measures such as leakage detection and control. The study examines the definition of marginal cost as a benchmark for price setting. It provides empirical estimates of the various components of marginal cost of water supply in the Hampshire area, part of the Southern Water Authority. These estimates assume an exogenously determined level of demand and therefore exclude any possible direct interaction between the pricing and investment decisions. Departing from this tradition the study also examines a number of models where, under specific assumptions, optimal prices, output and capacity levels over a chosen planning horizon are simultaneously determined. This allows for direct interaction between the pricing and investment decisions. The study simulates optimal paths of prices, output and capacity expansion in the Hampshire area. This is carried out under various assumptions, one of which admits the potential of staging capacity expansion in order to take advantage of economies of scale in the capital cost function. An analysis of leakage detection and control as a demand management tool is presented in the final part of the study. The purpose of this analysis is to investigate how leakage detection and control may be conducted using either cost-benefit analysis or an appropriately defined tool of marginal cost.
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Martinez-Espineira, Roberto. "Residential water pricing for demand management in the UK : lessons from Spain". Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369321.
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Manning, Jill Anna. "Water resources of west Cape Cod : an investigation of water supply and demand planning". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43357.
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Helmle, Samuel F. "Water conservation planning : developing a strategic plan for socially acceptable demand control programs /". View online, 2005. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/2/.
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Hartley, Joseph Alan. "A neural network and rule based system application in water demand forecasting". Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7867.
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This thesis describes a short term water demand forecasting application that is based upon a combination of a neural network forecast generator and a rule based system that modifies the resulting forecasts. Conventionally, short term forecasting of both water consumption and electrical load demand has been based upon mathematical models that aim to either extract the mathematical properties displayed by a time series of historical data, or represent the causal relationships between the level of demand and the key factors that determine that demand. These conventional approaches have been able to achieve acceptable levels of prediction accuracy for those days where distorting, non cyclic influences are not present to a significant degree. However, when such distortions are present, then the resultant decrease in prediction accuracy has a detrimental effect upon the controlling systems that are attempting to optimise the operation of the water or electricity supply network. The abnormal, non cyclic factors can be divided into those which are related to changes in the supply network itself, those that are related to particular dates or times of the year and those which are related to the prevailing meteorological conditions. If a prediction system is to provide consistently accurate forecasts then it has to be able to incorporate the effects of each of the factor types outlined above. The prediction system proposed in this thesis achieves this by the use of a neural network that by the application of appropriately classified example sets, can track the varying relationship between the level of demand and key meteorological variables. The influence of supply network changes and calendar related events are accounted for by the use of a rule base of prediction adjusting rules that are built up with reference to past occurrences of similar events. The resulting system is capable of eliminating a significant proportion of the large prediction errors that can lead to non optimal supply network operation.
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Antunes, André Filipe Martins. "Energetic analysis of water supply systems: demand forecasting using artificial intelligence techniques". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23359.
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Mestrado em Engenharia MecânicaIn current days, a large number of water utilities manage their operation on the instant water demand of the network, meaning the use of the equipment is conditioned by the immediate water necessity. The water reservoirs of the networks are filled using pumps that start working when the water level reaches a specified minimum, stopping when it reaches a maximum level. Shifting the focus to management based on future demand allows to use the equipment when energy is cheaper, taking advantage of the electricity tariff in action, thus bringing significant financial savings over time. Short-term water demand forecasting is a crucial step to support decision making regarding the equipment operation management. For this purpose, forecasting methodologies were implemented and analyses in Python. Several machine learning methods, such as neural networks, random forests, support vector machines and k-nearest neighbours, are evaluated using real data from two Portuguese water utilities. Moreover, the influence of factors such as weather, seasonality, amount of data used in training and forecast window are also tested. The results are validated and compared with those achieved by ARIMA using benchmarks.
Hoje em dia, grande parte das empresas fornecedoras de água gere a sua operação com base na procura instantânea da rede, o que significa que a utilização dos equipamentos é condicionada pela procura imediata de água. Os reservatórios das redes são abastecidos recorrendo a bombas que são acionadas quando a água atinge o limite mínimo e desativadas quando esta atinge o limite máximo. Basear esta gestão na procura futura permite utilizar o equipamento de bombagem quando a energia elétrica é mais barata, ao tirar vantagem da tarifa elétrica em vigor, resultando numa diminuição de custos para a empresa. A previsão de consumos a curto prazo é um passo fundamental no apoio à decisão referente à gestão da operação dos equipamentos. Para isso, uma série de metodologias de previsão são implementadas e analisadas em Python. Alguns métodos de machine learning, como redes neuronais, random forests, support vector machines e k-nearest neighbours, são avaliados usando dados reais de duas empresas fornecedoras de água portuguesas. Além disso, a influência de fatores como a meteorologia, sazonalidade, quantidade de dados usados no treino, e janela temporal das previsões também são testadas. Os resultados são validados e comparados com aqueles alcançados pelo ARIMA com recurso a benchmarks.
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Masike, Sennye. "The impacts of climate change on cattle water demand and supply in Khurutshe, Botswana". The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2536.
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The primary question that the thesis investigates is: what impacts could climate change have on cattle water demand and supply in Khurutshe, Botswana. This thesis is pursued in light of the fact that there is a lack of knowledge on climate change and cattle water demand and supply. Thus, this thesis aims at filling the gap in knowledge on climate change and cattle water resources in Botswana and other semi-arid environments. A cattle water demand and supply model is developed to investigate the primary question of the thesis. The model is driven by rainfall and temperature over time as these variables largely determine cattle water supply and demand, respectively. Climate scenarios for 2050 are constructed using SimCLIM (developed by the International Global Change Institute of the University of Waikato) based on HadCM3 and CSIRO Mk2 General Circulation Models (GCMs). Three Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) are used: A1B, A1FT and A1T. These emission scenarios were selected based on their coverage for possible future Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG). Climate scenarios show that by 2050 the temperature for the Khurutshe area could increase by as much as 3 oC depending on the GCM and SRES emission scenario and that there could be a decline in rainfall of up to 14% per month. CSIRO Mk2 displayed the maximum decline in rainfall while HadCM3 depicted the maximum increase in temperature. The model is implemented in the Khurutshe of the Kgatleng District, Botswana. The results reported are for Masama Ranch and also for the whole of the Khurutshe area. The results show that climate change could lead to an annual increase of more than 20% in cattle water demand by 2050 due to an increase in temperature. In addition, climate change could lead to a decline in the contribution of surface pan water to cattle water supply. Overall, there could be an increase in abstraction of groundwater for cattle by 2050 due to an increase in demand and a decline in forage water content and surface pan water. Observations in semi-arid environments of Africa indicate that farmers encounter problems of declining borehole yields and local depletion in groundwater in summer and drought years when demand peaks. In addition, it has been observed that during drought more cattle are lost as a result of lack of water, particularly for those whose cattle are reliant on surface water. Thus, the results from this study indicate that climate change could enhance this problem. In the thesis I have shown the importance of integrating climate change impacts on water demand and supply when assessing water resources, which has been ignored in the past. Some of the policy options that are discussed are tradable pumping permits for controlling abstraction and allocation issues in the Khurutshe aquifer and, controlling stocking numbers. This is in recognition of the fact that climate change could result in more reliance on groundwater for both cattle farming and urban water supply hence compromising sustainability and allocation issues especially for the Khurutshe aquifer which is earmarked to supply the city of Gaborone and surrounding villages in drought periods.
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Anang, Zuraini. "Assessing the effective demand for improved water supply service in Malaysia : focusing on Johor Water Company". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1842.
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In Malaysia, the water management system was restructured in January 2005 by the transfer of water supplies and services from the State List to the Concurrent List. The National Water Services Commission or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) was established in July 2006 as the technical and economic regulator for the improvement of water supply quality and the efficiency of the water industry. This study focuses on SAJ Holdings (SAJH). This water supply company provides a fully integrated service, i.e. it is involved in the all the processes of drinking water supply; these range from raw water acquisition, treatment and purification, and the subsequent distribution of purified water to customers, plus billing and payment collection. This study attempts to assess the residential customers‟ preferences of different attributes of water supply. The water attributes are divided into two categories: Water Infrastructure (WI) and Residential Customers (RC). WI attributes are leakage, pipe bursts, and reservoirs; RC attributes are water quality, pressure, connections, and disruptions. Choice modelling (CM) was applied as a tool for the assessment of effective demand for improved water supplies, particularly by residential customers. There are two econometric models employed: Conditional Logit (CL) and Mixed Logit (MXL). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with residential customers and Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used in order to analyse the data. The model consists of a basic model and an interaction model with socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that the significant variables affecting demand are pipe bursts, (BUR), water quality (QUA), disruption (DIS) and connection (CON), as well as price (PRI). Among the socioeconomic characteristics that interact with the main attributes are gender, age, number of children, type of house, number of persons in the household, education, work, and income. This information is very useful for the water provider when upgrading the water service for valuable customers.
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Schmid, Wolfgang. "A farm package for MODFLOW-2000 simulation of irrigation demand and conjunctively managed surface-water and ground-water supply /". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2004_287_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Kanyoka, Phillipa. "Water value and demand for multiple purposes in the rural areas of South Africa: the case of Ga-Sekororo". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02102009-142257/.
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Juana, James Sharka. "Efficiency and equity considerations in modeling inter-sectoral water demand in South Africa". Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06062008-140425/.
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Osei-Asare, Yaw. "Household Water Security and Water Demand in the Volta Basin of Ghana /". Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/491615132.pdf.
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Wallace, Troy Brandon. "A Procedure for the Preliminary Assessment of Water Supply Availability". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31564.
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Of the factors that determine development potential in a given geographic area, the availability of water for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes is a primary indication of prospective growth. Governmental bodies at the regional, state and federal levels often need to identify water supply availability in order to identify growth potential.
To address this need, a procedure for the preliminary assessment of water supply availability has been developed that can potentially be applied to any geographic area in the United States. The procedure uses the USGS demand cataloging unit as the basic planning area, with supply estimates from streamflow parameters at USGS gage locations and demand estimates from USGS demand reports. By comparing known supply and demand estimates in a base year, an overview of water supply availability in the region can be determined.
With supply and demand data in a base year, projections of future water supply availability can then be made. Detailed projection of future water demand must account for changes in the amount of water use activities and the rates of water use within those activities, but a simplified procedure is applied here. Total offstream water use is averaged over the population in the base year to determine per-capita offstream use, which is assumed to remain constant in the future in this preliminary assessment procedure. Population is then projected and demand is forecast as a function of the projected population. The supply quantity is projected assuming each flow parameter derived from the historical record will remain constant in the future year. By comparing projected supply and demand estimates, water supply availability in future years can be anticipated in the planning area.Master of Science
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Al-Noaimi, Mubarak Aman. "Development of water resources in Bahrain : a combined approach of supply-demand analysis". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1951.
