Artykuły w czasopismach: „Wastewater treatment Irrigation”

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GURJAR, D. S., R. KAUR i K. P. SINGH. "Irrigation requirement, water use efficiency and bulb productivity of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, nr 12 (11.12.2018): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i12.85442.

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A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of wastewater irrigation on bulb productivity and water use efficiency in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes at Water Technology Centre (WTC) farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during three consecutive years (2013-16). The experiment comprised varied wastewater irrigation schedules [at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 irrigation depth (ID)/cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios], conjunctive use of ground and municipal wastewaters (at ID/CPE of 1.0) and only groundwater irrigations (at ID/CPE of 1.0) were laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that maximum irrigations (32 nos.) were applied in the plots where wastewater irrigations applied at 1.4 ID/CPE, whereas minimum irrigations (14 nos.) were applied in the treatment of wastewater irrigations at 0.6 ID/CPE. Irrigation requirement of tuberose was appreciable which increased from 700 mm to 1600mm with increasing ID/CPE. The data on bulb parameters such as number of bulblets (bulbs having diameter less than 20 mm), number of bulbs (bulbs having diameter more than 20 mm), bulb diameter, bulb length, weight of bulblets, weight of bulbs, and total bulb yield/plant were significantly not altered under application of wastewater irrigation at different ID/CPE, whereas appreciably higher values were observed in the treatment where wastewater irrigations were applied at 1.2 ID/CPE.

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Kundu, PK, TK Acharjee i MA Mojid. "Growth and Yield of Wheat under Irrigation by Sugar Mills Wastewater". Progressive Agriculture 24, nr 1-2 (17.06.2014): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19174.

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The possibility of using sugar mills wastewater/effluent in irrigation was evaluated by investigating the effects of wastewater on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Prodip). The experiment was conducted at North Bengal Sugar Mill site in Natore during December 2011 to March 2012. Three irrigation treatments (I1: irrigation with fresh/tubewell water, I2: irrigation with a mixture of fresh and wastewater at 1:1 ratio and I3: irrigation with wastewater) under a main factor and three fertilizer treatments (F0: no application of fertilizer, F1: half dose fertilizer and F2: full dose fertilizer) under a sub factor were evaluated. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications of the treatments. Wheat was grown with three irrigations totaling 14 cm applied at 4, 26 and 43 days after sowing (DAS). Important growth and yield data of the crop were recorded. The highest grain yield of 1.829 t/ha was obtained under mixed water irrigation and the lowest grain yield of 1.469 t/ha was obtained under wastewater irrigation. The three irrigation treatments, however, provided statistically similar (p = 0.05) grain yield. For the interaction between irrigation and fertilizers, mixed water irrigation and full dose fertilizer application (I2F2) provided significantly higher grain yield (2.757 t/ha) than all other treatment combinations. The second highest yield, produced under freshwater irrigation and full dose fertilizer (I1F2), was statistically similar to the yield under wastewater irrigation and full dose fertilizer (I3F2). Results of this experiment thus exposed good prospects of irrigating wheat by sugar mills wastewater.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19174 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 211 - 218, 2013

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DANESHVAR, Mashallah, Farhad FATTAHI, Hamid R. RAHMANI, Seyed A. M. MODARRES SANAVY i Masoud SAMI. "Effect of municipal wastewater irrigation and well water on plant and soil characteristics". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, nr 2 (29.06.2020): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210767.

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In order to investigate the effect of treated wastewater on forage yield, nutrient elements and heavy metals in corn plants (Zea maize, 704 single cross), a field experiment was conducted in RCBD with three treatments in four replications in 2017. Irrigation with well water as first treatment, irrigation with wastewater as second treatment and irrigation with well water and wastewater was alternately applied as a third treatment. The results showed that the highest amount of forage corn yield, stalk and ear dry weight, plant height and leaf number and spade index were obtained in irrigation with wastewater. The highest nitrogen content of leaf and stalk and corn grain was obtained in irrigation with wastewater treatment and the least amount in irrigation with well water treatment was obtained. The amount of phosphorus and potassium measured in leaf and stalk of corn in all three treatments were not significantly different. Also, the highest amount of iron and zinc in leaf and stalk of corn was obtained in irrigation with wastewater treatment. The results showed that the amount of heavy metals including lead, cadmium and nickel in soils were not significantly different in all three treatments. According to the results, the use of urban wastewater not only does not cause soil and plant pollution to heavy elements, but also increases plant yield and nutrition.

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Tsadilas, C. D., i P. S. Vakalis. "Economic benefit from irrigation of cotton and corn with treated wastewater". Water Supply 3, nr 4 (1.08.2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0066.

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The effect of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on the agricultural income from cotton and corn crops was studied by a three-year field experiment (1995-1997), carried out within the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Larissa, central Greece. The experimental design for both crops was randomised complete blocks with five treatments (M- control-irrigation with fresh water, W-irrigation with wastewater and no mineral fertilization, MF- irrigation with fresh water and complete mineral fertilization, WSF- irrigation with wastewater and reduced mineral fertilization, WTF- irrigation with wastewater and complete mineral fertilization). Each treatment was replicated four times. The agricultural income was assessed using the yield of the crops and the economic data of the area. The results showed that in the case of corn, the treatment WTF gave the highest agricultural income. The treatments W and WSF gave higher agricultural income compared to the control but was not significantly different compared to the treatment MF. In the case of cotton, all the treatments included wastewater use, increased significantly the agricultural income in comparison to the control, but at similar level as the treatment MF did. From the data of this study, it is concluded that treated wastewater can be used for irrigation of corn and cotton, saving fresh water and mineral fertilizers and obtaining the same or better economic results.

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Aghajani Shahrivar, A., D. Hagare, B. Maheshwari i M. Muhitur Rahman. "The effect of irrigation using recycled waters obtained from MBR and IDAL wastewater treatment systems on soil pH and EC under kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) production". Water Supply 20, nr 4 (27.03.2020): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.049.

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Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation using three different types of waters, namely treated wastewater through membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, treated wastewater via intermittently decanted aerated lagoon (IDAL) process and tap water (TW) on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) under kikuyu grass production. No fertilizer was added during the study period (1 year). Irrigation waters and water and soil samples extracted from different soil depths were analysed in laboratory. Considerable changes occurred in soil characteristics over the study period under various treatments. Soil pH increased more than 1 unit under irrigation with treated wastewater produced by the IDAL system while soil irrigated with treated wastewater from the MBR treatment system showed little change and TW irrigated soil evidenced a slight decrease when compared to pH at the beginning of the study. There was also a remarkable increase recorded for EC1:5 of top soils irrigated with treated wastewaters compared to the initial EC of the soil. The results from this study highlighted the benefits of irrigation with treated wastewater from the MBR system due to its lower cost of treatment compared to the IDAL process while providing additional nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater for plant growth.

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Xie, Yi, Zhenchang Wang, Xiangping Guo, Sirikanya Lakthan, Sheng Chen, Zhiming Xiao i Yousef Alhaj Hamoud. "Effects of Different Irrigation Treatments on Aquaculture Purification and Soil Desalination of Paddy Fields". Water 11, nr 7 (11.07.2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071424.

