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Hwang, Bing-Fang. "Water chlorination and birth defects". Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068171.
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Almoghrabi, Hannoud. "WATER BIRTH: MIDWIVES PERCEPTION, ATTITUDE, KNOWLEDGE, AND CLINICAL PRACTICES". Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Nursing Practice / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casednp1523398858143798.
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Yang, Fan. "DEVELOPING STATISTICAL CORRELATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS AND SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER". OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/975.
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Our research investigated the correlations of five key contaminants in drinking water in the State of Illinois with the incidence rates of three different categories of negative reproductive outcomes: birth defects, adverse pregnancy outcomes and preterm births. The five water contaminants included three agrichemical-based contaminants (atrazine, nitrate and nitrite) and two disinfectant byproducts (total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids). We obtained nearly 38,000 measurements of the individual concentrations of these five contaminants from the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA). These data, spanning over a five-year period (1998-2002), were collected from nearly 1,800 community water supplies (CWS) located in all 102 Illinois counties. The county-specific incidence rate data for the same time period for preterm births, seven groups of birth defects and seven groups of adverse pregnancy outcomes were collected from the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH). The traditional approach of establishing correlation of one explanatory variable at a time indicated that nitrate concentration in drinking water was statistically correlated to the incidence rate of only one category of negative reproductive outcome, i.e., birth defects. However, multiple regression analysis, which took into consideration all water contaminant data simultaneously, established statistical significance of the correlation between nitrate and all three categories of negative reproductive outcomes. Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acids (HAA5) were also found to be the statistically significant explanatory variables for all three types of negative reproductive outcomes. Nitrite was found to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and preterm births only; its correlation with birth defect rates could not be established at 80% confidence level. Atrazine was found to be among the significant explanatory variables for all three negative reproductive outcomes. However, its correlations with birth defect model developed using censored data and preterm birth model developed based on observed data were not statistically significant. Nearly 21.5%, 35.8% and 16.6% of the variabilities in incidence rates of different types of birth defects, adverse pregnancy outcomes and preterm births, respectively, were correlated to average concentrations of above mentioned five contaminants in community drinking water supplies. The monthly average concentrations of two of three agrichemical-based contaminants, i.e., atrazine and nitrate were significantly higher in SW(surface water)-based than GW(ground water)-based community water supplies. On the other hand, concentrations of both disinfectant byproducts and the other agrichemical-based contaminant, i.e., nitrite were significantly higher in GW-based water supplies. Further correlation analysis based on the actual observed concentration (excluding all 0 detections) was conducted utilizing SW-based atrazine and nitrate data and GW-based nitrite, TTHM and HAA5 data. All categories of negative reproductive outcomes were found significantly correlated with at least one type of water contaminants. The overall negative reproductive outcomes were correlated with nitrate, nitrite and atrazine. Birth defects specifically correlated with nitrate and TTHM, whereas adverse pregnancy outcomes were correlated with nitrate, nitrite and HAA5; preterm birth was correlated with the concentrations of nitrite, atrazine and TTHM. Further investigation indicated significant correlations among the explanatory variables (drinking water contaminants data), which is referred as multicollinearity. In such case, multiple linear regression based analysis may not provide reliable results. Partial least squares (PLS) approach of regression analysis was introduced into our study to overcome the multicollinearity problem. As much as 65.5% of the variability in the county-wide average concentrations of five contaminants in public drinking water supplies was explained by the 4 component PLS regression model, whereas only 7.7% of the incidence rates of different types of birth defects, adverse pregnancy outcomes and preterm births in various Illinois counties, were explained by PLS regression. Although, individual negative reproductive outcome model could be generated, the low R2 values indicated the poor reliability of these models. We attempted to corroborate our statistical analysis findings with the physiological effects of various water contaminants reported in the literature. It is well known that excessive exposure to any of the five key water contaminants may cause malfunction of organism or the immune system, reproduction, nervous and endocrine system and others, which may further result in potential risk of developing adverse effects. Nitrate and nitrite in drinking water associate to a certain extent with congenital malformations, such as central nervous system abnormalities, in human offsprings. Excessive exposure to atrazine is known to increase the risk of potential cardiovascular or reproductive system problems. A certain type of TTHM, i.e., BDCM are known to be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage in pregnant women. It also may result in an increased risk of reproductive problem, such as fetal growth restriction.
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Sprague, Annie G., i res cand@acu edu au. "An Investigation into the Use of Water Immersion upon the Outcomes and Experience of Giving Birth". Australian Catholic University. School of Nursing, 2004. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp56.29082005.
