Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Washington (D.C.) – Statues”

During the 1930s the neighborhood shopping center emerged as an important phenomenon in the development of retail facilities in the United States. Prior to that decade, the type was limited to a modest number of examples built as components of planned residential subdivisions for the well-to-do. By the eve of World War II, the neighborhood shopping center was seen as an advantageous means of meeting the routine needs of people in outlying urban areas generally. During the 1930s, the neighborhood center also became one of the first common building forms to experience a basic reconfiguration to accommodate patterns of widespread automobile usage. Washington, D. C., was the initial and by far the most intensive proving ground for this work at its formative stage. The results were influential nationwide in the shopping center's transformation from a novelty to a ubiquitous feature of the American landscape.

The aim of the Ukrainian Bureau in Washington was propaganda of Ukrainian question among US government and American publicity in general. Functioning of the Bureau is not represented non in Ukrainian neither in foreign historiographies, so that’s why the main goal of presented paper is to investigate its activity. The research is based on personal papers of Ukrainian diaspora representatives (O. Granovskyi, E. Skotzko, E. Onatskyi) and articles from American and Ukrainian newspapers. The second mass immigration of Ukrainians to the US (1914‒1930s) has often been called the «military» immigration and what it lacked in numbers, it made up in quality. Most immigrants were educated, some with college degrees. The founder of the Ukrainian Bureau Eugene Skotzko was born near Western Ukrainian town of Zoloczhiv and immigrated to the United States in late 1920s after graduating from Lviv Polytechnic University. In New York he began to collaborate with OUN member O. Senyk-Hrabivskyi who gave E. Skotzko task to create informational bureau for propaganda of Ukrainian case. On March 23 1939 the Bureau was founded in Washington D. C. E. Skotzko was an editor of its Informational Bulletins. The Bureau biggest problem was lack of financial support. It was the main reason why it stopped functioning in May 1940. During 14 months of functioning Ukrainian Bureau in Washington posted dozens of informational bulletins and send it to hundreds of addressees; E. Skotzko, as a director, personally wrote to American governmental institutions and foreign diplomats informing about Ukrainian problem in Europe. Ukrainian Bureau activity is an inspiring example for those who care for informational policy of modern Ukraine.Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state. Keywords: Ukrainian Bureau in Washington, Eugene Skotzko, public opinion, history of journalism, diaspora.

Red raspberry production in the western United States is heavily reliant on preplant soil fumigation to ensure the successful establishment and productivity of a planting. However, due to issues related to the regulation, availability, and economics of soil fumigation, alternatives are needed for current fumigation practices. Trials were conducted in commercial raspberry fields in California and Washington to evaluate alternatives to current fumigation practices in each region. In Washington, tarped bed fumigation with 1,3-dichlorpropene (1,3-D):chloropicrin (Telone C-35) performed as well as, and sometimes better than, the industry standard nontarped broadcast fumigation with Telone C-35 for the control of the soilborne pathogen Phytophthora rubi and the plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. In one of the Washington trials, yield of raspberry grown in tarped bed-fumigated areas was 47% greater than the yield of plants grown in nontarped broadcast-fumigated areas. In California, a combination of chloropicrin:1,3-D (Pic-Clor 60) performed as well as the industry standard of methyl bromide:chloropicrin. Raspberry plants grown in soil fumigated with either of these fumigants were approximately 26% taller than plants grown in nonfumigated soil. Our results indicate that there are viable fumigation alternatives to the current fumigation systems used in Washington and California raspberry production systems.

The United States and other nations have taken numerous military, police and intelligence measures in order to counter terrorists’ threats in response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Virginia as well as the attempted attack on a target in Washington, D. C.

During 1999, a leaf spot on carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus [Hoffm.] Arcang.) was observed on nearly every plant in a 20-ha field of carrots (cv. Red Chantenay) grown for processing in western Washington. Circular to elongate, light brown lesions surrounded by chlorosis were present on leaflet margins and petioles of affected plants. Conidia of Cercospora carotae (Pass.) Solheim were present in the lesions. Small pieces of surface-sterilized leaf tissue were placed onto potato dextrose agar plates and incubated at room temperature to obtain fungal isolates. Koch's postulates were completed by atomizing the upper and lower leaves of carrot seedlings at the three to four leaf stage with sterile water or C. carotae at 1.0 × 104 conidia/ml in sterile 0.01% Tween 80. Treatments were replicated five times using single plants. The plants were bagged in clear plastic and placed in a greenhouse at 25°C for 72 h. Disease symptoms developed within 10 days as light brown lesions on leaflet margins and petioles, and were similar to those found in the field. The fungus was reisolated as described above. Symptoms did not develop in control plants sprayed with water. Farr et al. (1) report that C. carotae occurs in several states but not Washington, and Shaw (2) lists C. carotae only from British Columbia and Oregon. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cercospora leaf spot on carrot in Washington. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) C. G. Shaw. W.S.U. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765, 1969.