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Bahrain is an arid country with acute water shortage problems. The demand for water has increased substantially over the last four decades, leading to over-exploitation from the already scarce renewable groundwater resources. This has caused a significant decline in groundwater levels, a drastic storage depletion, and serious deterioration in groundwater quality. The imbalance between the available water supply and the projected water demand has been growing rapidly, imposing a major constraint on the country's socio-economic development. Resolving these problems or at least mitigating their adverse impacts primarily requires a major shift from the supply-oriented approach to water planning, which is currently being emphasised, towards a greater emphasis on demand-side management policies. In this thesis, a combined approach of supply-demand analysis is employed to investigate the water and management problems in the study area, with the ultimate objective of establishing a supply-demand analytical framework to aid in the formulation of an integrated water management policy. The existing water resources are comprehensively assessed in terms of availability and development constraints. The water use patterns and demand characteristics are systematically analysed. The results of these analyses are shown to have important implications from the water resources planning and management perspective. Using data from cross-sectional surveys, separate water demand functions of both linear and log-linear functional forms are estimated for the major water use activities. The empirical evidence presented in this research suggests that certain socio-economic, demographic, physical, climatic, and technological factors affect water use. The variables household size and household/per capita income are found to be the most important determinants of residential water use, with a priori expected signs. Average price, however, does not have a statistically significant effect. Estimated income elasticities vary from 0.12 to 0.22; household size elasticities range from 0.30 to 0.41. Empirical estimates for summer and winter residential demand functions suggest some interesting findings with respect to the seasonal variability in water use. Per capita income elasticities of municipal demand of between 0.15 - 0.33 are estimated. Both the residential and municipal income elasticity estimates appear to correlate favourably with some estimates found in the literature. Not surprisingly, average price elasticity of per capita municipal demand is estimated to be -0.066, indicating an extremely inelastic demand. In general, the empirical findings from both the non-residential and agricultural surveys give less reliable statistical results, perhaps owing to the insufficiency of data and/or lack of specific explanatory variables. However, the variables number of bathrooms and presence of swimming pool may be adequate indicators of the non-residential water use, while gross cultivated area appears to be the best single predictor of the agricultural water use. Industrial water demand is shown to be significantly and directly related to the variables measuring production level, number of employees, and factory floor area. Validity tests for the selected analytical models are made. The water supply and demand relationships are examined and water balances for the specified planning period are computed. The improved trend forecasting procedures provide encouragingly accurate results when compared to the actual water use. Three alternative water management scenarios are developed. Comparison among these scenarios indicates that Scenario C, which integrates the supply and demand management policies, is the most efficient option for achieving optimal water resources development and management. Policy recommendations to enable effective formulation and implementation of this option are presented.
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Pieschl, Jordan Marie. "Assessing supply, demand, and professional development needs of employees in water-related careers". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35441.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Communications and Agricultural Education
Shannon G. Washburn
STEM fields represent between 5% and 20% of all employed in the United States (United States Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). Many employers of job positions in the STEM field have indicated an ongoing challenge of demand for such employees exceeding supply (Hira, 2010). Literature suggests a skills gap exists in some career fields and labor markets (Sentz, 2013). A topic that falls in many STEM fields in water resources. In Kansas, both supply and demand of water resources vary greatly across the state. A growing trend statewide, however, is a need to focus efforts on preserving the quality and quantity of Kansas’ water supply. Anecdotal evidence suggests the focus on water resources increases the demand for employees prepared for careers in related STEM fields (S. Metzger, personal communication, May 3, 2016). Drawing on both the Human Capital Theory and the Theory of Work Adjustment, descriptive survey research and qualitative interviews based in symbolic interactionism were used to gather data from employers of water-related job positions. The data indicated that a variety of employability and technical skills describe both employers’ ability requirements and employees’ ability sets. The results of the study suggest that, while employers have not recently experienced much challenge filling job vacancies, demand for employees could increase in the near future. Additionally, employers utilize a variety of professional development resources, and would utilize others if available. While levels of correspondence range among ability requirements and ability sets depending on the job position, efforts in education and recruitment could help address the supply of candidates for these positions.
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Wattanakuljarus, Voravit. "Estimating Residential Water Demand: a Case of Multiple-Part Tariff for Denton, Texas". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500792/.
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This paper analyzes the demand for water in case of a multiple-part tariff in Denton, Texas. The model used is developed from Billing & Agthe's model by using the following variables: marginal price, difference variable, tax assessed value, lot size, house size, temperature and rainfall.. The results indicate that temperature has the greatest effect on water demand, since this area is considered to be a very warm area. Also, marginal price seems to have a strong effect on water consumption indicating that customer is well-informed to a change in rate schedule. This test supports the original idea of the previous articles that the coefficient on difference variable and that on income should have the opposite sign. However, this test can not prove that those coefficients should be equal in magnitude, since the proxy of the income variable can not represent the individual monthly income. In addition, this article introduces another variable which can be a proxy of outdoor water use. That is lot size showing the effect on water demand. The last variable used in the model, house size,does not have much effect on water demand and is dropped out in the final model.
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com, emmayuen@hotmail, i Emma Yuen. "Water Consumption Patterns in Australian Aboriginal Communities". Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051119.134422.
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Aboriginal Australians have a significantly lower health status than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. To facilitate healthy living practices necessary for good health, a high level investment is currently made in water services, on the assumption that there is a relationship between the volume and quality of water supplied with health outcomes, despite the high economic and environmental cost. This thesis investigates whether the current design supply criteria of 1000-1200 litres per person per day of water, meeting the Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, is both sufficient and necessary to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. The scope of the thesis is limited to the sufficiency of design guidelines although it necessarily also touches on the broader issues of Aboriginal health.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore current water consumption patterns of consumers at multiple hierarchical levels (community, household and individual) and hence the requirements of physical infrastructure on which consumers depend. Multiple linear regression was used to consider factors correlated with supply volume, while metering was used at both the domestic and appliance level to determine where and how water was used. Meters were installed on fixtures in two houses in a community near Alice Springs. This was then complemented by qualitative information obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observation in the field. The appropriateness of the supply of high quality water for all uses was addressed by considering the volume of drinking water intake and its impact on the derivation of water quality guidelines. This was achieved by a face-to-face survey involving 57 volunteers. Fieldwork was conducted predominantly in three communities near Alice Springs although some additional data was collected in other communities in Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
The results showed that the factors influencing water consumption were highly complex and variable between communities and individuals. However, there were some culturally specific needs identified in Aboriginal communities, such as the need for temperature and dust control, as well as the reduction of losses. The unique characteristics of each community made it difficult to provide a more precise estimate for design supply. As a result, overly conservative guidelines such as those already used are necessary in the short term despite there being no guarantee of improved health. In the long term, issues of community governance and capacity building will start to be addressed, and the realisation that social systems are both complex and dynamic will need to be reflected in policy. These issues were represented in a systemic conceptual model at the end of the thesis, which also highlighted inadequacies of reductionist approaches such as design supply guidelines. The thesis concluded that complex problem situations such as that of health, require a systems approach.
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Schmid, Wolfgang, i Wolfgang Schmid. "A farm package for modflow-2000: Simulation of irrigation demand and conjunctively managed surface-water and ground-water supply". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626888.
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A new Farm Package (FMP) was developed for using the U.S. Geological Survey's
groundwater modeling program, MODFLOW-2000 (MF2K), to estimate irrigation water
allocations to irrigation settings. The FMP dynamically integrates irrigation water
demand, surface-water & groundwater supply, and return flow from excess irrigation.
Routed surface-water delivery is optional, and can be simulated by coupling FMP with
the Streamflow Routing Package (SFRl ).
MF2K with FMP and SFRl allows estimating the allocation of surface-water and
groundwater to farms for the following applications: (1) historic and future simulations,
(2) water rights issues and operational decisions, (3) non-drought and drought situations.
Irrigation demand, supply, and return flow are partly subject to head-dependent sinks
and sources such as transpiration uptake from groundwater (formulated by FMP) and
leakage between the conveyance system and the aquifer (formulated by SFRl).
A steady state transpiration uptake, varying with changing water level, is stepwise
linearly approximated by FMP. This was validated by ensembles of variably saturated
soil column models using HYDRUS2D for different soil types, values of potential
transpiration, and root zone depths. A restriction of transpiration uptake is proportional to
a reduction of the active root zone. It is approximated in FMP by an analytical solution,
which determines inactive ranges of the root zone with pressure heads typical for
conditions of anoxia or wilting. At steady state, the transpiration uptake equaled the flux across the water table (plus
the irrigation flux, if applied). Therefore, changes in soil water storage are assumed
negligible. Based on this assumption, the irrigation flux required is determined in FMP
by subtracting transpiratory components from natural sources (groundwater,
precipitation) from a maximum transpiration uptake. This transpiratory irrigation
requirement is calculated for each finite difference cell, and increased sufficiently to
compensate for evaporative losses and for inefficient use. Accumulating the resulting cell
delivery requirement over all cells in a farm yields the total farm delivery requirement,
which is to be satisfied with surface- or groundwater.
Five economic and non-economic drought response policies can be applied, if the
potential supply of surface- and groundwater is insufficient to meet the crop demand.
The code was verified by a hypothetical example problem run in 55 scenarios (5
drought policy scenarios x 11 parameter-group scenarios). Among all sources and sinks
in a cumulative volumetric budget, 'farm well discharge,' and particularly 'farm net
recharge,' were most sensitive to changes in drought policies or changes of parameters.
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Tanwar, Vikas. "Bridging water demand-supply gap : through rainwater harvesting in public green spaces in Delhi, India". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32269.
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"Water is likely to become one of the limiting resources of the next century, as well as one with multiple often conflicting uses." UNCEO NY1994 Presently, at least 1.1 billion of the world's people - about one in five - do not have access to safe water. City of Delhi in India is facing acute water crisis with a current demand supply gap of 236 million gallon per day (MGD) which is expected to widen to 564 MGD by the year 2021.ln view of the growing water crisis, the main objective of the thesis is to look into ways of mitigating the water crises in Delhi by bridging the water demand supply gap using environmental friendly and sustainable methods such as rainwater harvesting in the public green spaces of the region. The thesis begins with a thorough investigation of the Hydrological cycle (natural and urban), contemporary and traditional methods of rainwater harvesting, methods of recharge, and geological, hydro-geological and meteorological data of Delhi region. The regional data is overlaid and analyzed to define priority action areas and a conceptual action plan is recommended for each area. To demonstrate its feasibility, specific study areas are identified in the most stressed zone and investigated across four different scenarios ranging from neighbourhood to regional scale and from minimum to maximum intervention. It is learned through this investigation that public green spaces of Delhi hold great potential in bridging the water demand-supply gap. There are a range of modern and traditional methods available to successfully implement rainwater harvesting projects in these areas. They are technically and financially feasible and can be adopted at various levels depending on the availability of resources. It is found that public green spaces of Delhi which account for about 19% of the total urban area can bridge the water demand-supply gap by a maximum of 12.5%. Cost of the interventions can be amortized within 3 years and there are direct financial and environmental benefits to the local residents. The harvested rainwater can also be successfully used to meet the irrigation demand of the public green spaces partially, resulting in further cost savings to the government.Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
Graduate
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Andersson, Evelina. "Water demand and supply in Dar es Salaam : A WEAP-model to estimate future scenarios". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257209.
