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Wada, Yasuhiko, Takuma Okumoto i Nariaki Wada. "Evaluating waste disposal systems". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 10, nr 2 (wrzesień 2008): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-008-0209-1.
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Jindal, A. K., Arun Gupta, V. S. Grewal i Ajoy Mahen. "Biomedical waste disposal: A systems analysis". Medical Journal Armed Forces India 69, nr 4 (październik 2013): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.09.007.
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Adzawla, William, Adam Tahidu, Salisu Mustapha i Shaibu B. Azumah. "Do socioeconomic factors influence households’ solid waste disposal systems? Evidence from Ghana". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, nr 1_suppl (styczeń 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18817717.
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Solid waste management remains a major challenge in Ghana, especially in the peri-urban and urban areas. The implications from this bottleneck are widely acknowledged. Nonetheless, fundamental issues such as the factors that drive households into the adoption of a particular solid waste disposal system have not been explored. This study applied a multinomial logit approach using 16,767 households in the Ghana Living Standard Survey round six data to examine whether or not socioeconomic factors influence households’ decision to adopt a particular solid waste disposal system. The results established that a number of the hypothesised socioeconomic factors drive households into the use of a particular solid waste disposal system. For instance, education of households on solid waste management is important to increase households’ decision into collecting wastes other than open dumping or burning. The characteristics of houses and the location of households also influence waste disposal systems in Ghana. We conclude that solid waste disposal at unapproved places was largely influenced by socioeconomic characteristics other than income or welfare of households. We recommend continuous advocacy programmes on improved solid waste management systems, led by the various decentralised governance structures such as the District Assemblies, to curb the menace.
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Mallants, Dirk, Karl Travis, Neil Chapman, Patrick V. Brady i Hefin Griffiths. "The State of the Science and Technology in Deep Borehole Disposal of Nuclear Waste". Energies 13, nr 4 (14.02.2020): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040833.
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This Special Issue of the Energies Journal on Deep Borehole Disposal of Nuclear Waste has delivered a timely update on the science and technology of borehole disposal and the types of radioactive wastes it could potentially accommodate. The Special Issue papers discuss (i) circumstances under which a national waste management programme might wish to consider deep borehole disposal; (ii) a status report of deep borehole disposal options in Germany; (iii) the analysis of corrosion performance of engineered barrier systems; (iv) a review of the potential cementing systems suitable for deep borehole disposal; (v) the thermal evolution around heat-generating waste for a wide range of material properties and disposal configurations; (vi) a geochemical analysis of deep brines focussed on fluid-rock interactions; (vii) post-closure performance assessment calculations for deep borehole disposal of Cs/Sr capsules and an example safety case for (viii) horizontal and (ix) vertical deep borehole disposal of nuclear wastes.
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Fleming, G. "Clayey barrier systems for waste disposal facilities". Environmental Pollution 91, nr 1 (1996): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(96)90012-3.
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Fannin, R. Jonathan. "Clayey barrier systems for waste disposal facilities". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, nr 6 (1.12.1995): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-144.
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Zhao, Jun, i Lixiang Huang. "Multi-Period Network Design Problem in Regional Hazardous Waste Management Systems". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 11 (8.06.2019): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112042.
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The management of hazardous wastes in regions is required to design a multi-echelon network with multiple facilities including recycling, treatment and disposal centers servicing the transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal procedures of hazardous wastes and waste residues. The multi-period network design problem within is to determine the location of waste facilities and allocation/transportation of wastes/residues in each period during the planning horizon, such that the total cost and total risk in the location and transportation procedures are minimized. With consideration of the life cycle capacity of disposal centers, we formulate the problem as a bi-objective mixed integer linear programming model in which a unified modeling strategy is designed to describe the closing of existing waste facilities and the opening of new waste facilities. By exploiting the characteristics of the proposed model, an augmented ε -constraint algorithm is developed to solve the model and find highly qualified representative non-dominated solutions. Finally, computational results of a realistic case demonstrate that our algorithm can identify obviously distinct and uniformly distributed representative non-dominated solutions within reasonable time, revealing the trade-off between the total cost and total risk objectives efficiently. Meanwhile, the multi-period network design optimization is superior to the single-period optimization in terms of the objective quality.
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Zhigulina, Anna Y., i Alla M. Ponomarenko. "Innovative solutions in the design of waste disposal systems for multi-storey buildings". Urban construction and architecture 12, nr 4 (20.01.2023): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/10.17673/vestnik.2022.04.1.
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The article is devoted to the problem of creating rational and efficient systems of waste disposal and waste disposal in modern cities and is considered as part of the global problem of rational consumption of the planet's material resources. The relevance of the development of modern methods for the collection and disposal of waste is due to the catastrophic pace of their increase on a global scale and the obvious irrationality of their burial and incineration. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional and modern improved waste disposal systems for buildings are considered. Conclusions are drawn about the need to form a systematic approach to the disposal of municipal solid waste, as well as the need to create and widely introduce modern waste disposal systems into the practice of urban construction. The introduction of such systems can be interpreted as one of the steps towards rational environmental management.
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Bochkareva, Irina I., Andrey G. Sharikalov, Nikita A. Saburov i Vasil F. Kalimullin. "WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITHOUT LANDFILLS". Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4, nr 2 (21.05.2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-4-2-25-30.
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The paper considers the project idea of creating eco-technology parks, which allows creating a fundamentally new system of waste management in the regions, which will lead to the gradual abandonment of landfill disposal of garbage.
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Kuznetsov, S. N., E. P. Volynkina i E. V. Protopopov. "Organic-waste disposal in high-temperature metallurgical systems". Steel in Translation 45, nr 5 (maj 2015): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709121505006x.
