Rozprawy doktorskie: „Wastewater treatment Irrigation”

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Tyrrell, Sean R. "Microtopographic enhancement of land-based wastewater treatment". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11311.

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There is a regulatory tension within wastewater treatment, between the requirement to meet tightening consents and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of treatment processes. With 75% of wastewater treatment works serving populations of less than 2,000, low-energy tertiary treatment options suitable to small rural works need to be developed. One option that lends itself particularly well to small works is land-based wastewater treatment (LBWWT). The aim of this research was to evaluate the role of LBWWT in the UK water industry and investigate the impact ridge-and-furrow enhanced microtopography (MT) may have upon a particular type of LBWWT - slow-rate (SR) infiltration. This was achieved through meeting three objectives. Firstly, the use of LBWWT was reviewed and assessed. Secondly, the impact of ridge-and-furrow enhanced MT upon the vegetation diversity and nutrient removal of a SR- LBWWT was established by means of a three year field trial. Finally, the cost- effectiveness of SR-LBWWT and the impact of ridging and furrow irrigation upon cost-effectiveness were evaluated using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). The first objective comprised of a review of the historical and current use of LBWWT, a review of the relevant changing legislation to identify what may be required of LBWWT and an assessment of LBWWT’s potential to meet these requirements. The result of the evaluation found that, based upon the literature, SR-LBWWT is ‘fit-for-purpose’ as tertiary treatment for small treatment works. To meet the second objective, a SR-LBWWT system trial was established at a small wastewater treatment works in Knowle, Hampshire. The trial consisted of three clay-loam grass plots irrigated with secondary treated effluent. There were two configurations of trial plot - flat and ridge-and-furrowed. Effluent (sub- surface soil water) nutrient concentrations were monitored as was vegetation diversity. In addition a number of physical, hydrological and biogeochemical parameters were monitored and hydrological modelling carried out. Mean nutrient removal performances of 90% for ammonia, 72% for nitrate, and 91% for phosphate were observed with the ridge-and-furrowed plot. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to not have a significantly detrimental effect upon the trial plots’ removal performance for ammonia, nitrate or phosphate. Extrapolation modelling suggested, however, that this would not be the case for LBWWT systems on predominantly clay or sand soils. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to have a statistically significant positive effect upon the vegetation diversity of the LBWWT trial plots; with mean final year Shannon-Wiener values of 0.96 and 0.69, for the ridge-and-furrowed and non-ridged plots, respectively. For the final objective, analysis found that SR-LBWWT are cost-effective when compared to horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW), an established low-energy treatment option. Mean cost-effectiveness ratio values of £208.5 and £262.7 per % effectiveness were observed for LBWWT and HSSFCW, respectively. Following the field trial CEA was extended to include ridge-and-furrowed SR-LBWWT systems. This found that ridging and furrow irrigation improves the cost-effectiveness of SR-LBWWT serving small populations, reducing the mid cost-effectiveness ratio to £193 per % effectiveness. This is a result of the cost-reducing effect of ridge-and-furrowing over laser-level grading; and based upon the findings of the trial that ridging and furrow irrigation can be achieved (in clay-loam soil slow-rate systems) without significant detriment to the water treatment effectiveness of LBWWT. The main conclusions of this thesis are: that SR-LBWWT has a role to play in the UK water industry, as tertiary treatment for small wastewater treatment works. That SR-LBWWT is cost-effective in relation to HSSFCW. That ridging and furrow irrigation increases that cost-effectiveness by reducing the construction and operational costs. That ridging and furrow irrigation can be employed without significant detriment to a SR-LBWWT system’s water treatment performance. And finally, that ridging and furrow irrigation can have a positive impact upon the establishment vegetation diversity of a SR-LBWWT system.

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Monnett, Gregory Thomas. "Evaluation of spray irrigation as a methodology for on-site wastewater treatment and disposal on marginal soils". Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-102238/.

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Fiorentino, Carmine <1978&gt. "Modelling to Manage Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant and Facultative Lagoons Finishing for Irrigation Reuse". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8054/1/Fiorentino_Carmine_tesi.pdf.

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In the last years, the role of wastewater treatment plants has become even more relevant not only as final destination of the collected sewage but also as a center of the sustainable approaches for the water cycle. Moreover, the considerable improvements in wastewater treatment control technologies enable now the implementation of advanced sustainable management perspectives. A particular incentive to increase the efficiency of WWTPs performances comes from the possibility to reuse treated wastewater. In this context, the overall aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the implementation of models in the most relevant sections of pilot and full-scale plants, and to study the possibility on reusing treated wastewater coming from the effluent flow rate of existing plants for irrigation purpose. We have implemented the WEST 2012 modeling software that allows different control policies using data acquired on a pilot plant located in Trebbo di Reno (Italy). These simulations have evidenced the real possibility to manage small-scale plants with automatic controller while respecting the legal limits for discharge. We have also studied the finishing effect of the natural treatment phase using data recorded during several monitoring campaigns on the Santerno full-scale plant located in Imola (Italy). The removal efficiency resulting from the monitoring campaigns reaches 40% for Ammonium and 20% for Total Nitrogen. The disinfection capacity, E. coli removal efficiency up to 40%, does not permit irrigation reuse so appropriate management policies are necessary. In addition, a pilot plant has been designed and implemented in the Santerno area and the first monitoring data show a real possibility to test management policies first in the pilot-plant and then on full scale plant. Finally, we observed that organic chemicals in wastewater treatment plant have a low biodegradability and can be drastically accumulated during irrigation, which represents a critical issue in the future.