In the summer and autumn of 1998, the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board (TPB) sponsored an independent study by a team led by ICF Kaiser (now ICF Consulting) to assess its public involvement program for transportation planning carried out in the Washington, D.C., region. The Washington region’s metropolitan planning organization was one of the first to commission an assessment of its public involvement efforts as required under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. The purpose was to provide an overall assessment of TPB’s public involvement program and recommend options for improvement. The assessment was conducted in three phases. The first phase was to review public involvement efforts in the Washington region and, for comparative purposes, other selected metropolitan regions across the United States. The second phase was to interview knowledgeable stakeholders on public involvement in the Washington region. The final phase was to prepare a report presenting findings and recommendations to the TPB based on the efforts from the first two phases. The final report was organized under the umbrella of four overarching themes: ( a) strengthen outreach to stakeholders and the public; ( b) enhance access to information; ( c) improve the public’s understanding of TPB responsibilities; and ( d) either discontinue or enhance the citizens’ advisory committee. Although the first three themes are familiar to strengthening many public involvement programs, the fourth is somewhat new and surprising, especially given the prevalence of such bodies.

In controlled-environment chambers, serrated tussock achieved maximum growth in temperature regimes of 18/11, 18/23, 24/23, or 24/17 C day/night. Growth was significantly reduced at 30/11 C, and no plants survived at 36/29 C. Serrated tussock seedlings grew slowly at first but eventually produced vigorous tussocks with as many as 2800 tillers after 140 d in the 24/17 C regime. Comparisons of climatic conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States revealed that similar temperature conditions occur during the warmest eight mo of the year in areas as diverse as Oregon, Washington, the Sierran Nevada foothills of California, upper elevation rangelands in Arizona, and the southern Appalachian highlands. None of these areas has a precipitation pattern similar to those of the sites of serrated tussock weed infestation in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poorly managed pastures and unimproved rangelands in these diverse areas may be vulnerable to invasion by serrated tussock, should the weed become established in the United States.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is an important warm-season perennial turf and forage grass that is typically grown in warm, tropical and subtropical climates. Smutted inflorescences of bermudagrass were observed and collected in Benton County, Washington, United States, in October of 2012 in an unmanaged, naturalized area located near the banks of the Columbia River and adjacent to large expanses of managed turf containing bermudagrass. The climate in this area is favorable to bermudagrass due to the relatively mild winters and hot, dry summers that usually occur in this region. The infected plants occurred in patches alongside healthy plants and several disease foci were observed along a 100-m transect of non-contiguous bermudagrass. The disease was severe wherever it occurred. Diseased inflorescences were covered with black-brown teliospores, distorted, and frequently failed to fully emerge and develop. Teliospores (n = 80) were irregularly globose to subglobose, 5.3 to 7.0 × 4.5 to 6.2 μm (mean 6.4 × 5.9 μm) and 6.2 to 8.8 × 5.3 to 7.0 μm (mean 7.0 × 6.5 μm), with a smooth wall approximately 1 μm thick, and were consistent with previous descriptions of Ustilago cynodontis teliospores (1,3). Teliospores germinated within 24 h when plated on 0.2% malt agar at 16°C and produced 4-celled basidia in a 3+1 arrangement, also consistent with U. cynodontis (3). Basidia gave rise to lateral and terminal, ovoid to long ellipsoidal basidiospores. Basidiospores budded or germinated by hyphae from which lateral or terminal aerial sporidia developed as previously described (3,4). DNA was extracted from sporidia of three single-spored isolates grown in malt extract broth. Complete nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA coding region and partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 were obtained from the three isolates using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The corresponding regions of the three aligned sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. KC920742 to KC920744) were identical and exhibited 99 to 100% identity with U. cynodontis strains previously deposited in GenBank (HM143013, AY740168, AF038825, and AY345000). Representative specimens were deposited in the WSU Mycological Herbarium as WSP 72345 to WSP 72348. This is the first report of U. cynodontis causing smut on bermudagrass in Washington State and represents the northernmost record of this fungus in North America (2). The occurrence of U. cynodontis in Washington State suggests that the pathogen may exist in other hot and dry areas of northwestern North America where bermudagrass is found associated with turf in recreational, landscape, or natural settings. References: (1) S. D. Brook. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 84:643, 1957. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Online. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases , April 18, 2013. (3) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83:251, 1984. (4) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:471, 1987.