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Aquaculture wastewater contains considerable quantities of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Irrigation of paddy rice with aquaculture wastewater can make full use of water and fertilizer, which has practical significance for alleviating water-use conflicts in the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province and promoting soil desalinization. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of water quality indexes of surface discharge in paddy fields, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses of discharge in paddy fields, growing indexes of plants, grain yield, as well as soil salinity affected by the different irrigation treatments. To achieve this objective, experiments were conducted from May to October in 2017. There were four treatment combinations: I1W1 (shallow–frequent irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), I2W1 (shallow–wet irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), I3W1 (flooding irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), and I1W2 (shallow–frequent irrigation and fresh water). The results revealed that there was no significant difference in grain yield among the three wastewater irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, the values of water quality indexes were optimal in I3W1; the total losses of TN and TP of the I3W1 treatment were the lowest over the three important growth stages; the desalinization rate of I3W1 was the largest due to its long hydraulic retention time and large irrigation depth. The overall results suggested that the I3W1 treatment was the optimal treatment.

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Cornel, P., i B. Weber. "Water reuse for irrigation from waste water treatment plants with seasonal varied operation modes". Water Science and Technology 50, nr 2 (1.07.2004): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0085.

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Irrigation periods are usually limited to vegetation periods. The quality requirements for treated wastewater for disposal and for reuse are different. The reuse of water for irrigation allows partly the reuse of the wastewater's nutrients (N and P). Outside the irrigation period the water must be treated for disposal, thus nutrient removal is often required in order to avoid detrimental effects on the receiving surface water body. Only wastewater treatment plants with different operation modes for different seasons can realise these requirements. The nitrification is the most sensitive biological process in the aerobic wastewater treatment process. At low water temperatures the nitrifying bacteria need several weeks to re-start full nitrification after periods without NH4-removal. Therefore it is necessary to develop options for waste water treatment plants which allow a fast re-start of the nitrification process. Based on theoretical considerations and computer simulations of the activated sludge treatment process, one possibility for implementing a wastewater treatment plant with different seasonal operation modes is evaluated.

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Hamoda, Mohamed F., i Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Improvement of effluent quality for reuse in a dairy farm". Water Science and Technology 33, nr 10-11 (1.05.1996): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0664.

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This study examined the chemical treatment of wastewaters from a dairy farm in order to improve effluent quality and evaluated the reuse of treated effluent in irrigation. An extensive sampling and analysis program was conducted over a period of one year to determine wastewater characteristics at the plant. It has been found that the wastewater COD, BOD, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus content are relatively high but daily variations in pollution loads are not considerably high. Waste treatment in primary settling tanks was found to be insufficient since the effluent quality cannot satisfy the requirements set by the municipal. Experimental results on chemical treatment using alum as a coagulant indicated that the wastewater pollutants could be effectively reduced in order to obtain a good effluent for reuse in irrigation. A wastewater treatment system has been proposed based on the results of the industrial waste survey, evaluation of the existing treatment, and analysis of the jar tests on chemical treatment. The proposed system can be implemented to produce a good quality effluent for beneficial reuse in irrigation of farm land.

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Mulidzi, A. R. "Winery wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands and the use of treated wastewater for cash crop production". Water Science and Technology 56, nr 2 (1.07.2007): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.478.

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A 45 m long, 4 m wide and 1 m deep wetland was constructed at Goudini in 2002 to treat distillery and winery effluent. After the plants were fully established, the wastewater with an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 14,000 mg/l was introduced to the wetland system at a rate of 4,050 litres per day. After treatment, wastewater at the outlet had an average COD of 500 mg/ l, indicating more than 90% COD removal. After treatment, the wastewater was used to irrigate cash crops as part of poverty alleviation for farm workers. The experiment consisted of four treatment: clean irrigation water with fertilizer applied (B1); clean irrigation water without fertilizer applied (B2); wastewater irrigation with fertilizer applied (B3); and wastewater irrigation without fertilizer applied (B4). These were replicated seven times. Cabbage was cultivated as a cash crop. The results indicated that cabbage could be irrigated with winery wastewater treated by wetlands. The study found that there was significant difference between treatments that were fertilized compared with those that were not fertilized. The results indicated that wastewater irrigation improved the nutritional status of the soil.

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Saab, Marie Therese Abi, Claude Daou, Isam Bashour, Antoun Maacaron, Salim Fahed, Dany Romanos, Yara Khairallah i in. "Treated municipal wastewater reuse for eggplant irrigation". August 2021, nr 15(08):2021 (1.08.2021): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.08.p2711.

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In the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, the availability of freshwater is limited and therefore farmers must start using alternative water sources such as treated wastewater for irrigating crops. The present study is of great importance, since it provides evidence of some on-farm options that farmers can adopt when irrigating with treated effluent, in order to minimize the health risks. Eggplant was grown under two water quality regimes (Freshwater (FW) and treated wastewater (TW)) and two agronomic practices (no mulch (N_Mu) and use of plastic mulch (Mu)). Treatments were arranged in a split plot design with four replicates. Water quality regime was the main plot factor, while agronomic practices were the subplot factors. Water quality, soil, the marketable yield and other parameters were measured. Fruit samples were evaluated for bacterial contamination. The drip line performance was monitored. The study results revealed that the treatment with treated effluent gave more fruits.m-2, yield and mean fruit weight than the treatment using fresh water irrigation, with an increase of 3.98%, 10.74% and 5.63%, respectively. In addition, the use of mulch (Mu) resulted in an increase in yield (24.23%) and number of fruits (14.11%). Concerning the emitters’ performance and sensitivity to clogging, discharge reduction rate (Rd = 6.75%) for drippers delivering TW was lower than the admissible value of 20% discharge variation, indicating that the quality of water has little effect on emitter performance. Concerning bacterial contamination of fruits, irrigation with treated wastewater showed no contamination in terms of fecal streptococci, salmonella or E. coli. However, the fruits were contaminated with fecal coliforms that were present at a concentration less than 200 CFU.100 g-1. Following the World Health Organization Guidelines, pathogens could be reduced through post treatment health-protection control measures such as drip irrigation, product washing, disinfection and produce peeling

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Kim, Minyoung, Hyejin Lee, Minkyeong Kim, Donghyeon Kang, Dongeok Kim, YoungJin Kim i Sangbong Lee. "Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages". Water Science and Technology 70, nr 12 (4.11.2014): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.430.

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Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.

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Yin, Chao, Xiao Hou Shao, Xiao Wei Zhang, Liang Ren, Ting Ting Chang, Wei Na Wang i Jing Nan Chen. "Effect of Wastewater Treated by EM Reused for Irrigation on Shallow Groundwater Quality". Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (wrzesień 2013): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.318.

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In allusion to environmental pollution brought about by wastewater irrigation, EM technology was introduced to study the feasibility of EM application in wastewater irrigation. The results show that EC, NO3--N and TN value of EM treatment in shallow groundwater are all less than those of WW treatment as a whole. In all samples, 59.3% NO3--N values are in the alert status, and when irrigation amount reaches 360mm, treatment WW has caused shallow groundwater pollution. TN concentration in treatment WW-3 on June 27 and July 9 is more than 110 mg/L. It suggests that NO3--N can easily penetrate into shallow groundwater with wastewater irrigation and there is insurance of groundwater pollution in the long-term wastewater irrigation. It also indicates that application of wastewater treated by EM reused for irrigation is feasible. TP values are all very low and suggest the pollution of P does not happen.

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Amblin, G. J. "Treatment of wastewater for irrigation in Mauritius". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 156, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2003.156.4.209.

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Amblin, G. J. "Treatment of wastewater for irrigation in Mauritius". Engineering Sustainability 156, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.156.4.209.36959.

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Hadjivassilis, I. "Dairy Wastewater Treatment and Reuse". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 1 (1.07.1991): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0013.