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Tomasini, Horacio Reynaldo. "Permeate quality assessment and concentrate recovery in wastewater treatment by membrane processes and reuse for irrigation purposes". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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The reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation is fundamental in the management of water resources. The aims of this study were the performance assessment of NF/RO processes for reclamation of MBR-treated wastewater, the concentrate recovery and permeate quality assessment for irrigation. Wastewater processed by MBRs in “ITOB” wastewater treatment plant, located in Izmir, Turkey, was used in NF/RO filtration tests in a pilot-scale plant containing BW30 (RO), NF90 (NF) and NF270 (NF) membranes. Experiments were conducted using single membrane modules (in batch mode and concentrate recirculation flow configuration) and with two membranes connected in series. MBR effluent and NF/RO permeate quality were compared with the standard values found in guidelines (FAO, WHO and USEPA) and regulations (Turkish and Italian regulations). Permeate flux was higher for NF270 membrane while the lowest was for BW30 membrane. Salt rejections of BW30 membrane were significantly higher than those obtained with NF270 membrane, while with NF90 membrane, permeate fluxes were slightly lower than those of NF270 membrane with salt rejections close to those of an RO membrane. With concentrate recirculation flow configuration, the concentrate recovery was increased by increasing the concentrate recirculation. However, the operation has to be stopped when the feed solution concentration can compromise the performances of the system and shorten the membrane life. In the system with two membranes in series, high water recovery was achieved. BW30-NF270 system showed higher permeate flux, however, its quality is comparable to this one of NF270 membranes. NF90 and BW30 permeates meet the standards for irrigation, and negative effects on soil permeability can be minimized by mixing them with low amounts of MBR effluent. NF270 permeates contain excessive amount of nitrogen, and NaCl. MBR effluent is not suitable for irrigation, due to excessive salinity, NaCl, TDS and nitrogen content.

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Zammit, Ian. "Antibiotic Resistance Mitigation Using Novel Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Urban Wastewater Treatment and its Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2020. http://elea.unisa.it:8080/xmlui/handle/10556/5865.

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2018 - 2019
The Ph. D. project herein deals with the application of a novel photocatalyst and its potential in wastewater treatment. Specifically, for wastewater intended for reuse in crop irrigation and with direct emphasis on antibiotic resistance dissemination. The project is divided in three work packages (WP). WP A - Selection of a suitable photocatalyst deals with the assessment of a number of photocatalyst that was carried out in order to identify a suitable catalyst showing higher efficiencies while having a low-cost synthetic route. The research carried out within this scope resulted in an optimised cerium doped ZnO catalyst which was identified as fitting the pre-established requirements. This catalyst was subsequently studied in the immobilised form in WP B - Catalyst immobilisation here a procedure for coating stainless steel surfaces was set and the catalyst used for the removai of two model antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, as well as testing the reusability of photocatalytic coatings. Additionally, the immobilised catalyst was used for the inactivation of bacteria in isotonic saline water and for the inactivation of autochthonous bacteria, including antibiotic resistant fractions in reai wastewater. In the latter, Ce-ZnO was more efficient than the industry standard TiO2-P25. This novel catalyst was also applied for controlled irrigation experiments. Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) were set up in four groups receiving either Ce-ZnO treated wastewater, chlorinated treated wastewater, fresh water or secondary wastewater in WPC- Both water treatments showed marginai differences in concentrations of thè four selected genes (16S rRNA, blaOXA-10 qnrS and intII) in water concentrations. As for concentrations in soil after thè irrigation campaign, both treatments showed lower levels than those from secondary wastewater but higher levels than fresh water with no major differences between treatments.
XXXII ciclo

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Ndunda, E. N. (Ezekiel Nthee). "Wastewater reuse in urban and peri-urban irrigation : an economic assessment of improved wastewater treatment, low-risk adaptations and risk awareness in Nairobi, Kenya". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40235.