Literature on the foreign policy behavior of economically dependent states holds that they will comply with the foreign policy preferences of the United States, particularly on cold war issues. Regional foreign policies of Mexico and Costa Rica defy this view. Despite significant economic dependence on U.S. aid and trade, both Miguel de la Madrid and Oscar Arias developed peace plans for Central America that directly countered the objectives of the Reagan policy for the area. Pressures resulting from (a) regional security threats, (b) the flow of refugees into Costa Rica and Mexico, (c) the foreign policy traditions of each country, and (d) the need to counteract the effects of dependence guided these presidents to accept the risks of a defiant foreign policy in order to satisfy local demands. Even though heavily dependent and under pressure from the U.S. government to comply with its regional foreign policy, Mexico and Costa Rica implemented policies that served their own national interests and defied Washington.

The Highway Development and Management System (HDM-4) developed by the World Bank is a powerful pavement management software tool capable of performing technical and economic appraisals of road projects, investigating road investment programs, and analyzing road network preservation strategies. Its effectiveness is dependent on the proper calibration of its predictive models to local conditions. Although significant work has been done in calibrating and applying HDM-4 worldwide (especially in developing nations), no substantial effort has been made within the United States. This paper describes the calibration and application of HDM-4 (Version 1.3) to the Washington State Department of Transportation's (WSDOT) road network. WSDOT hopes to use HDM-4 to supplement its existing Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS) in long-term pavement performance and financial needs. Significant findings are that ( a) HDM-4 can be used to analyze the WSDOT road network, ( b) HDM-4 was successfully calibrated for the network, ( c) the network requires calibration factors significantly different than HDM-4 default values, ( d) software issues seem to prevent use of HDM-4 portland cement concrete pavement analysis, and ( e) WSDOT can use HDM-4 to predict pavement preservation budgets quickly, select optimal preservation strategies under varying budget levels, and assist in determining the long-term effects of different funding scenarios on the road network.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important rotational and an emerging specialty crop in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, in California, and in the Northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are widespread parasitic weeds on many crops worldwide. Several Cuscuta species (primarily C. campestris Yuncker) have been reported to parasitize chickpea, and dodder is important on chickpea in the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and recently in Australia (4), but has previously not been reported from North America. On 28 July 2012, a chickpea field near Walla Walla, WA, was found parasitized by dodder. The chickpea was at late flowering and early pod filling stages and there were no other visible green weedy plants as observed from the canopy. There were about 15 dodder colonies varying in size from 2 to 15 meters in diameter in the field of about 500 acres. Chickpea plants in the center of the dodder colonies were wilting or dead. The colonies consisted of orange leafless twining stems wrapped around chickpea stems and spreading between chickpea plants. Haustoria of the dodder penetrating chickpea stems were clearly visible to the naked eye. Flowers, formed abundantly in dense clusters, were white and five-angled, with capitate stigmas, and lobes on developing calyxes were clearly overlapping. The dodder keyed to C. pentagona Engelm. in Hitchcock and Cronquest (3) and in Costea (1; and www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2147&p=8968 ). Specimens of dodder plants wrapping around chickpea stems with visible penetrating haustoria were collected on 28 July 2013 and vouchers (WS386115, WS386116, and WS386117) were deposited at the Washington State University Ownbey Herbarium. All dodder colonies in the field were eradicated before seed formation to prevent establishment of dodder. Total genomic DNA was isolated from dodder stems, and PCR primers ITS1 (5′TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG) and ITS4 (5′TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC) were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA. The ITS region was sequenced. BLAST search of the NCBI nucleotide database using the ITS sequence as query found that the most similar sequence was from C. pentagona (GenBank Accession No. DQ211589.1), and our ITS sequence was deposited in GenBank (KC832885). Dodder (C. approximata Bab.) has been historically a regional problem on alfalfa (Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board 2011). Another species stated to be “mainly” associated with legumes is C. epithymum Murr., and C. pentagona is “especially” associated with legumes (3). The latter species has sometimes been considered a variety (var. calycina) of C. campestris Yuncker (1,3). Although chickpea has been cultivated in the Walla Walla region for over 20 years, to our knowledge, this is the first time dodder has been observed on chickpea in North America. The likely source is from nearby alfalfa or other crop fields, with transmission by farm machinery or wild animals. Some chickpea germplasm exhibits partial resistance to C. campestris (2). References: (1) M. Costea et al. SIDA 22:151, 2006. (2) Y. Goldwasser et al. Weed Res. 52:122, 2012. (3) C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Manual. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1973. (4) D. Rubiales et al. Dodder. Page 98 in: Compendium of Chickpea and Lentil Diseases and Pests. W. Chen et al., eds. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2011.