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The water and sewage company in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has expressed a lack of integrated development plan for their service area. The current planning does not combine the social, economic and environmental stakeholders. This project investigated how rapid urbanisation and Tanzania’s vision of going from a low to middle-income country before 2025 will affect the water demand together with an investigation of the sustainability of the water supply in the city, Dar es Salaam. Furthermore, the study also investigated the collected historical data from the city’s biggest water supplier, Ruvu river, to examine if there are any changes in waterflow. The study used previous research, collaboration with students and interviews with the stakeholder and experts to collect information and estimate historical patterns. With the software, Water And Evaluation Planning (WEAP), the study processed the historical data to simulate future scenarios with aim on sustainability and development mentioned above. The study shows an increased demand in the future as a result of both urbanisation and economic growth and unmet demand in all scenarios. From the historical data the study shows a small decrease in total quantity and an upgoing trend of the peaks that occur during the biggest annual rainy season. Lastly, the study finds a need of looking at the current sources of supply to achieve sustainable utilization of the resource.Det här projektet undersöker hur en snabb urbanisering och Tanzanias vision att gå från låg- till mellaninkomstland kan komma att påverka efterfrågan på färskvattnet i Dar es Salaam fram till 2030. Från historisk flödesdata från stadens största vattengivare, Ruvu floden undersöks om det går att utläsa några ändringar i flödena sedan 1980 fram till 2010. Fortsättningsvis diskuteras även hur ett hållbart nyttjande går att åstadkomma. Information och historisk data samlades från litteratursök, intervjuer och med samarbete med studenter och vatten- och sanitetsföretaget i staden. För att undersöka framtiden för stadens vattentillgång och efterfråga användes simulationsprogrammet Water And Evaluation Planning (WEAP) som genom att processerna historisk data, kan simulera liknande variationer i framtiden. Programmet gör det också möjligt för användaren att undersöka parallella scenarios med ändrade flöden och efterfråga. Studien visar att efterfrågan på vatten kommer att öka i alla scenarios och omött efterfrågan i alla scenarios. Studien finner att för hållbart nyttjande av denna resurs kräves mer undersökningar eller alternativ för att säkra tillgången på färskvattnet. De historiska data samlade från floden visar en liten nedåtgående trend i flödesmängd och en uppåtgående trend på mängd vatten som kommer under årets största regnperiod.
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Devi, Bhakti L. "A framework for development and evaluation of policies and programs for urban irrigation demand management". View thesis, 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/44535.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2009.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, School of Engineering, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
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Lacy, Wayne E. "Relationship Between the California Drought and Almond Demand". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4648.
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Areas of California's Central Valley are sinking at rates up to 1 foot per year due to subsidence caused, in part, by the state's years-long drought, challenging growers to locate additional water sources for their crops. Supply and demand theory guided this correlational study. The purpose of the study was to examine the financial impact of drought on almond demand. This study included annualized historical almond industry data for the United States (N = 97), downloaded from a United States Department of Agriculture database. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the model was capable of predicting almond demand, F(3,92) = 483.579, p < .001, R2 = .940. Both supply and price were statistically significant in the final model, with supply (p < .001) accounting for a higher contribution to the model than price (p = .015). Fine effect's contribution (p = .267) to the model was not statistically significant. The results of this study could enable almond industry leaders to increase profit margins through market predictability understanding and mitigate fiscal risks associated with variable labor and groundwater pumping costs. The implications for positive social change include the potential to restore employment opportunities, stabilize migratory worker prospects, and reduce water utilization to preserve natural resources.
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Kandissounon, Gilles-Arnaud. "Sustainable Water Usage and Surface Runoff Management in Lagos, Nigeria". OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2299.
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The exponential growth of the world population led by the geographic expansion of urban areas in developing countries has put massive pressure on natural resources especially land and water. Water supply and water scarcity remain one of the major challenges facing the industrializing world. The United Nations forecast further increase in population which, in the absence of management and policies, will inevitably put more resources at risk. Changing climatic conditions causing more frequent and intense rainfall will also affect water management systems in the vulnerable urban areas of developing countries. The goal of this study was twofold; first analyze the patterns of water consumption in the rapidly growing city of Lagos, Nigeria and use them in a System Dynamics (SD) model to make projections about future demand. The second part used remote sensing to quantify the contribution of extensive land use/cover change to urban flooding. Land use/cover dynamics over the past decade was analyzed using satellite imagery provided by Landsat Thematic Mapping (TM). Unsupervised classification was performed with false color composite using the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) technique in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study area was divided into four different land use types during image classification: bare land, built-up area, water bodies, and vegetation. For water demand, two different scenarios of population growth including 5.5% and 2.75 % annual increase were considered. The results showed that water demand dropped by 67% of its current value when losses in distribution were reduced by 20% and population annual growth rate kept at 2.75% over the study period. Bare land and water bodies lost 1.31% and 1.61% of their current area respectively while built-up area grew by 1.11%. These changes in land use/cover changes led to a 64% increase in average surface runoff, mostly attributable to increasing surface imperviousness and the absence of an adequate urban drainage system. This paper intends to assist the authorities of the city of Lagos who adopted a master plan in 2010 as a road map to reduce to city’s vulnerability to flooding and close the gap between water demand and water supply by 2050.
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House-Peters, Lily. "Examining the Effects of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Demand: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Future Water Demand in Hillsboro, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2251.
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In the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, suburban cities such as Hillsboro are projected to grow as people seek affordable housing near a rapidly growing metropolis. This thesis examines the combined impact of'c1imate change and urban development on both neighborhood and municipal scale residential water demand in Hillsboro, Oregon. I use two models, a surface energy balance model, Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS), and a system dynamics model, CCDomestic, to investigate changes in residential water demand in the 2040s at two distinct spatial scales, the neighborhood and the municipality. I calibrate and validate each model to the reference period and then simulate the future (2030-2059) under three statistically downscaled global climate models and two urban development scenarios. The findings of this study indicate that climate change and urban development will not evenly affect water consumption in neighborhoods across a city. Instead, the current land cover and residential density of a neighborhood exert an important influence on the response. Heavily vegetated neighborhoods exhibit large increases in water demand under urban sprawl and warming scenarios, while neighborhoods dominated by impervious surfaces decrease water consumption under sprawl scenarios and show little change in water consumption under combined sprawl and warming scenarios. At the municipal scale findings suggest that water demand is highly sensitive to urban design and management and that the combination of urban densification and water conservation regulations could mitigate increases in water consumption from population growth and climate change.
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Willis, Rachelle M. "Domestic Water End Use Study: An Investigation of the Water Savings Attributed to Demand Management Strategies and Dual Reticulated Recycled Water Systems". Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367759.
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Rainfall patterns in Australia have altered in recent decades, with trends of lower rainfall across
densely populated southern areas recorded. Such drastic changes in climatic conditions have
triggered a re-evaluation of traditional techniques and methods to manage urban water demand
and supply. Throughout the nation, movement towards sustainable urban water resource
management is becoming the norm. This water security method involves the planning and
implementation of a range of water supply, demand management and source substitution
initiatives to meet short term demand and provide long term supply security to urban
populations. Examples of these initiatives include: desalinated potable water, water restrictions,
water efficient fixtures, awareness campaigns, dual reticulated recycled water supply and on-lot
rainwater tanks. In the urban water planning and management industry, these initiatives are
relied upon to provide alternative potable supply types and reduce average daily water demand.
Predictions and estimations of the potable water savings attributed to water demand
management and source substitution measures are often assumed and included in city-wide
planning and forecasting documentation. These water demand management and source
substitution measures play a significant part in meeting projected city future demand however,
these initiatives are all too often planned and implemented without validation of actual potable
water savings. Some examples of measuring potential savings through bulk demand reductions
are documented although this often involves further application of estimations for other
influencing factors such as climate, household makeup and leakage. Understanding the actual
potable water savings attributed to water demand management and source substitution
initiatives requires the application of end use water consumption monitoring due to the need to
establish the point of source savings related to these measures.
Significant residential end use water consumption studies have been carried out in Perth and
Melbourne in Australia and, in the United States of America. These investigations have
ascertained the unique consumption behaviours of residents in the monitored location and
presented some examples of measuring water savings attributed to water efficient devices. The
variation in end use consumption between the studies and the useful application of results from
these investigations has prompted the encouragement of further research in this field. To date,
no statistically significant end use water consumption study has occurred in the state of
Queensland, Australia. In response to the current gaps in the body of knowledge, this research
focused on determining end use water consumption and investigating the end use savings
attributed to water efficient fixtures, resource consumption awareness devices, and dual
reticulated recycled water supply regions in the Gold Coast, Australia. This study also
investigated the relationship between attitudes towards the environment and water conservation
and the impact that this had on end use water consumption. The research also developed end use
diurnal patterns of consumption for both single and dual reticulated regions on the Gold Coast.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Furlong, Kathryn. "Municipal water supply governance in Ontario: neoliberalization, utility restructuring, and infrastructure management". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/230.
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This thesis examines the interaction of political-economic restructuring, sustainability, and the governance of municipal services in the province of Ontario, Canada. Two issues are studied: the restructuring of business models, and programs for sustainable infrastructure management (focusing on programs for the reduction of water consumption and production). The primary data are derived from a province-wide expert survey, archival research, a one-day expert workshop, and seven municipal case studies.
Since the early 1990s, political-economic restructuring in Ontario predominantly reflects processes and policy orientations consistent with neoliberalization. Two strands of research posit particular relationships between neoliberalization and sustainability. One (associated with political ecology) asserts that neoliberalization yields negative outcomes for environmental policy. The other (ecological modernization) asserts that neoliberal restructuring leads to environmental improvements. This thesis tests and complicates both sets of claims. Specifically, neoliberalization does not necessarily induce improved programming for sustainability and can, hinder its development. Neoliberalization, however, is not the unique hindrance to progress on sustainability. Rather, a techno-physical approach to service delivery combined with governance arrangements that neither empower nor compel a variety of necessary actors presents a key barrier to sustainability.
In terms of the restructuring of business models, I find that the primary neoliberal strategy is the depoliticization of governance through the pursuit of arms length business models for service delivery. This, however, is not readily accomplished in complete or straightforward ways. Municipal governments and anti-neoliberal alliances have complex relationships to neoliberalization that prove important in restructuring outcomes. Specifically, neoliberalization is also contested within municipal government and for environmental advocates, although their best option, the municipal department model remains unsatisfactory.
Concerning sustainable infrastructure management, the thesis finds that up-take of supply and demand management in Ontario has been limited to date. This results from incentives created by policy processes associated with neoliberalization (specifically new public management) and technically-driven management methods in the water sector. Moreover, where programs for sustainable infrastructure management currently occur, they are rarely motivated by sustainability concerns. Importantly, however, sustainable infrastructure management is underdeveloped for reasons other than neoliberalization; governance arrangements and the continuing supply-side orientation of water utilities are other factors.
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Parajuli, Ranjan. "USING CLIMATE MODELS TO PREDICT WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN LAS VEGAS VALLEY: A SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH". OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2365.
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This study investigated the impact of changing climate and growing population on water supply and demand in one of the most rapidly growing cities in the semi-arid regions of western US, Las Vegas Valley (LVV), Nevada. Future scenarios of supply and demand using climate and hydrological models of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and a more recent CMIP5 have been evaluated and a comparison of their results has been made. A system dynamics model for LVV was developed with a period of study from 1989 to 2049. For the study area, climate and hydrological data projections for the future period (2013-2049) were obtained from the outputs of 16 Global Climate Models (GCMs) of CMIP3 model ensemble with 3 emission scenarios and that from 37 GCMs of CMIP5 model ensemble with 4 Representative concentration pathways. Population growth forecast by Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) and prevalent conservation practices by Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) were used for the model. The water availability scenario in the future for LVV in the form of Lake Mead elevation was assessed and the water demand was also predicted. This study found that mean lake elevation for the future period (2013-2049) can go as low as 21.8% lesser than that for the historical period (1989-2012). 59 of 97 projections of CMIP5 models against 27 of 48 projections of CMIP3 models indicated that the future mean lake elevation would be lower than the historical mean. Demand forecasts showed Southern Nevada Water Authority conservation goal for 2035 could be met under prevalent conservation practices. This study can be very useful for the water managers and planners to predict the future water budget, plan accordingly, and make decisions to achieve water sustainability. This study has been performed as a part of the Thriving Earth Exchange (TEX) program to assess the current vulnerability of LVV to drought, and the impact on supply and demand of water resources for the future climate scenarios.