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The use of deep-water immersion during labour and birth is commonplace in many countries including Australia, yet there has been little contemporary Australian data from which to form policies regarding its use during childbirth, or which have included women’s experiences using water immersion. The literature reviewed for this study was positive with regard to the effect of water immersion during childbirth and was associated with decreased rates of perineal trauma, low episiotomy rates, low rates of analgesic use, lower operative deliveries coupled with increased maternal satisfaction of the experience of childbirth when compared with births where water immersion was not involved. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of deep-water immersion upon maternal and neonatal outcomes and women's experiences of giving birth in Australia. This study used a mixed method in an attempt to fulfil this purpose: the first phase was a Quasi-experimental design and the second phase was based upon a Hermeneutic Phenomenological approach. Data were collected via a Random Chart Audit, from a random sample of fifty nulliparous women who used deepwater immersion during labour and childbirth and six women were selected to participate in a semi-structured interview. Data from each phase of this study revealed positive birth outcomes and these findings were supported by the literature. The women's stories were positive and comprised elements of four lifeworld themes. • Water’s Embrace • Warped Time • Naked but Clothed • The Shape of Water. Each of these themes encapsulated different aspects of the women's experiences, which when considered together, increased the understanding of the phenomenon of deep-water immersion upon the experience of giving birth.
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Shaw-Battista, Jenna Cleave. "Optimal outcomes of labor and birth in water compared to standard maternity care". Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378507.
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Bieda, Amelia L. "THE USE OF ENTERAL STERILE WATER FOR THE TREATMENTOF HYPERNATREMIAIN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1363103838.
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FitzHarris, Heidi Sue Blycker. "Celebrating the Natural Cycle of Life: A Birthing and Hospice Center". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35758.
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When the special moments of life and death are imminent, where do you want to be?
My thesis seeks to create an eco-sensitive, sustainable building that celebrates the time and place of two of life s most amazing events: birth and death. Rather than a conventional singular center, my thesis proposes a combined program for a new architectural project type: a Birthing and Hospice Center. Although the concept may be surprising, once people fully understand that we live in a closed system and embrace the cyclical nature of life, it is an appropriate program that represents another aspect of sustainability. The project site is located in an urban area of Old Town Alexandria, Virginia along the Potomac River.
The Birthing and Hospice Center integrates both the human life cycle and the material life cycle of the building s materials, water, and site for a holistic experience and celebration. It explores how to heighten our environmental experience of place, light, air, water, and time. My thesis seeks to create a beautiful place where people can celebrate their own special event, while at the same time, understand and celebrate the larger realm of the natural life cycle.Master of Architecture
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Whitaker, Heather Joy. "Exposure assessment of chlorination disinfection by-products for use in epidemiological studies of water quality and birth outcomes". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399986.
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Edwards, Susan. "Haloacetic acids in public drinking water and risk of adverse birth outcomes in the 'Born in Bradford' cohort". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44280.
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Disinfection of drinking water is vital to protect the public against disease. However disinfectants such as chlorine react with organic matter in drinking water to produce a wide range of chemical disinfection by-products (DBPs) of potential health concern including haloacetic acids (HAAs). This thesis is an epidemiologic analysis investigating the relationship between prenatal exposure to HAAs in drinking water and adverse birth outcomes in 'Born in Bradford', a large multi-ethnic prospective birth cohort study based in Bradford, England. It focuses on the understudied and as yet unregulated HAAs which are the second most prevalent class of chlorination DBPs in UK drinking waters. To assess exposure, area-level concentrations to three select HAAs (measured in drinking water samples newly collected for this study, modelled in time and space, and weighted to each cohort woman's specific trimester of pregnancy by postcode of residence) were combined with individual water consumption information collected via questionnaire at recruitment to the cohort. Despite the benefits of state-of-the-art exposure metrics and a large sample size, this study does not find any significant patterns of association between prenatal exposure to HAAs and either birth weight, being born term low birth weight or small-for-gestational age. Water consumption over the course of late pregnancy was further studied in a subset of cohort women. A small but significant increase in water consumption was reported, bearing in mind that both behaviour change over the third trimester of pregnancy and measurement error likely contributed to this effect. This research addresses some of the limitations of previous DBP studies in terms of exposure assessment and birth outcome definitions, and uniquely evaluates the variability of individual water consumption over time. It also identifies areas for future research and examines the importance of HAAs and birth weight-based outcomes in the larger research context.
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Häger, Silke. "Geburtshilfliche Parameter und mütterliches Erleben bei der Wassergeburt". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14719.