The study's goal is to investigate the coverage of Donald Trump's anti-Islam narrative in the United States press. The events of September 11, 2001, in New York City, and in San Bernardino,California, among others, impacted the socio-cultural, socio-economic, socio-political, and foreign policies of many countries throughout the world. The current research is essentially a content analysis of two editorials from two different newspapers in the United States (The NewYork Times and The Washington Post). The editorial contents were divided into four categories: A (US government relations with Muslim countries), B (coverage of Islam/Muslims in the war on terrorism), C(Donald Trump's stance on US-Muslim Countries bilateral relations),and D (US government's stance on US-Muslim Countries bilateral relations). To assess the association between different variables, the Chi-square statistical test was performed. The findings show that following the 2016 presidential elections in the United States, editorial overage of Trump's anti-Islam narrative was less favorable than previously.

Stem cankers were observed during 1998 on bolting stalks of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in seed production fields in western Washington. In 1999, approximately 4 ha of cabbage hybrid 'Wk 121, was severely affected. Lesions occurred at the base of seed stalks after they emerged from heads of plants overwintered in the field, or on flower branches and seed-bearing stalks that developed during the growing season. Lesions girdled a branch or stalk, and killed or weakened it so that it broke during pod fill. Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. were obtained by plating spores from lesions onto potato dextrose agar. To confirm pathogenicity, stems of 12-day-old seedlings of ‘Wk 121’ were scraped with a razor blade or left intact, atomized with sterile 0.01 % Tween 80 or a suspension of Botrytis cinerea at 1.0 × 106 conidia/ml, and kept at 20°C in a dew chamber in plastic bags. The fungus was reisolated from small lesions on wounded stems inoculated with B. cinerea after 3 days. No lesions developed on non-wounded or wounded control plants. B. cinerea is reported to cause storage rot of cabbage (2) and gray mold on Brassica oleracea L. (cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, wild cabbage) in Washington (1) but not stem canker. This new seed crop disease may be the result of predisposition to infection by freezing injury or mechanical damage on a highly susceptible cultivar grown under cool, wet weather. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. (2) O. C. Yoder and M. L. Whalen. Can. J. Bot. 53:691, 1975.

In early June 2002, yellow spots and bands with erumpent telia on previous year's needles of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) were noted in landscape tree nurseries in both northern (Sawyer County) and southern (Dane County) Wisconsin. Many 1 to 2 m tall trees were symptomatic at each location. Based on the age of affected needles, time of year of telium development, and telial characteristics including the size and shape of teliospores, the pathogen was identified as Chrysomyxa weirii, the cause of Weir's cushion rust (1,2). Identification of the pathogen was confirmed by Dale Bergdahl, (School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont), who also observed basidiospores. C. weirii is an autoecious microcyclic rust pathogen known to affect P. englemanii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. pungens, and P. sitchensis. Although this fungus has been reported in the western United States from the Black Hills of South Dakota to Washington State, in the eastern United States from the southern Appalachian Mountains (Tennessee and West Virginia) to Vermont, and in most Canadian provinces and territories (1,2), to our knowledge, this is the first report from the Great Lakes Region of the United States. The occurrence of Weir's cushion rust in Wisconsin has direct implications for the economically important nursery and Christmas tree industry in this region. References: (1) D. Bergdahl and D. Smeltzer. Plant Dis. 67:918, 1983. (2) W. Ziller. The Tree Rusts of Western Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, BC, 1974.

ABSTRACT Most of the oil spills in marine, estuarine, or freshwater environments of the United States are small (less than 1,000 gallons) and result in minimal injury to natural resources or little to no loss of services. However, federal, state, and Indian tribe trustees for natural resources are entitled under a variety of laws, including the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, to collect damages (money) from responsible parties to compensate for the foregone services and restoration of the services provided by the natural resources. Alaska, Washington, and Florida have developed a formula-based approach to calculating natural resource damages resulting from most spills; the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and several other states are considering developing a compensation formula. The ideal compensation formula is a simplified assessment process that (a) can be applied rapidly, (b) requires relatively small transaction or assessment costs, (c) requires minimal site- and spill-specific data as inputs, (d) is based on generally accepted scientific and economic principles and methods, and (e) results in damage values acceptable to both the trustees and the responsible party. In theory, a compensation formula could be applied to most small oil spills in United States waters.