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Wright, Tiaan. "Water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79954.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula. This winter rainfall region is typified by hot and dry summer months, corresponding to peak garden water demand. Water restrictions in the area are relatively common and primarily target outdoor use. Groundwater serves as an alternative source of water to some consumers in the area, but little is known about the extent of such use and the impact thereof on potable water demand. A major part of the area is underlain by a primary, unconfined aquifer that has been reported to have high exploitation potential. Its unconsolidated sand and shallow water table provides ideal conditions for small scale groundwater abstraction. Several owners of properties situated above the aquifer unit have capitalised on this and utilise groundwater as an alternative to potable water, mostly for garden irrigation purposes. The main objective of this research was to investigate the average extent of the expected reduction in average annual municipal water demand due to private groundwater use at the selected properties in the study area. The methodology involved abstracting data from the City of Cape Town’s registration process for the private use of non-potable water. The data was recorded between 2000 and 2006 and was available only in hard copy format. The registration data was used to identify residential properties with access to private groundwater sources, based on the physical addresses recorded on the registration forms. The rate of groundwater abstraction was not recorded during the registration process, nor was any of the properties spatially referenced. The data set contained information for 4 487 properties, of which 3 764 could ultimately be used in the analysis. Data from a recent hydro-census in Hermanus (which was done by others prior to this study) was used to test the intended research method first. This trial investigation involved only 114 properties and was used to streamline the proposed methodology for application on the full-scale analysis of the City of Cape Town data. Each address was captured electronically, verified manually and filtered to extract only those representing residential properties for which groundwater use was registered. In order to identify the properties spatially, the addresses had to be converted to coordinates through a procedure called geocoding, so as to plot each spatially and obtain the attributes such as stand size, position and the unique Surveyor General’s code. This was necessary in order to link the addresses to the municipal treasury system and obtain their latest available water consumption records using a commercial software package that incorporates consumer information. Next the actual annual water consumption figures were compared with recently published water demand guidelines based on stand size as single explanatory variable. The selected residential stands were divided into pre-defined stand size categories. The average water consumption of all the stands in each size category was calculated and compared with the suggested water demand as per the guidelines used, based on the centre value of the size range of each category. The results of the comparative analysis confirm findings from two earlier studies where lower municipal water use was reported for residential properties with access to groundwater in a summer rainfall region. The results further showed that the mean average annual potable water demand of consumers in the study area with access to groundwater was on average 31.4% lower than those considered without such access in the same region. This represents an average reduction of 333 l/stand/day (about 10 kl/stand/month) in the potable water demand of the selected residential stands. This study therefore confirms that serviced residential stands with access to private groundwater sources in the Cape Peninsula have lower average metered water consumption from the municipal supply system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die water anvraag van geselekteerde residensiële erwe met toegang tot grondwater in gedienste woongebiede van die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die gebied is ‘n winterreënvalstreek, met warm, droë somermaande wat saamval met piek water aanvraag vir tuinbou. Waterbeperkings in die area is relatief algemeen, veral op die buitegebruik van water. Grondwater dien as alternatiewe bron vir sommige verbruikers, maar kennis oor die omvang van sulke gebruik, sowel as die impak wat dit het op die aanvraag na drinkbare water is beperk. Die grootste deel van die gebied ter sprake is geleë bo ‘n onbegrensde hoof waterdraer, met berigte hoë ontginningspotensiaal. Die ongekonsolideerde sand en hoë watertafel is ideal vir kleinskaalse grondwateronttrekking. Heelwat van die eienaars van grond wat bo hierdie akwafeer geleë is het die situasie uitgebuit en gebruik grondwater as alternatief vir drinkwater, veral vir tuinbesproeiïng. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing was om die gemiddelde omvang van die verwagte vermindering in gemiddelde jaarlikse munisipale wateraanvraag weens die privaat gebruik van grondwater by die geselekteerde erwe in die studiegebied te ondersoek. Die metodiek het die onttrekking van data uit die Stad Kaapstad se registrasieproses vir die privaat gebruik van nie-drinkbare water behels. Hierdie data, wat tussen 2000 en 2006 vasgelê is, was slegs in harde kopie formaat beskikbaar. Die registrasie data is gebruik om woonerwe te identifiseer met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne, volgens die fisiese adres verskaf op die registrasie vorms. Die tempo van grondwater onttrekking was nie opgeneem gedurende die registrasie proses nie, so ook nie ruimtelike aanwysings na die ligging van die eiendomme nie. Die datastel het inligting bevat oor 4 487 eiendomme, waarvan 3 764 uiteindelik bruikbaar was in die analise. Data van ‘n onlangse hidro-sensus in Hermanus (wat deur ander gedoen is voor die aanvang van hierdie studie) is gebruik om die beoogde navorsingsmetodiek eers te toets. Die toetsondersoek het slegs 114 eiendomme behels, en is gebruik om die voorgestelde metodologie meer vaartbelyn te maak voor toepassing op die volskaalse analise van die Stad Kaapstad data. Elke adres is elektronies vasgevang, met die hand geverifiëer, en dan gefilter om slegs die residensiele eiendomme waarvoor grondwater gebruik geregistreer is, te behou. Om die ruimtelike verwysing van die eiendomme verder te kon indentifiseer, moes die adresse omskep word in koördinate om sodoende die erwe te kon posisioneer en die erfgrootte, posisie en die unieke Landmeter Generaal kode van elke erf te verkry. Dit was nodig sodat die adresse aan die munisipale stelsel gekoppel kon word om sodoende die jongste beskikbare waterverbruik rekords te verkry deur gebruik te maak van ‘n kommersiële sagteware pakket wat verbruikers-inligting inkorporeer. Hierna is die werklike jaarlikse waterverbruik syfers vergelyk met onlangs gepubliseerde wateraanvraag riglyne, gebaseer op erfgrootte as enkel verklarende veranderlike. Die geselekteerde woonerwe is toe in voorafgekose kategorië verdeel volgens erfgrootte. Die gemiddelde waterverbruik van al die erwe binne elke grootte-kategorie is bereken en vergelyk met die voorgestelde wateraanvraag volgens die riglyne, gebaseer op die middelpuntwaarde van die grootte strekking van elke kategorie. Die resultate van die vergelykende analise staaf die bevindinge van twee vroeër studies wat laer munisipale watervebruik rapporteer vir residensiële eiendomme met toegang tot grondwater in ‘n somerreënvalgebied. Die resultate wys ook dat die gemiddelde jaarlikse drinkbare water aanvraag van verbruikers in die studiegebied wie toegang het tot grondwater, gemiddeld 31.4% laer is as dit van verbruikers wie beskou word sonder sulke toegang in dieselfde streek. Dit verteenwoordig ‘n gemiddelde vermindering van 333 l/erf/dag (rondom 10 kl/erf/maand) in die aanvraag na drinkbare water van die geselekteerde woonerwe. Hierdie studie bevestig dus dat gedienste residensiële erwe met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne in die Kaapse Skiereiland laer gemiddelde gemeette waterverbruik vanuit die munisipale toevoerstelsel het.
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Coelho, Bernardete. "Energy efficiency of water supply systems using optimisation techniques and micro-hydroturbines". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21255.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia MecânicaA eficiência energética representa um papel significativo no esforço para a sustentabilidade por parte das empresas das águas, uma vez que, mundialmente, 35% dos custos totais com a produção de água (12 mil milhões de euros) estão a ser gastos em energia. Os principais obstáculos à melhoria da eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água estão essencialmente relacionados com a complexidade dos sistemas e também com os baixos níveis de resiliência a nível operacional. O principal objectivo desta tese é o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia computacional automática capaz de: (i) aplicar diferentes técnicas para operação optimizada de qualquer rede de água, (ii) procurar por possíveis localizações para recuperação de energia utilizando turbinas e, posteriormente, seleccionar o tipo de turbina mais adequado. Quatro tópicos fundamentais que representam um papel crucial na melhoria da eficiência energética das redes são abordados: (i) modelação e simulação das redes, (ii) optimização operacional, (iii) previsão de consumos de água e (iv) aproveitamento de energia utilizando hidroturbinas. Uma abordagem de optimização para lidar simultaneamente com válvulas, bombas de velocidade fixa e bombas de velocidade variável é proposta. Os períodos de operação de todas as válvulas e bombas, assim como as velocidades das bombas de velocidade variável são utilizados como variáveis de decisão num problema de optimização de forma a minimizar os custos energéticos associados à operação de uma rede. O simulador hidráulico EPANET 2.0 é utilizado para verificar e garantir que as soluções obtidas são viáveis. Redes benchmark são testadas com diferentes técnicas de optimização, incluindo vários algoritmos, tais como Nelder-Mead Simplex, Algoritmos Genéticos (GA), optimização por bando de partículas e evolução diferencial. Propõe-se uma nova formulação para prever a variação de curvas de eficiência das bombas com a velocidade e esta é comparada com os poucos métodos existentes para o efeito, incluindo o utilizado pelo EPANET. Um processo automático para a análise de qualquer rede hidráulica de forma a identificar locais e seleccionar turbinas para aproveitamento de energia é implementado e validado com um caso de estudo. Finalmente, modelos para previsão de consumos de água a curto prazo são desenvolvidos e testados com dados recolhidos de uma rede de água Portuguesa. Modelos de previsão tradicionais baseados em modelos de alisamento exponencial e modelos naïve são desenvolvidos utilizando folhas de cálculo, enquanto que os modelos baseados em redes neuronais artificiais são desenvolvidos no Matlab. Analisa-se ainda o efeito de diferentes variáveis de entrada (incluindo variáveis antrópicas e meteorológicas) nestes últimos modelos.
Energy efficiency plays a large role in the sustainability effort of water utilities since, globally, 35% of the total expenses with water production (12 billion euros) are being spent on energy. The main obstacle for the efficiency improvement in water supply systems is mostly related to the complexity of the systems and also to the low levels of resilience in their operations. The main goal of this thesis is the development of an automatic computational methodology capable of (i) applying distinct techniques for the optimal operation of any water network and (ii) searching for possible locations for energy recovery using turbines and then selecting the most adequate type of turbine. Four major topics that play crucial roles in the networks efficiency improvement are addressed: (i) modelling and simulation of the networks, (ii) operational optimisation, (iii) water demand forecasting and (iv) energy recovery using hydroturbines. An optimisation approach dealing simultaneously with valves, fixed-speed pumps and variable-speed pumps is proposed. The operating periods of all valves and pumps and also the speed settings of variable-speed pumps are used as decision variables in an optimisation problem in order to minimise the energy costs associated to a network operation. The hydraulic simulator EPANET 2.0 is used to verify and ensure the feasibility of the obtained solutions. Benchmark networks are tested with distinct optimisation techniques including several algorithms, such as Nelder-Mead Simplex, Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE). A novel formula for predicting the pumps efficiency changes with speed is proposed and compared with the few existing methods, including the one used by EPANET. An automatic process for the analysis of any water network in order to locate sites and select turbines for energy recovery is implemented and validated with a case-study. Finally, models for predicting short-term water demands are developed and tested with data collected from a Portuguese water network. Traditional forecasting models based on exponential smoothing and naïve models are developed using a spreadsheet while artificial neural network-based models are developed in Matlab. The effect of distinct input variables (including anthropic and meteorological variables) in the ANN-based models is analysed.
