Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Water and nutrient use”
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Kronvang, Brian, Frank Wendland, Karel Kovar i Dico Fraters. "Land Use and Water Quality". Water 12, nr 9 (28.08.2020): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092412.
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The interaction between land use and water quality is of great importance worldwide as agriculture has been proven to exert a huge pressure on the quality of groundwater and surface waters due to excess losses of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) through leaching and erosion processes. These losses result in, inter alia, high nitrate concentrations in groundwater and eutrophication of rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Combatting especially non-point losses of nutrients has been a hot topic for river basin managers worldwide, and new important mitigation measures to reduce the input of nutrients into groundwater and surface waters at the pollution source have been developed and implemented in many countries. This Special Issue of the Land use and Water Quality conference series (LuWQ) includes a total of 11 papers covering topics such as: (i) nitrogen surplus; (ii) protection of groundwater from pollution; (iii) nutrient sources of pollution and dynamics in catchments and (iv) new technologies for monitoring, mapping and analysing water quality.
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Ikkonen, Elena, Svetlana Chazhengina i Marija Jurkevich. "Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency at Leaf Level of Cucumber Plants under Contrasting Soil Nutrient and Lignosulfonate Level". Biology and Life Sciences Forum 4, nr 1 (30.11.2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08611.
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To reduce the use of commercial conventional inorganic fertilizers, the possibility of using pulp and paper industry wastes in agriculture as an alternative source of nutrients has recently been under study and discussion. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium lignosulfonate application to soil on photosynthetic leaf nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) and water use efficiency. A pot culture experiment was conducted with cucumber seedlings using five lignosulfonate concentrations (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 vol. %) in sandy soil under sufficient or low nutrient availability for plants. The impact of nutrient availability on plant physiological traits was stronger than the lignosulfonate impact. Under the condition of sufficient nutrient availability, the lignosulfonate application decreased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe use efficiency, increased Mn use efficiency, and did not change water use efficiency. The decrease in nutrient use efficiency was connected with both photosynthetic rate decrease and leaf nutrient content increase. The decline in soil nutrient availability caused a decrease in nutrient and water use efficiency. Under low nutrient availability, soil lignosulfonate tended to increase nutrient and water use efficiency, but it was not successful in eliminating the negative effects of soil nutrient deficiency on plant growth, photosynthetic processes, and efficiency of nutrient use.
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Katayama, Noboru, Kobayashi Makoto i Osamu Kishida. "An aquatic vertebrate can use amino acids from environmental water". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, nr 1839 (28.09.2016): 20160996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0996.
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Conventional food-web theory assumes that nutrients from dissolved organic matter are transferred to aquatic vertebrates via long nutrient pathways involving multiple eukaryotic species as intermediary nutrient transporters. Here, using larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus as a model system, we provide experimental evidence of a shortcut nutrient pathway by showing that H. retardatus larvae can use dissolved amino acids for their growth without eukaryotic mediation. First, to explore which amino acids can promote larval growth, we kept individual salamander larvae in one of eight different high-concentration amino acid solutions, or in control water from which all other eukaryotic organisms had been removed. We thus identified five amino acids (lysine, threonine, serine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) as having the potential to promote larval growth. Next, using 15 N-labelled amino acid solutions, we demonstrated that nitrogen from dissolved amino acids was found in larval tissues. These results suggest that salamander larvae can take up dissolved amino acids from environmental water to use as an energy source or a growth-promoting factor. Thus, aquatic vertebrates as well as aquatic invertebrates may be able to use dissolved organic matter as a nutrient source.
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Goddek, Simon, i Karel J. Keesman. "Improving nutrient and water use efficiencies in multi-loop aquaponics systems". Aquaculture International 28, nr 6 (12.09.2020): 2481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00600-6.
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Abstract The sustainable development of agricultural systems where nutrients and water are recycled to a high degree is of enormous importance. Traditional aquaponics, where fish and plants are cultivated in one recirculating system, addresses these ecological challenges, but still struggles with its economical feasibility. Decoupled multi-loop aquaponics systems, in which the aquaculture and hydroponics subsystems are running autonomously, proved that they can keep up with the productivity of state-of-the-art hydroponics systems or even outscore them. Yet, a problem of such decoupled aquaponics systems was that plants require a high nutrient concentration, whereas fish prefer rather a clean water. In practice, the opposite is happening as the nutrients are added to the aquaculture units through the feed. This paper optimizes a recent approach showing that desalination technologies, such as reverse osmosis, can play an important role in reversing the concentrations within such systems without killing beneficial plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria thermally. The proposed integrated systems approach has the potential to make both periodical nutrient and water discharges and excessive fertilizer supplementation obsolete that would otherwise be necessary to maintain good water quality for the fish and an optimal nutrient solution for the plants.
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Yan, Jing, Nathaniel A. Bogie i Teamrat A. Ghezzehei. "Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone". Biogeosciences 17, nr 24 (17.12.2020): 6377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020.
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Abstract. Most plants derive their water and nutrient needs from soils where the resources are often scarce, patchy, and ephemeral. It is not uncommon for plant roots to encounter mismatched patches of water-rich and nutrient-rich regions in natural environments. Such an uneven distribution of resources necessitates plant reliance on strategies for exploring and acquiring nutrients from relatively dry patches. We conducted a laboratory study that elucidates the biophysical mechanisms that enable this adaptation. The roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings were laterally split and grown in two adjacent, hydraulically disconnected pots, which permitted precise control of water and nutrient applications to each compartment. We observed that the physical separation of water-rich and nutrient-rich compartments (one received 90 % water and 0 % nutrients and the other received 10 % water and 100 % nutrients) does not significantly stunt plant growth and productivity compared to two control treatments (control 1: 90 % water and 100 % nutrients versus 10 % water and 0 % nutrients; control 2: 50 % water and 50 % nutrients in each compartment). Specifically, we showed that soil dryness does not reduce nutrient uptake, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruiting compared to control treatments. We identified localized root proliferation in nutrient-rich dry soil patches as a critical strategy that enabled nutrient capture. We observed nocturnal rewetting of the nutrient-rich but dry soil zone (10 % water and 100 % nutrients) but not in the nutrient-free and dry zone of the control experiment (90 % water and 100 % nutrients). We interpreted the rewetting as the transfer of water from the wet to dry zones through roots, a process commonly known as hydraulic redistribution (HR). The occurrence of HR likely prevents the nutrient-rich soil from drying due to permanent wilting and the subsequent decline of root functions. Sustaining rhizosphere wetness is also likely to increase nutrient mobility and uptake. Lack of HR in the absence of nutrients suggests that HR is not entirely a passive, water-potential-gradient driven flow. The density and size of root hairs appeared to be higher (qualitative observation) in the nutrient-rich and dry compartments than in the nutrient-free and dry compartments. We also observed organic coating on sand grains in the rhizosphere of the nutrient-rich and dry compartments. The observations are consistent with prior observations that root hairs and rhizodeposition aid rhizosphere wetting. These findings were synthesized in a conceptual model that explains how plants of dry regions may be adapted to mismatched resources. This study also suggests that separating the bulk of applied nutrients from the frequently irrigated soil region can increase nutrient use efficiency and curtail water pollution from intensive agricultural systems.
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Benmoussa, Mohamed, i Laurent Gauthier. "Modeling Nutrient Uptake and Prolonged Use of Nutrient Solutions in Soilless Tomato Culture". HortScience 30, nr 4 (lipiec 1995): 761F—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.761f.
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In soilless culture, the buffering capacity of the root environment for nutrients is low. This, combined with fluctuations of climatic factors and changes in nutrient uptake rates, can lead to nutrient imbalances. In order to achieve high yield and better quality, it is necessary to keep the nutrient concentrations in the root environment at the target levels. This requires frequent analysis and adjustments to the nutrient solution. Currently, leaching of the growing media or renewal of the nutrient solution is commonly used to avoid accumulation or depletion of nutrient in the root environment. However, this practice lowers the efficiency of fertilizers and can lead to the contamination of the ground water. One way to remedy to this problem is through the use of nutrients uptake models to track the composition of the nutrient solutions. The objective of this study was to develop such models. Such models can be used to maintain balanced nutrient solutions for longer periods. This can lead to reduced leaching and improved fertilizer use efficiency. Macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) uptake models were developed for tomato plants grown in an NFT system using data collected from experiments conducted in the Laval Univ. greenhouses. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the main factors affecting nutrients uptakes are light and transpiration.