Lupine accessions from the Cool Season Food Legume Seed Collection are grown for seed regenerations in Pullman, WA by the Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station. Selected seed was germinated in the greenhouse and assayed by indirect ELISA using antiserum for potyvirus group detection (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Healthy transplants were grown for seed collection on outside plots. In July of 2005, more than 90% of 307 Lupinus luteus L. transplants developed severe yellowing, necrosis, and stunting with an estimated 5% plant death. Plants were heavily infested with aphids and leaf sap was serologically positive for potyvirus. Partially purified virus preparations from infected plants contained filamentous particles and a 35-kDa protein that reacted with universal potyvirus antiserum on western blots. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using potyvirus universal primers (2) and cDNA derived from virion RNA generated a ~1.7-kbp product that was cloned and sequenced. The sequenced portion of the genomic RNA contained 1,610 nucleotides (nt) on its 3′-terminus (GenBank Accession No. EU144223) that included a partial nuclear inclusion protein, NIb, (1 to 637 nt) with the conserved amino acid (aa) replicase motif GDD (131 to 139 nt), the coat protein (CP) gene of 821 nt (638 to 1,459 nt), and a 171-nt untranslated region (1,460 to 1,630 nt) attached to a poly(A)tail. The CP sequence contained a NAG motif instead of the DAG motif commonly associated with aphid transmission. Searches in the NCBI GenBank database revealed that the CP aa and nt sequences contained conserved domains with isolates of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). A pairwise alignment (ClustalX) (4) of the CP aa from 20 BYMV isolates with the BYMV-Pullman isolate revealed identities from 96% (BYMV-S, U47033) to 88% (BYMV-MI [X81124)] -MI-NAT [AF434661]). This meets the species demarcation criteria of more than ~80% identity for inclusion with BYMV (1). Virion mechanical inoculations resulted in local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Reyn and C. quinoa Willd., necrotic blotches on Phaseolus vulgaris L., and yellow spots and systemic movement in L. succulentus Douglas ex. K. Koch, L. texensis ‘Bluebonnet’, and L. texensis ‘Maroon’; BYMV was confirmed by western blots and ELISA. The experimental inoculations represent the first documented report of BYMV in the annual L. succulentus and biennial L. texensis species. Since BYMV is seedborne and transmitted by many aphid species (3), it is possible that several lupine transplants escaped potyvirus detection, and secondary transmission of BYMV to plants occurred by aphids. During the 1950s, BYMV was confirmed in several annual lupines grown as crops in the southeastern United States (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of BYMV occurring naturally in a lupine species in Washington. BYMV is a destructive virus to lupine species worldwide and has a wide host range in Fabaceae. This research directly contributes toward the maintenance of virus-free lupine seed for distribution to scientists focusing on lupine research. References: (1) P. H. Berger et al. Family Potyviridae. Page 819 in: Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the ICTV. C. M. Fauquet et al. eds., 2005. (2) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (3) R. A. C. Jones and G. D. Mclean, Ann. Appl. Biol. 114:609, 1989. (4) J. D. Thompson et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:4878, 1997.

Perennial cultivars of Coreopsis, a genus native to the United States, are widely grown for aesthetics in home gardens and roadsides and are increasingly used in conservation projects and native-plant gardens. During the spring and summer of 2006 and 2007, Coreopsis auriculata ‘Nana’ plants with foliar symptoms showing chlorotic spots and rings were observed in wholesale and retail nurseries in Washington. Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with crude sap extracts from symptomatic leaves of C. auriculata ‘Nana’ obtained from two different sources showed systemic mosaic mottling symptoms, indicating the presence of a virus. Symptomatic leaf samples from C. auriculata ‘Nana’ and N. benthamiana tested positive in antigen-coated plate-ELISA with potyvirus group-specific monoclonal antibodies (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). Additional analysis by ELISA was positive for Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV; Agdia Inc.). To confirm these results, total RNA extracted from symptomatic N. benthamiana leaves was subjected to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using potyvirus degenerate primers (PNIbF5: 5′-GCCAGCCCTCCACCGTNGTNGAYAA-3′ and PCPR1: 5′-GGGGAGGTGCCGTTCTCDATRCACCA-3′) covering the 3′ end of the NIb gene and the 5′ end of the CP gene (1). A single DNA band of approximately 1,000 bp amplified from symptomatic leaves of two independent plants was cloned separately into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Two independent clones per amplicon were sequenced from both orientations. Pairwise comparison of these sequences with corresponding nucleotide sequences of potyviruses in GenBank showed 93 to 99% identity in the NIb/CP region with LMV sequences from France (GenBank Accession Nos. X97704, X65652, and X97705), China (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ306288 and AJ488153), and Brazil (GenBank Accession No. AJ278854). These results confirmed the presence of LMV in symptomatic leaves of N. benthamiana and C. auriculata ‘Nana’. The occurrence of LMV has been reported in ornamental plants that included freeway daisy (Osteospermum fruticosum), lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), and gazanias (Gazania spp.) (2–4). To our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence for the occurrence of LMV in Coreopsis, an economically important perennial ornamental widely grown in the United States. Although the origin of LMV in C. auriculata ‘Nana’ is not known, distribution of cuttings from LMV-infected C. auriculata ‘Nana’ plants to wholesale and retailers within Washington and across the country by movement of plant material could pose a risk to other ornamentals and crops like lettuce because of the broad host range of LMV and its potential transmission by several species of polyphagous aphids. Seed transmission as a potential means of dissemination of LMV in Coreopsis has not been examined, although the virus is seedborne in other plants such as lettuce. References: (1) Y.-C. Hsu et al. J. Virol. Methods 128:54, 2005. (2) V. Lisa et al. Inf. Fitopatol. 3:58, 1995. (3). D. C. Opgenorth et al Plant Dis. 75:751, 1991. (4) F. M. Zerbini et al. Plant Dis. 81:641, 1997.