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KOBAYASHI, Kiyoshi, Youichi KITANO, Haruhiko WATANABE i Michiro ISHIKAWA. "COST EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS". Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, nr 751 (2004): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2004.111.
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Bhatia, Latika, Harit Jha, Tanushree Sarkar i Prakash Kumar Sarangi. "Food Waste Utilization for Reducing Carbon Footprints towards Sustainable and Cleaner Environment: A Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 3 (28.01.2023): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032318.
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There is world-wide generation of food waste daily in significant amounts, leading to depletion of natural resources and deteriorating air quality. One-third of global food produced is wasted laterally with the food value chain. Carbon footprint is an efficient way of communicating the issues related to climate change and the necessity of changing behavior. Valorization or utilization of food wastes helps in resolving issues related to environment pollution. Reduction in the carbon footprint throughout the chain of food supply makes the whole process eco-friendly. Prevailing food waste disposal systems focus on their economic and environmental viability and are putting efforts into using food waste as a resource input to agriculture. Effective and advanced waste management systems are adopted to deal with massive waste production so as to fill the gap between the production and management of waste disposal. Food waste biorefineries are a sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the production of platform chemicals, biofuels, and other bio-based materials. These materials not only provide sustainable resources for producing various chemicals and materials but have the potential to reduce this huge environmental burden significantly. In this regard, technological advancement has occurred in past few years that has proven suitable for tackling this problem.
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Etim, Mmemek-Abasi, Sunday Academe, PraiseGod Emenike i David Omole. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in the Assessment of Medical Waste Management Systems in Nigeria". Sustainability 13, nr 19 (30.09.2021): 10914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910914.
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Globally, the pandemic of COVID-19 has penetrated all spheres of human endeavors, and noteworthy is the tremendous increase in the volume of healthcare wastes generated in Nigeria. There has been an increase in medical waste materials produced as a result of the extensive use of both disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face shields and nose and face masks, and highly infectious waste materials, such as contaminated syringes, needles, and soiled bandages from diagnosed positive cases. Despite the huge volume in waste generation, a standardized evaluation framework is currently lacking in the management of medical wastes in Nigeria. This study has developed a novel assessment framework for managing medical wastes, which is curated from the technical guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). The applicability of the framework was examined on seven designated public and private-owned hospitals in Ota. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches of multi-criteria decision analysis were utilized in modelling an evaluation framework for the objective of medical waste management. Carefully designed interview questionnaires, observations, and site visits were carried out to obtain data from healthcare professionals in Ota. Results show that waste segregation was practiced more decisively in private hospitals than public hospitals. Waste segregation is established as a key determinant in implementing an effective waste management system in any healthcare facility. The success of waste segregation in healthcare institutions is highly dependent on good hospital management, organizational policies, efficient budget planning for waste management, and the operational running cost. Disposal methods investigated were mostly open burning and incessant dumping for most public health care centers. Deficient waste management practices were observed in waste disposal, waste transportation, storage, and organizational policies. While the awareness and capacity building on occupational safety practices and environmental public health is widely known by health workers and waste handlers, compliance and enforcement are critical challenges. The validation of results using fuzzy TOPSIS and a sensitivity analysis shows a high degree of the consistency, stability, and robustness of the model. Findings from the present study can aid decision making, as this will benefit policy makers and key stakeholders in developing more comprehensive and effective medical waste management guidelines in Nigeria. In addition, future decision-making studies could augment the results from the current research by assessing the impact of the pandemic preparedness and response on medical waste management.
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Stypka, Tomasz, i Agnieszka Flaga-Maryanczyk. "Developing the Evaluation Criteria for the Municipal Solid Waste Systems – Krakow Case Study". Chemistry & Chemical Technology 4, nr 4 (15.12.2010): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.04.339.
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The article presents the methodology which can help the decision makers in evaluation of different municipal solid waste disposal systems. The results of the well known computer Integrated Waste Management model (IWM-1) are usually too fragmented to allow the final decision. The authors present the scientific background of the IWM-1 results integration. The results of the IWM-1 model analysis have been integrated into some specific categories that originate from the field of the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The authors propose 11 environmental categories plus the general ones calculated by the IWM-1 model. The presented categories describe the environmental impact of the analyzed system and are far easier to identify and understand by the public and by the decision makers. The developed methodology has been applied for the City of Krakow. The authors analyze two Krakow municipal solid waste disposal systems. The first system has been in operation for the last few years. The waste is collected and disposed at the landfill site while recycling and composting are implemented only in a limited scale. The second system presents the potential ultimate solid waste option for Krakow, where the waste is sorted extensively, then a significant part of organic fraction is composted, and the rest of the waste goes to the incinerator. The presented analysis compares these two systems. The authors use the results from the IWM-1 models for both systems as the input data to calculate the proposed impact categories. The final outcome is presented as graphs with the detail description of each stage of generation.
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DN, Ogbonna. "An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria". Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 4, nr 1 (26.01.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000156.
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Solid Waste Management (SWM) system has become one of the contemporary issues of the 21st century at all levels. SWM value chain from generation, storage, collection, transportation to disposal requires proper and efficient control. The volume of waste that is generated should be minimized, storage containers should be adequate and suitable, collection should be frequent, transportation vehicles should be appropriate for the purpose and disposal of wastes should be at dumpsites. Municipal Solid Waste management for that matter has become problematic with Port Harcourt as the city is being inundated with so much filth which has proven to be very difficult and seemingly impossible for the municipal authorities to tackle. Efficient MSWM systems require professional management, supported by an informed population and appropriate legislation and policies. This narrative deals to review different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. This calls for scholars and stakeholders to quantify the comprehensive impacts and plan for integrated solid waste collection, disposal and treatment systems, to improve environmental sustainability at all levels.
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Diaz-Maurin, François, i Rodney Ewing. "Mission Impossible? Socio-Technical Integration of Nuclear Waste Geological Disposal Systems". Sustainability 10, nr 12 (24.11.2018): 4390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124390.