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Benmoussa, Mohamed, i Laurent Gauthier. "Modeling Nutrient Uptake and Prolonged Use of Nutrient Solutions in Soilless Tomato Culture". HortScience 30, nr 4 (lipiec 1995): 761F—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.761.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In soilless culture, the buffering capacity of the root environment for nutrients is low. This, combined with fluctuations of climatic factors and changes in nutrient uptake rates, can lead to nutrient imbalances. In order to achieve high yield and better quality, it is necessary to keep the nutrient concentrations in the root environment at the target levels. This requires frequent analysis and adjustments to the nutrient solution. Currently, leaching of the growing media or renewal of the nutrient solution is commonly used to avoid accumulation or depletion of nutrient in the root environment. However, this practice lowers the efficiency of fertilizers and can lead to the contamination of the ground water. One way to remedy to this problem is through the use of nutrients uptake models to track the composition of the nutrient solutions. The objective of this study was to develop such models. Such models can be used to maintain balanced nutrient solutions for longer periods. This can lead to reduced leaching and improved fertilizer use efficiency. Macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) uptake models were developed for tomato plants grown in an NFT system using data collected from experiments conducted in the Laval Univ. greenhouses. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the main factors affecting nutrients uptakes are light and transpiration.
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Ikkonen, Elena, Svetlana Chazhengina i Marija Jurkevich. "Photosynthetic Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency of Cucumis sativus under Contrasting Soil Nutrient and Lignosulfonate Levels". Plants 10, nr 2 (10.02.2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020340.
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To reduce the use of commercial conventional inorganic fertilizers, the possibility of using pulp and paper industry wastes in agriculture as an alternative source of nutrients is recently under study and discussion. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium lignosulfonate application to soil on photosynthetic leaf nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Na) and water use efficiency. A pot culture experiment was conducted with cucumber seedlings, using five lignosulfonate concentrations (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 vol. %) in sandy soil under sufficient or low nutrient availability for plants. The impact of nutrient availability on the plants’ physiological traits was stronger than the lignosulfonate impact. Under sufficient nutrient availability, the lignosulfonate application resulted in decreased photosynthetic N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Na use efficiency. Cucumber growth and development, and photosynthetic nutrient, water, and light use efficiency were significantly reduced with a nutrient deficiency. The sodium lignosulfonate application was not successful in eliminating the negative effects of nutrient deficit on cucumber seedlings.
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Shuler, Christopher, Daniel Amato, Veronica Veronica Gibson, Lydia Baker, Ashley Olguin, Henrietta Dulai, Celia Smith i Rosanna Alegado. "Assessment of Terrigenous Nutrient Loading to Coastal Ecosystems along a Human Land-Use Gradient, Tutuila, American Samoa". Hydrology 6, nr 1 (16.02.2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010018.
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Anthropogenic nutrient loading is well recognized as a stressor to coastal ecosystem health. However, resource managers are often focused on addressing point source or surface water discharge, whereas the impact of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as a nutrient vector is often unappreciated. This study examines connections between land use and nutrient loading through comparison of four watersheds and embayments spanning a gradient of human use impact on Tutuila, a high tropical oceanic island in American Samoa. In each study location, coastal radon-222 measurements, dissolved nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) in water and in situ macroalgal tissue were used to explore SGD and baseflow derived nutrient impacts, and to determine probable nutrient sources. In addition to sampling in situ macroalgae, pre-treated macroalgal specimens were deployed throughout each embayment to uptake ambient nutrients and provide a standardized assessment of differences between locations. Results show SGD-derived nutrient flux was more significant than baseflow nutrient flux in all watersheds, and δ15N values in water and algae suggested wastewater or manure are likely sources of elevated nutrient levels. While nutrient loading correlated well with expected anthropogenic impact, other factors such as differences in hydrogeology, distribution of development, and wastewater infrastructure also likely play a role in the visibility of impacts in each watershed.
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Wibisono, Vicky, i Yudi Kristyawan. "An Efficient Technique for Automation of The NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) Hydroponic System Using Arduino". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (IJAIR) 3, nr 1 (31.05.2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/ijair.v3i1.3209.
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Hydroponic Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is most widely applied on a home and industrial scale. One of the drawbacks of the NFT hydroponic system is that it is very dependent on electricity for 24 hours to power the water pump. The basic principle of the NFT hydroponic system is to flow nutrients to plant roots with a shallow and circulating nutrient layer so that plants get enough water, nutrients, and oxygen. Therefore, the role of the water pump in the hydroponic NFT system is crucial. This research makes the automation of the NFT hydroponic system more efficient using Arduino. There are two main parts to this automation system: the control of pH levels and nutrient distribution. The pH sensor is used to control the pH level of nutrients, and the ultrasonic sensor is used for nutrient distribution. Efficiency is emphasized more on the distribution of nutrients because it absorbs more electrical energy. The method used is to flow the nutrients in the reservoir to a storage tank that is located higher than the plant using a water pump with a large discharge. Nutrients are transported to each plant using the force of gravity. The nutrient volume is controlled automatically using an ultrasonic sensor in the storage tank. The water pump is only activated by the ultrasonic sensor readings on the storage tank. So that the need for electricity to turn on the water pump is reduced, based on tests carried out on the use of a 220-volt AC / 50 Hz / 125-watt water pump and the use of a 250-liter nutrient storage tank, it can be concluded that the system that has been created can save 70% of electricity consumption.
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Gourley, C. J. P., i D. M. Weaver. "Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality". Crop and Pasture Science 63, nr 9 (2012): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12154.
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Nutrient surpluses, inefficiencies in nutrient use, and inevitable leakage of nutrients from grazed animal production systems are putting growing pressure on Australian inland and coastal water resources. While there are some examples of regulatory policy approaches in Australia which aim to reduce nutrient emissions and improve water quality around important and impaired coastal and inland waters, most policy options involve voluntary schemes, often including financial incentives to both industry organisations and farmers to offset the costs of implementing improved management practices. In contrast, much stronger land management regulations have been implemented in the European Union, USA, and to a lesser extent New Zealand. In the near future, greater societal expectations for water quality, stricter standards from international markets, and increasing costs for purchased nutrients will mean that improving nutrient-use efficiency and reducing nutrient losses will be a necessary part of Australia livestock production systems. This is likely to require somewhat varied and difficult choices to better balance production and environmental goals. Policy responses may include voluntary adoption of appropriate nutrient management practices, caps on nutrient inputs, mandatory nutrient surplus targets, limits to stock numbers per hectare, and re-positioning of higher input farms to more resilient parts of the national landscape. Alternatively, society may have to accept that there are unavoidable trade-offs between water quality standards and livestock productivity, with increasing treatment of polluted water at the community’s expense.
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Rose, Laura, Robert Buitenwerf, Michael Cramer, Edmund C. February i Steven I. Higgins. "Effects of nutrient supply on carbon and water economies of C4 grasses". Functional Plant Biology 45, nr 9 (2018): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17359.
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C3 plants can increase nutrient uptake by increasing transpiration, which promotes the flow of water with dissolved nutrients towards the roots. However, it is not clear if this mechanism of nutrient acquisition, termed ‘mass flow’, also operates in C4 plants. This is an important question, as differences in mass flow capacity may affect competitive interactions between C3 and C4 species. To test if mass flow can be induced in C4 species, we conducted an experiment in a semiarid seasonal savanna in South Africa. We grew six C4 grasses in nutrient-poor sand and supplied no nutrients, nutrients to the roots or nutrients spatially separated from the roots. We measured the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, water-use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen gain and biomass. For all species biomass, N gain, photosynthesis and transpiration were lowest in the treatment without any nutrient additions. Responses to different nutrient positioning varied among species from no effect on N gain to a 50% reduction when nutrients were spatially separated. The ability to access spatially separated nutrients showed a nonsignificant positive relationship with both the response of transpiration and the response of WUE to spatial nutrient separation. This indicates that nutrient acquisition is not regulated by decreasing WUE in C4 grasses. Overall, our study suggests that under elevated CO2, when evaporative demand is lower, C4 species may be at a competitive disadvantage to C3 species when it comes to nutrient acquisition.
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Ehmke, Tanner. "Improving water and nutrient use efficiency with Drainage Water Management". Crops & Soils 46, nr 4 (lipiec 2013): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/cs2013-46-4-2.