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The overall goal of this study was to analyse the welfare effect of improved wastewater treatment with the view of making policy recommendations for sustainable urban and peri-urban irrigation agriculture in Kenya. This goal was achieved by investigating three specific objectives. The first objective was to assess the farmers’ awareness of health risks in urban and peri-urban wastewater irrigation. Second objective was to analyse the factors that affect the choice of low-risk adaptations in reuse of untreated wastewater for irrigation. The third objective was to estimate the value that urban and peri-urban farmers who practice wastewater irrigation impute to improvements in specific characteristics of the wastewater input in agriculture. In order to achieve the first objective, an ordered probit model was used to identify the factors that influence farmers’ awareness of health risks in untreated wastewater irrigation. The model was fitted to data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 317 urban farm households in the Kibera informal settlement of Kenya. Results of this study show that gender of household head, household size, education level of household head, farm size, ownership of the farm, membership to farmers’ group, and market access for the fresh produce significantly affect awareness of farmers about health risks in wastewater irrigation. Therefore, there is need for awareness programs to promote public education through regular training and local workshops on wastewater reuse in order to improve the human capital of the urban and peri-urban farmers. To achieve the second objective, the study used a multinomial logit model to analyse the farmers’ choice of low-risk adaptations in untreated wastewater irrigation. A survey of 317 urban and peri-urban farmers was conducted and measures for risk-reduction in wastewater reuse were analysed. The urban and peri-urban farmers were found to have adopted low-risk wastewater irrigation techniques such as cessation of irrigation before harvesting, crop restriction and safer application methods. Results of the study show that adoption of risk-reduction measures is significantly influenced by the following factors: household size, age of the household head, education of household head, access to extension, access to media, access to credit, farmers’ group membership, and risk awareness. Also, marginal analysis of the coefficients confirmed the socio-economic characteristics are key determinants in adoption of low-risk measures in wastewater reuse. The study recommends that policies in support of low-risk urban and peri-urban irrigation agriculture should disaggregate farmers according to their socio-economic and institutional characteristics in order to achieve their intended objectives. To achieve the third objective, the study employed the discrete choice experiment approach to estimate the benefits farmers impute to improvements in attributes of the wastewater irrigation input, whose aim is to reduce the health risks associated with untreated wastewater irrigation. Urban and peri-urban farmers who practice wastewater irrigation drawn from Motoine-Ngong River in Nairobi were randomly selected for the study. A total of 241 farmers completed the presented choice cards for the choice model estimation. A random parameter logit model was used to estimate the individual level willingness to pay for wastewater treatment. The results show that urban and peri-urban farmers are willing to pay significant monthly municipality taxes for treatment of wastewater. Conclusion of this study was that, quality of treated wastewater, quantity of treated wastewater and the riverine ecosystem restoration are significant factors of preference over policy alternative designs in wastewater treatment and reuse.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted

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Gunn, Kpoti Mawutodzi. "Developing Strategies For Year-Round Spray Irrigation of Wastewater Effluent in Ohio". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262207613.

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Grünewald, Niclas, i Gabriella Rullander. "Charcoal vertical gardens as treatment of drainwater for irrigation reuse : a performance evaluation in Kibera slum, Nairobi". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala University Sustainability Initiatives (UUSI), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-408805.

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Hofstedt, Charlotta. "Wastewater use in Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh, India : An evaluation of irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88888.

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Användandet av obehandlat avloppsvatten inom jordbruket är en växande företeelse i många delar av världen. Speciellt i vattenfattiga områden där avloppsvattnet ses som en värdefull och pålitlig resurs. Det höga näringsinnehållet minskar behovet av konstgödsel och detta ökar böndernas inkomster. Men med användandet av avloppsvattnet följer vissa hälsorisker. Bland annat har man sett en högre förekomst av inälvsmaskar hos bönder som använder orenat avloppsvatten jämfört med de som använder rent vatten. Den här vattenkvalitetstudien har utförts längs floden Musi i Andhra Pradesh, Indien. Musi rinner igenom staden Hyderabad och mycket av stadens avloppsvatten dumpas i floden. Nedströms Hyderabad används detta vatten för bevattning. Längs med floden är dammar byggda, för att avleda vattnet i bevattningskanaler. Reservoirer bildas då flödeshastigheten minskar. Studieområdet sträcker sig från Hyderabad och 28.7 km nedströms. Hypotesen var att reservoirerna fungerar som biodammar och syftet var att kvantifiera dammarnas inverkan på vattenkvaliteten och utvärdera dess lämplighet utifrån ett hälso- och jordbruksperspektiv. Inom studieområdet är reningen med avseende på BOD, Nematoder och E coli 86,9%, 99,9% respektive 99,9%. Trots att reningen är så hög överstiger Nematod- och E coli-koncentrationerna Världshälsoorganisationens riktlinjer och utgör en hälsorisk för bönder och konsumenter. Syre- och salthalt ökar nedströms och den höga salthalten kan ha negativ inverkan på jordbrukets avkastning. Genom att titta på reningsmönster och förändring av olika vattenkvalitetsparametrar är en av slutsatserna av detta arbete att reningen i dammarna motsvarar den rening som sker i de anaeroba bassängerna i ett biodammsystem.

The use of untreated domestic sewage in agriculture is a growing practice in many parts of the world. It is being looked upon as a valuable and reliable resource in water scarce communities. Wastewater is usually rich in nutrients and the use results in high yields without the need for artificial fertilisers. But with the use of untreated wastewater follows a number of associated health risks, e.g. a higher prevalence of helminth infections has been seen among wastewater users compared to non-users. This water quality study was performed along the River Musi in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Musi River flows through the city of Hyderabad carrying the most of the town’s wastewater. Downstream of Hyderabad the wastewater is used by farmers for irrigation. Along the river weirs are constructed which diverts the irrigation water into canals and reservoirs are formed where the flow velocity slows down. The study area stretches from Hyderabad and 28.7 km downstream. The hypothesis was that the existing irrigation infrastructure acts like Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds and the aim was to quantify the impact of the weirs on water quality and to evaluate the irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability. Within the study area the BOD, E coli and Nematode removals were 86.9%, 99.9% and 99.9% respectively. Despite the high removal the E coli and Nematodes, the concentrations exceed WHO guidelines for unrestricted and restricted irrigation, and there exists an excess risk of intestinal nematode- and enteric infections for farmers. Dissolved oxygen and salinity increases downstream and due to the high salinity farmers could experience reduced crop yields. By looking at removal patterns, and the change in water quality parameters, the conclusion can be made that the reservoirs act like anaerobic ponds in a Wastewater Stabilisation Pond system.

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Yu, Xiaojiang. "An environmental feasibility study of land based sewage effluent disposal at Bolivar using plantation trees /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envy94.pdf.