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We present a new perspective on geological disposal systems for nuclear waste. Geological disposal systems encompass all the processes required for the permanent isolation of highly-radioactive materials from humans and the biosphere. Radioactive materials requiring geological disposal are created by commercial nuclear power plants, research reactors, and defense-related nuclear activities, such as spent nuclear fuel from commercial reactors and high-level waste from reprocessing to reclaim fissile material for weapons. We show that disposal systems are so complex that new methods of representation are required. Despite the common call for a systems approach, a broader perspective is needed to obtain an integrated view of disposal systems. We introduce a conceptual formalism of geological disposal systems based on a multi-scale integrated analysis approach. This ‘metabolic’ representation allows one to account for the technical complexity of disposal systems in relation to their broader societal context. Although the paper is conceptual, the integrated formalism can improve the understanding of the complexity of disposal systems and their policy requirements by connecting technical solutions with societal constraints. However, the paper also reveals the limits to efforts to integrate technical and social dimensions of geological disposal systems into a single formalism.
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Yoon, Jeongyeon, Younghan Yoon, Sang Leen Yun i Wontae Lee. "The Current State of Management and Disposal of Wastes Related to COVID-19 : A review". Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, nr 12 (31.12.2021): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.12.739.
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Objectives : This paper summarizes effective waste management and disposal methods for plastic and medical wastes during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.Methods : We reviewed the literatures reporting and identifying the current status and characteristics of wastes related to COVID-19, and the management and treatment guidelines for those wastes. We also investigated various technologies for waste treatment and disposal, and assessed the current status and future direction of the technologies in Korea.Results and Discussion : In the first half of 2020 in Korea, the amount of plastic waste produced had increased by 15.6% year-on-year, and medical waste production also increased significantly from 0.6 ton in January 2020 to 2,928 ton in August 2021. All of the infectious wastes are currently being incinerated in Korea, but there are concerns on air pollutant emissions and insufficient treatment facilities. Municipal solid waste also suffers from a lack of landfill capacity and low price competitiveness in the recycling industry.Conclusions : Policy and system need to be improved to reduce the infectious waste generation from the sources, and treatment and disposal technologies for produced wastes also need to be developed. Furthermore, hospitals and health care facilities should establish their own waste reducing systems which may include chemical treatment and sterilization units.
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Prasanna M, Adhithya, S. Vikash Kaushal i P. Mahalakshmi. "Survey onidentification and classification of waste for efficient disposal and recycling". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 2.8 (19.03.2018): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10513.
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Waste management is a pervasive problem in today’s world and is rising continuously with rise in urbanization. For ecologically sustainable development, waste management is a vital requirement in many countries. It is very essential to sort the waste at base level so that there can be proper disposal of waste at the dumping sites. Sorting of waste requires more manpower and consumes more time too. Waste can be sorted and managed in numerous types of techniques. Analysing and classifying the garbage using image processing can be a very productive way to process waste materials. These papers talk about the traditional methods in which waste disposals are taking place. These also talk about the drawbacks faced by the already existing systems and ways to overcome it.
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Shegenbayev, A., Sh Umbetova, G. Daldabayeva, R. Shegenbayeva i P. Bulanbayeva. "ECOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF WASTE-FREE TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN WASTEWATER DISPOSAL". Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 64, nr 1 (2023): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2023.v64.i1.022.
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The article deals with the issues of waste-free technology of wastewater disposal. Analysis of information on water quality and the state of the ecosystem of Kazakhstan's water bodies shows that most of them are unable to perform their main function – to maintain the geosystem structure formed as a result of prolonged anthropogenic human activity. The reason for the current environmental situation is the management of the economy in accordance with the previously adopted and practically valid technocratic concept of economic development, which does not actually include the thesis of taking into account possible negative consequences for the environment as a result of extensive consumption of resources. In this regard, the consequence for the water resources of Kazakhstan was the loss of water content and the formation of polluted wastewater, the discharge of which has become the norm in the practice of modern wastewater disposal. The ever-increasing flow of pollution, which includes more and more new ingredients, leads to a change in the intensity and direction of the water-body processes in the drainless basins of Kazakhstan. As a result of economic activity, foci of secondary pollution with completely unpredictable properties were formed, which are included in the scope of action of intra-reservoir processes. Currently, scientists are persistently searching for specific innovations or technological schemes for the functioning of enterprises or industrial complex, which will significantly reduce and completely eliminate emissions of harmful anthropogenic substances. In this regard, engineering developments of closed and semi-closed technological cycles, circular water supply systems of enterprises, technical systems with low water and energy consumption, low-waste and non-waste technologies for waste disposal of urban and industrial facilities are considered the most promising
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B, Meena Preethi, Dharshini B i Gokul S. "Biomedical Waste Management Using Incineration and Autoclave". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 4645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43371.
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Abstract: Sanitarium wastes pose significant public health hazard if not duly managed. Hence, it's necessary to develop and borrow optimal waste management systems in the hospitals. Bio-medical waste (BMW) generated in our nation on a day-to-day base is immense and contains contagious and dangerous accoutrements. With the rise in COVID-19 cases, there are concerns about the disposal of huge amounts of biomedical waste. Tamil Nadu generated 35269.74 kg/per day of COVID-19 ‘bio-medical waste’ between 2020 to 2021. This paper deals on managing the Bio-medical waste (BMW) using Incineration and Autoclaving. Keywords: Bio-medical waste (BMW), World Health Organization (WHO), Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), common bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF), Incineration, Autoclaving
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Orlov, E. V. "Features of water supply and water disposal of waste disposal systems in buildings". Vestnik MGSU, nr 10 (październik 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2014.10.141-146.