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Langenfeld, Noah James, Daniel Fernandez Pinto, James E. Faust, Royal Heins i Bruce Bugbee. "Principles of Nutrient and Water Management for Indoor Agriculture". Sustainability 14, nr 16 (17.08.2022): 10204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610204.
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Mass balance principles are a cornerstone of efficient fertilizer use and can be utilized to optimize plant nutrition without discarding or leaching solution. Here, we describe the maintenance of closed hydroponic and soilless substrate systems based on mass balance. Water removed by transpiration is restored with solution that replaces the nutrients that were taken up with the water. The concentration of nutrients in this refill/irrigation solution is determined by multiplying the optimal concentration of each nutrient in plant tissue by the water-use efficiency (WUE; ratio of dry mass to water transpired). Optimal leaf nutrient concentrations are well established, but WUE in controlled environments varies widely and is less well characterized. Elevated CO2 increases photosynthesis and demand for nutrients, but partially closes stomata and reduces transpiration; so high CO2 dramatically increases WUE. The concentration of the refill/irrigation solution must be adjusted to account for a two-fold range of WUE, from 3 g L−1 in ambient CO2 in lower humidity, to 6 g L−1 in elevated CO2 in higher humidity. WUE and nutrient requirements vary during the vegetative and reproductive stages of growth, and adjustment of the solution over the lifecycle can be beneficial. Measurement of solution electrical conductivity (EC) is helpful, but if the solution is appropriate, low EC usually means healthy plants and active nutrient uptake. The ammonium to nitrate ratio is critical to pH management. We have applied these principles across multiple species and environments to achieve long-term, steady-state nutrient concentrations with no discharge or leaching of solution.
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Mendoza, Esther, Albert Magrí, Gaëtan Blandin, Àlex Bayo, Josephine Vosse, Gianluigi Buttiglieri, Jesús Colprim i Joaquim Comas. "Second-Generation Magnesium Phosphates as Water Extractant Agents in Forward Osmosis and Subsequent Use in Hydroponics". Membranes 13, nr 2 (13.02.2023): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020226.
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The recovery of nutrients from wastewater streams for their later use in agricultural fertilization is an interesting approach. Wastewater recovered magnesium phosphate (MgP) salts were used in a forward osmosis (FO) system as draw solution in order to extract water and to produce a nutrient solution to be used in a hydroponic system with lettuces (Lactuca sativa, L.). Owing to the low solubility of the MgP salts (i.e., struvite, hazenite and cattiite) in water, acid dissolution was successfully tested using citric and nitric acids to reach pH 3.0. The dilution by FO of the dissolved salts reached levels close to those needed by a hydroponic culture. Ion migration through the membrane was medium to high, and although it did not limit the dilution potential of the system, it might decrease the overall feasibility of the FO process. Functional growth of the lettuces in the hydroponic system was achieved with the three MgP salts using the recovered water as nutrient solution, once properly supplemented with nutrients with the desired concentrations. This is an innovative approach for promoting water reuse in hydroponics that benefits from the use of precipitated MgP salts as a nutrient source.
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Fripiat, François, Alfredo Martínez-García, Dario Marconi, Sarah E. Fawcett, Sebastian H. Kopf, Victoria H. Luu, Patrick A. Rafter, Run Zhang, Daniel M. Sigman i Gerald H. Haug. "Nitrogen isotopic constraints on nutrient transport to the upper ocean". Nature Geoscience 14, nr 11 (listopad 2021): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00836-8.
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AbstractOcean circulation supplies the surface ocean with the nutrients that fuel global ocean productivity. However, the mechanisms and rates of water and nutrient transport from the deep ocean to the upper ocean are poorly known. Here, we use the nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate to place observational constraints on nutrient transport from the Southern Ocean surface into the global pycnocline (roughly the upper 1.2 km), as opposed to directly from the deep ocean. We estimate that 62 ± 5% of the pycnocline nitrate and phosphate originate from the Southern Ocean. Mixing, as opposed to advection, accounts for most of the gross nutrient input to the pycnocline. However, in net, mixing carries nutrients away from the pycnocline. Despite the quantitative dominance of mixing in the gross nutrient transport, the nutrient richness of the pycnocline relies on the large-scale advective flow, through which nutrient-rich water is converted to nutrient-poor surface water that eventually flows to the North Atlantic.
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Méndez-Cifuentes, Ariel, Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar, Martín Cadena-Zapata, José Antonio González-Fuentes, José Alfredo Hernández-Maruri i Daniela Alvarado-Camarillo. "Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Subirrigated Containerized Tomato". Water 12, nr 5 (7.05.2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051313.
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Greenhouse cultivation is highly efficient in the use of water and fertilizers. However, due to intensive production, the greenhouse industry applies ample amounts of water and fertilizers. An alternative to minimize water and nutrient loss is zero-leaching systems, such as closed-loop subirrigation. The objective of the present study was to compare the water and fertilizer use efficiency in containerized tomato plants grown in a subirrigation system and a drip irrigation system. Subirrigated plants exhibited lower biomass than drip-irrigated plants. However, the amount of nutrient solution required to restore evapotranspirated water was lower in subirrigation. The yield was marginally decreased in subirrigated plants compared to drip-irrigated plants. The amount of nutrient solution required to produce 1 kg of fresh tomatoes was 22 L in subirrigation, whereas in drip irrigation, plants demanded 41 L. The total nitrogen applied through the nutrient solution was 75% lower in subirrigation than in drip irrigation, while the phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium applied was 66%, 59%, 70% and 74% lower, respectively. We concluded that the subirrigation system proved to be more water- and nutrient-efficient than the drip irrigation system due to the zero leaching of the nutrient solution, the lower number of irrigation events required and the lower nutrient demand of plants.
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Abesh, Bidisha Faruque, James T. Anderson i Jason A. Hubbart. "Surface Water (SW) and Shallow Groundwater (SGW) Nutrient Concentrations in Riparian Wetlands of a Mixed Land-Use Catchment". Land 13, nr 4 (23.03.2024): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040409.
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Precipitation patterns, water flow direction, and local land-use practices affect surface water (SW) and shallow groundwater (SGW) nutrient concentrations in riparian wetlands. Given physical process complexities, spatiotemporal quantification of nutrients and physical factors influencing nutrient concentrations are needed to advance wetland water resource management. To address these needs, a study was conducted in riparian wetlands of a mixed land-use catchment in West Virginia (WV), USA. Observed data included SW–SGW levels and nutrient concentrations, including nitrate (NO3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), ammonium (NH4-N), orthophosphate (PO43-P), total nitrogen (total_N), and total phosphorus (total_P) from January 2020 to December 2021. Water samples were collected monthly from stream gauge sites (n = 4) and co-located piezometers (n = 13). Results showed that, on average, gaining stream conditions were observed in upstream sites, and losing stream conditions were observed in downstream sites. Observed nutrient profiles between SW and SGW included SW exhibiting a higher average NO3-N concentration (0.42 mg/L), while SGW displayed an elevated NH4-N concentration (1.55 mg/L) relative to other nitrogen species. Significantly high (p < 0.05) SW NO3- concentrations in summer and fall were attributed to increased precipitation and corresponding water level and, therefore, pressure head and transport fluctuations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed differences in nutrient concentrations based on the water source type and catchment land use, explaining 65% of data variability. Spearman correlation analysis illustrated the correlation among nutrient concentrations, land use, and water level changes in SW and SGW environments. This study provides needed baseline data on nutrient dynamics for a riparian wetland in a mixed land-use catchment, supplying science-based information to advance land and water management practices in the study watershed and similar physiographic watersheds globally.
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Tripathi, Rahul, Anjani Kumar, P. Guru, M. Debnath, SD Mohapatra, S. Mohanty, Rubina Khanam, M. Shahid i AK Nayak. "Precision farming technologies for water and nutrient management in rice: Challenges and opportunities". Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, Special (22.04.2021): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.spl.5.
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Enhancing the productivity of crops while reducing the environmental footprint are the major challenges especially for rice farming. Precison farming helps in optimising inputs such as fertilizers and water in tune with crop requirement recognizing the spatial and temporal variabilities within and across field. The precision tools viz. Remote sensing, site specific nutrient management systems, global positioning system (GPS), geographical information system (GIS), variable rate applicator, models and decision support system are used for implementing precision rice farming. The precision nutrient management technology like site specific nutrient management options, using sensors for estimating nutrient content in soil and crop and estimating the spatial variability of nutrients and mapping for variable rate fertiliser application helps in achieving the higher nutrient use efficiency compared to conventional practices. Similarly the precision water management such as sensors for moisture content determination and irrigation scheduling increases the water use efficiency. This paper covers the progress made in PF technologies for nutrient and water management focussing on challenged and opportunities in adoption of these technologies.