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Dairy wastewater (200 m3/d, 345 kg BOD5/d) is treated by activated sludge plant with an oxic selector, followed by a high- rate multilayer coagulation - filtration and disinfection. Treated water is reused for cooling and irrigation.

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Sousa, Gonçalo, David Fangueiro, Elizabeth Duarte i Ernesto Vasconcelos. "Reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for fertilization and irrigation". Water Science and Technology 64, nr 4 (1.08.2011): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.658.

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The objective of the present work was to assess the short term potential of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation. A field experiment was performed and the following treatments were considered: sewage sludge application + irrigation with public water; sewage sludge application + irrigation with treated wastewater; irrigation with public water; irrigation with treated wastewater (TW). Irrigation with treated wastewater showed a positive effect on lawn installation through higher growth of grass (1,667 cm) and higher dry matter yield (18,147 g m−2). These results represent a significant increase in the grass yield compared with public water irrigation. The grass height (2,606 cm) and dry matter yield (23,177 g m−2) increased even more, when sewage sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was applied to soil, which proves once more its benefits as an organic fertilizer. At the end of the experiment, an increase of some soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and NH4+) was observed, indicating that treated wastewater irrigation can cause a soil sodization. This short term study indicated that use of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation is an environmentally sustainable option for re-use of the WWTP by-products.

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Pal, Sumit, Neelam Patel, Anushree Malik i D. K. Singh. "Decentralised approach of wastewater treatment and impact assessment of treated and untreated wastewater irrigation on agriculture land and its produce". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, nr 9 (28.10.2020): 1729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i9.106618.

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A field experiment was conducted from October, 2015 – March, 2017 to investigate the effects of drip irrigation with wastewater, and treated wastewater on crop quality at the 12-C Research farm of Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi. A bioreactor was installed at 12-C field for the purpose of cleaning the wastewater for the irrigation. After wastewater irrigation, the level of metals in the wastewater irrigated field got increased with time in the soil. While in treated water irrigated soil, concentration of metals was very less. In case of crops, the level of heavy metals was found more in wastewater irrigated crops than the treated water irrigated crops. From the study, it can be concluded that unlike treated wastewater, untreated wastewater cannot be used in agricultural land for a long time. Further, use of treated wastewater for irrigation does not have a negative impact on the consumers’ health as well.

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Zekri, Slim, Samiha Al Harthi, Hemesiri Kotagama i Shekar Bose. "An estimate of the willingness to pay for treated wastewater for irrigation in Oman". Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 21 (1.01.2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol21iss0pp57-64.

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The volume of Treated Wastewater (TW) produced in Oman is increasing, due to increased connection of houses to the sewage network and increased construction of wastewater treatment plants. Despite 68% of the TW been used for irrigating urban landscapes, 10.3 Mm3 TW has been discharged to the sea in 2014. Wastewater treatment plants are owned and operated by private companies, which aspire to sell excess TW, particularly to farmers, in order to recover cost of wastewater treatment. This paper has used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate the farmers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for TW for farm irrigation. Seventy two farmers responded to a face-to face interview on eliciting WTP to purchase TW as irrigation water, out of a total population of 400 farmers in Seeb region who have farms in proximity to a wastewater treatment plant. The results indicated that farmers’ WTP for TW was on average 0.111 OR/m3. WTP for TW was significantly affected by the income of farmers and whether the farm is a market oriented or non-market hobby oriented farm. The percentage of farmers willing to pay the average price or higher was 38%. Most farmers are not willing to pay the price currently charged by the wastewater treatment company for landscaping irrigation (0.220 OR/m3) given the large volumes required for farm irrigation. Even rich farmers maintaining hobby farms are willing to pay only 0.128 OR/m3 versus 0.087 OR/m3 by the market oriented farmers. The WTP for TW is higher than the prices reported (OR 0.005 to 0.023 OR/ m3) for groundwater used in agriculture in Oman. .

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Yang, P. Y., L. J. Chang i S. A. Whalen. "Anaerobic/Aerobic Pretreatment of Sugarcane Mill Wastewater for Application of Drip Irrigation". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 9 (1.11.1991): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0253.

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Because of inappropriate management of sugarcane mill wastewater in Hawaii, odor problems and handicaps to wastewater reuse for drip irrigation and sugarcane washing have developed. Based on the previous work on wastewater characterization and relevant literature review, a combined anaerobic (UASB) and aerobic (EAFB) treatment of supernatant of settled sugarcane mill wastewater for the application of drip irrigation was proposed and investigated. It has been found that the system can efficiently (≥ 99%) remove the organics and solids in wastewater within two days of hydraulic retention time provided. The treated effluent provides better water quality for application of drip irrigation. The alternatives (UASB + EAFB and UASB + AL) were compared based on the net present worth (NPW). It has been found that the combined treatment alternative (UASB + EAFB) for the application of drip irrigation is more cost effective than the alternative of (UASB + AL). Thus, combined (UASB + EAFB) treatment for sugarcane mill wastewater provides not only for the removal of pollution potential, but also for the reuse of the properly treated wastewater for drip irrigation in the land-limited and populated areas.

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Slobodiuk, Stacy, Caitlin Niven, Greer Arthur, Siddhartha Thakur i Ayse Ercumen. "Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 21 (21.10.2021): 11046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111046.

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Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.

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Jahan, KM, R. Khatun i MZ Islam. "Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield of tomato". Progressive Agriculture 30, nr 4 (29.04.2020): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i4.46891.

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The wastewater reuse for the purpose of irrigation may have a significant contribution to reduce water pollution, maximize water utilization and restore nutrient content of soils. An experiment was conducted at Environmental Science Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from January to May, 2015 to investigate the effects of wastewater irrigation on soil physico-chemical properties (Soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and sodium (Na)) as well as yield and yield contributing characteristics of tomato crop. In this study, irrigation water, e.g., normal water, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater was used as treatment with three replications. Soil and fruits were collected for analysis during last harvest. From the result, it is found that most of the chemical properties; OM, EC, N, K, S and Na contents were higher in wastewater treated soil compared to normal water irrigation. Among the treatments, plant height, LAI and yield were also higher in wastewater treated plot compared to normal water irrigated plot. Cost benefit analysis indicated that municipal wastewater irrigation gave more profit due to higher yield compared to domestic and industrial wastewater irrigation. From the study, it could be concluded that municipal wastewater irrigation was more profitable in respect of soil nutrient content and yield of tomato. Progressive Agriculture 30 (4): 352-359, 2019

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Powar, Priyanka, Vinod Nejkar, Pooja Patil i Vinayak Naik. "Dairy Wastewater Treatment with Rotating Biological Contactor as Secondary unit and use of Treated Effluent for Agriculture". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340501006.

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Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) is a biological fixed film treatment method that can be applied as part of secondary treatment for wastewater treatment. The present investigation was conducted on dairy wastewater treated by employing RBC as a secondary biological unit, which demonstrated encouraging results. Wastewater 3-day BOD was reduced to 85 mg/L from the influent BOD of 995 mg/L and COD from 1220 mg/L to 130 mg/L. Overall efficiency accomplished by RBC was 91.5% for BOD removal and 89.3% for COD reduction. The treated waste was then used for irrigation of soy and corn crops. Results exhibited an increase in organic matter from 0.262% to 0.395% for corn and 0.416 for soya, whereas available total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as nutrients also increased compared to the regular groundwater application for irrigating the crop. Further, crop yield was also higher than normal, exhibiting advantages drawn from the application of treated wastewater for irrigation.

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Bouwer, H. "Agricultural and Municipal Use of Wastewater". Water Science and Technology 26, nr 7-8 (1.10.1992): 1583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0602.