Resumen: El presente artículo se encuentra dividido en cinco apartados que permiten que su lectura y comprensión sea mucho más amigable. Es interesante y entender que el tema del terrorismo es un tema de naturaleza dinámica y cambiante, en el artículo se estudiara los diferentes tipos de terrorismo que existe y el impacto que ha tenido en el establecimiento de los estados de seguridad pública, así como la afectación a los derechos humanos de las personas y los regímenes jurídicos en los cuales se tipifica esta figura. Abstract: This article is divides into five sections that allow its reading and understanding to be much more user-friendly. It is interesting to understand that the issue of terrorism is a dynamic and changing issue, the article will study the different types of terrorism that exist and the impact it has had on the establishment of states of publica security as well as the impact to the human rights of persons and the legal regimes in which this figure is typified. 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Vol 2, Núm 9, Recuperado de http://juridicas.ucaldas.edu.co/downloads/Juridicas9(2)_6.pdf Griset, P. L., Mahan, S. (2003) Terrorism in perspective, United States of America. Sage Publications Inc. González Calleja, E. (2013). El Laboratorio del Miedo, Madrid, Crítica. Habermas J. (1998) Derechos humanos y soberanía popular. Las versiones liberal y republicana, en Rafael del Águila, Fernando Val, Madrid, Alianza Habermas J. (1994) La desobediencia civil, piedra de toque del Estado democrático de Derecho, en Ensayos políticos, Barcelona, Península. Heydar S. (2017) Islamic Peace Ethics. Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought. United States of America, Baden-Baden: NomosAschendorff Verlag. Hoffman B., Howard R. (2011) Terrorism and counterterrorism: Understandin the new security environment readings and interpretations: 4a eth, United States of America, Mcgraw-Hill. Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. Jackson, R, et al., (2011) Terrorism. A Critical Introduction, New York, Palgrave Macmillian Jassies N. (2009) Mrinus Van Der Lubbe y el incendio del Reichstag. Trad., García Velasco C., España, Editorial Alikornio. Jellinek G (1954) Teoría Geenral de los Estados. Trad. Fernando de los Ríos. Buenos Aires, ed. Albatroz. Jenkins, B.M. (1975), "International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict", in Garitón D, y Schaerf C. Internactional Terrorism and World Security, Londres, Cromm Helm. Johnston, T. D. (1981). Selective costs and benefits in the evolution of learning. En J. S. Rosenblatt, R .A. Hinde, C. Beer y M. C. Busnel (Eds.). Advances of the study of behavior. New York: Academic Press Kilpatrick J (2020) Quand un état d’urgence temporarire devient permanent, le cas de la France. París, Transnational Institute. Khadduri, M. (1955) War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press. Kyrou, A. (2012). L’imaginaire des Anonymous, des luddites à V pour Vendetta. París Folis esssays Lasoen, K. (2018). “War of Nerves: The Domestic Terror Threat and the Belgian Army”. In Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 42, no. 11. Le Goff J. (1984) La Civilisation d l’occident médiéval, París, Foils Essay. Lillich, B. R. (1985) Paris Minimum Standards of Human Rights Norms in a State of Emergency, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 79, No. 4 Locke J. (1997), Segundo tratado sobre el gobierno civil, Madrid, Alianza. Loubet Del Bayle, J. L. (1992) La Police. Approche socio-politique. Paris, Montchrestien. Luhmann, N. (2005) El derecho de la sociedad, 2a ed., México, Herder, Universidad Iberoamericana. Majoran, A. (2015). The illusion of war: Is terrorism a criminal act or an act of war? International Politics Reviews, Vol.3 Issue 1 Martin J-C, (2006) Les règles internationales relatives à la lutte contre le terrorismo. París, edición Bruylant. Nateras González M, E. 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A visual survey in 1998 of a commercial block of 594 sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium) in Yakima County, WA, revealed three trees of cv. Bing growing on Mazzard rootstock that exhibited a progressive decline characterized by a premature drop of yellowed leaves prior to fruit maturity and small, late ripening cherries that were unsuitable for the fresh market. Many young branches of these trees died during the winter, resulting in a sparse, open canopy depleted of fruiting shoots. The budded variety of a fourth tree had died, allowing the F12/1 rootstock to grow leaves that showed intense line patterns. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus or Prune dwarf virus are common ilarviruses of cherry trees but were only detected by ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) in two of the Bing trees. A virus was readily transmitted mechanically from young leaves of each of the two ilarvirus-negative trees to Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana occidentalis strain ‘37B’, which within 5 days, developed systemic mottle and necrotic flecking, respectively. Gel analysis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) isolated from C. quinoa revealed two abundant bands of approximately 6.5 and 8.0 kbp. The C. quinoa plants and the four symptomatic orchard trees were free of Arabis mosaic virus, Blueberry leaf mottle virus, Peach rosette mosaic virus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tomato black ring virus, and Tomato ringspot virus when tested by ELISA. However, C. quinoa leaf extracts reacted positively in gel double diffusion assays with antiserum prepared to the cherry isolate of Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV) (2). A CLRV-specific primer (3) was used for first strand synthesis followed by self-primed second strand synthesis to generate cDNAs from the dsRNA. A consensus sequence of 1,094 bp generated from three clones of the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of CLRV (GenBank Accession No. GU362644) was 98% identical to the 3′-UTR of CLRV isolates from European white birch (GenBank Accession Nos. 87239819 and 87239633) and 96% identical to European CLRV isolates from sweet cherry (GenBank Accession Nos. 87239639 and 8729640) (1). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers specific for the 3′-UTR (CGACCGTGTAACGGCAACAG, modified from Werner et al. [3] and CACTGCTTGAGTCCGACACT, this study), amplified the expected 344-bp fragment from the original four symptomatic trees and two additional symptomatic trees in the same orchard. Seventy-two nonsymptomatic trees were negative by the RT-PCR for CLRV. In 1999, CLRV was detected by RT-PCR in six of eight samples and seven of eight samples from declining trees in two additional orchards located 2.5 km and 23.3 km from the original site, respectively. Sequences of the 344-bp amplicons from these sites were 99.7% identical to those obtained from the first site. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of CLRV in sweet cherry in the United States. Unlike other nepoviruses, CLRV appears not to be nematode transmitted; however, since this virus can be seed and pollen borne in some natural and experimental systems, its presence in independent orchards of a major production region raises concern about its long term impact on sweet cherry production. References: (1) K. Rebenstorf et al. J. Virol. 80:2453, 2006. (2) D. G. A. Walkey et al. Phytopathology 63:566, 1973. (3) R. Werner et al. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 27:309, 1997.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and an unidentified Fusarium species have been reported to cause bulb rot of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Washington (1). In August and September 2002, a salmon-pink discoloration was observed on the outer three to four layers of dry scales of approximately 20% of white onion bulbs of cv. Cometa F1, in each of two 20-acre fields in the Columbia Basin of central Washington. Isolations from the discolored areas of the dry scales onto water agar and potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded fungal colonies characteristic of F. proliferatum (3). The isolates formed long, V-shaped chains of microconidia on polyphialides. Pathogenicity of the isolates of F. proliferatum was tested on white onion bulbs purchased at a local grocery store. The outermost dry scales of each bulb were removed, and the bulb was inoculated by one of three methods: (i) a 5-mm3 section of the fleshy scales was removed using a scalpel, the wound was filled with a 3-mm2 plug of PDA colonized by F. proliferatum, the plug was covered with the section of scale that had been removed, and the inoculation site was covered with Parafilm; (ii) the basal plate of the bulb was dipped into a suspension of 106 microconidia per ml; or (iii) the basal plate was dipped into the spore suspension after wounding by inserting a dissecting needle into the bulb to a depth of 1 cm. A noninoculated bulb provided a control treatment. Bulbs were incubated in a moist chamber at 13°C and examined for discoloration of the outer scales and development of bulb rot. After 2 weeks, salmon-pink discoloration of the outer scales was observed at the inoculation site for both methods of dip inoculation, but not for the plug inoculation method. After 3 weeks, water-soaked, tan to golden, shrunken, soft tissue was observed on the remainder of each dip inoculated bulb, but symptoms of basal rot did not develop. Symptoms were similar to those reported in Idaho for a bulb rot of stored onions caused by F. proliferatum (2). One of the nonwounded inoculated bulbs did not develop a bulb rot, but pinkish discoloration was observed beneath the outer scales and in the neck. F. proliferatum was reisolated from the inoculated bulb tissues. The discoloration observed on the white onions raised concern about the potential for infection to develop into bulb rot in storage. However, thorough curing of the bulbs immediately upon storage restricted infection to the outer dry scales. Similar symptoms were observed at harvest on the bulbs of other white onions in a cultivar trial located near Quincy, WA, although symptoms were not observed on yellow or red cultivars in the trial. The same symptoms were later observed on approximately 70% of bulbs harvested from a 32-acre fresh-market crop of the cv. Sterling in the Columbia Basin. These symptomatic bulbs were rejected for the fresh market. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of onion bulbs by F. proliferatum in Washington, which in 2001, had the third largest acreage of onions in the United States after California and Oregon (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service). References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) S. K. Mohan et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 87:S67, 1997. (3) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983.