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Lopes, Marcelo Domingos Chamma [UNESP]. "Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em sistema de alagados construídos, via irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas de milho e de sorgo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103449.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mdc_dr_botfca.pdf: 4079685 bytes, checksum: d7c0ee46d4c6e815bddc9a841f8008a4 (MD5)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o tratamento da água proveniente de suinocultura na fase de reprodução por meio de um sistema de alagados construídos. Aplicou-se a água residuária via irrigação localizada por gotejamento nas culturas do milho safrinha e do sorgo. Realizou-se a caracterização química da água servida e da água residuária em quatro pontos de coletas em três épocas distintos, analisou-se também turbidez; coliformes totais e fecais; sólidos totais, dissolvidos e em suspensão; DBO; DQO; e condutividade elétrica da água. Realizou-se a caracterização química do solo e da solução do solo (extrator de solução) em quatro camadas (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60- 80cm) em três épocas distintas para irrigação com água residuária e para irrigação com água potável. Os experimentos foram efetuados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, conjuntamente nos Campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas e da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. Concluiu-se que o sistema de alagados construídos proporcionou redução nos teores de Coliformes totais e fecais, DBO, DQO, N, K, Cu, Zn e que a água tratada no sistema de alagados construídos pode ser utilizada via irrigação sem causar prejuízos à produtividade da cultura do milho safrinha.
This work had as purpose to evaluate swine wastewater treatment through wetland systems. Treated wastewater was applied through drip irrigation system on sorghum and corn crops. Wastewater was analyzed at four sampling points and three different times; it was analyzed turbidity, total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, total soluble solid content, dissolved solids, suspended solids, BOD, COD, and electrical conductivity. It was carried out the chemical characterization of soil and soil solution (porous ceramic cup extractors) in four layers (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60-80 cm) at three distinct times for wastewater irrigation and drinkable water irrigation. Experiments were carried out at Experimental Farm Lageado, jointly in the Campuses of the College of Agronômicas Sciences and the College of Medicine Veterinária and Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. It was concluded that the Wetland systems decreased total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, BOD, COD, N, K, Cu, Zn. Wastewater treated on wetland systems can be used through irrigation without causing damage to corn yield.

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Bolondi, Elisa. "Circular water resource management in water-scarce regions. The case of the TANQIA Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fujairah (United Arabian Emirates)". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17823/.

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In the last decade, the importance of water for life and its sustainable management have become a central source of interest for governments and institutions. Water, like all the elements on planet Earth, is changing. The emerging global picture is that nearly a quarter of humanity already reside in water-scarce countries and water scarcity may proliferate to more regions. In this scenery, one sustainable strategy is represented by the so-called circular water resources management or water recycling: an integrated management of the resources for implementing administration plans that consider the water reuse as an integrated step of the design process. In the present work, the pilot project carried out at the TANQIA Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fujairah (U.A.E.) has been analysed. The project consists of a trial of two containerized pilot plants of about 15000 m3/year treatment capacity, that have been connected to the existing treatment line. This installation offers the possibility of testing, under real conditions, the capability of the units to produce clean water stripped of any contaminants that can be reused in unrestricted irrigation practices. The containers are equipped with ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membranes combined with an electrocoagulation unit, GAC filters and UV disinfection units. The combination of these multiple devices negates the need for any water treatment chemicals to be utilized. Water safety and functional parameters have been monitored during the trial period of January 2019 and February 2019. The resultant effluent met the stringent standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for unrestricted irrigation. In the next two years, once that reliable water quality has been verified, the units will be manufactured pursuing an economical sustainable approach, in the UAE alongside other possible locations in the target markets of water-scarce, low-income countries across the MENA region.

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Maaß, Oliver. "Analyzing Transactions in Linked Value Chains of Wastewater Treatment and Crop Production". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20128.

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In dieser Dissertation wird der Einfluss von Transaktionen zur Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und gereinigtem kommunalen Abwasser auf die Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion untersucht. Ziel ist es, Kosten und Nutzen sowie die Wertschöpfung von Transaktionen in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie Transaktionen und Interdependenzen zwischen Akteuren in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten die lokalen Governance-Strukturen für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser beeinflussen. Die Analyse wird hauptsächlich durch das Wertschöpfungskettenkonzept, das Konzept der Kreislaufwirtschaft und die Theorie der Transaktionskostenökonomie geleitet. Mit verschiedenen Methoden, wie der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse, der Wertschöpfungskettenanalyse und der Transaktionskostenanalyse, werden zwei Fallstudien in Deutschland untersucht: (1) die Fällung von Struvit (Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphat) und dessen Verwendung als Dünger in Berlin-Brandenburg und (2) das Modell der landwirtschaftlichen Abwasserwiederverwendung in Braunschweig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und Abwasser zu geringeren Kosten für die Abwasserbehandlung, höherer Rentabilität und Wertschöpfung in der Pflanzenproduktion und zu einem hohen Anteil an regionaler Wertschöpfung führen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen aber auch, dass die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser zu Einschränkungen, Verdrängungseffekten und Veränderungen in der Verteilung der Wertschöpfung führen kann. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass differenzierte Governance-Strukturen erforderlich sind, um den unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Transaktionen zwischen Abwasserbehandlung und der Pflanzenproduktion gerecht zu werden. Interdependenzen zwischen Abwasseranbietern und Landwirten erhöhen den Bedarf an hybriden und hierarchischen Elementen in den Governance-Strukuren für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser.
This dissertation explores the impact of transactions for reusing nutrients and treated municipal wastewater on the value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. It aims to analyze what costs and benefits and what added-value can result from transactions in linked value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. Furthermore, it aims to analyze how transactions and interdependences between actors in linked value chains shape the governance structures for reusing wastewater at the local level. The analysis is mainly guided by the value chain concept, the concept of the circular economy and the theory of transaction costs economics. Different methods including cost-benefit analysis, value chain analysis and transaction cost analysis are used to investigate two case studies located in Germany: (1) the precipitation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) in the wastewater treatment plant in Waßmannsdorf and its application as fertilizer in Berlin-Brandenburg, and (2) the agricultural wastewater reuse scheme of the Wastewater Association Braunschweig. The results show that transactions for reusing nutrients and wastewater result in the development of linked regional value chains with lower costs of wastewater treatment, higher profitability and added-value in crop production, and a high share of regional added-value. However, the results also highlight that the reuse of wastewater can lead to restrictions (e.g., cultivation bans on certain crops), crowding out effects and changes in the distribution of the added-value. Furthermore, the findings suggest that different governance structures are needed to match the different properties of the transactions between wastewater treatment and crop production. Interdependences resulting from transactions between wastewater providers and farmers increase the need for hybrid and hierarchical elements in the governance structures for reusing wastewater.