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Mangiafico, Salvatore S., Jay Gan, Laosheng Wu, Jianhang Lu, Julie P. Newman, Ben Faber, Donald J. Merhaut i Richard Evans. "Detention and Recycling Basins for Managing Nutrient and Pesticide Runoff from Nurseries". HortScience 43, nr 2 (kwiecień 2008): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.393.
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Production nurseries may be significant sources of nutrients and pesticides in runoff as a result of the intensity at which fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water are applied. Concentrations of nutrients and pesticides in runoff from production nurseries are not extensively documented. Runoff from 11 production nurseries in southern California using either recycling or detention basins was monitored for nutrients and pesticides. For six sites, runoff volume was determined and nutrient loads in runoff were calculated. Water use data, percentage of water recycled, and construction costs were determined for sites with recycling systems. Nutrient concentrations, mass loads, and pesticide detections in runoff from some sites would have been of concern without the implementation of detention or recycle basins. There were few differences in nutrient concentrations or pesticide detections between runoff from irrigation and that from precipitation events. This suggests the need for management practices and technologies that address runoff from both irrigation and precipitation events. Water use and cost data suggested that the implementation of recycling systems may be more beneficial and cost-efficient for larger facilities.
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Juby, Graham J. G., G. Adam Zacheis i Perry R. Louck. "Nutrient Rich Recycled Water For Sustainable Agricultural Use". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, nr 7 (1.01.2009): 7853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793900212.
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Heinrich, Aaron, Richard Smith i Michael Cahn. "Nutrient and Water Use of Fresh Market Spinach". HortTechnology 23, nr 3 (czerwiec 2013): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.3.325.
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In recent years, vegetable growers on the central coast of California have come under increasing regulatory pressure to improve nutrient management and reduce nitrate losses to ground and surface waters. To achieve this goal, growers must understand the nutrient uptake and water use characteristics of their crops. For fresh market spinach (Spinacia oleracea), production methods and cultivars have greatly changed in the last 10–15 years, and as a result, few publications are available on nutrient uptake by modern spinach production methods. This study evaluated nutrient uptake and water use by spinach to provide strategies to better manage nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation applications. In 2011, four fertilizer trials and a survey of 11 commercial fields of spinach grown on high-density plantings on 80-inch beds were conducted on the central coast of California. During the first 2 weeks of the crop cycle, N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake was 7.0, 0.6, and 7.2 lb/acre, respectively. In the subsequent 2–3 weeks before harvest the N, P, and K uptake rate was linear and was 4.3, 0.6, and 7.8 lb/acre per day, respectively. N uptake at harvest for the three commercial size categories baby, teenage, and bunch was 74, 91, and 120 lb/acre N, respectively. Of the N in aboveground biomass at harvest, 41% was left in the field following mechanical or hand harvest. Growers at 14 of 15 study sites applied on average 111% more N than was taken up in aboveground biomass at harvest. Results from four fertility trials showed that first crops of the season had low initial soil nitrate concentrations (≤10 ppm), and an at-planting fertilizer application was necessary for maximum yields. For fields following a previous crop (second- or third-cropped) with initial soil nitrate concentrations >20 ppm, at-planting and midseason fertilizer applications could be greatly reduced or eliminated without jeopardizing yield. Rooting depth and density evaluations at four sites showed that 95% of roots were located in the top 16 inches of soil at harvest. To mitigate environmentally negative N losses, the N use efficiency (NUE) can be increased by the use of soil testing done at two critical time points: at-planting and before the first midseason fertilizer application.
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Carr, Geneviève M., Patricia A. Chambers i Antoine Morin. "Periphyton, water quality, and land use at multiple spatial scales in Alberta rivers". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, nr 6 (1.06.2005): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-044.
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The ability of land use to replace water quality variables in predictive models of periphyton chlorophyll a was tested with a 21-year data set for Alberta rivers. Nutrients (total dissolved P and NO2 + NO3) explained 23%24% of the variability in seasonal chlorophyll a, whereas land use (human population density) explained 25%28% of the variability. The best models included the combination of total dissolved P and population density, explaining 32%34% of periphyton chlorophyll a variability. However, analysis of variance of chlorophyll a by ecoregions and ecozones explained about as much variability (28%30%), and the inclusion of an ecoregion term into the regression models showed a diminished importance of land use as a predictor of chlorophyll a, with best models based on the combination of nutrients and ecoregion and explaining up to 43%44% of periphyton chlorophyll a variability. Within ecoregions, land use was sometimes a good surrogate for nutrient data in predicting chlorophyll a concentrations. Overall, land use is a suitable surrogate for nutrients in regression models for chlorophyll a, but its inclusion in general models may reflect regional differences in nutrientchlorophyll relationships rather than true land use effects on chlorophyll a.
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RAJPAL MEENA, R i C. GAUTAM. "Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity, nutrient uptake and moisture-use functions of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucurn)". Indian Journal of Agronomy 50, nr 4 (10.10.2001): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v50i4.5134.
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A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during the rainy seasons of 2000 and 2001 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on productivity and nutri- ent uptake of pearlmillet [Penniseturn glaucurn (L.) R.Br. emend. Stuntz.] under rainfed conditions. Inoculation of seed with Azospirillum + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) with 20 and 15 kg N and P20, resulted in signifi- cantly higher yield attributes, seed yield and NPK uptake. Further, application of 20 kg N + 15 kg P20$ha + Azospirillurn + PSB resulted in higher consumptive use of water (mm), water-use efficiency (kglha-mm) and daily rate of water use (mmlday) over other INM treatments. The seed yield and nutrient uptake increased with organic manuring in association with summer ploughing before sowing the crop. The consumptive use of water, water- use efficiency and daily rate of water use and yield attributes of pearlmillet, yield and N, P and K uptake signifi- cantly increased with different organic manures and summer ploughing before sowing of crop. The FYM @ 10 tonneslha with summer ploughi ,g before sowing of the crop registered the highest values for the above param- eters compared to other organic sources of nutrients and summer ploughing.
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Noordwijk, M. van, i P. de Willigen. "Agricultural concepts of roots: from morphogenetic to functional equilibrium between root and shoot growth." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, nr 4 (1.11.1987): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i4.16707.
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Over the past century, emphasis has changed towards water and nutrient uptake by root system ('functional equilibrium') from relations between root and shoot growth, ('morphogenetic equilibrium'). Separate optima for root growth and shoot growth can often be distinguished. Relatively small root systems can suffice for maximum crop production, provided the supply of water and nutrients is plentiful. Deep tillage or water-table lowering, intended to increase rooting depth, can be counterproductive for plant growth. Larger root systems may, however, withstand rapidly changing environmental conditions better, and may increase nutrient use efficiency or reduce nutrient loss. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Granstedt, Artur. "The potential for Swedish farms to eliminate the use of artificial fertilizers". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 6, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004070.
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AbstractThis paper discusses data on plant-nutrient conservation in Sweden between 1950 and 1980 and on plant-nutrient balances in conventional and alternative farming. The amounts of plant nutrients supplied in the form of artificial fertilizer in Sweden increased severalfold between 1950 and 1980. The amounts of N and P applied were four times higher than those recovered in agricultural products. This difference not only represents a loss to farmers but also a burden on the environment. This problem is a consequence of the increased separation of crop management from animal husbandry in Sweden. The flow of plant nutrients through the agroecosystem can be represented as follows: Artificial Fertilizers- > Crop Production-> Animal Husbandry- > Losses (air, water, or immobilization).This paper suggests that all farms in Sweden can operate effectively without relying on applications of highly soluble plant nutrients. By recirculating plant nutrients in manure and cultivating nitrogen-fixing species, the need for artificial fertilizers can be eliminated while minimizing nutrient losses and their associated adverse effects on the environment. Successful alternative farms provide practical examples of how a farming system can eliminate its dependence on applications of highly soluble plant nutrients by stressing effective nutrient economy and biological activity. The strategies they use include: matching animal management practices to the farm's own production of feed, thereby reducing net removal of plant nutrients per unit area (in Sweden 0.6–0.8 animal units per ha); minimizing nutrient losses through careful manure management and by using cover crops; and supplying N by nitrogen-fixing ley species, and P and K by soil weathering and by applying supplementary soil improvement materials.