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Areas in relatively dry climates often have water shortages and there is competition between municipal and agricultural (irrigation) water use. The problem can be alleviated by using the water twice, first for the cities and then for agriculture after the municipal wastewater has been properly treated. There are now two sets of water quality standards for irrigation with wastewater: a stringent set for developed countries, and a less stringent set for developing countries. Also, more and more cities will have to use their wastewater internally for irrigation of parks, etc., and even for drinking. The latter requires advanced wastewater treatment. Part of this treatment can be supplied inexpensively by a groundwater recharge and recovery system, which also provides storage and enhances the aesthetics of direct potable reuse of wastewater by breaking the pipe-to-pipe connection. The renovated water from a recharge or “soil-aquifer treatment” system generally can be used as such for unrestricted irrigation, but potable use requires additional treatment.

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Stott, R., T. Jenkins, M. Shabana i E. May. "A survey of the microbial quality of wastewaters in Ismailia, Egypt and the implications for wastewater reuse". Water Science and Technology 35, nr 11-12 (1.06.1997): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0736.

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The occurrence of parasite ova, cysts and faecal coliforms in urban wastewater and their removal was determined after sewage treatment in gravel bed hydroponic (GBH) constructed wetlands receiving conventionally treated wastewater at Abu Attwa, Ismailia. Samples of raw wastewater and GBH influent and effluents were examined for eggs of intestinal helminths over two months in 1995. All raw wastewater samples were found to be positive for Ascaris lumbricoides but eggs of Hymenolepis spp, Trichuris spp, Ancylostoma duodenale and Toxocara spp were also detected in raw and conventionally treated wastewaters. In Ismailia, the concentration of eggs of human intestinal helminths in raw wastewater ranged from 6–42/L. In the influent to the GBH beds, the concentration of helminth eggs was reduced and ranged from 0–11/L; eggs of Ascaris were found in 28% of the samples. No helminth eggs were recovered from GBH treated effluents. Cysts of protozoa and faecal coliform bacteria were also removed by GBH beds to some degree. Raw wastewater contained cysts of the protozoa, Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica and Giardia spp. Although the density and diversity of species was reduced after treatment in the GBH beds, some amoebic cysts were found in the effluents. Faecal coliform removal averaged 2–3 logs during sewage treatment in GBH beds but effluents did not satisfy WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. This survey indicates that GBH beds have the capacity to remove pathogens from wastewaters. Improvement in wastewater quality after GBH treatment satisfied WHO microbiological quality guidelines for restricted irrigation. With a retention time of 6h, GBH constructed wetlands have practical applications for wastewater treatment for safe reuse in Egypt.

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Lamei, A., P. van der Zaag i E. Imam. "Integrating wastewater reuse in water resources management for hotels in arid coastal regions - Case Study of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt". Water Science and Technology 60, nr 9 (1.11.2009): 2235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.685.

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Hotels in arid coastal areas use mainly desalinated water (using reverse osmosis) for their domestic water supply, and treated wastewater for irrigating green areas. Private water companies supply these hotels with their potable and non-potable water needs. There is normally a contractual agreement stating a minimum amount of water that has to be supplied by the water company and that the hotel management has to pay for regardless of its actual consumption (“contracted-for water supply”). Hotels have to carefully analyse their water requirements in order to determine which percentage of the hotel's peak water demand should be used in the contract in order to reduce water costs and avoid the risk of water shortage. This paper describes a model to optimise the contracted-for irrigation water supply with the objective function to minimise total water cost to hotels. It analyses what the contracted-for irrigation water supply of a given hotel should be, based on the size of the green irrigated area on one hand and the unit prices of the different types of water on the other hand. An example from an arid coastal tourism-dominated city is presented: Sharm El Sheikh (Sharm), Egypt. This paper presents costs of wastewater treatment using waste stabilisation ponds, which is the prevailing treatment mechanism in the case study area for centralised plants, as well as aerobic/anaerobic treatment used for decentralised wastewater treatment plants in the case study area. There is only one centralised wastewater treatment plant available in the city exerting monopoly and selling treated wastewater to hotels at a much higher price than the actual cost that a hotel would bear if it treated its own wastewater. Contracting for full peak irrigation demand is the highest total cost option. Contracting for a portion of the peak irrigation demand and complementing the rest from desalination water is a cheaper option. A better option still is to complement the excess irrigation demand from the company that treats and sells wastewater, if available or from another wastewater treatment company at a higher cost (but at a cost cheaper than that of desalination water) mainly due to the high demand season and the additional cost of trucking. In some cases, however, like in Sharm, the amount of treated wastewater is limited and variable during the year and some hotels have no choice but to partially use desalination water for irrigation. A conscious strategy for water management should rely solely on treated wastewater on-site. This can be achieved by: increasing the efficiency of the irrigation system, reducing the area of high-water consuming plantation (e.g. turf grass) and/or shifting to drought resistant plants including less water-consuming or salt tolerant turf grass.

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Sparling, G. P., R. Littler, L. A. Schipper, B. Stevenson, L. Sherman i J. M. Russell. "Changes in characteristics of soils irrigated with processing wastewater from three New Zealand dairy factories". Soil Research 53, nr 4 (2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14365.

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Application to land is the preferred method for the treatment of wastewaters in New Zealand. For land treatment to be effective, it is essential that the soils can accept the volumes of wastewater applied and degrade or store the constituents in the wastewater. We report on 14 soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics of soils (0–10 cm depth) used for wastewater treatment at the Fonterra dairy factories at Hautapu, Lichfield and Edgecumbe in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils are under grazed pasture for dairying and receive wastewater by spray irrigation. The soils were monitored approximately every 2 years between 1995 and 2005 and at the end of monitoring had been under irrigation for 10–26 years. Matched, non-irrigated pasture soils on adjacent dairy farms were sampled for comparison. The wastewater composition from the three factories differed, reflecting the products manufactured. Loadings were greatest at the Hautapu factory, which also had the longest history of irrigation (26 years). At all three sites, the physical characteristics of irrigated soils were very similar to their non-irrigated comparisons. A consistent trend was for microbial mass and activity, and particularly nitrogen (N) turnover, to be markedly greater on the irrigated soils. The C (carbon) : N ratios of irrigated and non-irrigated soils at Lichfield and Edgecumbe were similar, but at Hautapu the C : N ratio of irrigated soil was 8.3 and significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-irrigated soil (11.1), suggesting little further capacity to store additional N as organic matter. Irrigation tended to increase the soil pH at all sites to above neutral even though the wastewater was acidic. We consider that the characteristics of irrigated soils at Edgecumbe and Lichfield factories are generally satisfactory. Fonterra is continuing to reduce loadings in both composition and volumes of wastewater irrigated.

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Das, Nilima, Md Touhidul Islam, Md Symum Islam i AKM Adham. "Response of dairy farm’s wastewater irrigation and fertilizer interactions to soil health for maize cultivation in Bangladesh". Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 3, nr 1 (28.04.2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v3i1.64749.