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Lopes, Marcelo Domingos Chamma 1971. "Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em sistema de alagados construídos, via irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas de milho e de sorgo /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103449.

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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o tratamento da água proveniente de suinocultura na fase de reprodução por meio de um sistema de alagados construídos. Aplicou-se a água residuária via irrigação localizada por gotejamento nas culturas do milho safrinha e do sorgo. Realizou-se a caracterização química da água servida e da água residuária em quatro pontos de coletas em três épocas distintos, analisou-se também turbidez; coliformes totais e fecais; sólidos totais, dissolvidos e em suspensão; DBO; DQO; e condutividade elétrica da água. Realizou-se a caracterização química do solo e da solução do solo (extrator de solução) em quatro camadas (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60- 80cm) em três épocas distintas para irrigação com água residuária e para irrigação com água potável. Os experimentos foram efetuados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, conjuntamente nos Campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas e da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. Concluiu-se que o sistema de alagados construídos proporcionou redução nos teores de Coliformes totais e fecais, DBO, DQO, N, K, Cu, Zn e que a água tratada no sistema de alagados construídos pode ser utilizada via irrigação sem causar prejuízos à produtividade da cultura do milho safrinha.
Abstract: This work had as purpose to evaluate swine wastewater treatment through wetland systems. Treated wastewater was applied through drip irrigation system on sorghum and corn crops. Wastewater was analyzed at four sampling points and three different times; it was analyzed turbidity, total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, total soluble solid content, dissolved solids, suspended solids, BOD, COD, and electrical conductivity. It was carried out the chemical characterization of soil and soil solution (porous ceramic cup extractors) in four layers (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60-80 cm) at three distinct times for wastewater irrigation and drinkable water irrigation. Experiments were carried out at Experimental Farm Lageado, jointly in the Campuses of the College of Agronômicas Sciences and the College of Medicine Veterinária and Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. It was concluded that the Wetland systems decreased total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, BOD, COD, N, K, Cu, Zn. Wastewater treated on wetland systems can be used through irrigation without causing damage to corn yield.
Orientador: Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira
Coorientador: Ana Beatriz Rocha de Castro Lopes
Banca: Antônio de Pádua Sousa
Banca: Leandro José Grava de Godoy
Banca: Luiza Helena Duenhas
Banca: Elza Alves
Doutor

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Reami, Luciano. "Avaliação de produtividade agricola e de concentrações de metais nos grãos, de cultura de milho irrigada com efluente anaerobio". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258250.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T16:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reami_Luciano_M.pdf: 2654692 bytes, checksum: 2bddc2a1092ae4d352f631449aa3172f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O trabalho teve a finalidade de avaliar o impacto da irrigação com efluente sanitário, oriundo de tratamento em lagoa anaeróbia, na produtividade da cultura do milho, e na concentração de metais nos grãos. Utilizando a técnica de irrigação por sulcos rasos, foram testados 3 tratamentos correspondentes a adubo mineral e água natural disponível (nascente), efluente anaeróbio desinfetado com hipoclorito de cálcio, e efluente anaeróbio não desinfetado. A produtividade foi semelhante ao da adubação nitrogenada convencional para a 2a safra, e para a 1a safra semelhante somente para os tratamentos efluente anaeróbio e efluente anaeróbio desinfetado. Houve diferença significativa entre os resultados em relação aos tratamentos, para a quantidade de espigas por plantas e a altura das plantas. Em relação aos metais acumulados nos grãos, não resultou em concentrações nocivas a saúde humana, e houve apenas diferença significativa para o metal cobre para a 2ª safra
Abstract: This work had the objective to evaluate the impact of wastewater irrigation on the productivity of corn using effluent from an anaerobic pond, and on physico-chemical and microbiological system soil-water-plant. Using the technique of irrigation by shallow furrows, will be tested 3 treatments corresponding to fertilizer and natural water available, effluent anaerobic disinfected with calcium hypochlorite, and anaerobic effluent not disinfected. They are provided two cropland, one of the rainy season and other in dry period. The productivity was similar to the fertilization nitrogen conventional for the second crop, and for the first crop similar only by the anaerobic treatment and anaerobic desinfected treatment. There was significant difference between the results on treatments for a number of ears per plant and the height of plants, And for accumulated metals in the grains, did not result in harmful concentrations to human health, and there was only significant difference for the metal covers for the 2nd harvest
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Chapman, Jeanette. "Land disposal of winery and distillery wastewaters /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4658.pdf.