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Radita Febrianti, Ridwan Siskandar i Dwi Yulinar Chairunisa. "Quality Otomation System and monitoring of Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis L.) in Hydroponic Greenhouses based on Fuzzy Logic using Arduino Uno". Agrifarm: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 12, nr 1 (20.07.2023): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v12i1.2221.
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Hydroponic greenhouses is a form of maintenance optimal plants with minimal water use. However, growing plants in this environment requires careful monitoring and control of various parameters such as pH and nutrient availability. In this study we used NFT Hydroponics (Nutrient Film Technique) a soilless plant cultivation technique that uses nutrient solutions flowing in shallow channels under plant roots. This method allows efficient and optimal plant growth with less use of water and nutrients compared to conventional cultivation.
The pakcoy quality monitoring system in this hydroponic greenhouse is made using an Arduino Uno microcontroller equipped with a dfrobot pH sensor and a dfrobot tds sensor to monitor the quality of the bok choy plants automatically. We get the data by the tool will be processed using fuzzy logic to control the pH quality of the water and the nutrients of the bok choy plants to maximize the efficiency and production of the bok choy plants. The results showed that using this technology can monitor and control the water quality and environment for bok choy growth efficiently and accurately.
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Suratman, S., i Y. Y. Hee. "Distribution of Nutrients in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia". Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, nr 11 (28.09.2019): 2466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22133.
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This study aims to assess the influences of land use on nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin (southern South China Sea), in addition to the effects of monsoon seasons on nutrient concentrations. The dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients in this river were demonstrated to be related to land use during the study period. The middle and lower reaches of the river, which are surrounded by urban areas with high population densities, have enhanced levels of both dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients. Increased rainfall decreased most of the nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin, probably due to the dilution effect. According to The Malaysia National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) classification, the mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, nitrite and nitrate in Kelantan river basin fell into Class 1, which is considered at natural levels in the water column.
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R.P. YADAV, M.L. TRIPATHI i S.K. TRIVEDI. "Effect of irrigation and nutrients levels on productivity and profitability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)". Indian Journal of Agronomy 54, nr 3 (10.10.2001): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i3.4799.
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A field trial was conducted for 3 consecutive spring season from 2005-06 to 2007-08 on sandy loam soil to study the effect of irrigation and nutrients on productivity, profitability and water use efficiency of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) at Morena, Madhya Pradesh. Irrigation applied at 8 days interval significantly improved the plant height, leave/plant, head diameter, weight/head, seed weight/head, 1,000-seed weight, nutrient use (12.83 kg seed/kg nutrients), production efficiency (21.81 kg/ha/day), seed yield (1.86 t/ha), stalk yield (6.57 t/ha), N, P and K uptake, net profit (Rs 12,885/ha) and B:C ratio (1.85) and recorded 24.21% and 58.19% higher seed yield of sunflower over 12 and 16 days irrigation interval. However, maximum water use efficiency (65.45 kg/ha- cm) was obtained with 16 days irrigation interval. Similarly the nutrient treatment of 125% recommended dose of fertilizer, RDF (75-40-41.5 kg N-P-K/ha) recorded significantly higher water use efficiency, production efficiency, seed yield (1.76 t/ha), stalk yield (6.56 t/ha), N, P and K uptake, net income (Rs 11,784/ha) and B:C ratio (1.80) over other nutrient levels.
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Gent, Martin P. N. "Density and Duration of Shade Affect Water and Nutrient Use in Greenhouse Tomato". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.4.619.
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Shading a greenhouse may have a time-dependent effect on fruit production and water and nutrient uptake in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as a result of acclimation to light and a dependence on stored carbohydrate and nutrients. In 2 years in the northeastern United States, shadecloth was applied at the start of warm weather in June and the houses were shaded until late August. Simultaneous comparisons were made among greenhouse sections that were either not shaded or covered with reflective aluminized shadecloth that blocked 0.15, 0.30, or 0.50 of direct sunlight. The amounts of water, nitrogen, and potassium taken up per day were calculated for successive 3-week intervals after shade was applied. The effect of shade on these uptake rates was compared with the effect on the rate of fruit production. There was a linear decline in water, nitrogen, and potassium uptake with increasing shade density. In each 3-week interval, water uptake under 0.5 shade density was 25% and 20% less than under no shade in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The uptake of nitrogen and potassium uptake under 0.5 shade density was ≈25% less than that under no shade. Shading did not affect the rate of fruit production within 3 weeks of application, but after more than 6 weeks, it was 30% less under 0.5 shade density than under no shade. The use efficiencies of radiation, water, and nutrients for fruit production increased with shade density immediately after shade were applied. These effects of shade on apparent resource use efficiencies dissipated from 3 to 6 weeks after shade was applied, because the effect of shade density on fruit production became proportionally the same as the effects on water and nutrient uptake. The water and nutrient uptake of greenhouse tomato acclimated to the change in irradiance resulting from shade within 3 weeks, but the full effect of shade on fruit production was not seen until 6 weeks after the application of shade.
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Savvas, Dimitrios, Evangelos Giannothanasis, Theodora Ntanasi, Ioannis Karavidas i Georgia Ntatsi. "State of the Art and New Technologies to Recycle the Fertigation Effluents in Closed Soilless Cropping Systems Aiming to Maximise Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Greenhouse Crops". Agronomy 14, nr 1 (26.12.2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010061.
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Inappropriate fertilisation results in the pollution of groundwater with nitrates and phosphates, eutrophication in surface water, emission of greenhouse gasses, and unwanted N deposition in natural environments, thereby harming the whole ecosystem. In greenhouses, the cultivation in closed-loop soilless culture systems (CLSs) allows for the collection and recycling of the drainage solution, thus minimising contamination of water resources by nutrient emissions originating from the fertigation effluents. Recycling of the DS represents an ecologically sound technology as it can reduce water consumption by 20–35% and fertiliser use by 40–50% in greenhouse crops, while minimising or even eliminating losses of nutrients, thereby preventing environmental pollution by NO3− and P. The nutrient supply in CLSs is largely based on the anticipated ratio between the mass of a nutrient absorbed by the crop and the volume of water, expressed as mmol L−1, commonly referenced to as “uptake concentration” (UC). However, although the UCs exhibit stability over time under optimal climatic conditions, some deviations at different locations and different cropping stages can occur, leading to the accumulation or depletion of nutrients in the root zone. Although these may be small in the short term, they can reach harmful levels when summed up over longer periods, resulting in serious nutrient imbalances and crop damage. To prevent large nutrient imbalances in the root zone, the composition of the supplied nutrient solution must be frequently readjusted, taking into consideration the current nutrient status in the root zone of the crop. The standard practice to estimate the current nutrient status in the root zone is to regularly collect samples of drainage solution and determine the nutrient concentrations through chemical analyses. However, as results from a chemical laboratory are available several days after sample selection, there is currently intensive research activity aiming to develop ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for online measurement of the DS composition in real-time. Furthermore, innovative decision support systems (DSSs) fed with the analytical results transmitted either offline or online can substantially contribute to timely and appropriate readjustments of the nutrient supply using as feedback information the current nutrient status in the root zone. The purpose of the present paper is to review the currently applied technologies for nutrient and water recycling in CLSs, as well as the new trends based on ISEs and novel DSSs. Furthermore, a specialised DSS named NUTRISENSE, which can contribute to more efficient management of nutrient supply and salt accumulation in closed-loop soilless cultivations, is presented.
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Verma, SK, SB Singh, SK Prasad, RN Meena i RS Meena. "Influence of irrigation regimes and weed management practices on water use and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori and Paol.)". Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, nr 3 (13.10.2018): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i3.38551.
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A field experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam soil during winter season of 2012-13. The lowest weed dry weight and the highest nutrient content were recorded under 80 mm CPE. Significantly the highest grain and straw yield, total nutrients uptake, and the highest consumptive use of water (57.8 cm), rate of water use (4.52 mm/day), water use efficiency (87.3 kg/ha-cm) and soil profile moisture was extracted with irrigation at 40 mm CPE. Application of sulfosulfuron recorded significantly lowest weed biomass and the highest nutrient content and their uptake, grain and straw yield, and maximum consumptive use of water (51.5 cm), rate of water use (4.02 mm/day), water use efficiency (91.3 kg/ha-cm) and soil profile moisture extraction over metribuzin and it was at par with metsulfuron-methyl. Grain (6.57 kg/ha) and straw yield (12.3 kg/ha) will be reduced by an increased in unit dry matter production in weeds.