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Fragestellung/Hintergrund: In den letzten Jahren hat die Wassergeburt eine weite Verbreitung gefunden. Die Geburt eines Kindes ist als 'life-event' (Kentenich) im Leben werdender Eltern zunehmend ins Bewusstsein gerückt. So soll nach den Forderungen der Eltern in möglichst häuslicher Umgebung mit Freiraum für eigene Gestaltung das Spektrum medizinisch-technischer Möglichkeiten im Bedarfsfall verfügbar sein. Um Zufriedenheit mit dem Geburtserlebnis zu erreichen, müssen die an eine Geburtsklinik gestellten Erwartungen erfüllt werden. So ist es unser Anliegen, eine Geburtshilfe anzubieten, welche auch als psychosomatisch verstandene Geburtshilfe die Zufriedenheit der Eltern zum Ziel hat. Methode: Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist eine Fall-Kontrollstudie, in der die Geburtsmodi Wassergeburt und Bettgeburt auf drei Aspekte hin untersucht wurden: Daten des Fetal Outcome, mütterliche geburtshilfliche Parameter sowie Daten zum Geburtserlebnis, der Geburtsvorbereitung, der Assoziation zum Thema Wassergeburt und soziodemographische Variablen. Anhand des letzten Aspektes wurde untersucht, ob ein Zusammenhang besteht zwischen dem Geburtsmodus und der Zufriedenheit mit dem Geburtserlebnis. Weiterhin wurde die mikrobiologische Kontamination des Badewassers untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Kollektive unterschieden sich nicht hinsichtlich Parität, Schwangerschaftswoche und mütterlichem Alter. Bezüglich der mütterlichen geburtshilflichen Parameter und des Fetal Outcome ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Der Entschluss zur Wassergeburt wird von den meisten Frauen (59%) spontan im Kreißsaal getroffen. Das Geburtserlebnis wird von den Frauen der Fallgruppe signifikant besser beurteilt. Es traten keine Neugeboreneninfektionen auf, die durch Keime des Badewassers verursacht wurden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Wassergeburt ist unter Berücksichtigung von Ausschlusskriterien ein sicherer Geburtsmodus für Mutter und Neugeborenes. Die Möglichkeit für die Gebärende, sich spontan für diesen Geburtsmodus zu entscheiden, geht mit einer positiven Bewertung des Geburtserlebnisses einher. Somit ist die Wassergeburt ein sinnvolles Angebot an die Gebärende vor dem Hintergrund der an die Geburtshilfe gestellten Erwartungen.Objectives: In recent years water birth has obtained much acceptance. Childbirth has more and more taken on the quality of a life event (Kentenich) in the consciousness of expectant parents. While parents want it to take place in a personal and homely atmosphere they whish at the same time to have the security of medical facilities. Parents will be satisfied with the experience of childbirth if their expectations towards obstetrics are fulfilled. Methodology: This study is based on a case-control trial in which water birth and conventional birth in bed have been compared in respect of the following data: fetal outcome, maternal obstetrical parameters, birth event, pre-birth preparation, association regarding the subject of water birth and sociodemographical variables. It has been examined whether there is a correlation between the mode of birth and the satisfaction with the birth event. Furthermore microbiological contamination of bath water after water birth was examined. Results: The two collectives are equal concerning parity, gestational age and maternal age. They have shown no significant differences concerning maternal obstetrical parameters and fetal outcome. The majority of women (59%) make decision for water birth spontaneously in the delivery room. Women in case group have shown a significantly greater satisfaction with birth event. There were no infections in neonates by germs from bath water. Conclusion: With the exclusion of risk-groups water birth is a safe mode of delivery. The possibility for the birth attendants to opt for a mode of birth spontaneously correlates with a positive assessment of birth event. In our opinion water birth is a commendable alternative fulfilling expectations of parents towards modern obstetrics.
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Navrátilová, Sára. "Design vany pro porod do vody". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401503.
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The topic of this diploma thesis is a design of bathtub for delivery to water. The goal is to improve shape, ergonomic and safety parameters compared to current representatives. The resulting design is a new product that is suitable for the professional medical environment while reflecting the psychological aspects of childbirth.
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Garell, Julin Frida. "Perinealbristningar vid vattenfödslar". Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2105.
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SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Globalt sett drabbas cirka 70-80 procent av alla kvinnor av någon typ av bristning i underlivet när de föder sitt första barn och dessa skador kan orsaka både smärta och lidande. Det är av stor vikt att barnmorskor och obstetriker känner till det kvinnliga könsorganets anatomi så att både diagnostisering och handläggning av bristningar blir korrekt. Forskning kring hur dessa skador skall kunna undvikas är ständigt pågående. En av de många frågor som ställs är huruvida förekomsten av dessa skador minskar när barnmorskan utför perinealskydd och hur detta används när kvinnan föder i vatten. Vattenfödsel är ett omdiskuterat ämne och forskare har olika uppfattning om dess för- och nackdelar. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete var att beskriva utfallet och handläggningen av perinealbristningar vid vattenfödslar. Metod: En kvantitativ ansats har använts och information ifrån 123 kvinnors förlossningsjournaler har sammanställts. Alla kvinnorna födde sina barn i vatten på BB Sophia eller Södra BB från mars 2014 till mars 2015. Bristningsgrad har beskrivits i tabeller och diagram i förhållande till variablerna paritet, barnets vikt, utdrivningsskedets längd, barnets huvudomfång, tid för bad, BMI, ålder och suturering. Resultat: Betydligt fler av förstföderskorna drabbades av perinealbristning än vad omföderskorna gjorde. Av de kvinnor som fick en grad 3 eller grad 4 bristning hade alla längre utdrivningsskeden och var förstföderskor. Nio procent av kvinnorna i studien fick en grad 3 bristning vilket ses som en hög siffra. Av de totalt 101 kvinnorna som fick någon typ av perinealbristning lämnades tio stycken osuturerade och nästan hälften av barnmorskorna som besvarat enkäten använde sig av perinealskydd vid vattenfödslar. Slutsats: Att vara förstföderska ökar risken för perinealbristningar oavsett om kvinnan föder i vatten eller inte. Utdrivningsskedets längd kan ha betydelse samt även om barnmorskan använder perinealskydd eller inte. Vad som i övrigt påverkar utfallet av bristningar vid vattenfödsel är inte säkerställt. Mer forskning i ämnet behövs.