AbstractCannonite, ideally Bi2O(OH)2SO4, is a new mineral from the Tunnel Extension mine, Ohio Mining District, Marysvale, Utah, USA. It occurs mostly as intergrown crystalline aggregates (<1 mm) of subhedral to euhedral equant to prismatic crystals (<200 μm) in cavities in quartz gangue. Other associated minerals are cuprobismutite, bismuthinite, and covelline. Cannonite is colourless and transparent with an adamantine lustre and white streak. It is brittle with an uneven to conchoidal fracture. In reflected light it is low reflecting, weakly to moderately bireflectant and weakly anisotropic. Internal reflections (colourless to white) are abundant. Measured reflectance values in air and oil are tabulated. Colour values relative to the CIE illuminant C for R1 and R2 in air respectively are: Y% 10.4, 11.7; Lambdad 475,475; Pe% 2.6, 3.0. Calculated refractive indices at 589 nm: R1 1.91 and R2 1.99. VHN100 229 (range 183-280); calculated Mohs hardness is 4.X-ray studies show that cannonite is monoclinic with space group P21/c and a 7.700(3), b 13.839(6), c 5.686(2) Å, β 109.11(3) ° It has a cell volume of 572.5(4) Å3 with Z = 4. Dcalc. is 6.515 g/cm3. The strongest six lines of the X-ray powder pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)] 3.206 (100) (221); 1.984 (90) (340, 152); 2.924 (70) (131); 3.644 (60) (111); 3.466 (60) (040); 2.782 (50) (112). Averaged probe analyses gave the empirical formula Bi1.99O(OH1.04)2S0.99O4 on the basis of 7 oxygen atoms. The name is for Benjamin Bartlett Cannon of Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