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Ptak, Mariusz, i Agnieszka E. Ławniczak. "Changes in land use in the buffer zone of lake of the Mała Wełna catchment". Limnological Review 12, nr 1 (1.03.2012): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0043-z.
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Abstract One of the most important elements in the protection of water quality is buffer zones. In order to protect water quality, appropriate management of these areas is necessary. In the paper, changes in the land use in the buffer zone of 200 m width around lakes in the Mała Wełna catchment over 20 years were analysed. For the study eight lakes larger than 50 ha were chosen. Changes in the land use within the buffer zone were studied from 1980 to 2000, based on topographic maps in the scale 1:10 000. Results show both positive and negative aspects of land changes. An increase in forested areas and grasslands through tilled land were positive aspects of these changes. On the other hand, the enhancement of suburban development in these zones caused increased probability of water pollution from these areas. Calculations of potential nutrient loading from different types of land use in these zones indicated an enhancement of nutrient sources in the lakes within the 20-year study period. However, these changes are not significant in comparison to the nutrient loads contributed by the tributaries. Our study indicated that in the case of flow lakes, more important is an improvement in water quality in the tributaries and a reduction in nutrient sources in the catchment with the purpose of reducing the input of nutrients into the lake. Management of the buffer zone is one of the issues which have to be taken into consideration in lake protection after elimination of the major water pollutant sources.
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Ievinsh, Gederts, Una Andersone-Ozola i Alise Sieriņa. "Development and Physiological Performance of Hydroponically-Grown Ornamental Indoor Plants in Relation to their Potential Use in Botanical Biofilters: Effect of Mineral Nutrient Availability". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 76, nr 2 (1.04.2022): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0041.
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Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of mineral nutrient availability on development and physiological performance of several common indoor ornamental plant species (Anthurium sp., Chlorophytum comosum, Epipremnum aureum, Plectranthus fruticosus, Spathiphyllum sp., and Tradescantia pallida) cultivated in hydroponics with potential use in active botanical biofilter systems. Plants were grown in expanded clay granules at four levels of mineral nutrient availability provided by two types of commercial mineral fertiliser. The growth stimulative effect of increased mineral nutrient availability depended on plant growth rate, with a lower effect on slower growing species. The need for nutrients increased in the order Anthurium < Spathiphyllum < Epipremnum < Chlorophytum < Tradescantia < Plectranthus. Tissue water content showed pronounced differences between various plant species as well as between plant organs. For several species, increase in mineral nutrient availability resulted in a significant increase in tissue water content. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that indoor plants can successfully adapt to low and moderate mineral fertiliser levels with balanced individual nutrient rates, without negative consequences to photochemistry of photosynthesis. Consequently, indoor plants can be cultivated at a relatively low concentration of mineral nutrients for optimum utilisation in active botanical biofilter systems.
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Singh, Mahakdeep, Amandeep Kaur i Mandeep Singh. "Impact of Land Configuration and Nutrients Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Oilseed Crops: A Review". ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION 29, suppl (2023): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i06s.007.
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Crops are sown using a variety of land configuration techniques, which have major benefits for the correct growth of oilseed crops as well as for the effective use of water and the management of soil erosion. Different land configurations like flat bed, line sowing, and broad bed furrow play an important part in reducing problems with plants and soil like spacing, water need, and nutrient retention. Land layout factors like slope and elevation may also have an impact. Nutrient concentrations like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are necessary for a plant to grow and develop. While insufficient nutrient levels might limit development and lower production, sufficient nutrient levels can increase crop yield and quality. Other than macro nutrients sulphur element is also one of the major nutrients for the better production of oilseed crops. The majority of crops typically flourish on marginal, poor soils with unbalanced nutrient applications. Nitrogen is one of many nutrients that is essential for all crops. One of the most crucial elements needed to increase agricultural yield and profitability in semi-arid climates is nitrogen management.
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Andualem, Alemu, Tamirat Wato, Abera Asfaw i Gutema Urgi. "Improving Primary Nutrients (NPK) Use Efficiency for the Sustainable Production and Productivity of Cereal Crops: A Compressive Review". Journal of Agriculture Sustainability and Environment 3, nr 1 (26.04.2024): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jase.v3i1.833.
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Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is the capacity of certain crops to use the available nutrients for growth, development, and productivity. Enhancing the efficiency of nutrient utilization by cereals is an admirable objective and a major problem for the fertilizer sector and agriculture as a whole. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critical concept in the evaluation of cereal production systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review methods for improving the efficiency of primary nutrient (NPK) use in cereals (Barley, Rice, wheat, Maize, Sorghum, and Sugarcane) for sustainable production and productivity. Soil, plant water, and fertilizer management can have important impacts on the nutrient-use efficiency of cereals. Nutrient utilization aims to maximize the overall performance of cropping systems by providing the crop with the most inexpensive sustenance possible, while reducing nutrient losses from the field. The NUE takes care of some, but not all, of that performance. Thus, in addition to NUE, total productivity must is one of the aims of system enhancement. The question being posed and, frequently, the spatial or temporal scale of interest for which trustworthy data are available, dictate the most appropriate approach to NUE. For N, P, and K, the partial nutrient balance (the ratio of nutrients removed by crop harvest to fertilizer. Although opinions differ, agronomic nutrient use efficiency is the foundation for both economic and environmental efficiency. Economic and environmental efficiencies arise from increased agricultural efficiency. Therefore, different researchers have investigated ways to improve the nutrient use efficiency of cereals by using mechanisms including optimizing nutrient usage, nano-fertilizer usage, breeding for nutrient use efficiency, and precision farming.
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Berry, Wade L., Raymond M. Wheeler i Cheryl Mackowiak. "CHANGES IN WATER AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY DURING WHEAT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT." HortScience 28, nr 5 (maj 1993): 466f—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.466f.
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Wheat (cv. Yecora Rojo) plants were grown in a closed chamber as part of NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Plants were grown using a recirculating hydroponics with EC controlled at 0.12 S m-1 by automatic additions of a nutrient concentrate, and pH was controlled at 5.8 units with automatic additions of nitric acid. Daily CO2 exchange, water uptake, and nutrient uptake were monitored for the entire 20 m2 canopy throughout growth. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) relative to water and CO2 uptake were determined, where NUE-W was defined as the amount of water taken up per unit of nutrient and NUE-C as the amount of carbon fixed per unit of nutrient. Water uptake remained relatively constant after canopy closure (25 DAP), where CO2 uptake peaked during rapid vegetative growth and then declined gradually with age and gain fill. Nutrient uptake also peaked during vegetative growth but declined sharply after anthesis. Water use efficiency (WUE) was high early in growth and then declined with age due to the decrease in CO2 exchange over time. In contrast NUE-C and NUE-W were low during vegetative growth and the increased nearly 10-fold during grain fill.
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Huang, Kang-Xiang, Zi-Jing Xue, Jian-Cheng Wu, Hong Wang, Hui-Qian Zhou, Ze-Bing Xiao, Wei Zhou i in. "Water Use Efficiency of Five Tree Species and Its Relationships with Leaf Nutrients in a Subtropical Broad-Leaf Evergreen Forest of Southern China". Forests 14, nr 12 (23.11.2023): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14122298.