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HORI, Michihiro, Takashi TSURUTA, Kiyoyuki KAITO i Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI. "MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS". Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management) 67, nr 1 (2011): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcm.67.33.
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Vel't, I. D. "“Vodolei” jet level gauge for waste-water disposal systems". Measurement Techniques 43, nr 5 (maj 2000): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02503658.
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Derso, Sisay, Girum Taye, Theodros Getachew, Atkure Defar, Habtamu Teklie, Kassahun Amenu, Terefe Gelibo i Abebe Bekele. "Biomedical waste disposal systems of health facilities in Ethiopia". Environmental Health Engineering and Management 5, nr 1 (6.01.2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2018.05.
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Wang, Haoqing, Wen Yi i Yannick Liu. "Optimal Route Design for Construction Waste Transportation Systems: Mathematical Models and Solution Algorithms". Mathematics 10, nr 22 (18.11.2022): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10224340.
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A huge amount of construction waste is generated in construction sites every day that needs to be transported by vehicle to disposal facilities for processing. Unlike in most typical transportation problems, once these vehicles are loaded with construction waste, they must travel directly to the disposal facility. Moreover, there are different types of construction waste that may require handling by different disposal facilities. In this paper, we develop a model and algorithm for identifying the optimal transportation routes specific to construction waste transportation. Our results can not only minimize the overall costs for both the logistics company and the contractor but also minimize the distance traveled, thus reducing urban traffic emissions.
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Siddiqua, Ayisha, Maisa El Gamal, Waheed Kareem Abdul, Lama Mahmoud i Fares M. Howari. "E-Device Purchase and Disposal Behaviours in the UAE: An Exploratory Study". Sustainability 14, nr 8 (17.04.2022): 4805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084805.
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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the high-income countries in the Middle Eastern region and is vying for sustainable development in every sector. One of the UAE sustainable development goals is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns; hence, the emphasis is on circular economy. UAE is one of largest consumers of e-devices, and their proper disposal is of paramount importance. E-waste disposal awareness leads to better disposal behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to understand the e-device purchase and disposal behaviour among university communities in the UAE. A survey was conducted among the students and staff members of a federally funded university in the UAE, namely Zayed University, and quantitative methodology was adopted to analyze the collected data. The study found that 47.95% of respondents purchased mobile phones, and 65% of the respondents purchased 1–3 electronic devices every year. Through chi-square test, gender of the respondents was found to be related with e-device ownership. Through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), age and field of specialization were found to affect the knowledge about e-waste. Older and the respondents with science specialization were more aware about e-waste. Most of the respondents disposed e-devices, such as batteries, earphones/headphones, and electronic toys, along with the household trash. A very small percentage of respondents disposed e-devices such as laptops, phones, and tablets with the household trash. Mostly, these were either repaired, donated, or sold to second-hand users. Many respondents were neither aware of the government initiatives on e-waste collection nor participated in government-sponsored e-waste recycling. The study further identified that 67% of the respondents were aware of the toxicity of e-waste, and 61% of the respondents were keen to join e-waste recycling drives at university. The findings of the study imply that the policy makers need to incentivize e-waste-disposal systems and develop targeted awareness approaches to enhance e-waste disposal in the UAE.
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Ochieng, Richard, Alemayehu Gebremedhin i Shiplu Sarker. "Integration of Waste to Bioenergy Conversion Systems: A Critical Review". Energies 15, nr 7 (6.04.2022): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072697.
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Sustainable biofuel production is the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels while preserving food security and land use. In addition to producing bioenergy, waste biorefineries can be incorporated into the waste management system to solve the future challenges of waste disposal. Biomass waste, on the other hand, is regarded as a low-quality biorefinery feedstock with a wide range of compositions and seasonal variability. In light of these factors, biomass waste presents limitations on the conversion technologies available for value addition, and therefore more research is needed to enhance the profitability of waste biorefineries. Perhaps, to keep waste biorefineries economically and environmentally sustainable, bioprocesses need to be integrated to process a wide range of biomass resources and yield a diverse range of bioenergy products. To achieve optimal integration, the classification of biomass wastes to match the available bioprocesses is vital, as it minimizes unnecessary processes that may increase the production costs of the biorefinery. Based on biomass classification, this study discusses the suitability of the commonly used waste-to-energy conversion methods and the creation of integrated biorefineries. In this study, the integration of waste biorefineries is discussed through the integration of feedstocks, processes, platforms, and the symbiosis of wastes and byproducts. This review seeks to conceptualize a framework for identifying and integrating waste-to-energy technologies for the varioussets of biomass wastes.
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Seminar, Kudang Boro, Leopold Oscar Nelwan, I. Wayan Budiastra, Arya Sutawijaya, Arif Kurnia Wijayanto, Harry Imantho, Muhammad Achirul Nanda i Tofael Ahamed. "Using Precision Agriculture (PA) Approach to Select Suitable Final Disposal Sites for Energy Generation". Information 14, nr 1 (23.12.2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14010008.
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Severe environmental pollution and disease exposure are caused by poor waste management, specifically in urban areas due to urbanization. Additionally, energy shortage has threatened almost all parts of human life in the world. To overcome this problem, a precision agriculture approach using spatial mapping based on social environmental factors and sustainability principles can be used to find the variability of sites with respect to their suitability for waste disposal and energy generation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a system for selecting suitable areas for municipal waste disposal and energy generation based on several structured criteria as hierarchical weighted factors. The system prototype was developed and tested in a case study conducted in an Indonesian Megapolitan area. The suitability map produced by the system for waste disposal and energy generation had an accuracy of 84.3%. Furthermore, validation was carried out by ground-checking at 102 location points. A future application of the proposed system is to provide spatial data-based analysis to improve regional planning and policy-making for waste disposal and energy generation in certain areas, particularly in Indonesia.