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The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to demonstrate the evidence of the suitability of dairy farm’s wastewater on soil properties in a maize field under three fertilizer doses and three irrigation treatments. Irrigation had three treatments - I1: Irrigation with fresh water, I2: Irrigation with mixed water (fresh water: dairy farm’s wastewater = 1:1) and I3: Irrigation with raw wastewater. There were three fertilizer treatments - F0: No fertilizer, F1: Half of recommended dose fertilizer and F2: Full dose fertilizer. Wastewater contained different nutrients and organic matter, which optimistically contributed to the soil in the maize field. Both irrigation and fertilizer treatments employed different degrees of influence on the soil health. For the effect of irrigation treatments, the highest values of EC (0.223 dS/m), pH (8.18), OC (0.3733 %), total N (0.046 %), P (7.65 ppm), K (33 .08 ppm), Ca (297.80 ppm) and Mg (109.9 ppm) were recorded under the treatment of I3, I1, I1, I1, I3, I1, I2 and I3, respectively, and the lowest values of the soil quality parameters were counted under the treatment of I1, I3, I3, I3, I2, I2, I1, and I2, respectively. In case of fertilizer treatments, the maximum values of the soil quality parameters were obtained under the treatment of F2, F2, F0, F1, F2, F1, F1, and F1, respectively, and the lowest values were obtained under the treatment of F0, F0, F1, F0, F0, F0, F0, F2, respectively. For the irrigation and fertilizer interactions, the maximum values of EC (0.250 dS/m), pH (8.20), OC (0.38 %), total N (0.059 %), P (8.37 ppm), K (48.0 ppm), Ca (374.9 ppm) and Mg (112.60 ppm) were recorded under the treatment combinations I3F0, I1F2, I3F2, I1F2, I3F2, I3F1, I2F0 and I3F2, respectively, and thye lowest values were recorded under the treatment combinations of I2F0, I1F0, I1F0, I1F0, I2F0, I2F0, I2F2 and I2F2, respectively. Both the irrigation and fertilizer treatments and their combinations did not cause any significant variation in the quality parameters of the soil, except soil pH and phosphorus (P) content of the soil in the maize field. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (1), 33-39

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Moussaoui, Tayyib, Abdessamed Derdour, Alia Hosni, Manuel Ballesta-de los Santos, Pilar Legua i Miguel Ángel Pardo-Picazo. "Assessing the Quality of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case Study of Ain Sefra Wastewater Treatment Plant". Sustainability 15, nr 14 (17.07.2023): 11133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411133.

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This study aimed to assess the water quality parameters in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Ain Sefra, southwestern Algeria. Various methods were employed to analyze the performance and suitability of the WWTP for irrigation. The results revealed effective removal of nitrates, with levels below the limit set for irrigation water. The dissolved oxygen content showed efficient biological processes and good degradation of organic matter. Phosphate levels were found to be within FAO and Algerian irrigation standards. However, elevated ammonia levels were observed, exceeding typical ranges for irrigation. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated by calculating groundwater suitability indices. These indices categorized all samples as either excellent or good based on their Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Kelly’s ratio. However, the sodium percentage values raised concerns about potential negative effects on the soil. Some samples were deemed unsuitable for irrigation because of high magnesium hazard and potential salinity values. These findings offer valuable insights into the performance and suitability of treated wastewater for irrigation in the Ain Sefra region. They can inform decision makers and stakeholders involved in agriculture and water management.

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Ahmad, Abdulbari A., Ali B. Al-Zubaidy i Hani A. Dammag. "Wastewater treatment plant assessment and potential reuse: A case study in Hodeidah (Yemen)". Abhath Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59846/ajbas.v2i1.450.

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Using waste stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment is an effective, low-cost, and low-maintenance operation. All surface water and groundwater resources in Yemen are being exploited beyond the recharge level, resulting in a water crisis. Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation could mitigate this water crisis. Analyzing the quality raw and treated wastewater of Hodeidah city's Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by waste stabilization ponds is the objective of this study. A comparison of the results of pH, EC, SS, COD and BOD5 with Yemen and international standards shows that WWTP influent and effluent meet acceptable standard limits for irrigation. According to the wastewater parameters analyzed, the suspended solids, COD, and BOD5 levels in influent and effluent were 380-180, 757-175 and 450-84 mg/l, respectively. As a result, the wastewater treatment plant in Hodeidah city can be used for unrestricted irrigation as it poses a low risk of impacting the surrounding environment.

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Abusam, Abdallah, Andrzej Mydlarczyk, Fadila Al-Salamain i Moh Ahmed. "Impact of activated sludge bulking and foaming on the quality of Kuwait’s irrigation water". E3S Web of Conferences 158 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015804001.

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Treated municipal wastewater produced in Kuwait is used mainly in agricultural and landscape irrigations. However, there are strong doubts that severe sludge bulking and foaming problems, particularly during winter seasons, may render this water unsuitable for irrigation purposes. To assess the impact of these problems on the quality of irrigation water in Kuwait, samples of secondary and tertiary effluents and sludge-mixed liquor were collected weekly from two wastewater treatment plants for nine months. Routine wastewater quality parameters were then determined for the collected influent and effluent samples. Further, dominant filamentous bacteria in the sludge-mixed liquor samples collected from the aeration tanks were also identified and quantified using a molecular method called Vermicon Identification Technology (VIT). Obtained results of the effluents’ qualities were then statistically analyzed and compared to Kuwait’s irrigation water standards. Statistical results indicated that secondary effluents were greatly impacted by sludge bulking and foaming problems, while tertiary effluents were slightly affected. This finding highlights the importance of having tertiary treatment units in plants to encounter sludge bulking and foaming problems.

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Ritter, William. "State Regulations and Guidelines for Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in the U.S." Water 13, nr 20 (11.10.2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202818.

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The objective of this paper is to present an overview of state regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. Land application of wastewater in the U.S. began in the 19th century when it was considered the safest and best method for wastewater disposal. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 27 states have regulations for wastewater reuse and 11 states have guidelines for reuse. Some states have no regulations or guidelines for wastewater reuse. For urban wastewater reuse for irrigation where public access is not restricted and for irrigation of food crops, many of the states require additional levels of treatment beyond secondary treatment, which may include oxidation, coagulation, and filtration and high levels of disinfection. California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida were the earliest states to establish water reuse programs and account for the majority of wastewater reuse for irrigation in the U.S. Several of the challenges to increase wastewater reuse are water rights in the western states and a lack of funding for new projects.

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Ozgun, H., N. Karagul, R. K. Dereli, M. E. Ersahin, T. Coskuner, D. I. Ciftci, I. Ozturk i M. Altinbas. "Confectionery industry: a case study on treatability-based effluent characterization and treatment system performance". Water Science and Technology 66, nr 1 (1.07.2012): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.094.

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Source-based wastewater characterization and stream segregation provide effective management of industrial wastewaters. The characterization of wastewater sources from a confectionery factory was presented and performance of the wastewater treatment plant was evaluated in this study. All of the wastewater sources in the factory, except the vacuum water line, can be characterized by high concentrations of soluble pollutants and low pH. High organic content of the wastewater generated from the confectionery industry promoted the application of anaerobic technology as a pre-treatment before the conventional aerobic treatment. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production for expanded granular sludge bed reactor were 88% and 1,730 Nm3/day, respectively. The effluent from the investigated facility can be used for irrigation provided that conductivity values are within acceptable limits.

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Egamberdiev, N. B., Zilola Sharipjonova, Bobur Nasibov, A. O. Khomidov, M. I. Alimova i A. A. Abdumalikov. "Biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater of a brewery in Uzbekistan". E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401055.