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Water use efficiency (WUE) is key to linking the water, carbon, and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the coupling between WUE and leaf nutrients is still poorly understood in subtropical forests. Here, the stable carbon isotope technique was employed to estimate the leaf-scale WUE of five common tree species (Castanopsis eyrei, Symplocos laurina, Machilus grijsii, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, and Rhododendron ovatum) in different habitat types (i.e., hillside, near the top of the peak, and peak) in a subtropical broad-leaf evergreen forest on the western slope of Wuyi Mountain, southern China. In addition, leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents were also measured to assess plant nutrient utilization and its relationship with WUE. From the hillside to the peak, soil water content showed a decreasing trend, whereas the soil total C, N, and P contents showed an increasing trend. Regardless of species, the leaf δ13Cp value and WUE showed an increasing trend from the hillside to the peak, mainly due to an increase in soil water deficit and light. The leaf N and P contents showed an increasing trend from hillside to peak due to an increase in soil nutrients, while the leaf C: N ratio, C:P ratio, and N:P ratio showed a decreasing trend. The regression analysis showed that leaf-scale WUE was positively correlated with the leaf N and P contents but negatively correlated with the leaf N:P ratio, especially for the three species (C. eyrei, S. laurina, and T. gymnanthera). These results indicated that the differences in soil water availability, light, and soil development resulting from different habitats have a significant impact on leaf-scale WUE and nutrient status on Wuyi Mountain. Therefore, there may be a close relationship between WUE and leaf nutrients, which would help us to better understand the water-, carbon-, and nutrient-coupled relationships for the evergreen broad-leaved tree species in this region.
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King, K. W., i J. C. Balogh. "Stream water nutrient enrichment in a mixed-use watershed". Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13, nr 3 (2011): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0em00584c.
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Hochmuth, Robert C., i George J. Hochmuth. "Use of Plastic in Greenhouse Vegetable Production in the United States". HortTechnology 3, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.20.
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The evolution of plastic uses (excluding glazing) in the production of greenhouse vegetables is presented. Plastics are used in almost every aspect of crop production, including providing a barrier to the soil, lining crop production troughs, holding soil and soilless media, and providing a nutrient film channel. Irrigation systems have become very elaborate, with various plastic products used to transport water and nutrients and to provide a means of emitting nutrient solution to the crop. The greenhouse environment is managed from several plastic components, including air distribution tubes, shade materials, and energy curtains. Plastics are now common in greenhouse vegetable crop training, insect monitoring, postharvest handling, storage, and marketing.
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Ozores-Hampton, Monica. "Guidelines for Assessing Compost Quality for Safe and Effective Utilization in Vegetable Production". HortTechnology 27, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03349-16.
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Compost is primarily a soil-amending product that may improve soil quality and the productivity of organic and conventional vegetable crops. Growers can use compost as a soil conditioner or as nutrient source to supplement the fertility program in vegetable production. Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium may be low. To lower the environmental impact of high compost application rates and protect water supplies from excessive nutrient runoff or leaching, or an excessive soil nutrient buildup, compost should be applied to match the nutrient needs of a crop. Compost quality use guidelines for assessing compost quality for use in vegetable production are limited. The objective of this paper is to present guidelines for determining compost quality for use in organic or conventional vegetable production.
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Slade, A. H., R. J. Ellis, M. van den Heuvel i T. R. Stuthridge. "Nutrient minimisation in the pulp and paper industry: an overview". Water Science and Technology 50, nr 3 (1.08.2004): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0175.
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This paper reviews nutrient issues within the pulp and paper industry summarising: nitrogen and phosphorus cycles within treatment systems; sources of nutrients within pulping and papermaking processes; minimising nutrient discharge; new approaches to nutrient minimisation; and the impact of nutrients in the environment. Pulp and paper industry wastewaters generally contain insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus to satisfy bacterial growth requirements. Nutrient limitation has been linked to operational problems such as sludge bulking and poor solids separation. Nutrients have been added in conventional wastewater treatment processes to ensure optimum treatment performance. Minimising the discharge of total nitrogen and phosphorus from a nutrient limited wastewater requires both optimised nutrient supplementation and effective removal of suspended solids from the treated wastewater. In an efficiently operated wastewater treatment system, the majority of the discharged nutrients are contained within the biomass. Effective solids separation then becomes the controlling step, and optimisation of secondary clarification is crucial. Conventional practice is being challenged by the regulatory requirement to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus discharge. Two recent developments in pulp and paper wastewater treatment technologies can produce discharges low in nitrogen and phosphorus whilst operating under conventionally nutrient limited conditions: i) the nutrient limited BAS process (Biofilm-Activated Sludge) which combines biofilm and activated sludge technologies under nutrient limited conditions and ii) an activated sludge process based on the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Aerated stabilisation basins often operate without nutrient addition, relying on settled biomass in the benthal zone feeding back soluble nutrients, or the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Thus effective nutrient minimisation strategies require a more detailed understanding of nutrient cycling and utilisation. Where it is not possible to meet discharge constraints with biological treatment alone, a tertiary treatment step may be required. In setting nutrient control guidelines, consideration should be given to the nutrient limitations of the receiving environment, including other cumulative nutrient impacts on that environment. Whether an ecosystem is N or P limited should be integrated with wastewater treatment considerations in the further design and development of treatment technology and regulatory guidelines. End-of-pipe legislation alone cannot predict environmental effects related to nutrients and must be supplemented by an effects-based approach.
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Dasila, Binny, Veer Singh, HS Kushwaha, Ajaya Srivastava i Shri Ram. "Water use efficiency and yield of cowpea and nutrient loss in lysimeter experiment under varying water table depth, irrigation schedules and irrigation method". SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, nr 2 (23.01.2017): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31244.
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Lysimeter experiment was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during summer season 2013 to study the effect of irrigation schedules and methods on yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of cowpea as well as nutrient loss from silty clay loam soil under fluctuating water table conditions. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design having three irrigation schedules at IW/CPE ratio of 0.3. 0.2 and 0.15 with two irrigation methods (flood and sprinkler) and at 30±1.5, 60±1.5 and 90±1.5 cm water tables replicated thrice. Maximum root length (129.4 cm) and root length density (0.395 cm/cm3) were obtained when irrigation was scheduled at IW: CPE 0.3 associated with 30±1.5 cm water table depth using sprinkler method. Increase in water table depth and IW: CPE ratio decreased water use efficiency where IW: CPE 0.3 produced highest grain yield (1411.6 kg ha-1) with the WUE of 1.15 kg ha mm-1. Significant nutrients uptake response was observed owing to variation in water table depth, irrigation schedules and methods. Analysis of lysimeter leached water showed that with deep drainage and more IW:CPE, leaching losses of N,P and K were more however water applied through sprinkler saved 20.1, 53.7 and 24.4% N, P and K, respectively, over flooded method. Irrigation given at IW: CPE 0.3 through sprinkler form at 60±1.5 cm water table depth favours the higher grain yield and nutrient uptake by crop whereas flooded irrigation with deep water table condition accelerated nutrient leaching.SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 46-55 (2016)
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Freitas, Emanuel D., Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Aiala V. Amorim, Jorge F. da S. Ferreira, Carlos A. G. Costa, Alexsandro O. da Silva i Hans R. Gheyi. "Leaching fraction impacts water use efficiency and nutrient losses in maize crop under salt stress". Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, nr 11 (listopad 2022): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n11p797-806.
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ABSTRACT Although leaching fraction (LF) is used to remove salts from the root zone under conditions of salinity, if miscalculated, it can decrease water use efficiency and lead to major losses of essential nutrients. This study evaluated the water use efficiency, leaf nutrient concentrations in maize plants, and nutrient losses as a function of two ways of determining the LF in maize crop grown in soil columns under salt stress. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in split plots, with seven replicates. The plots were formed by two methods of determination of LF, and the subplots by four electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 dS m-1). The leaching fractions were established according to 1) the formula proposed by Rhoades (RHO) and 2) by applying a LF of 0.15 calculated according to the soil water balance (SWB). The leaf concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg were higher in plants under SWB than under RHO method. The leaf concentrations of N, P, and K decreased with increased salinity, regardless of the LF. Adding a LF of 0.15 according to SWB resulted in decreased losses of nutrients and higher physical water productivity, as compared to the RHO. Thus, a more precise determination of the LF is needed to increase economic returns for maize cultivation in semi-arid regions when using brackish water for irrigation.
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Aslanidou, Maria, Angeliki Elvanidi, Anastasia Mourantian, Efi Levizou, Eleni Mente i Nikolaos Katsoulas. "Nutrients Use Efficiency in Coupled and Decoupled Aquaponic Systems". Horticulturae 9, nr 10 (26.09.2023): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101077.