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Agrawal, Deepali, Parag Dalal i J. K. Srivastava. "Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals – A Review". IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, nr 2 (27.05.2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v7.n2.p1.
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<div><p><em>Biomedical waste management is receiving larger attention because of recent regulations of the biomedical Wastes (Management &amp; Handling Rules, 1998). Inadequate management of biomedical waste may be associated with risks to healthcare employees, patients, communities and their environment. The current study was conducted to assess the quantities and proportions of different constituents of wastes, their handling, treatment and disposal way in numerous health-cares. In this research, we try to elaborate and discuss the of Bio-medical waste management procedure of Ujjain city. Various health care units were surveyed using a modified survey form for waste management. This form was obtained from the world Health Organization (WHO), with the aim of assessing the processing systems for biomedical waste disposal. Hazards related to poor biomedical waste management and shortcomings in the existing system were identified. The development of waste management policies, plans, and protocols are suggested, in addition to establishing training programs on correct waste management for all healthcare workers.</em></p></div>
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Nguyen, Tien Vinh, Paripurnanda Loganathan, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, Srirama Krupanidhi, Thi Thu Nga Pham i Huu-Hao Ngo. "Arsenic waste from water treatment systems: characteristics, treatments and its disposal". Water Supply 14, nr 6 (16.07.2014): 939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.073.
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As with other water treatment systems, arsenic treatment creates not only quality water but arsenic waste as well. Management of arsenic waste is now becoming a major public concern due to its harmful effects on the surrounding environment, including serious health problems such as skin cancers and various internal carcinomas. The main aim of this paper is to review: (i) the characteristics of arsenic waste produced by arsenic treatment systems; and (ii) the treatment and disposal methods of this waste. Arsenic waste type or its characteristics play an important role in choosing the best method of treatment and disposal. Currently, encapsulation of arsenic waste through solidification/stabilization (S/S) techniques is considered to be the most attractive solution and this method is the focus of this review. A number of studies have used cement by itself and in combination with additives such as lime, iron, silicates, or fly ash in the S/S process. Although there is a lack of systematic investigations and differing procedures for testing the effectiveness of the treatment methods, it was agreed that incorporating additives could increase the effectiveness of the S/S process depending on the type and dose of additives.
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Kasimba, Rosemary, Naume Zorodzai Choguya i Solomon Muqayi. "Women and Solid Waste Management in High-density Areas: The Case of Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe". African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 12, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2023/v12n1a10.
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The Zimbabwean government has for a while been reeling under pressure from inadequate resources for waste management mainly due to the expansion of its cities. The study explored household waste management in Hatcliffe Extension, a high-density suburb in Harare, and sought to identify dominant household solid waste management disposal systems by women. The study aim was to explore women’s experiences of solid waste management in the face of poor service delivery in refuse collection. Qualitative research methodology was employed to collect data in the study from conveniently sampled participants. In-depth interviews and observations were the instruments utilised for data collection. The study draws from the Rational Choice Theory to understand human behaviour in relation to people’s choices on suitable and sustainable practices in solid waste management and the environment. The study reveals lack of education and knowledge and poor refuse collection by responsible authorities as driving the disposal of diverse waste materials such as paper, diapers and plastic packages, which have heightened solid waste generation in the area. Dominant household solid waste management disposal systems in Hartcliffe Extension include illegal dumping, open burning, and burying of the waste materials. Overall, Hartcliffe Extension residents practise improper solid waste disposal systems due to lack of collection services from the Harare city council, which is the authority responsible for solid waste management. The study also established various ways in which poorly managed solid waste poses a threat to the environment. The study recommends the education of residents on eco-friendly waste disposal measures that do not pose a threat either to both human beings or the environment.
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Nesci, Francesco Saverio, i Donatella Privitera. "Municipal Waste Management: The Calabrian Case". Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (czerwiec 2014): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.187.
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This paper tackles the issue of municipal waste collection and disposal in the light of the environmental and health demands and emergencies coming from urban areas. Starting from an overview of the European situation, the case of the Calabrian region will be analysed, in order to hypothesise effective management interventions and disposal systems.
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Araujo, Francisco, Hugo Fantucci, Everton Nunes i Rafael M. Santos. "Geochemical Modeling Applied in Waste Disposal, and Its Relevance for Municipal Solid Waste Management". Minerals 10, nr 10 (25.09.2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100846.
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Solid waste management is a challenge for municipalities mainly due to the increasing generation of residues worldwide. Much waste still ends up in landfills, either as a final disposal sink, or as a temporary yet long-term storage prior to eventual landfill mining. Through degradation and infiltration processes, these materials threaten groundwater, soil and the environment, invariably causing expressive societal concern. Waste managers, environmentalists and regulators alike focus upon predicting how these complex geochemical systems will evolve over decades. Geochemical modeling and transport simulation are commonly used to support the design, operation or characterization of these dynamic systems. In this targeted critical review of the literature over the last two decades concerning geochemical modeling applications to waste disposal (including municipal, incineration residue, and industrial), we have attempted to provide an assessment of the current state of knowledge in this field, supported by a comprehensive list of modeling methodologies and data analyses, relevant for municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The information provided is meant to be useful for specialists when planning, implementing or adapting MSW systems.
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ANDO, Shigeru. "Special Issues: The Present Status and Trends of Waste-related Laws. Amendment of the Waste Disposal Law. Establishment of Proper Waste Disposal Systems." Waste Management Research 3, nr 2 (1992): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.3.108.
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Finn, P. A., i S. Vogler. "Processing and waste disposal needs for fusion breeder blankets systems". Fusion Engineering and Design 5, nr 4 (styczeń 1987): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(87)90145-1.
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Jones, D. R. V. "Waste disposal in steep-sided quarries: geomembrane-based barrier systems". Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 11, nr 1 (1996): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1996.011.01.16.