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Singh, Divya. "Nanoparticles uptake and toxicity in plants: implication on reuse potential of wastewater for irrigation". Thesis, 2016. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7150.

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Chimienti, Silvia. "Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor (SBBGR) for wastewater treatment and irrigation reuse". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11589/161132.

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In the last decades, both world governmental organizations and public opinion have become aware of water as a precious and limited resource. The increase in world population and climate change suggest the need for a more rational use of water, the reuse of treated wastewater turns out to be a promising strategy to preserve water resources and increase the availability of water in different sectors. The technologies used for wastewater treatment are based primarily on activated sludge systems. These technologies have several limitations such as the need for large treat-ment surfaces, low biomass settling properties and high excess sludge production, but above all, they do not guarantee sufficient pathogens removal in case of reuse of treated wastewater. Conventional wastewater treatments require a process consisting of several purification steps and need a disinfection phase to obtain microbiologically safe effluent aimed to irrigation. These disadvantages have prompted the scientific community to study new treatment systems able to guarantee the quality of treated water and the minimum environmental impact, in order to more easily meet water demand in agricultural sector. Among the new systems recently proposed that can comply with this request, the SBBGR system, developed by the Water Research Institute (IRSA) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), seems to be a promising technology. The aim of this study is the evaluation of SBBGR as a system able to increases the simplification of the treatment scheme for treating and reusing municipal raw wastewater and improves the management of water demand and supply. In the present study, a larger group of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters was considered for evaluating the effectiveness of the SBBGR system for municipal wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse. SBBGR enhancement with sand filtration and chemical (by peracetic acid, PAA) or physical (by UV radiation) disinfection was also evaluated to have a high effluent quality needed for irrigation. The monitored parameters were chosen according to the current Italian regulation and their representativeness. In particular, the microbial indicators were chosen considering that most human pathogens that could be derived from the reuse of wastewater belong to the domains of bacteria, viruses and protozoa, and these microorganisms are characterized by different physiological characteristics and consequently different survival rates in wastewater treatment. Furthermore the spreading of antibiotic resistent genes (ARGs) into the environment has recently raised a great concern for the risk of wastewater reuse as vehicle for genes, for this the removal SBBGR capability of four genes (ermB, sul1, sul2, tetA) resistant to different classes of antibiotics was evaluated in effluent after biological treatment and after tertiary phase. The SBBGR resulted really efficient in removing suspended solids, COD, BOD and nitrogen with an average effluent concentration of 4, 40, 1 and 14 mg/L, respectively. Lower removal efficiency was observed for phosphorus with an average concentration in the effluent of 3.7 mg/L. Plant effluent was also characterized by an average electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio of 0.88 mS/cm and 3.8, respectively. Therefore, according to these gross parameters, the SBBGR effluent was conformed to the national stand-ards required in Italy for agricultural reuse. Moreover, disinfection performances of the SBBGR was higher than that of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants and met the quality criteria suggested by WHO (Escherichia coli <1000 CFU/100 mL) for agricultural reuse. In particular, the biological treatment by SBBGR removed, 2.5 ± 0.8 log units of total coliforms, 3.2 ± 1.1 log units of E. coli, 1.1 ± 0.4 log units of Clostridium perfringens, 1.4 ± 0.3 log units of Somatic coliphages, 1.5 ± 0.9 log units of Giardia and 1.8 ± 0.3 log units of Cryptosporidium. The investigated disinfection processes (UV and peracetic acid) resulted very effective for total coliforms, E. coli and somatic coliphages. In particular, a UV radiation and peracetic acid doses of 40 mJ/cm2 and 1 mg/L respectively reduced E. coli content in the effluent below the limit for agricultural reuse in Italy (10 CFU/100 mL). Conversely, they were both ineffective on C. perfringens spores. The SBBGR system is able to reduce 1-2 logarithmic units of ARGs. In particular, a removal of 1.6 ± 0.7 log units was recorded for ermB, 1.9 ± 0.8 LUR for sul1 and 2.2 ± 1.1 for tetA, while for sul2 there was a lower decrease compared to the other genes, 1.0 ± 0.4. No reduction of the ARGs amount normalized to the total bacteria content (16S rDNA) was obtained, indicating that these genes are removed together with total bacteria and not specifically eliminated. Enhanced ARGs removal was obtained by sand filtration, while no reduction was achieved by both UV and PAA disinfection treatments tested.