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During the period of water shortage in the Republic, modern resource-saving irrigation methods and the use of purified and industrial waters and their reuse in irrigation is an urgent problem in ecology. Among the methods for treating industrial wastewater in a cheaper, cost effective way is the biological treatment method. It is the study of the effectiveness of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from primary winemaking using selected strains of aquatic plants (pistia). The object of wastewater research is selecting a Pistia algae strain, carrying out biochemical, hydrochemical analyses of wastewater before and after treatment, and the chemical composition of the Pistia algae biomass. All studies were carried out according to the standard studies of UzGOST for waste and drinking water and algological methods used by the Institute of Botany of ANRUz, State Enterprise "Institute GIDROINGEO", etc. The efficiency of biological purification of wastewaters of primary winemaking by higher aquatic plants of the pistia was established. With the help of the research carried out, the wastewater treatment of the food plant, in particular, the Kibray wine station with the Pistia algae, was established: the optimal parameters of growth, development and purification capacity of pistia algae were established for various variants of experiments and wastewater samples; designed and assembled a semi-industrial plant for biological wastewater treatment of the Kibray wine station and carried out work on industrial wastewater treatment. Wastewater from the Kibray wine station contains organic compounds, namely yeast sediments, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, which are food for Pistia algae. Pistia biomass obtained after cultivation in wastewater after sterilization can be used as feed in livestock and poultry farming, as it contains a large number of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

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Abedi-Koupai, J., B. Mostafazadeh-Fard, M. Afyuni i M. R. Bagheri. "Effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region". Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 8 (17.11.2011): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3450-pse.

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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties. Field experiment was conducted in Borkhar region in Isfahan province in central Iran with two water treatments of wastewater and groundwater under sprinkler and surface irrigation systems for three crops of sugar beet, corn and sunflower. Soil samples were collected to 120 cm depth to determine concentration of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Irrigation systems had no significant effect on extractable heavy metals in soil. The accumulation of Pb, Mn, Ni and Co in the soil increased significantly in the wastewater treatment as compared to the groundwater treatment. The accumulation of Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn decreases with the soil depth. Treated wastewater showed no effect on the increase of Fe, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn during growing season. The irrigation system had a significant effect on infiltration rate, bulk density and total porosity. Under sprinkler irrigation system the infiltration rate increased significantly

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Ozkay, Fatma, Ismail Tas, Hakan Ozkandan i A. Caglan Gunal. "BIOLOGICAL RISKS OF WASTE WATER FOR IRRIGATION". Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11, nr 21 (31.07.2022): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2022.v11i21.006.

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Increasing activities in the World, enhance the pressure on freshwater resources. The most important solution to reduce this pressure is the use of treated wastewater. The use of wastewater is becoming increasingly common on a global scale. Wastewater used irrigation, especially in agriculture and landscape areas. It can use some industrial activities such as cooling, washing, boiler feeding and fire extinguishing. Wastewater is generally used directly or by creating a wetland after physical pre-treatment. Changes in living standards have diversified wastewater contents. In recent years, domestic wastewater contains substances, which are extremely harmful to living health, that cannot be treated with physical processes, and require expensive and complex treatment techniques. Heavy metals, microorganisms and endocrine disruptors in wastewater pose serious health risks to life. In this study, biological risks in the use of wastewater in irrigation will be evaluated. In the study, the biological risks that the pathogenic microorganisms and endocrine disruptors contained in the wastewater may cause in irrigated areas and suggestions for their solution are given.

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DOMASHENKO, YU E., A. P. SUROVIKINA i M. A. LYASHKOV. "Assessment of toxicity of treated domestic wastewater for the purpose of irrigation use". Prirodoobustrojstvo, nr 4 (2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2022-4-31-36.

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The purpose of the research is to determine the toxicity of domestic wastewater after mechanical and biological treatment and the potential possibility of their use for irrigation. The toxicity of treated wastewater from wastewater treatment plants (Kadamovskiye WWTP) in Novocherkassk by the method of biotesting on different test objects – infusoria (Paramecium caudatum), green protococcal algae chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer), white mustard seeds (Sinapis alba) is evaluated. Laboratory studies were carried out in the accredited ecological and analytical laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «RosNIIPM». The results of biotesting at the chlorella test object showed that the treated household wastewater does not have a toxic impact. Biotesting at the infusoria test object determined only the toxic impact of wastewater after biological treatment. The length of the white mustard seed roots in wastewater after mechanical and biological treatment is above 120%, compared with the control, which proves the stimulant effect of these waters. So, according to the results of biotesting domestic wastewater after mechanical treatment from the Kadamovskiye WWTP in Novocherkassk can be potentially used for irrigation. According to the research results, wastewater after biological treatment «has a toxic impact», which causes their use for irrigation only after additional treatment.

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Al-Hadithy, Azzam H., Mahdi S. Al-Rubai, Mahdi Sh Jaafar, A. A. Hasson, G. H. FadeL, A. Q. Hamdn i T. R. Edan. "Reusing of Treated Wastewater by Membrane Bioreactorin Irrigation". Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, nr 4 (1.12.2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.4.374.

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Membrane Bio Reactor(MBR) methods is considered as one of the most advanced used technology in waste water treatment. The aim of this technology is to obtain high quality treated waste water. This study conducted to investigate the ability of using of sewage water from zaafrania city for irrigation and their effect on corn growth and some of soil chemical properties which include electrical conductivity and soil pH in extract soil paste and the micro nutrient content in soil and plant which include Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb. Three levels of wastewater were used 0, 50, 100% in two stages, the three levels of wastewater ( without soil fertilization ) were used in the first stage, where 21.8 Kg P/D +80 N Kg/D was added to the soil as fertilizer in the control 0% treatment and 10.9Kg P/D +40 Kg N/D were added to 50 and 100% levels in the second stage. Corn seeds were planted in 10kg plastic pots in Completely Randomized Block Design in three replicates. The results refer to a high significant increase in plant height, fresh and dry weight for all treatments in comparison with control treatment. The low add level of wastewater 50%+ half of fertilizer recommendation gives a significant increase of plant height and fresh and dray weight. The results showed a high increased of electrical conductivity for 50, 100% wastewater added levels for both stages compared with control treatment. The high add level 100% gives high significant increase of electrical conductivity compared with the low level of the wastewater. Whereas the values of soil PH were close to the neutral for all treatment. The result showed a significant increase in micro nutrients content (which include Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in soil and plant for all treatment compared with control treatment, this increased was continues with the increase of additional level of wastewater. However all the micro nutrient was within the allowed natural limits and not reached the toxic limits in soil and plant.

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Shariot-Ullah, Md, Md Touhidul Islam i Khalid Mahmud. "Impacts of irrigation with sugar mills’ wastewater and fertilizer on soil chemical and solute-transport properties". Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, nr 3 (28.12.2016): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i3.64020.

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Impact assessment of wastewater on soil is important to diagnose the potential of wastewater irrigation. By taking this idea into consideration, an experiment was conducted to investigate the chemical and solute-transport properties of soils collected from wheat fields irrigated with sugar mills’ wastewater at North Bengal Sugar Mill (NBSM) and Faridpur Sugar Mill (FSM) of Bangladesh. Soil samples were collected from experimental sites where wheat was grown under both irrigation and fertilizer treatments. The split-plot design with three replications of irrigation (main plot) and fertilizer (sub-plot) were used. Irrigation and fertilizer treatments were defined as I1 = irrigation with fresh water, I2 = irrigation with mixed water (fresh water: wastewater = 1:1) and I2 = irrigation with wastewater; F1 = Full dose fertilizer, F2 = Half dose fertilizer and F3 = No application of fertilizer. Soil samples were chemically analyzed to find their chemical properties and a breakthrough experiment was done to find the solute transport properties. Significant effects were observed for soil chemical properties at both NBSM and FSM sites. At NBSM site, organic-C and S contents of soil increased under I3 treatment, where as total-N, P, K and Mg contents increased under I2 treatment. Similarly, Na and Ca contents at FSM site slightly went downunder I3 treatment. Application of fertilizer also significantly affected soil properties at both sites. Under full dose fertilizer application (F1) EC, P, K, S, Ca and Mg contents of the soil increased, however, Na content decreased at both sites. Interaction of irrigation and fertilizer treatments also had significant effects on all the soil chemical parameters except organic-C and total-N content of the soils at both sites. Among solute transport properties pore-water velocity, dispersion coefficient and mean solute travel time increased in I3 compared to I1 at NBSM site, but the reverse was observed at FSM site. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (3), 521-532

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Shuval, H. I., B. Fattal i P. Yekutiel. "State of the Art Review: An Epidemiological Approach to the Health Effects of Wastewater Reuse". Water Science and Technology 18, nr 9 (1.09.1986): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0087.