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JaJa, Augustus D. "Nitrate in Private Wells:Knowledge, oppinions,and Perceptions of Stakeholders". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/214.
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The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine data describing nitrate concentration and cases of congenital cardiac defects. Residents with private wells and other stakeholders need data to make informed environmental decisions about the adverse health implications of nitrate contamination of private well water. Researchers have examined the exposure of nitrate in contaminated groundwater, but they have not examined nitrate levels in unregulated water systems. This gap in the literature highlighted the need to provide nitrate data for future research and private well users. Guided by the social ecological model, a quantitative, cross-sectional, nonexperimental design was used to survey 231 adult participants about community perceptions of stakeholders' collaboration about groundwater and the sustainability of private water wells. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. Survey results showed that gender, age group, and distance from animal waste sites or farmland were associated with barriers to community collaboration to achieve groundwater sustainability. Use of private wells for irrigation and distance from animal waste sites or farmland were associated with community members' perceptions of community collaboration to achieve groundwater sustainability. Community perceptions and barriers to stakeholders' collaboration were not affected by any demographic factors. The data will facilitate the design and implementation of effective public health outreach services for private well users. The implications for positive social change include increased understanding of stakeholders' perceptions of private well nitrate contamination and reduction of the risk factors for birth defects.
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Wahl, Holger [Verfasser], i Ludwig [Akademischer Betreuer] Gortner. "Vitamin A for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants : data on a water-soluble, nano-encapsuled retynil palmitate monopreparatino in the preterm lamb model / Holger Wahl ; Betreuer: Ludwig Gortner". Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160235368/34.
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Hofberg, Therese, i Sara Bergfors. "Nordiska kvinnors orsaker till och upplevelser av en alternativ förlossningsmetod : En beskrivande litteraturstudie". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-408893.
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Bakgrund: I Norden sker i stort sett alla förlossningar på sjukhus assisterade av barnmorskor. Internationellt varierar antalet hemförlossningar. Bad har historiskt sett använts för avslappning och smärtlindring i samband med en förlossning. Det finns en ökad efterfrågan hos kvinnor i Sverige som önskar sig en alternativ förlossningsmetod och det är en fråga som väcker debatt, både i Sverige och i andra länder. Syfte: Att sammanställa studier om nordiska kvinnors orsaker till och upplevelser av en alternativ förlossningsmetod. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie som har utformats av kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. Totalt ingår 19 vetenskapliga artiklar. Data har kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: Fem huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier framkom i resultatet. Resultatet visar på att det finns en rad olika orsaker till att nordiska kvinnor väljer en alternativ förlossningsmetod. Att föda med en alternativ förlossningsmetod beskrivs som en positiv upplevelse där kvinnan själv har kontroll över förlossningsprocessen samt en möjlighet att välja förlossningsplats. Detta ingav en trygghet samt en känsla av makt och självbestämmande. Det beskrivs som en trygg miljö utan yttre störningar där kvinnorna kan fokusera och följa den naturliga förlossningsprocessen. Kvinnorna möter även en del negativa attityder kring deras val av en alternativ förlossningsmetod. Slutsats: Kvinnors orsaker till att välja en alternativ förlossningsmetod baseras på en önskan om en naturlig förlossning, bristande tro till medicinska interventioner och känslan av att få vara i kontroll. Fördelar kan ses vid dessa typer av förlossningsmetoder, framförallt rörande upplevelsen för kvinnan. Kvinnor som önskar sig en alternativ förlossningsmetod upplever att de möts av negativa attityder och ifrågasättande. Kvinnor upplever även känslor som oro och rädsla i samband med en alternativ förlossningsmetod, då i kontexten att eventuella komplikationer kan uppstå.Background: In the Nordic countries most women give birth in hospitals, while being assisted by midwives. Internationally, the number of home deliveries varies. Bathing has historically been used for relaxation and pain relief during childbirth. There is an increased demand from women in Sweden for waterbirth, and this causes debate, both in Sweden and in other countries. Aim: To compile research concerning Nordic women ́s reasons for, as well as experiences of an alternative birth method. Method: A descriptive literature study designed by qualitative, as well as quantitative research, a total of 19 articles. Data has been interpreted, analyzed and compiled. Results: Five main categories and eight sub-categories appeared in the results. The results show that there are a variety of reasons why Nordic women choose an alternative method of delivery. Giving birth through an alternative delivery method is described as a positive experience, giving the woman a sense of control during the delivery process. Being able to choose the place of birth itself provided a sense of security as well as a sense of power and autonomy. It is described as a safe environment without external disturbances, where the women can focus and follow the natural process of childbirth. They also encounter some negative attitudes about their choices of an alternative method of delivery. Conclusion: Women's reasons for choosing an alternative birth method is based on the desire for a natural birth, a lack of faith in medical interventions, or a feeling of maintaining control. Advantages can be seen in these types of birthing methods, especially in regard to the experience for the woman. Women who wish for an alternative birth method feel that they are meeting negative attitudes and questioning. Women also experience feelings of concern and fear regarding alternative birth methods, then in the context of eventual complications that could occur.