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Mutailifu, Kalibeinuer. "Water and Wastewater Management in the Mega City Istanbul : A General Analysis from a Supply-Demand-Reuse Perspective". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162848.
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With a population of over 13 million, Istanbul is one of the biggest city in Europe. The possible increase of population in the future may bring serious problems of water supply after a few decades. Therefore, it is crucial to look for good solutions to problems and potential challenges in water supply and water demand. This paper intended to investigate the currently existing problems in water and wastewater management practices in Istanbul from a supply-demand-reuse perspective; and to look for possible opportunities for a future improvement in order to achieve a sustainable urban water management system in Istanbul by promoting its wastewater management system. In this paper, two interviews of professionals, and a survey in Istanbul city area were conducted for obtaining gather primary data. Analysis of relative literatures is applied for grasping an accurate picture of water and wastewater management in Istanbul. According to the study, authorities are making great efforts to meet the ever increasing demand for water. From a supply-demand-reuse management perspective, Istanbul is still at the stage of supply management with sufficient wastewater treatment. However, there is not much sign of a demand management model, as inadequate effort has been devoted to controlling the increase of water demand. Although reuse management may still be a distant goal for Istanbul to achieve, a good preparation can be started by promoting and further improving the current wastewater management system, as wastewater reuse, if properly managed, will be the best solution that will lead to achieving long-term benefits.
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Mbua, Roy Lyonga Verfasser], i Hans-Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] [Voigt. "Water supply in Buea, Cameroon : analysis and the possibility of rainwater harvesting to stabilize the water demand / Roy Lyonga Mbua. Betreuer: Hans-Jürgen Voigt". Cottbus : Universitätsbibliothek der BTU Cottbus, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045925209/34.
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Pearce, Darian. "Determining the socio-economic value of groundwater: Franschhoek case study". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3241.
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Magister Scientiae - MScThe Western Cape, a province of South Africa is facing increased pressure to develop new supplies of fresh water to cater for the regions rapidly growing demand. Groundwater is being explored as a possible contributor to the freshwater supply. Development of the resource has been slow despite the existence of significant potential groundwater resources in the form of several shallow primary aquifer systems and an extensive secondary aquifer formation known as the Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer. This slow development may be attributed primarily to a lack of awareness amongst key stakeholders and general ignorance in the water market with regards to the potential of this resource.
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Zhuang, Yilin. "A System Dynamics Approach to Integrated Water and Energy Resources Management". Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5164.
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Water and energy are two of the most important resources for societal prosperity and economic development. It is clear that water and energy are intrinsically linked together and depend on one another in modern society. To date, however, efforts on water-energy nexus concentrate on quantifying the energy use in water cycle or the water use in energy production. From management perspective, water and energy are still managed separately. Little work has been done to investigate the impacts of the management options associated with one resource on the other and examine the integrated water and energy management options. Accordingly, the overall goal of this study is to examine the integrated management options for long-term regional water and energy resources management with consideration of their interactions through a system dynamics approach.
System dynamics is based on systems thinking, which focuses on the system structure and offers a deeper insight into problems. It can link ecological, human, and social elements of water and energy systems in one modeling platform to investigate their interactions A four-step system dynamics modeling process was used in this study, which includes problem articulation, model formulation, model testing, and scenario design and simulation. Tampa Bay region was chosen as the study area, which is located on the west central coast of Florida and estuary along the Gulf of Mexico. This study considered a 100-year time scale with monthly interval, the first 30 years of which are used for model validation and the rest of which are for simulation.
In order to investigate the interrelationship between water and energy systems, two sub-models (i.e., water sub-model and energy sub-model) were developed first. The water sub-model is composed of sectoral water demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and energy sector), water supply (surface water, groundwater, reclaimed water, and water imports), and water quality and energy consumption associated with water supply. The result shows that surface water level increases by 1.32~1.39% when considering water quality and 1.10~1.30% considering both water quality and energy consumption. There is a slight decrease in groundwater storage (0.02~0.08%) compared with the reference behavior. The result also reveals that water conservation education is the most effective option to reduce the freshwater withdrawals (~17.3%), followed by rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances (~15.4%). Water loss control has a high potential to reduce freshwater withdrawals but it is not effective currently due to limited budget. The implementation of minimum surface water level reduces the surface water withdrawal by 26 MGD (million gallons per day) and requires alternative water supply sources to meet the water demands.
The energy sub-model consists of sectoral energy demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and water sector), energy supply (coal, natural gas, oil, and electricity), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution associated with energy supply. The result finds that cost of fuels is the primary concern of determining the energy mix for power generation. The current electricity mix in the study area consists of 35.4% fuels from coal, 44.6% from natural gas, and 20% from oil. When considering the environmental impacts associated with energy supply, this percentage of coal reduces to 10.6%, and GHG emissions and water pollution can be reduced by 22% and 43% accordingly. The result also shows that energy price is most effect of reducing the demand (~16.3%), followed by energy conservation education (~10.6%). Rebates on household appliances are the least effective option (~3.6%) due to consumers' low willingness to pay. Combining the supply decision incorporating environmental impacts and the demand option of energy price increase, the reductions of GHG emissions and water pollution can reach 37% and 55%, respectively.
The integrated model is developed by linking the water and energy models through the interactions between water and energy systems identified by the system archetypes. The result shows that water demand is reinforced by energy demand, and vice versa. This growth, however, is limited by water and energy availability. The result also reveals that some decisions to solve the problems of one resource result in the problems of the other resource. The increase of water price is one of these, which decreases the water demand by 24.3% but leads to increase of the energy demand by 1.53% due to the use of reclaimed water. Rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances are effective to reduce both water and energy demands largely due to the household energy use in water heating. In addition, this study demonstrates that integrated management options can improve the uses of water and energy, but decisions without considering each other may lead to more issues. For example, reclaimed water, a supply management option considering the energy, can increase the water balance index by 27.3% and the energy balance index by 0.14%; it can also reduce the water pollution by 11.76% and the GHG emissions by 13.16%. Seawater desalination, a supply management option without integrated consideration, intends to decrease the water shortage but eventually increases the water balance index by 29.7%. It also causes the increases in water pollution and GHG emissions by 89.79% and 14.53%, respectively. Similarly, solar energy presents the advantage in increasing the balance indices and reducing the environmental impacts.
This study is an initial attempt to link water and energy systems to explore integrated management options. It is limited by the data availability, assumptions for model simplification, and lack of consideration of climate change. The recommendations for future study include (a) employing a more accurate projection or representation of precipitation, (b) testing the energy model with local data, (c) considering water and energy allocation between different users under shortages, (d) examining the environmental impacts associated with bay water withdrawal for power generation, (e) investigating the water and energy use under climate change, and (f) involving stakeholders early in model development and continuous participation in policy analysis.
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Harma, Kirsten Joy. "Changing with the flow : an analysis of water supply and demand in a subwatershed of the Okanagan Basin, British Columbia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27780.
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Surface water is critical for meeting water needs in British Columbia’s Okanagan Basin, but the timing and magnitude of its availability is being altered through climate and land use changes and growing water demand. WEAP, an integrated water management model, was used to consider future scenarios for water supply and demand in an unregulated and a reservoir-supported stream that supply the District of Peachland. Potential changes to the magnitude and timing of streamflow were evaluated in response to the following scenarios: (i) climate change (derived from the HadCM3 and CGCM2 GCMs for the 2020s and 2050s), (ii) a simulated prolonged drought, (iii) land cover change resulting from a Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) outbreak, and (iv) combinations of these conditions. These changes, in combination with likely demand increases and reservoir operating rules were evaluated in terms of stress on water availability for human use and aquatic life. Results demonstrate that anticipated future climate conditions will critically reduce streamflow relative to demand (societal and ecological) in at least a few months of “normal” and “dry” years. On the unregulated creek, an earlier recession of peak spring snowmelt, accompanied by higher demands at the beginning of the summer outdoor watering season as early as the 2020s, reduced the ability to meet downstream needs. On the regulated stream, two “very dry” years under a climate change scenario resulted in deficits for municipal water users under a higher reservoir release scenario. In all scenarios, even with the higher flows expected under the MPB scenario, some combinations of demand, reservoir operations and climate variability resulted in less than optimal conditions for instream ecological flow needs. Beyond the implications for the District of Peachland, this work demonstrates a method of using an accessible modeling tool for integrating knowledge from the fields of climate science, forest hydrology, water systems management and stream ecology to aid in water and land management decision-making.