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Hsu, Pei-Chen, i 許珮甄. "The Effluent Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - A Case Study of the Pa-Li Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zsr4wg.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
93
The water demand is increasing gradually and the water resource shortages problems will be more serious in Taiwan. The reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plant is actually a very reliable alternative water resource, because of its stable quantity and the lower pollution quality. In addition, the water demand of agricultural irrigation is the highest portion in Taiwan. For this reason, the objective of this study is to assess municipal treated water reuse for agricultural irrigation, including water reclamation technologies and water quality standards. In addition, the research assessed the feasibility of the effluent reuse from Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant to Tao-Yuan areas for the irrigation. The concentration of the total nitrogen from the secondary effluent could not confirm the required water quality standards. But nitrogen is an important element for the crop, therefore, to employ nitrogen removal process, dilute the concentrated of reclamation water with original irrigation water, or to adjust internal standard are available. The advantage of water reuse from the Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant to Tao-Yuan areas is the large amount of water. But the wastewater of Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant is only treated to the primary level, some water qualities could not reach the required water criteria. The study suggests using the stepping aeration process to remove organic matter and the MLE process to remove total nitrogen in the Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant. However, the feasibility is restricted by the area of factory. Considering for present master plan status of the Pa-Li wastewater plant, only 9 % of treated water can be regenerated for agricultural irrigation demand. For this reason, it is necessary to coordinate and regain the borrowed land in order to increase the area for the advanced processes.

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Puttyfoot, Bronwyn Louise Yvonne. "The impact of wastewater irrigation on soils in the ACT". Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155807.

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Degrading catchments and water shortages are the most immediate and arguably the biggest environmental issues affecting the world today. In recent years, wastewater irrigation has gained popular support as a substitute to irrigation of potable water. The use of wastewater for irrigation is considered beneficial recycling of a limited resource; in this case freshwater within Australia. Although it has economic, environmental and social benefits, it is sometimes questioned as an environmentally sound method, because wastewater irrigation has been shown to change the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil. Soil is an excellent medium for the removal of some contaminants in wastewater. However, there is a lack of in-depth knowledge and the need for further research into the influence of site conditions and climate which may inhibit the performance of the wastewater irrigation scheme. This research is focused on determining the impacts of wastewater irrigation on the chemical and physical properties of the soils at selected sites within the Australian Capital Territory. Specifically, this study of wastewater irrigation of urban greenspaces sets out to (a) determine the differences in chemical and physical properties of the irrigated soils to nearby control sites for a single time slice, and (b) evaluate any changes that occurred over a six-year monitoring period. Temporal data analysis for a six-year monitoring period of Southwell Park and North Canberra Water Reuse Scheme revealed some broadscale trends in the chemical and physical properties of wastewater-irrigated soils. Generally, the chemical properties pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrients have increased and the physical property hydraulic conductivity has decreased over the monitoring period. Non-wastewater-irrigated (control) soils were used to provide background concentrations to assess the extent of change as a result of wastewater irrigation. This study found that soil pH, total phosphorus (TP), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium significantly increased from application of wastewater. Soil hydraulic conductivity and permeability were significantly reduced by the application of wastewater. The application of wastewater to land increased soil pH, EC, chloride, organic carbon, total nitrogen (TN), TP, nitrate, total oxidised nitrogen (NOx), bulk density, ESP, sodium, calcium and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and reduced the levels of nitrite, hydraulic conductivity, soil permeability, magnesium, aluminium and P sorption. Ammonia, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and potassium showed no variation between the sites irrigated with wastewater and the control sites. This research found that responses to the soil chemical and physical properties occurred, some of which could be tentatively attributed to wastewater irrigation, but other factors were also contributing. The influence of climate, contrasting ratios of wastewater to potable water used for irrigation, and other management strategies were important factors that emerged during this research. These factors not only represented important constraints but also clarified the specific role that wastewater irrigation played in defining soil characteristics. Climate was a dominant factor in defining soil chemical and physical properties. Under high evaporation, if there were going to be negative impacts imposed by wastewater irrigation, then this is when they would be most pronounced. The responses under wastewater irrigation are independent to the ratio of wastewater to potable water used for irrigation. The responses observed at the Belconnen Magpies Golf Course, which uses 100% wastewater for irrigation, were also observed at the other study sites. Because wastewater irrigation is not the dominant factor controlling soil properties, additional land-management strategies are playing a crucial role. Those strategies occurring pene-contemporaneously with wastewater irrigation include: the use of sites for recreation with consequent impacts on soil compaction and hydraulic conductivity, and the application of a range of agri-chemicals to optimise soil fertility and plant growth. Overall, it can be concluded that the wastewater irrigation is not the dominant factor controlling the soil chemical and physical properties. Although the soils in the study area have experienced physical and chemical changes following wastewater irrigation, the soils have so far retained most of their functions. Land application of wastewater at the study sites has been shown to cause no negative effects on the environment. Therefore, the wastewater irrigation on soils within the Australian Capital Territory is sustainable and does not adversely affect the chemical and physical properties of the soils.

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Cooke, IB. "Pasture as a treatment system for high rate application of effluent". Thesis, 1985. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18888/1/whole_CookeIanBrian1986_thesis.pdf.