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Albouy-Llaty, Marion. "Exposition prénatale hydrique aux perturbateurs endocriniens et issues de grossesse". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT1401/document.
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L'eau potable comme source d'exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) est peu étudiée, notamment chez les personnes vulnérables comme les femmes enceintes, dont les modes de consommation d'eau évoluent pendant la grossesse. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient i) déterminer s'il existe une relation entre l'exposition prénatale hydrique aux PE, et la prévalence d'enfants ayant un petit poids de naissance pour leur âge gestationnel (PPAG) ou prématurés tenant compte des facteurs socio-économiques ; ii) estimer pour la première fois en France les usages de l'eau potable pendant la grossesse.Trois études épidémiologiques issues d'une cohorte rétrospective, ont été réalisées auprès de 13654 femmes enceintes ayant accouché dans les Deux-Sèvres entre 2005 et 2010. Une exposition hydrique aux doses moyennes de nitrates au deuxième trimestre augmentait le risque de PPAG, particulièrement chez les femmes résidant dans des quartiers favorisés. En revanche, aucune relation significative entre une exposition prénatale hydrique à la 2-hydroxyatrazine et le risque de prématurité n'a été montrée.Les usages de l'eau potable ont été évalués par un questionnaire administré en face-à-face auprès de 132 femmes enceintes françaises de la cohorte prospective EDDS. La consommation d'eau pendant la grossesse était stable et comprenait plus d'eau du robinet que d'eau embouteillée. Afin de reconstituer la dose absorbée en PE, ces résultats devront être couplés à des dosages environnementaux et dans les matrices biologiques.Ces travaux confirment l'intérêt de l'approche interdisciplinaire en santé environnementale et celui de l'éducation relative à la santé environnementaleDrinking-water as a source of exposure to endocrine disruptors, particularly in pregnant women whose water-use habits change during pregnancy, has seldom been studied. Our objectives were i) to study the possible relationship between prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors in drinking water, socioeconomic factors and prevalence of neonates born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or preterm birth ; ii) to estimate for the first time in France the water-use habits of pregnant women throughout pregnancy.Three epidemiologic studies from a retrospective cohort were carried out on 13,654 pregnant women who gave birth in Deux-Sèvres (France) between 2005 and 2010. An exposure to moderate dose of nitrates in drinking-water increased SGM risk, particularly for women living in less deprived areas. No relationship between prenatal exposure to 2-hydroxyatrazin in drinking-water and preterm birth risk was found.Water-use habits during pregnancy were assessed with a questionnaire on 132 women from the EDDS prospective cohort. Water ingestion was stable during pregnancy and tap water predominated over bottled water. In order to reconstitute the dose of pollutant intake from water, the results of this estimation by questionnaire will need to be merged with analytical dosages in waters and biological matrices.Our study confirms the interest of an interdisciplinary approach to environmental health and the key importance of education in that field
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Hänninen, K. (Kaarina). "Tree - cover crop interactions: birch growth, competition and soil properties". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2002. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514267184.
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Abstract
The main objective of this thesis was to investigate tree - cover crop interactions and soil response in an intercropping system, in which leguminous and grass cover crops were used with birch (red-leaved Downy birch Betula pubescens L.). The investigation was conducted in two field experiments in a nursery and in a greenhouse experiment. In the latter the effect of the water supply in interspesific competition was also investigated. The cover crops in the field experiments were perennial clovers Trifolium pratense L., T. repens L. and T. hybridum L. and annual clovers T. incarnatum L., T. resupinatum L. and T. subterraneum L. and perennial Festuca rubra L. The height, stem diameter, leaf area and nutrient status of the birch were determined, as well as soil nutrient status and microbial characteristics. The cover crops in the greenhouse experiment were T. repens, T. subterraeum and F. rubra. The biomass, height, leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf area and N concentration of the birch, the biomass and N concentration of the cover crops were measured, and soil N and microbial characteristics, as well. Bare ground was the control in all the experiments.