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Kriegler, Benjamin Jacobus. "Probabilistic analysis of monthly peak factors in a regional water distribution system". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85738.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The design of a water supply system relies on the knowledge of the water demands of its specific end-users. It is also important to understand the end-users’ temporal variation in water demand. Failure of the system to provide the required volume of water at the required flow-rate is deemed a system failure. The system therefore needs to be designed with sufficient capacity to ensure that it is able to supply the required volume of water during the highest demand periods. In practice, bulk water supply systems do not have to cater for the high frequency, short duration high peak demand scenarios of the end-user, such as the peak hour or peak day events, as the impact of events is reduced by the provision of water storage capacity at the off-take from the bulk supply system. However, for peak demand scenarios with durations longer than an hour or a day, depending on the situation, the provision of sufficient storage capacity to reduce the impact on the bulk water system, becomes impractical and could lead to potential water quality issues during low demand periods. It is, therefore, a requirement that bulk water systems be designed to be able to meet the peak weekly or peak month end-user demands. These peak demand scenarios usually occur only during a certain portion of the year, generally concentrated in a two to three month period during the drier months. Existing design guidelines usually follow a deterministic design approach, whereby a suitable DPF is applied to the average annual daily system demand in order to determine the expected peak demand on the system. This DPF does not account for the potential variability in end-user demand profiles, or the impact that end-storage has on the required peak design factor of the bulk system. This study investigated the temporal variations of end-user demand on two bulk water supply systems. These systems are located in the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape province of South Africa. The data analysed was the monthly measured consumption figures of different end-users supplied from the two systems. The data-sets extended over 14 years of data. Actual monthly peak factors were extracted from this data and used in deterministic and probabilistic methods to determine the expected monthly peak factor for both the end-user and the system design. The probabilistic method made use of a Monte Carlo analysis, whereby the actual recorded monthly peak factor for each end-user per bulk system was used as an input into discrete probability functions. The Monte Carlo analysis executed 1 500 000 iterations in order to produce probability distributions of the monthly peak factors for each system. The deterministic and probabilistic results were compared to the actual monthly peak factors as calculated from the existing water use data, as well as against current DPFs as published in guidelines used in the industry. The study demonstrated that the deterministic method would overstate the expected peak system demand and result in an oversized system. The probabilistic method yielded good results and compared well with the actual monthly peak factors. It is thus deemed an appropriate tool to use to determine the required DPF of a bulk water system for a chosen reliability of supply. The study also indicated the DPFs proposed by current guidelines to be too low. The study identified a potential relationship between the average demand of an end-user and the expected maximum monthly peak factor, whereas in current guidelines peak factors are not indicated as being influenced by the end-user average demand.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwerp van ‘n watervoorsiening stelsel berus op die kennis van die water aanvraag van sy spesifieke eindverbruikers. Dit is ook belangrik om ‘n begrip te hê van die tydelike variasie van die eindverbruiker se water-aanvraag. Indien die voorsieningstelsel nie in staat is om die benodigde volume water teen die verlangde vloeitempo te kan lewer nie, word dit beskou as ‘n faling. Die stelsel word dus ontwerp met voldoende kapasiteit wat dit sal in staat stel om die benodigde volume gedurende die hoogste aanvraag periodes te kan voorsien. In die praktyk hoef grootmaat water-voorsiening stelsels nie te voldoen aan spits watergebeurtenisse met hoë frekwensie en kort duurtes, soos piek-dag of piek-uur aanvraag nie, aangesien hierdie gebeurtenisse se impak op die grootmaat stelsel verminder word deur die voorsiening van wateropgaring fasiliteite by die aftap-punte vanaf die grootmaatstelsels. Nieteenstaande, vir piek-aanvraag gebeurtenisse met langer duurtes as ‘n uur of dag, raak die voorsiening van voldoende wateropgaring kapasiteit by die aftap-punt onprakties en kan dit selfs lei tot waterkwaliteits probleme. Dit is dus ‘n vereiste dat grootmaat watervoorsienings stelsels ontwerp moet word om die piek-week of piek-maand eindverbruiker aanvrae te kan voorsien. Hierdie piek-aanvraag gebeurtenisse vind algemeen in gekonsentreerde twee- of drie maand periodes tydens die droeër maande plaas. Bestaande ontwerpsriglyne volg gewoonlik ‘n deterministiese ontwerp benadering, deurdat ‘n voldoende ontwerp spits faktor toegepas word op die gemiddelde jaarlikse daaglikse stelsel aanvraag om sodoende te bepaal wat die verwagte spits aanvraag van die stelsel sal wees. Hierdie ontwerp spits faktor maak nie voorsiening vir die potensiële variasie in die eindverbruiker se aanvraag karakter of die impak van die beskikbare water-opgaring fasiliteit op die benodigde ontwerp spits faktor van die grootmaat-stelsel nie. Hierdie studie ondersoek die tydelike variasie van die eindverbruiker se aanvraag op twee grootmaat watervoorsiening stelsels. Die twee stelsels is geleë in die winter reënval streek van die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die data wat geanaliseer is was die maandelikse gemeterde verbruiksyfers van verskillende eindverbruikers voorsien deur die twee stelsels. Die datastelle het oor 14 jaar gestrek. Die ware maand piekfaktore is bereken vanaf die data en is in deterministiese en probabilistiese metodes gebruik om die verwagte eindverbruiker en stelsel ontwerp se maand spits-faktore te bereken. Die probabilistiese metode het gebruik gemaak van ‘n Monte Carlo analise metode, waardeur die ware gemeette maand spits-faktor vir elke eindverbruiker vir elke grootmaatstelsel gebruik is as invoer tot diskrete waarskynlikheids funksies. Die Monte Carlo analise het 1 500 000 iterasies voltooi om waarskynlikheids-verdelings van elke maand spitsfaktor vir elke stelsel te bereken. Die deterministiese en probabilistiese resultate is vergelyk met die ware maand spits faktore soos bereken vanuit die bestaande waterverbruik data, asook teen huidige gepubliseerde ontwerp spits-faktore, wat in die bedryf gebruik word. Die studie het aangetoon dat die deterministiese metode te konserwatief is en dat dit die verwagte piekaanvraag van die stelsel sal oorskat en dus sal lei tot ‘n oorgrootte stelsel. Die probabilistiese metode het goeie resultate opgelewer wat goed vergelyk met die ware maand piek-faktore. Dit word gereken as ‘n toepaslike metode om die benodigde ontwerp spits-faktor van ‘n grootmaat-watervoorsiening stelsel te bepaal vir ‘n gekose voorsieningsbetroubaarheid. Die studie het ook aangedui dat die ontwerps piek-faktore voorgestel deur die huidige riglyne te laag is en dat dit tot die falings van ‘n stelsel sal lei. Die studie het ‘n moontlike verwantskap tussen die gemiddelde daaglikse wateraanvraag van die eindverbruiker en die verwagte maksimum maand spits faktor geïdentifiseer, nademaal die piek-faktore soos voorgestel deur die huidige riglyne nie beïnvloed word deur die eindverbruiker se gemiddelde verbruik nie.
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Marlor, Kathryn Marie. "Examining the Economic Costs and Sources of Potable and Nonpotable Water in Northern Mexico". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4144.
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Water availability and the cost of different water sources have been studied at great length. However, information is still needed to determine the policy directions to be undertaken by nations that have not yet achieved universal coverage of an improved water source. To further examine differences in water availability and pricing in the context of the developing world, three communities in Northern Mexico were surveyed to determine the differences in water distribution schemes and associated costs between rural and urban centers. It was observed that rural communities without a piped water supply paid 13 percent more for potable water supplies and 39 percent more for nonpotable water supplies than urban communities with a piped water source. A relationship between access to piped water and the probability of contracting diarrhea was also observed, with households with access to piped water having a lower probability of contracting diarrhea than those households without, and experiencing a lower number of days per month with diarrhea, on average. This leads to the observation that rural communities, who typically are less likely to be able to afford a piped distribution system, are paying more for their water supplies than nearby urban centers, both in terms of the money spent each month for water resources, and the costs associated with contracting and treating diarrhea. Steps should be taken by Mexico and other developing nations to ensure that water is distributed equally and priced fairly, so that the more impoverished subsets of their populations are not paying higher prices for their water.
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Koroglu, Nuri Tunga. "The Environmental History Of Land And Water Usage In The Modernity Period Of Turkey". Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605991/index.pdf.
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The thesis is an attempt to write the environmental history of the Modern Turkey from the second half of the 19th century to today. The central research focus and aim of the thesis is to explore the role of the modernity project at the transformation of the environment of Turkey during the republican period. For this, water and soil resources are taken to the core of the research, as both water and soil have the potential to highlight the transformative impacts of modernity project in most detail.
Because of this, the conceptual framework of environmental history has been examined to outline its characteristics within the environmental sciences. Next, the development of the modern though has been scrutinized by the means of the transforming relation between human and nature, and through the development of human culture and society. For this, the shift from biological evolution to cultural evolution and its outcomes have been summarized. Finally, and the emerge of modernity and the development of the market society has been highlighted to define the relation between nature and human in according to the supply and demand relation in society.
An institutional analysis is adopted to analyze the social, political and ideological forces that influenced the environmental impacts of the modernity project of Turkey. The impact of modernity project is analyzed through the relation between the increasing demand for natural resources, and the organization of supply processes within the modernization of Turkey.
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Vicente, Rosmeiry Vanzella. "Modelo de operação para centros de controle de sistemas de abastecimento de água: estudo de caso - Sistema Adutor Metropolitano de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-10042006-141721/.
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O presente trabalho propõe um modelo de operação sustentado por um sistema de suporte à decisão para operar a distribuição de água em tempo real atendendo a condições / restrições hidráulicas com o mínimo custo de energia elétrica. O atendimento às condições / restrições hidráulicas são avaliadas por um modelo simulador hidráulico previamente montado e calibrado. O conjunto de resultados avaliados pelo modelo de simulação hidráulica é analisado por um modelo de otimização proposto com solução de programação linear. As condições de operação em tempo real geram a necessidade de alimentação de informações operacionais automáticas a qualquer momento e com curto espaço de tempo menor que horário. Para uma operação otimizada, previamente analisada por um modelo de simulação hidráulica cria uma condição critérios para uma previsão do consumo a ser atendido nas próximas horas. Um refinamento desses critérios são utilizados em um modelo de previsão de demanda de água que prevê e checa seus resultados de forma dinâmica. O modelo de operação proposto cria uma interface entre todos esses sistemas. Essa interface é testada e avaliada a partir de um estudo de caso aplicado no Sistema Adutor Metropolitano de São Paulo. A eficiência do modelo de operação proposto é apresentada tendo como resultado uma redução no custo de energia elétrica.This assignment considers an operation model supported by decision support systems to operates the water supply systems in real time, considering the hydraulical conditions while achieving some performance goals, in this case, reducing electricity costs (minimization of pumping costs) the attempt of the hydraulic constraints are evaluated by an hydraulical simulator previously calibrated. The set of results are analyzed by an optimization model which uses a linear programming. The operation conditions in real time requires automatic feeding operational information shortly at any time (less than an hour) for an optimized operation, previously analyzed by a hydraulic simulation model with creates condition criteria of consumption within following hours. These criteria are refined according to a demand prediction model that dynamically previews and checks the consumption results. This proposed model creates an interface between all these systems. This interface is tested and evaluated according to a study of the São Paulo´s metropolitan area, Sistema Alto Tietê. The efficiency of this proposed model is presented having reductions in the electric energy costs.
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Hoffman, Johannes Jacobus. "Ekonomiese besluitnemingskriteria vir wateraanvraagbestuur en waterbesparing". Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6854.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))- -University of Stellenbosch, 2011ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The limited water supply and an increasing water demand means that the effective management of water resources becomes much more important than in the past. The implementation of water demand management / water conservation (WDM/WC) projects are usually used as a crisis management tool to reduce immediate water shortage and to allow time for the planning and construction of infrastructure to increase water supply. It is however possible to incorporate WDM/WC into integrated water resource management and to use WDM/WC as an economic viable option for the upgrade of infrastructure to balance supply and demand. Existing economic evaluation methods to compare different options with each other were used to evaluate WDM/WC measures. Literature showed that to perform an economic evaluation of WDM/WC measures, the costs associated with the implementation of the WDM/WC measures, as well as the expected water saving from the implementation of the WDM/WC measure, must be known. Models were developed to estimate the expected water savings from different WDM/WC measures. The economic impacts of specific WDM/WC measures were investigated by using these models. Different economic models were developed to perform an economic evaluation of WDM/WC measures. WDM/WC measures were evaluated in terms of its economic feasibility. Economical evaluations of WDM/WC measures were also done as an alternative to the upgrading of infrastructure. In the last evaluation, the financing of WDM/WC measures through the deferral of capital cost, was investigated. Case studies from literature, where costs as well as water savings were available, were used to evaluate these WDM/WC measures by using the developed economic models. Cost estimates for the upgrading of infrastructure, to supply an equal amount of water as the water saving achieved in each case study, were done. These estimates were used to compare WDM/WC measure with the upgrading of infrastructure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word al hoe meer druk op bestaande hulpbronne geplaas om voldoende water te lewer. Die fokus skuif na effektiewe bestuur van hierdie hulpbronne. Wateraanvraagbestuur/ Waterbewaring (WAB/WB) projekte word geïmplementeer om krisisse van water tekorte aan te spreek en tyd te wen om nuwe hulpbronne te ontwikkel. Dit is wel moontlik om WAB/WB in geïntegreerde waterbron bestuur in te sluit en WAB/WB as ʼn ekonomiese alternatief tot kapitale investering aan te wend. Om die ekonomiese aspekte van WAB/WB te ondersoek, is daar op bestaande ekonomiese evaluerings metodes gefokus om verskillende opsies met mekaar te vergelyk. Uit die literatuur is gevind dat die belangrikste aspekte vir die ontleding van WAB/WB alternatiewe i.t.v. hul ekonomiese waarde, die koste van implementering van die WAB/WB alternatief is en die waterbesparing wat deur die implementering van die WAB/WB alternatief verkry word. WAB/WB modelle is ontwikkel om die verwagte water besparing van bepaalde WAB/WB alternatiewe te beraam. Die moontlike ekonomiese impak van bepaalde WAB/WB alternatiewe is deur die gebruik van hierdie modelle ondersoek. Ekonomiese evaluerings modelle is opgestel om WAB/WB alternatiewe te ontleed. WAB/WB alternatiewe kan as ʼn ekonomiese haalbare projek geïmplementeer word waar die kostes van die waterbesparings meer as die kapitale koste van die projek is. WAB/WB alternatiewe kan ook meer ekonomies as die ontwikkeling van nuwe bronne of opgradering van ʼn bestaande netwerk wees. Laastens is die moontlikheid om WAB/WB as ʼn alternatief te finansier deur die besparing wat bereik kan word deur ʼn kapitale projek uit te stel, ondersoek. Gevalle studies uit die literatuur, waar die kostes en waterbesparings bekend is, is ontleed deur van hierdie ekonomiese evaluerings modelle gebruik te maak. Vir elk van die gevalle studies is ʼn koste vir die opgradering van die infrastruktuur beraam om die ekwivalente hoeveelheid water te voorsien as wat deur die WAB/WB alternatief bespaar is.