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Aquaponics is currently undergoing a transformation into an intensive food production system. The initially applied systems focused on small-scale, fish-centric coupled (CAP, the aquaculture, and the hydroponic units are arranged in a single loop, and the water flows continuously from the fish tanks to the plant unit and back) aquaponics. More recently, the primary area of research interest has shifted toward larger-scale, plant-centric decoupled (aquaculture and hydroponics units are arranged in a multi-loop setup as separate functional units that can be controlled independently) systems, aiming to achieve greater economic benefits and employ more environmentally friendly practices. The objective of this study was to address gaps in the expansion of decoupled larger-scale aquaponics and to provide a comprehensive understanding of the water and nutrient flow in the system. For this purpose, experiments were performed in a greenhouse on CAP and DCAP systems, while this study also included measurements in a pure hydroponic system (HP). This study presents an assessment of the water and nutrient flow in four different crops: basil; cucumber; parsley; and tomato, all co-cultivated with a tilapia aquaculture system. Significant nutrient deficiencies and imbalances were identified in the CAP solution, leading to pronounced impacts on nutrient assimilation, particularly for fruiting vegetables. However, the average nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and calcium was found to be 42% higher in the CAP treatment compared to HP and DCAP treatments. The nutrient solution in the DCAP treatment did not exhibit differences in water quality parameters and nutrient efficiency when compared to HP, resulting in similar effects on nutrient assimilation. Nonetheless, it was observed that DCAP plants exhibited superior NUE compared to HP plants.
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García-Caparrós, Pedro, Alfonso Llanderal i María Teresa Lao. "Water and Nutrient Uptake Efficiency in Containerized Production of Fern Leaf Lavender Irrigated with Saline Water". HortTechnology 26, nr 6 (grudzień 2016): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03428-16.
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The scarcity of water in the Mediterranean area has frequently led to the use of saline water for irrigation. Container grown ornamental production has relatively high rates of water and nutrient loss from fertigation. A better understanding of water and nutrient use efficiency with water that has elevated levels of saline could reduce runoff water and its environmental impact. Fern leaf lavender (Lavandula multifida) plants were grown for 8 weeks in plastic containers with a sphagnum peatmoss and perlite substrate (80:20 by volume) to evaluate the effect of saline water [2.0 (T1 or control), 4.5 (T2), or 7.5 (T3) dS·m−1] on water and nutrient uptake efficiency. Leachate was collected to determine runoff volume and composition which included nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N), phosphate-phosphorus (PO42−-P), and potassium (K+) concentration. Plant dry weight (DW) and nutrient content were determined in plants at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to establish the nutrient balance. Increasing salinity levels of irrigation water did not significantly reduce either the plant DW or the water use efficiency (WUE). Based on nutrient balance, the increasing salinity (2.0 to 7.5 dS·m−1) affected the plant nutrient uptake efficiency, which decreased 28% for N, increased 26% for P from the lowest to highest sodium chloride levels; whereas K did not show a clear trend. Nutrient runoff increased (28% N, 9% P, and 27% K) to the environment from the lowest to highest sodium chloride levels.
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Szatten, Dawid, Michał Habel i Zygmunt Babiński. "Influence of Hydrologic Alteration on Sediment, Dissolved Load and Nutrient Downstream Transfer Continuity in a River: Example Lower Brda River Cascade Dams (Poland)". Resources 10, nr 7 (1.07.2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10070070.
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Hydrologic alternation of river systems is an essential factor of human activity. Cascade-dammed waters are characterized by the disturbed outflow of material from the catchment. Changes in sediment, dissolved load and nutrient balance are among the base indicators of water resource monitoring. This research was based on the use of hydrological and water quality data (1984–2017) and the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) method to determine the influence of river regime changes on downstream transfer continuity of sediments and nutrients in the example of the Lower Brda river cascade dams (Poland). Two types of regimes were used: hydropeaking (1984–2000) and run–of–river (2001–2017). Using the IHA method and water quality data, a qualitative and quantitative relationship were demonstrated between changes of regime operation and sediment and nutrient balance. The use of sites above and below the cascade made it possible to determine sediment, dissolved load, and nutrient trapping and removing processes. Studies have shown that changes in operation regime influenced the supply chain and continuity of sediment and nutrient transport in cascade-dammed rivers. The conducted research showed that sustainable management of sediment and nutrient in the alternated catchment helps achieve good ecological status of the water.
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Kumar, Deepak, Anna-Sophie Hager, Alberto Sun, Winok Debyser, Bruno Javier Guagliano i Vijay Singh. "Improving Fermentation Rate during Use of Corn Grits in Beverage Alcohol Production". Beverages 5, nr 1 (11.01.2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5010005.
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Corn grits are commonly used adjuncts in the brewing industry in the United States, especially for lager beers. The major challenge of using a high amount of adjuncts in the brewing process is reduced levels of nutrients available to yeast during fermentation, which negatively affects the growth and functioning of yeast, and results in sluggish fermentation. The problem is usually addressed by adding external nutrition. The objective of this work was to assess the suitability of corn components other than brewer’s grits to improve the fermentation rates. Water obtained after soaking of corn germ, a vital source of lipids and soluble proteins, was investigated as a source of nutrient during brewing of 40:60 (w/w) corn grits and malt mixture. Performance of water-soluble nutrients from germ of two corn verities, yellow dent corn and flint corn, was investigated. Germ soak water was added during corn grits slurry formation before mashing. The addition of germ water increased the free amino nitrogen levels by 37% and Zn concentrations by 3.6 times in the wort, which resulted in up to a 28% higher fermentation rate (between 48 to 72 h of fermentation) and shortened the fermentation time from 120 to 96 h. The use of water obtained from the soaking of flint corn germ resulted in a similar shortening of fermentation time. In another approach, nutrient-rich concentrated germ soak water was directly added into the wort, which also resulted in similar improvements in the fermentation rate as those from adding germ soak water during slurry formation. Due to leaching of micronutrients and soluble proteins, the oil concentrations in the germ increased by more than 30%, enhancing its economic value.
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Lira, Raquele M., Ênio FF Silva, Gerônimo F. Silva, Hammady R. Soares i Lilia G. Willadino. "Growth, water consumption and mineral composition of watercress under hydroponic system with brackish water". Horticultura Brasileira 36, nr 1 (marzec 2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180103.
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ABSTRACT The underground water reserves in the semi-arid region present high salinity levels. However, the scarcity of the resource compels the use of this water for several human activities, including agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of brackish water for watercress cultivation (Nasturtium officinale) in a hydroponic NFT system (laminar flow of nutrients) and effects on water consumption, growth, yield and nutrient extraction by the plant. We studied six levels of salinity (0.2; 1.2; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1), in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. Salinity was obtained by the addition of NaCl into the local water supply, being these waters used to prepare the nutrient solution and to replace the evapotranspirated water volume. We noticed a reduction in leaf area, fresh and dry mass of shoot, K content in plant and water consumption of the crop and, increased contents of P, Na, Cl in the plants, with increasing salinity of the solution. The use of brackish water for watercress cultivation in hydroponics is possible as an alternative for producers who have availability of brackish water and restricted possibility of fresh water. A reduction in dry mass of plants was observed with increasing electrical conductivity.
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Ispolnov, Kirill, Tomás M. R. Luz, Luis M. I. Aires i Judite S. Vieira. "Progress on the Use of Hydroponics to Remediate Hog Farm Wastewater after Vermifiltration Treatment". Water 16, nr 11 (25.05.2024): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16111524.
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Hog farm wastewater may require novel biological treatment techniques to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Previous studies combining vermifiltration with downstream hydroponics showed the need for a balanced wastewater nutrient content, particularly the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio. Here, a deep-water culture hydroponic system, growing lettuce as model culture, was used to remediate hog farm wastewater after an initial vermifiltration stage, aiming to produce an effluent suitable for irrigation. Supplemented vermifiltered wastewater (SVW) with added nutrients was tested against unsupplemented vermifiltered wastewater (VW) over 35 days, using a synthetic nutrient solution (NS) as a control. Supplementation was shown to improve lettuce growth, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency. Nutrient analysis over time showed a better-balanced phosphorus and nitrogen removal in SVW than in VW; in all treatments nitrogen and phosphorus content was reduced to legally acceptable levels for treated wastewater reuse in irrigation: nitrate 5 mgN L−1 in VW and undetectable in SVW and NS; ammonia undetectable in all treatments; and total phosphorus 2.4 mg L−1 in SVW, 0.9 mg L−1 in NS and undetectable in VW. Coliforms increased in VW and SVW during hydroponic treatment, which should be solved by disinfection. Overall, combining vermifiltration with downstream hydroponic culture proved to be a promising treatment to remediate nutrients in hog farm effluent to make it suitable to be reused for irrigation.