The perennial clovers and Festuca strongly decreased the birch growth and nutrient status, but the annual clovers sown in midsummer in the field experiments provided about as good growth as bare ground. In the greenhouse experiment all cover crops were effective competitors with the birch. The soil NO3-N was, in general, the highest on bare ground and second highest in the annual clover plots. Though there were, in general, only minor differences in the soil nutrient concentrations between the treatments, there were significant differences in the tree growth and nutrient concentrations. The interspecific competition in this kind of intercropping system is mainly belowground. The growth reduction in the birch was mainly due to competition for nitrogen but water seems to play an important role in regulating the competitive interaction between the birch and cover crops. The competition for these resources seems to be most crucial at the beginning of the growing season. The microbial biomasses and soil respiration were greatest in the Festuca and perennial clover treatments, which may indicate that microorganisms together with these cover crops may seriously compete with birch for nutrients.
Intercropping system is complex and comprises both negative and positive influences. In order to minimize negative competition effects, the cover crop should be non-competitive or the ground should be kept free of vegetation at the beginning of the growing season. By improving soil microbial characteristics, the vegetative ground covers make this cropping system one possiblity towards sustainability in the long-term.
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Klebow, Birthe [Verfasser]. "Monte Carlo studies of the aggregation of alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants on montmorillonite- and muscovite-water interfaces / Birthe Klebow". Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024819868/34.
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Talhouk, Salma Nashabe. "Impact of water deficit and defoliation on the physiology of birch (Betula) clones and performance of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) /". The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487597424139125.
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YOSHIDA, Masato, 正人 吉田, Yutaka TAMAI, 裕. 玉井, Yuzou SANO, 雄三 佐野, Minoru TERAZAWA, 実. 寺沢, Takashi OKUYAMA i 剛. 奥山. "Seasonal change in tangential strain on the inner bark in white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica)". 名古屋大学農学部附属演習林, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8508.
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Keller, Timo [Verfasser], Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Jannsen i Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Gubler. "The conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer for Jacobians of constant curves over higher dimensional bases over finite fields / Timo Keller. Betreuer: Uwe Jannsen ; Walter Gubler". Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059569612/34.
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Rieseberg, Birte [Verfasser], i Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Hermanns. "Tuberkulose bei Rindern (M.caprae) aus den Jahren 2009 bis 2014 : Untersuchungen zur Verteilung säurefester Bakterien im Gewebe und Beschreibung morphologischer Veränderungen / Birte Rieseberg. Betreuer: Walter Hermanns". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102897205/34.
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Danielsson, Joakim, i Björkman Emilie. "Kan digitala hjälpmedel användas förmer ståndortsanpassade föryngringar?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85578.
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The aim of this study was to investigate if SI from HPR-data from harvesters and soil moisture classes from digital depth to water maps could be used to support site adaption of regenerations within stands. The study was made on pine and spruce stands in central Sweden. The number of plants/ha, plant height, growth and damage were measured at plot level and for these plots also soil moisture classes and SI were derived from digital maps and HPR. The study shows a potential using SI from HPR and depth to water maps for site adaption of regenerations and to vary tree species within stands. Variations of SI and soil moisture are important within stands regarding different tree species establishment, growth and damage. But also, for sites with medium SI were the choice between pine and spruce is not obvious and in stands with a high spread in SI.
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You, Chung-Ning, i 游中寧. "The Oral History of Women's Experience of Water Birth". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45843193627658002596.
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碩士國立臺北護理健康大學
護理助產研究所
99
This study aims to investigate women's experience and feelings of water birth using oral history and in-depth interview methodology. In this study, thirteen women are interviewed. All of them used water during labor and birth and three among them are multipara. A worth-mentioning fact is that nine out of the thirteen interviewees attend the same yoga class, and they were all deeply influenced by the yoga teacher’s philosophy of the gentle birth. Each woman had been interviewed two to three times, each interview took approximately 1.5-3 hours and was transcribed and analyzed afterward. The interview process was guided by the guideline to facilitate the interviewees to share their experiences about the aspiration to pursue water birth, and the feeling of the whole maternity process. The study finds out that women are feared by the negative impression of the birth process, and unsatisfied with the current status of health care environment. Therefore they begin to search for solutions through pregnancy yoga classes, Internet, books, etc. for the knowledge of birth, and get determined to the pursuit of natural delivery by physical exercising. During the pursuit and practice of gentle birth, professional information, advice and assistance are necessary. Also, women need to apply strategies such as the birth plan to communicate with the hospital care team. During the process of giving birth, women strongly feel that the water release the physical pain bring about the relaxation effects. Also, the husband’s support is very crucial. In all, women expect more alternative ways of birth-giving beyond the traditional maternity care system. In retrospect, the women in this study have a strong sense of body, and gain more confidence from the water birth experience. To sum up, the results of this study prove women’s alternative demand, to provoke different ways of thinking and reflection for the clinical practitioners. Also, women look forward to more diversified clinical care approaches as well as the water birth one provided by the maternity care system.