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The basic aim of this project was to study the effectiveness of pasture as an aerobic treatment system for high rate piggery effluent application. Two management systems were compared. The first was year round applicaLion of effluent and the second employed separation of the effluent into particulate matter and supernatant then application of the sludge to pasture and storage of the supernatant during those months where the pasture cannot accept extra hydraulic loading. The stored supernatant was applied to pasture during the summer months when the soil water levels were low. Separating out the high BOD containing solids components of the effluent before storage considerably reduced the oxidation pond area required. An above ground settling tank was easy to operate and after 24 hours settling the tank produced a supernatant with a total solids content of 1172 mg/1 and a sludge of 9993mg/1 total solids. An oxidation pond was chosen to store the supernatant to keep odour problems at a minimum. The pond worked well with the low turbidity effluent allowing good light penetration resulting in dense algal growth and thus producing an aerobic layer that reduced odour. Large losses of water and nutrients occurred from the pond due to evaporation, seepage, losses in gases and fixation by the clay forming the bottom and walls of the pond. These losses may have been compounded by difficulties in obtaining representative samples from an unmixed pond. Soil on the effluent treated plots showed a larger increase in phosphorus content than potassium which would reflect the higher phosphorus levels in the effluent applied. Pasture growth was not adversely affected by the high application rates. Pasture growth was greater on the effluent treated plots than the control plots during summer due largely to the irrigation effect. Acceptance of effluent soiled pasture by sheep was poor when new sheep were introduced, however, acceptance increased with time after introduction. Runoff was measured by draining the .45 hectare plots with levy banks and surface drains to a dumping tank situated in a ditch at the base of each plot. The number of dumps were automatically recorded and surface water samples taken daily during periods of runoff. Runoff was higher in 1981 which had a higher rainfall than 1982, 604mm compared to 453mm. Total runoff on the stored plots was 48% and 46% of the runoff on the fresh plots in 1981 and 1982 respectively. Even the stored treatment showed a large increase in runoff over the control plots due to extra hydraulic loading onto saturated soil during the winter months. The ability of pasture to filter nutrients was very high. Approximately 1.3% of the BOD, 4.2% of the nitrogen, .8% of the phosphorus and 1.3% of the potassium applied to the stored plots was lost in runoff. However the quality of the runoff was not good enough for direct discharge into streams. Drainage pipes were laid in the plots at a depth of 30cm. Pollutants in the drainage water were generally in low concentrations. Runoff predicted by a water balance model WBAL3 (Rosenthal et al, 1976) was compared to runoff actually measured for each plot. The model accurately predicted the weeks in which runoff occurred. It also satisfactorily predicted the volumes of runoff although it showed a tendency to overestimate. The model can also be used to determine when and how much effluent irrigation could be applied throughout the year without causing increased runoff and therefore has a place as a management aid for high rate effluent application.

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Hillenbrand, Boone S. "An Investigation for the need of Secondary Treatment of Residential Wastewater when Applied with a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System". 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/716.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the need for domestic wastewater to receive secondary treatment when being applied to the soil by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). SDI uniformly distributes wastewater into the soil, which optimizes the soil’s chemical, physical, and biological capacity to remove waste constituents. Because of these advantages, many regulatory jurisdictions are allowing SDI at sites that previously were prohibited from using conventional trench-based soil application systems because of shallow soil restrictions. However, most of these regulatory agencies also require that the wastewater receives secondary treatment (dissolved organic carbon reduction) before the SDI system. At issue is whether the enhanced soil-based renovation provided by SDI should eliminate the necessity for secondary treatment before SDI.Two SDI systems were installed and monitored at two sites in Tennessee. These locations were residential developments served by a septic tank effluent pump (STEP) collection system, a recirculating media filter (fine gravel media), and SDI dispersal. At both locations, SDI plots were established to receive primary treated (septic tank effluent) and secondary treated (recirculating media filter effluent) wastewater. In close proximity to randomly selected SDI emitters, soil samples were extracted. Soil cores were analyzed to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and pore water samples were analyzed for nitrate, total nitrogen, total carbon, and total phosphorus. Results indicate that the primary-treated sites had lower Ksat values, higher nitrate and higher total nitrogen levels than the secondary-treated side and the background soil. Interestingly, the primary treated side had less total carbon and the background phosphorus concentration was twice that of the primary and secondary treated sides. Primary effluent showed a decrease in concentration for all constituents with increased depth. Secondary treatment does result in a higher quality effluent but is not needed when applying effluent with a SDIS.

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Keam, Darren. "The sustainability of municipal wastewater irrigation in the Interlake Region of Manitoba as a means of nitrogen and phosphorous abatement for Lake Winnipeg". 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/428.

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In Manitoba there are an estimated 200 small and 10 large wastewater treatment systems contributing nutrients to surface water when effluent is discharged. The objective of this study was to assess the sustainability and social acceptance of wastewater irrigation in the southeast Interlake region. It was concluded that sustainably irrigating forage crops would be challenging. The combination of soils with only ratings of fair for irrigability and the low quality of wastewater limits the long term sustainability of irrigation. Only one study site maintains a high potential to develop a wastewater irrigation program due to sufficient suitable land and appropriate wastewater quality. The social acceptance of wastewater irrigation is mixed with only about half the survey respondents favourable to irrigation or reuse of wastewater.

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Bakari, Zaineb. "Feasibility of treated wastewater on crops irrigation and its quality improvement through environmentally sustainable treatments". Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1300323.

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This work evaluated the impact of TWW in comparison with groundwater on strawberry and olive quality and safety, particularly for soil, plants and fruits. A comprehensive strategy was adopted to in order to remove organic and inorganic pollutants such as dyes, ethoxylated alkylphenols and heavy metals that could be exist in treated wastewater and to overcome the sludge management problems, carbonaceous material were produced from sawdust and mixtures of sewage sludge to be used as sorbent as an economically advantageous alternative for WW treatment.

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Chapman, Jeanette 1960. "Land disposal of winery and distillery wastewaters". 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4658.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 183-191. This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components.

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Chapman, Jeanette 1960. "Land disposal of winery and distillery wastewaters / Jeanette Anne Chapman". Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18624.

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Bibliography: leaves 183-191.
xxi, 191 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1996?

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