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Vaverková. "Landfill Impacts on the Environment— Review". Geosciences 9, nr 10 (3.10.2019): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100431.
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Waste management (WM) is a demanding undertaking in all countries, with important implications for human health, environmental preservation, sustainability and circular economy. The method of sanitary landfilling for final disposal of waste remains a generally accepted and used method but the available scientific evidence on the waste-related environmental and health effects is not conclusive. Comparative studies of various WM methods (landfilling, incineration, composting etc.) show that among the municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and disposal technological options, sanitary landfilling or open dumping is popular in most countries because of the relative low cost and low-technical requirement. The European Union (EU) Directive on waste landfills has introduced specific goals for reducing the volume of disposed waste and very strict requirements for landfilling and landfill sites. Evaluation of the impact of landfills on the environment is a crucial topic in the literature and has received increased attention recently, given growing environmental concerns. The main goal of this survey was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of possible impacts of MSW landfills on the environment. The main conclusion of the overall assessment of the literature is that the disposal of MSW in landfills entails a number of environmental risks but with respect to the current situation and rich style of living adopted in industrially developed countries, the idea of WM systems functioning without landfilling—at least in the foreseeable future within one generation—seems to be somewhat unreal. The results also provided important information of landfills as a source of environmental risk. Results of this research may have an important impact on landfill management and the disposal of waste. From the literature review, it is evident that even if high levels of waste avoidance, reuse and recycling are achieved, some waste materials will always need to be forwarded for disposal.
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Thives, Liseane Padilha, Enedir Ghisi i Juarez Jonas Thives Júnior. "Assessment of disposal and recycling of waste tyres in Brazil". Ciência e Natura 44 (18.04.2022): e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x68822.
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Waste tyres discarded and accumulated in inadequate places represent a threat to the environment and public health. The problem related to the final disposal of such a solid waste occurs in every country in the world; thus, laws and standards that regulate, control, and assess solid waste management, such as waste tyres, are necessary. In Brazil, since 2009, manufacturers and importers must collect and properly dispose of a waste tyre for each new tyre sold. The National Solid Waste Policy implemented in 2010 requires tyre manufacturers, importers, distributors, and traders to implement reverse logistics systems. In this scenario, this work aims to assess the evolution of waste tyres disposal and recycling in Brazil and verify the compliance with the resolutions of Brazilian environmental agencies, also listing the main destinations. The methodology adopted consists of examining bulletins and documents from Brazilian environmental agencies between 2010 and 2019. As a result, the fulfilment of the national destination goal for the manufacturers and importers of new tyres, and the effective amount of tyres disposed of in an environmentally acceptable way, was not reached in any of the evaluated years. On the other hand, new tyre manufacturers met the target every year, while importers did not. From 2010 to 2019, the main types of disposal activities were co-processing (2,615,299 t), granulation (1,241,456 t) and lamination (495,624 t). On average, the Southeast region has the highest percentage of waste tyres disposal (57.0%), followed by the South region (23.0%), while the lowest percentage was observed in the North region (2.2%). Despite the regulations for the reuse of waste tyres, the practices adopted in Brazil cannot be considered environmentally adequate. In addition, it is important to note that the data analyzed refer to the information collected, which may not represent the total number of companies existing in the country.
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Babu, Kishore. "Online Waste Management System". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 6 (30.06.2023): 998–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53663.
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Abstract: An online waste management system is a web-based platform designed to help manage waste collection, disposal, and recycling processes. This type of system can offer many benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved environmental sustainability. The system typically includes features such as scheduling waste pickups, tracking waste generation, monitoring waste disposal methods, and generating reports on waste management activities. This abstract provides an overview of online waste management systems, discussing their key features and benefits. It also explores the challenges associated with implementing such systems and suggests some best practices for achieving optimal outcomes. Overall, an online waste management system can help organizations reduce their environmental impact while improving their waste management processes.It Focuses on engaging customers and volunteers is a web-based platform designed to involve and motivate individuals to participate in waste management activities. This type of system can offer many benefits, including increased community engagement, improved recycling rates, and reduced waste generation.
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Hyatt i Ojovan. "Special Issue: Materials for Nuclear Waste Immobilization". Materials 12, nr 21 (3.11.2019): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213611.
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Nuclear energy is clean, reliable, and competitive with many useful applications, among which power generation is the most important as it can gradually replace fossil fuels and avoid massive pollution of environment. A by-product resulting from utilization of nuclear energy in both power generation and other applications, such as in medicine, industry, agriculture, and research, is nuclear waste. Safe and effective management of nuclear waste is crucial to ensure sustainable utilization of nuclear energy. Nuclear waste must be processed to make it safe for storage, transportation, and final disposal, which includes its conditioning, so it is immobilized and packaged before storage and disposal. Immobilization of waste radionuclides in durable wasteform materials provides the most important barrier to contribute to the overall performance of any storage and/or disposal system. Materials for nuclear waste immobilization are thus at the core of multibarrier systems of isolation of radioactive waste from environment aimed to ensure long term safety of storage and disposal. This Special Issue analyzes the materials currently used as well as novel materials for nuclear waste immobilization, including technological approaches utilized in nuclear waste conditioning pursuing to ensure efficiency and long-term safety of storage and disposal systems. It focuses on advanced cementitious materials, geopolymers, glasses, glass composite materials, and ceramics developed and used in nuclear waste immobilization, with the performance of such materials of utmost importance. The book outlines recent advances in nuclear wasteform materials including glasses, ceramics, cements, and spent nuclear fuel. It focuses on durability aspects and contains data on performance of nuclear wasteforms as well as expected behavior in a disposal environment.
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Bajsa, O., J. Nair, K. Mathew i G. E. Ho. "Vermiculture as a tool for domestic wastewater management". Water Science and Technology 48, nr 11-12 (1.12.2004): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0821.