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Nikodem, Vernicé Cheryl. "The effects of water on birth : a randomised controlled trial". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6225.
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D.Cur.The primary objective of the study was to ascertain the effects of the use of water during birth on maternal outcomes. The main maternal outcomes evaluated were maternal experience of the second stage of labour, and trauma to the birth canal. The second objective was to set guidelines for midwives whether or not to conduct deliveries under water.
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Shiao, Zhi-Ping, i 蕭志屏. "Association between Disinfection By-Products of Drinking Water and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Taiwan". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32774501894591729171.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
公共衛生學研究所碩士班
94
Background： Chlorination has been the major disinfectant process for domestic drinking water in killing waterborne organisms . However, chlorine reacts with organic materials in water and produces a number of disinfection by-products to effect human health. Disinfection by-products(DBPs) in drinking water have received considerable interest because of their possible association with bladder、colon、rectum、pancreas and kidney cancer. Recently, animals studies have indicated that some of these contaminants are teratogens. Therefore, epidemiological studies focus on that exposure to increased levels of DBPs may be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. Purpose： The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of pregnancy average total trihalomethane(TTHM) exposure on infant birth weight、term low birth weight and small for gestational age(SGA) in term birth , as well as maternal gestational age、low birth weight and preterm delivery in all birth. Material ＆ Methods： We combined the birth registration data and annual monitoring total trihalomethane concentration data from 2000 to 2002.Cross-sectional analysis of 90848 singleton infants born to residents of Taiwan during 2000 to 2002.We use linear regression analysis to evaluate the effect of pregnancy average total trihalomethane(TTHM) exposure on infant birth weight in term birth and birth weight、maternal gestational age in all birth. We use logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratio of TTHM exposure on term low birth weight、SGA in term birth and low birth weight、preterm delivery in all birth. Results： After adjusting for gestational age and other covariates , we observed infant birth weight reductions of 76.6 g for each 100 μg/L increase in pregnancy average TTHM concentration. Compare to ≦4.93 μg/L, pregnancy average TTHM exposure over 13.11 μg/L was associated with a 13.9 g reduction in birth weight. After adjusting for other covariates , we observed maternal gestational age reductions of 0.54 week for each 100 μg/L increase in pregnancy average TTHM concentration. Compare to ≦4.93 μg/L, pregnancy average TTHM exposure over 13.11 μg/L was associated with a 0.1 week reduction in maternal gestational age. There was no evidence of an association between low birth weight、term low birth weight、SGA and increase TTHM levels, but there were slight increase in preterm delivery associate with TTHM concentrations. Discussion ＆ Conclusions： Maternal exposure to TTHM may be associated with infant birth weight and maternal gestational age reductions. However, our finding are not consistent with most previous studies, although we generally found small effect of TTHM on preterm delivery. Overall, summarizing the epidemiologic evidence for causal relationships between drinking water contaminants and adverse birth outcomes is difficult because of methodological differences across studies, and the levels of contaminants in drinking water also distinct lower than previous studies.
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Davidson, Catherine. "Breaking water in art therapy : case study of Charles : multiaxial diagnosis including separation anxiety and premature birth". Thesis, 2003. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/2050/1/MQ78013.pdf.
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This paper will explore the primary research question, How can Art Therapy offer reparative experiences for a child with behavioral difficulties related to Separation Anxiety Disorder? Through a case study and literature review I will demonstrate that such reparative experiences are interactive in a twofold dimensional conceptualization of the art therapy process. The first is carried out in the realm of play and supported art making; the second one properly takes place in the relationship between the therapist and child. The subsidiary research question addressed is, What are the conditions leading to separation anxiety in general and in particular, in the case of Charles? Through Charles' play with art materials, a therapeutic alliance was promptly established. Charles was able to eventually gain enough confidence that allowed him to relax sufficiently to engage in a symbolic process that seemed reparative, on a number of levels, for experiences surrounding his premature birth. In accordance with attachment theory, it can be hypothesized that these experiences laid a foundation for behaviours and parent/child relations which eventually were diagnosed as Separation Anxiety Disorder and a Parent/Child Relational Problem.