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Sjömander, Magnusson Therése. "Urban Water Security – Local Conditions and Regional Context : A case study of attitudes and water use behaviour in Windhoek, Namibia". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4893.
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The world is becoming urbanised. Between 1995 and 2025, it is estimated that the cities and towns of the developing world will have absorbed another two billion people. A majority of these people will be poor and settle down in the unregulated areas. It is therefore fair to say that the management and use of water in urban areas is a very complex and dynamic issue. The fact that cities in the South are composed of two systems, the regulated and the unregulated areas, and that considerable diversity exists between them, highlights the need for a context driven policy design in urban water management. For attaining urban water security in these cities, controlling water demand in the regulated areas while improving access to water of good quality in the unregulated areas must be a priority. This thesis is based on a case study of Windhoek, a city characterized by conditions of aridity, rapid urbanisation and primate city dominance. Since 1994, a thorough water demand management (WDM) strategy has been implemented in Windhoek, aiming at improving water use efficiency and to reduce water consumption through economic and non-economical measures. It has been the purpose to examine the development of urban water management along with urban growth, the response to WDM by the domestic and private business sectors, as well as challenges and benefits of allowing urban branch-lines along water transfer schemes. WDM can be an efficient tool in the struggle against luxury and non-efficient water use, to postpone bulk water investments and for cost-recovery. However, it is crucial that the incentives are based on and flexible according to socio-economic conditions, and that water managers acknowledge motives and attitudes that shape water use behaviour. One dilemma of WDM lies in the fact that if the supply capacity is increased, it is likely that demand will be adjusted accordingly. It is a tricky task to motivate water savings through demand management alongside with an improved water supply. Moreover, it is essential that savings are not only temporary, but also part of a long-term adjustment. Another predicament of WDM is that a high trust in water authorities actually lowered the efficiency of the strategy to meet the anticipated goal.
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Sabbah, Walid Wajeeh. "Developing A GIS And Hydrological Modeling Approach For Sustainable Water Resources Management In The West Bank -- Palestine". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/297.
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This research deals with setting up a GIS and hydrological modeling based approach for sustainable water resources management in the West Bank of Palestine. This water sustainability approach took into consideration the water balance, the social, the economic, the demographic, the environmental, and the institutional components in order to enhance and promote the sustainable development in Palestine, both on the short and long runs. To evaluate the water balance component, a methodology was introduced to create the Water Sustainability Map (WSM). Since the groundwater is currently the only accessible water source by the Palestinians, the WSM is represented by the Aquifer Sustainable Yield (ASY) which is equivalent to the annual renewable recharge of the various aquifer formations in the West Bank. The ASY was determined by integrating the watershed boundaries derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the available hydrological and meteorological data by using GIS. This GIS based approach was used to create the rainfall, evapo-transpiration, and runoff coverages by interpolating their values from the measured parameters. The total estimated ASY using this GIS approach was 679.7 MCM/Yr. which constituted the upper limit for the overall water use in all assumed future water demand scenarios. This approach fulfilled the demographic, social, and economic water sustainability components by proposing water demand scenarios for the period from 2005 to 2025 based on the gradual increase of population and their per capita water use, the available water infrastructure, and based on the value of water where priority was given to the household water use. This approach fulfilled the environmental dimension of water sustainability by studying the water quality and identifying the locations with high pollution indicators for various water use purposes and recommending ways to prevent the environmental degradation and groundwater pollution. This approach fulfilled the institutional dimension of water sustainability by reviewing the current institutions dealing with water management and distribution, recommending options to enhance their efficiency, and finally by proposing some options to save additional water in the West Bank.
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Crafford, J. G. (Jacobus Gert). "Assessing the costs and benefits of water use for production and the potential of water demand management in the Crocodile Catchment of South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26559.
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In South Africa, precipitation is extremely variable and water is scarce. South Africa is also a country with great welfare needs. Challenging economic development targets and plans therefore need to be implemented successfully within the constraints of limited water supply and unreliable water availability. These economic development plans are underpinned by the development and growth of economic activities such as agriculture, mining, energy production and many types of small, medium and micro enterprises, which are some of the largest water using sectors in the economy. Within these activities, increased competition places pressure on water users to keep supplying their markets with competitively priced goods, while rising costs of new water supplies puts pressure on water users to allocate sufficient water to their production processes. These market forces and the relative scarcity of water as an economic production factor, impact on financial viability and imply that the economic efficiency of water use becomes increasingly important. The National Water Act of 1998 (NWA) is a legislative response to this situation, and promotes a radical shift towards efficiency and equity goals in water allocation. Water users who require water as an input to economic activities are consequently seriously revising their water use patterns in response to one of the major implications of the NWA and its related principal strategy: water demand management. Water demand management strives to adhere to the principles of equity, social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability, which are central to the NWA. This study evaluates the costs and benefits of water use in order to simulate the effects of water demand management activities on a catchment economy. The results of a number of studies were combined to generate an economy-wide model: a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), for the case study area and to simulate the direct and indirect effects of water demand management on the people, the economy and the natural environment in the area. Water demand management (WDM) is defined as consisting of two phases. In the first phase, goals of full cost recovery, improving water use efficiency and allocating water optimally are targeted. The second phase of WDM arrives when a situation of absolute water scarcity is reached within a catchment. In this phase water demand outweighs water supply and water has to be allocated according to its scarcity value. Water markets play a large role here. The SAM was used to simulate the direct and indirect impacts on the economy and the environment of a number of WDM related scenarios. Water e-allocation decisions and the effects of various WDM policy instruments, such as reduction of water use subsidies and increases in water tariffs were simulated. Unintended consequences of other environmental policies on water use, in this case, carbon tax, were explored. Water scarcity predictions were done, and some of the transaction costs involved in water trading was quantified. The study concludes with a discussion on the indirect effects on the economy, the environment and people of changes affecting the agricultural (including forestry) activities. The direct and indirect impacts of WDM policies on the economy and the environment, and the importance of environmental-economic models in water cost benefit modeling are also discussed. Implications for policy and management are highlighted. This study shows specifically how, through modelling various scenarios, policy decisions aimed at managing specific variables (e.g. water use, carbon emissions) have an economic and environmental impact much wider than the sector in which the policy was targeted for. Each scenario shows how a water transaction, or a change in subsidy in the agricultural (including forestry) sector, could impact on the output of other economic sectors, and therefore the economy as a whole. It is therefore evident that policy decisions, which are implemented at a macro level, and could have a major direct impact on a wider range of economic sectors, should be carefully considered as they could have large, undesirable, unintended consequences.Dissertation (MSc (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
unrestricted
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Pereira, Júnior Lindolfo Caetano. "O uso da água em Goiás, potencialidade, demanda para irrigação por pivôs centrais e perspectivas". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7209.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
In this paper, an analysis of expansion of central pivots irrigation in the estate of Goiás from 1984 to 2015 was performed, with the objective of identifying the conditioning factors of this occupation process and its relation with the water compromise in the study area. For this, images obtained by Landsat satellite sensors and Government data were used to map these facilities. In order to define the water compromise, we also mapped the existing equipment in the Distrito Federal. In addition, was used as reference the Medium Long Term Flow (QMLT), generating a scenario of maximum hydrological potential. As final phase, was performed the analysis of the commitment in catchment basins for public supply, having as a reference the max water right capacity. The state had 3,489 facilities covering an irrigated area of 242,128 hectares in 2015. There was a clear pattern of distribution of irrigation pivots within the state, 60% of existing equipment are located on flat relief terrain with latosols and as close as 10 kilometers of a paved highway. This technique is consolidated in Goiás and tends to expand in the coming years, being a gradual and continuous expansion that facilitates long-term water resource management action. The mapped equipment is located in mid-priced land areas, more distant from the major urban centers, however with the required infrastructure for the production distribution. The area of study (Goiás and Distrito Federal) presented an average water availability in the order of 17 l.s-1 (km²)-1 with a maximum around 32 l.s-1 (km²)-1 and a minimum around 9 l.s-1 (km²)-1 . This availability is distributed in a heterogeneous manner, with the largest flows being in the south of the state of Goiás. The annual surface hydrological potential in the study area is of the order of 178 km³.year-1 . For the state of Goiás, this potential is around 175 km³.year-1 and for the Distrito Federal is approximately 2.5 km³.year-1. The hydrographic region that presented the highest potential volume was the Corumbá, Verissimo and São Marcos rivers, with an offer of the order of 26 km³.-1, a volume that represents about 15% of the total. The average volume required for irrigation by central pivots was 4,800 m³.year-1 .ha-1 , ranging from about 3,800 m³.year-1 ha-1 in the south to around 8,000 m³.year-1.ha -1 in the northeast of Goiás; Resulting in a demand of 1.23 km³-year, with reference to the year 2015. About 68,857 (85%) of the segments analyzed do not present any interference generated by this irrigation sector. This technique also does not present itself as a factor of pressure on the pumping for human supply (using the methodology adopted for granting in Goiás) since only one hydrographic basin presented demand superior to QMLT.