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Organic waste management is a growing issue due to the unsustainable practices of its disposal. Sewage treatment plants are designed to treat wastewater to produce a safe effluent. However, one of the by-products, the sewage sludge which is disposed off in landfill or used as fertilizer in agricultural operation is high in pathogens. Sustainability can be achieved by Vermicomposting of organic matter which involves accelerated cycling of nutrients though a closed cycle whereby waste products are put to productive end use. Vermicomposting and vermifiltration are natural waste management processes relying on the use of worms to convert organic wastes to stable soil enriching compounds. Domestic wastewater management can be accommodated through these processes in a sustainable manner. A considerable reduction in pathogens has been noticed in the end product to a level that it can be safely applied to land. This paper provides an overview of the system characteristics of management systems utilising vermiculture, to manage wastewater. The process can be used in a small scale for household waste treatment to rural or urban waste management.
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Heller, Niklas, i Sabine Flamme. "Waste management of deconstructed External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with expanded polystyrene in the future". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, nr 4 (12.02.2020): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20904413.
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External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), mainly comprised of expanded polystyrene (EPS) as the insulating material, have been used to insulate facades of buildings for the past few decades. In Europe, waste from ETICS deconstruction is currently disposed of in waste incineration facilities or landfills. Although the current quantities of ETICS waste are small, disposal of the increasing quantities of waste is posing a problem in some countries. New recycling strategies, such as the physico-chemical recycling of EPS or reutilisation of material and energy of all ETICS components in cement plants, offer the possibility of a circular economy for ETICS waste in the future. However, this would require a waste management chain from the construction site to the utilisation plant with appropriate waste treatment. To assess this concept further, this study documented dismantling efforts at different construction sites and conducted large-scale trials for ETICS waste treatment. The results of this study will allow the selection of suitable processing units and will be applied in a model developed by the IWARU Institute to determine economically and ecologically advantageous waste management routes that can be used to handle ETICS waste in the future.
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Kalina, Marc, Jonathan Kwangulero, Fathima Ali i Elizabeth Tilley. "“You need to dispose of them somewhere safe”: Covid-19, masks, and the pit latrine in Malawi and South Africa". PLOS ONE 17, nr 2 (22.02.2022): e0262741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262741.
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The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has generated an immense amount of potentially infectious waste, primarily face masks, which require rapid and sanitary disposal in order to mitigate the spread of the disease. Yet, within Africa, large segments of the population lack access to reliable municipal solid waste management (SWM) services, both complicating the disposal of hazardous waste, and public health efforts. Drawing on extensive qualitative fieldwork, including 96 semi-structured interviews, across four different low-income communities in Blantyre, Malawi and Durban, South Africa, the purpose of this article is to respond to a qualitative gap on mask disposal behaviours, particularly from within low-income and African contexts. Specifically, our purpose was to understand what behaviours have arisen over the past year, across the two disparate national contexts, and how they have been influenced by individual risk perceptions, established traditional practice, state communication, and other media sources. Findings suggest that the wearing of cloth masks simplifies disposal, as cloth masks can (with washing) be reused continuously. However, in communities where disposable masks are more prevalent, primarily within Blantyre, the pit latrine had been adopted as the most common space for ‘safe’ disposal for a used mask. We argue that this is not a new behaviour, however, and that the pit latrine was already an essential part of many low-income households SWM systems, and that within the Global South, the pit latrine fulfils a valuable and uncounted solid waste management function, in addition to its sanitation role.
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Starostina, V. Yu, i T. H. Christensen. "Life-cycle assessment for municipal waste management systems". XXI Century. Technosphere Safety 7, nr 2 (1.07.2022): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2022-2-142-150.
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One of the important tasks of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation is to implement an integrated regional waste management system through the active involvement of production and consumption waste in the economic turnover, the use of environmentally sound recycling methods, the solution of environmental problems related to waste management and resource conservation. Environmental assessment of the existing municipal waste management system is carried out by analyzing the environmental impact and alternative waste management scenarios in order to develop an integrated waste management system for Irkutsk region. Modelling of production and consumption waste flows and their potential impact on the environment was performed. The method of material flow analysis using STAN software was used to estimate the fractional composition of waste. The method of life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to determine the environmental indicators, using the EASETECH software package, which allows for creating various scenarios of environmental impacts, comparing them and choosing the most optimal and environmentally safe one. The modelling of alternative future waste management scenarios for Irkutsk Region showed that all alternatives can improve the current waste management system, which primarily involves landfilling in an uncontrolled landfill without environmental measures. Construction of a new landfill with gas disposal and leachate treatment is a significant improvement, and recycling of secondary raw materials can reduce the environmental pressure. From an environmental point of view, the current waste disposal system is not efficient. Uncontrolled landfill is the main impact on global warming. Although a new landfill could significantly reduce this impact, it is worth reconsidering the waste management systems paying more attention to recycling rather than to landfilling.
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Schenck, Catherina J., Takunda Y. Chitaka, Hugh Tyrrell i Andrea Couvert. "Disposable Diaper Usage and Disposal Practices in Samora Machel Township, South Africa". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (13.06.2023): 9478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129478.