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Lee, Yi-Tien, i 李依恬. "Maternal exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water and risk of adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89625394887352742605.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
環境衛生研究所
99
Water chlorination has been the major disinfection process of drinking water in Taiwan. Disinfection by-products could be produced during the disinfection process, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Concerns about the potential health effects from exposures to the disinfection by-products have been raised. Many toxicological and epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the possible associations between the maternal exposure to disinfection by-products and the adverse health effects such as cancers and adverse birth outcomes, but the results were inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of maternal exposure to total THMs (TTHMs) in drinking water during the first and the third trimesters on the risks of adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan. The adverse birth outcomes investigated in this study included all congenital malformations, congenital heart disease, nervous system defects, orofacial cleft, stillbirth, term low birth weight, and small for gestational age. We used the birth registration data to conduct a registry-based study between 2001 and 2009 in Taiwan. There were 1,126,714 live births and 10,337 stillbirths, and 1,148,308 live births included in the analysis of the first and the third trimesters, respectively. We obtained the TTHMs data routinely collected in distribution systems by Taiwan EPA from 2001 to 2005 and 2007 to 2009 as our exposure data, and used multiple regression models to estimated unavailable monthly average TTHMs concentrations. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were calculated by logistic regression, for the association between TTHMs exposure of the mothers averaged over the first and the third trimesters, and various adverse birth outcomes under two ways of classifying TTHMs exposure groups. Although we improved the previous exposure assessments and overcame the study limitation of low-level TTHMs in Taiwan, we still found no statistically significant positive associations between the TTHMs and the adverse birth outcomes, except stillbirth in the two classifying ways of the high exposure group of TTHMs, as well as treating complete exposure data as continuous (OR=1.077, 95%CI=1.01-1.49; OR=1.148, 95%CI=1.056-1.248; and OR=1.003, 95%CI=1.001-1.006, respectively). Weak evidence of a dose-response trend was found between TTHM exposure groups and TLBW and stillbirth. We temporarily concluded that with low levels of average TTHMs concentrations (9.86 ± 10.05 µg/L) in Taiwan, we do not need to worry about the effects of TTHMs on adverse birth outcomes. If we strictly revise the MCL of TTHMs to 40µg/L in the future, the health of the people will be sufficiently protected. Further studies with individual water use and other exposure routes were needed to find the range above which TTHMs concentration would have an effect on adverse birth outcomes in order to set up stricter regulation to control the TTHMs to be within the safe range. Further studies of examining the relationship between other more toxic DBPs and adverse birth outcomes are also required.
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ARISA, MURAKAMI, i 村上 生紗. ""To relieve Okinawans' base safety worries" gives birth to re-marking the discrimination against Okinawa―A critical discourse analysis of reclaim the water off Henoko". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3ggnj5.
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碩士東海大學
日本語言文化學系
102
In this paper describs the Codependency Relationships between Japan and Okinawa. "To relieve Okinawans' base safety worries" gives birth to re-marking the discrimination against Okinawa.
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Tomasello, Annette Marie. "The effects of water immersion on mother and infant during labor and birth secondary title : a report submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Master's of Science, Nurse Midwifery Program ... /". 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68799586.html.
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Brown, Rachel Christine. "Limitations and liabilities: Flanner House, Planned Parenthood, and African American birth control in 1950s Indianapolis". Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7912/C2SM0S.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)This thesis analyzes the relationship between Flanner House, an African American settlement house, and Planned Parenthood of Central Indiana to determine why Flanner House director Cleo Blackburn would not allow a birth control clinic to be established at the Herman G. Morgan Health Center in 1951. Juxtaposing the scholarship of African Americans and birth control with the historiography of black settlement houses leads to the conclusion that Blackburn’s refusal to add birth control to the health center’s services had little to do with the black Indianapolis community’s opinions on birth control; instead, Flanner House was confined by conservative limitations imposed on it by white funders and organizations. The thesis examines the success of Blackburn and Freeman B. Ransom, Indianapolis’s powerful black leaders, in working within the system of limitations to establish the Morgan Health Center in 1947. Ransom and Blackburn received monetary support from the United Fund, the Indianapolis Foundation, and the U.S. Children’s Bureau, which stationed one of its physicians, Walter H. Maddux, in Indianapolis. The Center also worked as a part of the Indianapolis City Board of Health’s public health program. These organizations and individuals did not support birth control at this time and would greatly influence Blackburn’s decision about providing contraceptives. In 1951, Planned Parenthood approached Blackburn about adding birth control to the services at Morgan Health Center. Blackburn refused, citing the Catholic influence on the Flanner House board. While acknowledging the anti-birth control stance of Indianapolis Catholics, the thesis focuses on other factors that contributed to Blackburn’s decision and argues that the position of Flanner House as a black organization funded by conservative white organizations had more impact than any religious sentiment; birth control would have been a liability for the Morgan Health Center as adding contraceptives could have threatened the funding the Center needed in order to serve the African American community. Finally, the position of Planned Parenthood and Flanner House as subordinate organizations operating within the limitations of Indianapolis society are compared and found to be similar.
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Burk, Doris. "Physiologische, anatomische und chemische Aspekte der Regulation der Wurzelwasseraufnahme bei Rotbuche, Kiefer und Birke auf zwei unterschiedlich wasserversorgten Standorten". Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B6DC-6.
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