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The reuse of wastewaters for agricultural irrigation can be a means of reducing the pollution of surface waters including those in coastal areas used for bathing. The wastewater stream of a community carries within it the complete spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths which are endemic in the community. These pathogens can survive sufficiently long in the soil or on crops to infect, at least in theory, persons coming in direct contact. Thus, it is important to establish a sound epidemiological basis for health regulations related to the reuse of wastewater in agriculture. This paper presents the theoretical epidemiological considerations that should serve as the basis for a predictive model of the potential risks associated with wastewater irrigation. Empirical data from credible, quantifiable epidemiological studies have here been reviewed to validate the theoretical model. For developing countries, the authors have concluded that the ranking of pathogens as to the degree of risk associated with wastewater irrigation is as follows: high risk - helminths, medium risk - bacteria and protozoa and low risk - viruses.In order to effectively reduce the concentration of these pathogens wastewater treatment is recommended as the most effective control strategy.

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Jiménez-Cisneros, B., i A. Chávez-Mejía. "Treatment of Mexico City Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes". Environmental Technology 18, nr 7 (lipiec 1997): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331808616590.

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AbdelMoula, Sara, Mohamed T. Sorour i Samia A. Abdelrahman Aly. "Cost Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Wastewater Reuse from Secondary and Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Plants". Sustainability 13, nr 23 (26.11.2021): 13125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313125.

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Irrigation with reclaimed water is a widespread solution to coping with water scarcity, especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This paper presents a systematic evaluation approach of six treatment alternatives proposed for Alexandria WWTP in Egypt as an applied example. This approach evaluates the effluent quality and cubic meter price from the proposed treatment alternatives while managing the health risks associated with reclaimed water irrigation. Rotavirus, Salmonella, Giardia duodenalis, and Ascaris were studied as waterborne pathogens. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was used for the estimation of annual infection risks. The exposure scenarios include farmers and vegetable consumers. Activated sludge provided the lowest costs; however, it gave the lowest efficiencies and highest health risks. On the other hand, the highest efficiency and lowest health risks were obtained by the membrane bioreactor. The resulting price of a cubic meter of treated wastewater, used in irrigation, ranged from 0.082 to 0.133 USD. Irrigation using tertiary-treated wastewater achieved the target infection risk for unrestricted irrigation without using advanced treatment facilities. The results of this study could give a comprehensive view of reusing wastewater to decision-makers to address both water and food poverty not only in Egypt but also in other countries in MENA with similar economic and agro-ecological conditions.

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Economopoulou, M. A., i A. P. Economopoulos. "Expert system for municipal wastewater management with emphasis in reuse". Water Supply 3, nr 4 (1.08.2003): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0048.

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This paper presents a methodology that uses a knowledge base and inference procedures for developing rational wastewater management schemes for small to medium size communities with emphasis in the protection of human health, the reuse of treated wastewater, and the pollution minimization of water receivers. The system provides an optimal year-round treatment/reuse/disposal plan, which maximizes the wastewater reuse for irrigation, meets the applicable minimum municipal wastewater treatment requirements and observes the water quality standards of receivers with the minimum treatment costs. The solution is dynamic in the sense that varying monthly design values can be assigned to the input variables used in the computation of irrigation requirements, assimilative capacity of receivers and performance of natural systems. The above procedure shows that the use of multiple receivers over the year is often highly advantageous; combining for example the increased treatment efficiency and reuse potential for irrigation during summer with the increased assimilative capacity of a river during winter. The expert system incorporates a number of design and ambient quality models, for which graphical solutions have been developed, so as to enable manual application if desired. The entire procedure is implemented in an integrated computer program that facilitates and refines problem solution. The expert system provides interactive guidance for collecting the necessary field information. Finally, the results of a case study for the management of wastewaters from the six communities of the Municipality of Keramoti are presented.

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Almuktar, Suhad, Suhail Abed i Miklas Scholz. "Contaminations of Soil and Two Capsicum annuum Generations Irrigated by Reused Urban Wastewater Treated by Different Reed Beds". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, nr 8 (18.08.2018): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081776.

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Background: In order to save potable water, this study aims to evaluate the contamination of soil and Capsicum annuum L. (chilli) watered with urban wastewater (sewage) pre-treated by various wetland systems. Methods: The appropriateness of wetland outflow for irrigation when applying reused wastewater with high contamination of minerals and pathogens was assessed. The impact of wastewaters pre-treated by various wetlands on soil and harvest was tested in terms of mineral and biological contamination risk. Results: The wetlands met the standards for irrigation water for most water quality variables. However, the thresholds for key water quality parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded. The highest values for total coliforms, ammonium-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 157,072 CFU/100 mL, 8.5 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, and 7.0 mg/L, respectively. The harvest was moderately polluted only by zinc according to vegetable quality standards (threshold of 50 mg/kg). Zinc concentrations for Filters 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were 35.8, 60.6, 65.1, 65.5 and 53.2 mg/kg, respectively. No bacterial contamination was detected. Conclusions: Treatment of domestic wastewater applying constructed wetlands and subsequent recycling of the treated wastewater for irrigation of crops is a good substitute to the traditional application of drinking water for irrigation purposes.

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Neilsen, G. H., D. S. Stevenson, J. J. Fitzpatrick i C. H. Brownlee. "Soil and sweet cherry responses to irrigation with wastewater". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 71, nr 1 (1.02.1991): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss91-003.

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Lambert sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) established on Osoyoos loamy sand in 1983 was subjected to treatments involving all combinations of two types of irrigation (wellwater or municipal wastewater) and three rates of N fertilization (0, 68 and 136 g of N as NH4NO3 tree−1 yr−1), 1984–1987. The zero-N treatment was increased to 34 g N tree−1 in 1986–1987. Wastewater irrigation increased leaf N, P, K, B and Mn concentration, decreased leaf Mg and Ca and had few consistent effects on leaf Fe and Cu. Tree growth was increased after 2 yr but not after 5 yr by wastewater irrigation. Inadequate N and Zn nutrition appeared to limit long-term tree growth. After 5 yr, wastewater-irrigated soils had higher extractable P, K, and B and lower Ca and Mg than well-water-irrigated soils which had higher Ca and Mg to 0.9-m depth. Wastewater irrigation also increased extractable Na throughout the soil but insufficiently to adversely affect tree growth. Soil pH and electrical conductivity also increased during the experiment for both well- and wastewater-irrigated soils, but these increases did not cause alkalinity or salinity problems. Key words: Prunus avium L., wastewater irrigation, leaf nutrition, soil quality

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Rashid, Aneeba, Safdar A. Mirza, Ciara Keating, Sikander Ali i Luiza C. Campos. "Hospital wastewater treated with a novel bacterial consortium (Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus paramycoides spp.) for phytotoxicity reduction in Berseem clover and tomato crops". Water Science and Technology 83, nr 7 (22.02.2021): 1764–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.079.