Neste trabalho, foi realizada a análise da expansão da irrigação por pivôs centrais no estado de Goiás no período compreendido entre 1984 e 2015, com o objetivo de identificar os fatores condicionantes desse processo de ocupação e sua relação com o comprometimento hídrico da área. Para tal, foram utilizadas imagens obtidas pelos sensores do satélite Landsat e dados Governamentais para o mapeamento destes equipamentos. Para definição do comprometimento hídrico, foram mapeados também os equipamentos existentes no Distrito Federal, além disso utilizou-se como referência a Vazão Média de Longo Termo (QMLT), gerando um cenário de potencial hidrológico máximo. Como fase final, realizou-se a análise do comprometimento em bacias de captação para abastecimento público, tendo-se como referência a vazão outorgável. No ano de 2015, o estado apresentou um total de 3.489 equipamentos perfazendo uma área irrigada de 242.128 ha. Observou-se um claro padrão de distribuição da irrigação por pivôs no estado, sendo que 60% dos equipamentos existentes encontram-se em área de relevo plano, com Latossolos e até 10 quilômetros de uma rodovia pavimentada. Esta técnica está consolidada em Goiás e tende a se expandir nos próximos anos, sendo esta uma expansão gradual e continua, fatos que facilitam as ações de gestão dos recursos hídricos a longo prazo. Os equipamentos mapeados encontram-se em áreas de preço médio da terra, mais afastadas dos grandes centros, mas com a infraestrutura necessária para o escoamento da produção. A área de estudo (Goiás e Distrito Federal) apresentou uma disponibilidade hídrica média da ordem de 17 l.s-1 .(km²)-1 com máxima por volta de 32 l.s-1 .(km²)-1 e mínima em torno de 9 l.s-1 .(km²)-1 . Esta disponibilidade distribui-se de forma heterogênea, estando as maiores vazões situadas no sul do estado de Goiás. O potencial hidrológico anual superficial na área de estudo é da ordem de 178 km³.ano-1 . Para o estado de Goiás, esse potencial fica por volta de 175 km³.ano- 1 e para o Distrito Federal é de aproximadamente 2,5 km³.ano-1 . A região hidrográfica que apresentou maior volume potencial foi a dos Rios Corumbá, Veríssimo e São Marcos, contando com uma oferta da ordem de 26 km³.ano-1 , volume que representa cerca de 15% do total. O volume médio necessário para irrigação por pivôs centrais foi de 4.800 m³.ano-1 .ha-1 , variando de cerca de 3.800 m³.ano-1 .ha-1 no Sul até por volta de 8.000 m³.ano-1 .ha-1 no Nordeste de Goiás; resultando em uma demanda de 1,23 km³.ano- ¹, tendo-se como referência o ano de 2015. Cerca de 68.857 (85%) dos segmentos analisados não apresentam qualquer interferência gerada por esse setor de irrigação. Esta técnica também não se apresenta como um fator de grande pressão sobre as captações para abastecimento humano (utilizando-se a metodologia adotada para outorga em Goiás) uma vez que apenas uma bacia hidrográfica apresentou demanda superior à QMLT.
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Phan, Thuc. "An Integrated Approach for Assessing Vulnerability and Potential Adaptation Options for a Coastal Water Supply and Demand System Subject to Climatic and Non-Climatic Changes". Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/371292.
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Management of freshwater supply and demand systems in coastal areas faces many challenges given the high levels of uncertainty and complexity which follow from dynamic interactions and feedbacks amongst multiple climatic and non-climatic drivers such as sea level rise, changes in precipitation and river flows, and socio-economic development. Temporal and spatial variation among these driving factors further contributes to the highly complex management challenge. These issues are prevalent in coastal areas of developing countries which typically experience high rates of population growth and urbanization.
To help inform management of coastal freshwater systems under conditions of high uncertainty and complexity, this thesis developed a coupled top-down and bottom-up modelling framework for a case study setting in close consultation with local stakeholders. A system dynamics (SD) model was applied as a top-down approach to assess the vulnerability of the system under climatic and non-climatic changes, and a Bayesian decision network (BDN) model was employed as a bottom-up approach to identify cost-effective adaptation options in the face of the same climatic and non-climatic changes. This decision-making framework was developed with an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of top-down and bottom-up approaches, and SD and BDN models as well as in the light of the dynamics and uncertainties inherent in coastal freshwater supply and demand systems.
A global systematic quantitative literature review found that Bayesian networks (BNs) have rarely been coupled with SD models in water resource management, and also that BNs have rarely been applied to prioritize cost-effective adaptation measures for managing water supply and water demand under climate change in developing countries and tropical regions. Equally importantly, the literature view found that only in very few instances has the performance of BN models been tested against other modelling approaches for cross-examining model types and outputs.
The freshwater supply and demand system in the Da Do Basin in Hai Phong City, Vietnam was used as a case study in this thesis to develop the coupled top-down and bottom-up modelling framework. In addition to historical data collection, causal loop diagrams (CLDs) for the system were constructed during workshops with local stakeholders to better understand how interactions among climatic and non-climatic drivers affect system operation. Stakeholder consultations at these workshops were also used to identify key climatic and non-climatic drivers for inclusion in SD and BDN models of the system, and to select a short list of potential adaptation options to counteract adverse changes in these key drivers.
The SD model was developed, calibrated and tested using historical data and stakeholder knowledge. SD simulations indicated that freshwater availability is sufficient to meet existing domestic, industrial and agricultural demands during the six-month dry season under representative current conditions, but that freshwater availability could collapse under some plausible future scenarios. Upstream flow decline was identified as the strongest threat to the system‘s vulnerability, with the consequent reduction in river water level and increase in salinity level severely restricting opening hours for the sluice gates which supply freshwater to the system.
The BDN model was developed in close consultation with stakeholders to identify cost-effective adaptation options to counteract climatic and non-climatic changes in key drivers. The BDN model indicated that the cost-effectiveness of adaptation options differed depending on which future scenarios were considered. Building pumping stations individually, or in conjunction with increasing water prices, were identified as the most cost-effective adaptation options to counteract climatic and non-climatic changes in combination. Subsequent simulation of these options in the SD model showed that they should be effective and robust in increasing water availability and recovering system collapse during the dry season.
The ultimate objective of this coupled top-down SD and bottom-up BDN modelling approach was to provide a learning tool for stakeholders to assess system vulnerability and identify appropriate adaptation options for this complex coastal freshwater supply and demand system subject to multiple threats. Subsequent applications of this approach are likely to be highly relevant for water resource management in other basins in Hai Phong City, as well as in urban estuarine settings elsewhere in the developing and developed world.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Flodin, Charlotte. "Equity in rural water resource development and management : A case study of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, and the investments delivered by a participatory and demand-driven NGO". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-133812.
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The demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management in Tanzania has been both praised and criticized; some see progress where others see increased inequalities. This study focuses on one progressive, demand-driven NGO which has a participatory approach to water resource development and management. This NGO, MSABI, is active in Kilombero Valley in southern Tanzania, and can be considered successful as it manages to keep 91 % of its water points functional, whilst the national average for pump functionality is just above 50 %. To study the performance of MSABI from a user perspective, it was decided that two sites in Kilombero Valley should be investigated in terms of users’ views on water access and quality. The identification of sites is based on population density and landcover change, so that the issues of scale and urban bias, as well as changes in the landscape affecting hydrological processes, are accounted for. In total, 29 interviews were conducted (October to November 2014), 15 at the Ifakara study site, the more densely populated location, and 14 at the Mchombe Ward study site. The interviews were semi-structured, using a participatory approach, focusing on users’ perspectives on water sources and the access to and quality of those water sources in dry and rainy seasons. The information gathered was used to construct definitions for water access and quality. These definitions, as well as the two locations and categorization of participants according to socio-economic status, were then used to sort and analyse the collected material. The results show that MSABI does not manage to make water accessible in an equitable way because of its demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management. However, MSABI offers the only improved water source at the Mchombe Ward study site, except for one improved open well. MSABI manages to counter urban-bias better than any of the other water resource development and management facilitators encountered at the two study sites. The seasons influence water access, especially at the more peripheral locations, where improved water sources are less common and, as open water sources, are more prone to drought and contamination. When participants in Ifakara seasonally migrate for farming, during 4-5 months per year, the majority’s access to improved water sources is lost. At the distant seasonal fields, open water sources are more common and few report that they treat the unsafe water. The migration to peripheral farmlands coincides with the rainy season, causing open water sources to have their lowest water quality when seasonal migrants utilize them. This underlines the importance of securing safe water supply for people at remote locations, and the important role MSABI plays as water resource developer at those locations. In conclusion, if the current demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management is to be retained, regardless of the heavy criticism it has received with regards to equity, this study suggests that the practices of MSABI should be spread further based on MSABI’s ability to increase safe water access at remote locations. Another recommendation is to further look into the effects of seasonal migration on access to safe water. The effect seasonal migration has on water access in Kilombero could exist in other areas in Tanzania or in other countries. The aspect of seasonal migration might show that water access statistics are misleading, as the seasonal water consumption in remote locations risks being omitted in official statistics.
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Phaladi, Malefetjane Phineas. "Knowledge transfer and retention : the case of a public water utility in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6571.
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Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the problem of knowledge retention and transfer in the face of the imminent retirement of experts, who are hard to replace for demographic or skill shortage reasons. Distinctions between technical, social and structural knowledge are made, and the theory on what makes knowledge “sticky” for transfer between generations of workers is reviewed. Thereafter, a case study of the knowledge retention situation at a public water utility is presented. In this regard, a large number of technical experts are due to retire within the next five years. Knowledge audit interviews were conducted with fifteen experts that have been with the organisation for most of their career and are due to retire soon. They were asked about what they considered to be their ‘hard to replace’ knowledge and professional networks, to what extent this could be captured or transferred, and what they considered to be the difficulties in terms of retaining this knowledge and these networks after their retirement. It was found that the motivation of experts to contribute to knowledge transfer and retention was low. This had to do with the perception that more junior members of the organisation are in any case likely to leave and with an organisational culture that was not supportive of knowledge transfer and retention activities. Moreover, a lack of knowledge leadership and formal knowledge management systems hindered knowledge transfer and retention practices. This study concludes that as far as the case in question is concerned, there is a need for a formal knowledge management system and strategy, and that top management commitment is critical for the success of knowledge transfer and retention. With regard to the theory of the stickiness of knowledge, the case study highlighted the importance of organisational culture and trust when it comes to the motivation of retiring experts to transfer their knowledge. It also emphasised that a silo-type organisational structure limits absorptive capacity, and that the social knowledge of professional networks, rather than technical knowledge, are the most difficult to retain.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis fokus op die problem van kennisbehoud en –oordrag teen die agtergrond van diensverlatende spesialiste wat moeilik vervangbaar is vanweë redes van demografie of vaardigheidtekort. Onderskeidinge word getref tussen tegniese, sosiale en strukturele kennis en ʼn oorsig word gegee van die teorie oor “klewende kennis” in die oordrag van kennis tussen generasies van werkers. Daarna word ʼ n gevallestudie van die kennisbehoudsituasie in ʼ n publieke waterverskaffer ondersoek. In hierdie geval sal ʼn groot getal tegniese spesialiste binne die volgende vyf jaar die organisasie se diens verlaat. ʼ n Kennis-oudit is met behulp van onderhoude met vyftien sulke spesialiste, wat die grootste deel van hulle loopbane by die onderneming werksaam was, onderneem. Hulle is uitgevra oor wat hulle sien as die kennis wat met hulle diensverlating vir die organisasie verlore sou gaan en omtrent die professionele netwerke wat hulle onderhou. Hulle is gevra tot watter mate hierdie twee kategorieë van kennis oordraagbaar is om so vir die organisasie behou te kan word en wat hulle reken die probleme is wat in die pad van kennisbehoud na hulle aftrede staan. Daar is bevind dat die spesialiste se motivering om by te dra tot kennisbehoud en –oordrag laag was. Dit het te make met die siening dat die jonger lede van die organisasie in elk geval die organisasie sou verlaat en met ʼn organisasie-kultuur wat nie kennisbehoud en –oordrag ondersteun nie. Verder is dit toe te skryf aan ʼn gebrek aan kennisleierskap en formele kennisbestuursisteme. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat sover dit die gevallestudie aangaan, ʼn formele kennisbestuurstelsel en –strategie krities is vir die sukses van kennisbehoud en –oordrag. Met betrekking tot die teorie oor klewende kennis het die gevallestudie die belang van organisasie kultuur en vertroue wanneer dit kom by die motivering van spesialiste om hulle kennis te deel belig. Dit het ook beklemtoon dat ʼn silo-gebaseerde organisasie kultuur die kennis absorpsie vermoë verlaag en dat die sosiale kennis van professionele netwerke moeiliker is as tegniese kennis om te behou.