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Single-use disposable diapers have a major impact on climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, especially those that are unlined, and particularly when such diapers are not well-managed and dumped in water courses and open spaces or burnt. The aim of this study was to explore the current usage and disposal practices of disposable diaper users in Samora Machel, a township in Cape Town, South Africa. The findings were to be used to inform the design and implementation of a pilot diaper collection model to follow. This urban/peri-urban area comprises lower-income, high-density communities in formal basic housing, with many backyarders and informal shacks. The dumping of diapers in open spaces and sewage systems causes severe problems. Therefore, we employed a theoretical socio-ecological system approach to guide the understanding of these complex environmental issues; the data collection methodology entailed a community-based participatory study process. Four hundred and eight (408) questionnaires consisting of quantitative and qualitative answers were codeveloped with members of the community and completed by trained community-based fieldworkers. A community walkabout and two focus groups provided rich data. The results show that complex waste streams such as disposable diapers and the related environmental issues are testing the limits of current management approaches; managing disposable diapers in underserved low-income communities creates a major burden for these already fragile communities. Single solutions will not suffice for these complex problems, so innovative waste management systems need to be codesigned with communities and relevant stakeholders to ensure sustainability, equality, and social justice.
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Wang, Hui, Longshuai Zheng, Qiuhong Xue i Xueqing Li. "Research on Medical Waste Supervision Model and Implementation Method Based on Blockchain". Security and Communication Networks 2022 (24.02.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5630960.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought unprecedented changes to the society and permeated our daily life. However, it has not been successfully applied in the area of medical waste regulation, where the recycling and disposal of medical waste have significant loopholes in the management of classification, transportation, disposal, supervision, and other links. The source, authenticity, and integrity of medical waste data lack guarantees, and there is a risk of data tampering and forgery. Although there are currently some medical waste supervision applications combined with IoT-based blockchain domestically and internationally to facilitate information sharing and transfer, no verifiable method is provided for the information privacy leakage of medical waste operators. To address this problem, we propose a blockchain-based medical waste supervision model, which connects participants involved in the process, introduces digital credentials to achieve the protection of operator information privacy, and ensures that the entire data process is authentic and credible. By building a decentralized system architecture and setting intelligent contracts, we integrate and record the medical waste disposal regulatory information in different phases on the blockchain to form the supervision of medical waste chain. In addition, we digitize the physical credentials and certificates using digital credentials to achieve cryptography security and privacy protection. The regulatory model designed in this paper can provide digital certificates of disposal tracking information to the health, environmental protection, and other administrative departments in China. It can provide authoritative evidence for the supervision and accountability of medical waste disposal and support the construction of a new generation of medical waste regulatory information systems in China.
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Linge, I. I. "Streamlining RW management and radiation safety systems". Radioactive Waste 23, nr 2 (2023): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2587-9707-2023-2-21-34.
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The paper discusses the issues associated with the segregation of the radiation safety and RW management systems. It highlights the need for further upgrading of regulations and methodological provisions establishing the rules for waste categorization as radioactive as it comes to the lists of radionuclides and the numerical values involved; radioactive waste categorization as non-removable waste, identification of the potential hazard periods, selection of decommissioning strategies with the focus placed on the priority radionuclides. The study demonstrates that considering all spent nuclear fuel reprocessing scenarios no alternative can be proposed to the deep radioactive waste disposal option.
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Farjana, Shahjadi Hisan, Tatenda Miriam Mungombe, Hasith Madhumahda Kahanda Gamage, Anmol Sarfraj Rajwani, Olubukola Tokede i Mahmud Ashraf. "Circulating the E-Waste Recovery from the Construction and Demolition Industries: A Review". Sustainability 15, nr 16 (16.08.2023): 12435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612435.
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E-waste or electronic waste uses electrical power from a power cord/plug/battery. Construction and demolition (C&D) industries use various electronic components such as cables, switches, sockets, electrical heat pumps, air conditioning systems, and solar panels, which become e-waste at the end-of-life-cycle stages. E-waste contains valuable metals/non-metals/plastics that are recoverable and recyclable. E-waste disposal is banned from landfills in Victoria (Australia), because of their toxic components that require an additional waste separation process to avoid considerable environmental emissions and costs of separation and safe disposal. This paper aims to review the alternative circularity scenarios for recoverable materials from e-waste the C&D industries. Alternative scenarios for e-waste handling and management originating from the C&D industries are assessed in the current study. We identify and assess the important circularity indicators and waste management steps that would drive towards the identification of future initiatives or policy development to increase the resource recovery from e-waste. The policies would help to advocate for policy development for the C&D industries’ e-wastes.
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Gupta, A. K. "Thermal Destruction of Solid Wastes". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, nr 3 (1.09.1996): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2793861.
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The United States generates the largest amount of solid waste per person in the world. The old practice of direct landfilling and storage is receiving greater public resistance and is attributing to the search for alternative disposal methods. The evergrowing problem of solid wastes requires environmentally benign and good public acceptance for the safe and ultimate disposal of the various kinds of solid wastes. Incineration and various kinds of mass burn-type systems have been used to reduce the volume and mass of the wastes, which can be characterized by their operational temperature. In all types of incineration systems, different kinds of gas clean-up devices are used to meet the local, state, and federal regulations for the gases before being released into the environment. A major concern over these systems have been in the by-products produced from these systems during their normal design and off-design point of operation. Indeed, the by-products generated from some incineration systems, under certain operational conditions, can be a health hazard and the solid residue may be leachable. Recent trends in advanced thermal destruction systems are described which can destroy the solid waste to the molecular level. Advanced systems can be designed to meet almost any emission standards. The use of oxygen-enriched air in place of air for the combustion of gases released from the solid waste reduces the amount of effluent gas, and, hence, the reduced size and cost of the gas clean-up system. The use of an excess enthalpy system offers attractive benefits in which the energy released from the waste is recycled back into the system under controlled conditions with the final desired objectives of reduced emissions, higher efficiency, and lower costs. Thermal destruction of solid wastes using advanced techniques makes good technical, environmental, economical, and human health and safety. The issues concerning recyclability, life cycle integration, and health effects from incineration are only expected to grow in the future.
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Dornburg, Veronika, André P. C. Faaij i Berry Meuleman. "Optimising waste treatment systems". Resources, Conservation and Recycling 49, nr 1 (listopad 2006): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.03.004.
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