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Abstract Hospital wastewaters are produced in large volumes in Pakistan (∼362–745 L/bed.day) and are discharged without proper treatment. They are widely used by farmers for crop irrigation and induce a phytotoxic effect on plant growth. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of untreated and treated hospital wastewater on seed germination of a fodder crop Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem clover) and a food crop Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). A bacterial consortium was formed with three bacterial strains, i.e., Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus paramycoides spp., which were individually proven efficient in previous studies. The concentrations of untreated and treated hospital wastewater (25, 50, 75 and 100%) were used to irrigate these crop seeds. To assess the efficiency of treatment, the germination percentage, delay index, germination index, stress tolerance indices, seedling vigour index and phytotoxicity index were calculated and were statistically proven significant. The seeds grown in treated wastewater concentrations showed negative values of phytotoxicity indices (tomato: −0.36, −0.47, −0.78 and −1.11; Berseem clover: −0.23) which indicate a stimulatory or non-toxic effect on seedling growth. Our work proposes that this bacterial consortium is efficient for hospital wastewater treatment before crop irrigation.

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Zegait, Rachid, i Boualem Remini. "Characterisation of Treated Wastewater of M’Zab Valley for Reuse in Irrigation (Southern Algeria)". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 40 (grudzień 2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.40.78.

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The reuse of treated wastewater can reduce the water deficit in Saharan areas, especially in Ghardaia. The M'Zab wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is designed to treat wastewater by the natural lagoon system, and to reuse the treated water for irrigation of agricultural perimeters in order to contribute to sustainable development efforts in the region. Indeed the present work aims to search for the study of the possibility of reusing treated wastewater of M 'Zab in irrigation, to do this, we established and followed the evolution of the various physical-chemical and bacteriological analysis for two years (2013-2015), to study the effectiveness of biological treatment in the reduction of wastewater pollution, and then compare the results of treated water with national and international standards in the field of 'irrigation. The results showed that the treated water is considered as poor quality water is not usable only for some salt-tolerant species and on well-drained soil and leached, require additional treatments for ensured the quality of this precious resource.

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Licata, Mario, Teresa Tuttolomondo, Claudio Leto, Salvatore La Bella i Giuseppe Virga. "The use of constructed wetlands for the treatment and reuse of urban wastewater for the irrigation of two warm-season turfgrass species under Mediterranean climatic conditions". Water Science and Technology 76, nr 2 (18.04.2017): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.221.

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Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent low-cost technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater in urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of a CW system and to assess the effects of irrigation using treated urban wastewater on soil and on two warm-season turf species. The research was carried out in Sicily (Italy) on a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system which was fed with treated urban wastewater following secondary treatment from an activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant. The pilot system was located in an open urban park and comprised two separate parallel planted units. Experimental fields of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and Paspalum vaginatum Sw. were set up close to the system and irrigated with both treated wastewater (TWW) and freshwater (FW). Irrigation with TWW did not result in a significant variation in soil pH and soil salinity in the topsoil. The turf species tolerated high sodium levels in the soil due to TWW irrigation. Savings in FW and mineral fertilizers were deemed significant. The results highlight the fact that use of CW systems for the treatment and reuse of wastewater can represent a sustainable way to obtain alternative water resources for turfgrass irrigation in urban areas.

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Gori, R., C. Lubello, F. Ferrini, F. P. Nicese i E. Coppini. "Reuse of industrial wastewater for the irrigation of ornamental plants". Water Science and Technology 57, nr 6 (1.03.2008): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.185.

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This paper describes the results of experimental activities carried out for verifying the possibility of reusing reclaimed wastewater originated from textile (70%) and domestic (30%) activities for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs. Aspects that concern the refinery treatment of reclaimed wastewater and the effect of irrigation on some ornamental plant species were investigated. An experimental site consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic experimental area was set-up. The combined treatment of PAA and UV, used for the disinfection, showed to be very effective for inactivation of E. coli with most of PAA and UV dose combinations able to assure total inactivation. The plants (Buxus, Photinia, Pistacia and Viburnum), sprinkle and drip irrigated with well water (WW), reclaimed wastewater (RW) and a water mixed (MW) between reclaimed wastewater and well water (1:1 by vol), showed interesting results. A similar growth among different treatments was achieved for Buxus and Pistacia, while Viburnum and Photinia plants showed a higher sensibility to MW and RW. Photinia, in particular, turned out to be very sensitive to sprinkle irrigation with the reclaimed water, while the drip irrigation had no such bad effects, as reported in previous works.

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SLABUNOVA, A. V., i YU YU АRISKINA. "Assessment of the suitability of treated household wastewater of the «Kadamovskie» WWTP for irrigation". Prirodoobustrojstvo, nr 4 (2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2022-4-42-49.

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The purpose of the research is to study the chemical composition of treated domestic wastewater and to assess the potential capability of their use for irrigation purposes. The object of the study is domestic wastewater from the «Kadamovskie» WWTP, Novocherkassk, after mechanical and biological treatment. Research methods included the determination of the wastewater suitability according to the following indicators: the concentration of toxic salts, the ratio of cations, the content of the main biogenic elements (NPK), the irrigation coefficient according to Stebler, the ion exchange coeffi cient by I.N. Antipov-Karataev and G.M. Kader, sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR), risk of magnesium alkalinization (Sabolch and Darab). For studying the chemical composition of treated domestic wastewater, wastewater samples were taken from the «Kadamovskie» WWTP in Novocherkassk and their chemical composition was determined in an accredited environmental analytical laboratory of the Federal State Budget Scientifi c Institution RosNIIPM. Based on laboratory results, wastewater is classifi ed as lowmineralized (1.0…3.0 g/dm3), according to the degree of mineralization. Wastewater (after mechanical and biological treatment) belongs to class III and is characterized as satisfactory. In accordance with the soil-reclamation classifi cation, its suitability for irrigation is limited due to the possibility of chloride salinization processes development. According to calculations based on irrigation coefficients, ion exchange coefficients and sodium adsorption ratio, treated domestic wastewater is suitable for irrigation and it doesn’t cause soil salinity hazard (soil alkalization). Thus, it is recommended to consider treated domestic wastewater from the «Kadamovskie» WWTP in Novocherkassk as an alternative source of irrigation water.

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Blumenthal, Ursula J., D. Duncan Mara, Rachel M. Ayres, Enrique Cifuentes, Anne Peasey, Rebecca Stott, Donald L. Lee i Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios. "Evaluation of the WHO nematode egg guidelines for restricted and unrestricted irrigation". Water Science and Technology 33, nr 10-11 (1.05.1996): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0685.

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Epidemiological studies were conducted in Mexico to assess the health risks associated with restricted crop irrigation using raw and treated wastewaters. Experimental studies were done in northeast Brazil and Leeds, in which Ascaris lumbricoides contamination of lettuces spray-irrigated with raw wastewater and waste stabilization pond effluents containing different helminthological qualities was determined (Brazil); and Ascaridia galli infection was monitored in immunosuppressed chickens fed lettuces spray-irrigated with water containing different A. galli egg numbers (Leeds). The results indicate that the WHO guideline quality of ≤ 1 egg per litre protects crop consumers, but not necessarily fieldworkers and their families especially children. This is particularly the case when wastewater treatment systems are not stable, when recontamination of the partially treated wastewater with small quantities of raw wastewater may occur, and when wild vegetables are harvested and consumed. In such cases a stricter guideline quality of ≤ 0.5 egg per litre may be required.

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