Fruit mass development in `Crowley', `Pilgrim', and `Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was compared in five states for two seasons. Comparing all locations, `Stevens' and `Pilgrim' cranberries had similar growth curves with a faster growth rate than that of `Crowley'. Regional differences in fruit development were observed. Shorter growing seasons, especially in Wisconsin, were compensated for by more rapid growth rates. Conversely, low initial mass and slower growth rates were compensated for by the longer growing season in the Pacific Northwest. Solar radiation intensity accounted for little of the variability in fruit growth. Neither growing degree days nor numbers of days were good predictors of cranberry fruit fresh mass accumulation. Instead, numbers of moderate temperature days (between 16 and 30 °C) appeared to be key, accounting for greater than 80% of the variability in cranberry fresh biomass accumulation. The most rapid growth rates occurred when temperatures were in this range. High temperatures were limiting in New Jersey while low temperatures were limiting in Oregon and Washington. In one of two seasons, low temperatures were limiting in Wisconsin: accumulation of 0.5 g fresh mass took 11 d longer. Massachusetts had the fewest periods of temperature extremes in both seasons, resulting in the shortest number of days required to accumulate 0.5 g fresh mass.

Rhizomania, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and vectored by the soilborne fungus, Polymyxa betae Keskin, is one of the most economically damaging diseases affecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide and has been found in most sugar beet-growing areas of the United States (2). During harvest in October 2000, sugar beet plants exhibiting typical symptoms of rhizomania (1) were found in a field near Paterson, WA. Sugar beet had been planted in the field in 1999 and 2000, but prior to this, the field had not been planted with sugar beet for approximately 20 years. Symptomatic roots from the field exhibited stunting, vascular discoloration, and proliferation of lateral rootlets. Leaves of affected plants were chlorotic. Four soil samples were taken from symptomatic areas of the field and diluted with an equal amount of sterile sand. Seeds of rhizomania-susceptible sugar beet cv. Beta 8422 were planted in the soil and sand mix and maintained in a controlled environment at 24°C and 12 h of daylight at one location and in the greenhouse at another. After 8 weeks, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on roots of plants grown at each location. Triple-antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) was conducted at the University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID and double-antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA was performed at USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA, with antiserum specific for BNYVV (2). Two of four samples were positive for BNYVV in the ELISA tests at both locations based on absorbance values at least three times those of healthy controls. TAS-ELISA tests were conducted on roots collected in July 2001 from a field in Washington, 12.9 km from the first field, as well as from a field across the Columbia River near Boardman, OR. Samples from both fields tested positive for BNYVV. All three fields are within 24 km of one another. Four additional fields have subsequently been confirmed to be infected with BNYVV in this region, based on symptomology and ELISA. There are approximately 3,240 ha of sugar beet grown in the region, and growers have been advised as a result of this confirmation to plant resistant cultivars and increase the sugar beet rotation interval with nonhost crops to a minimum of 4 years. References: (1) J. E. Duffus. Rhizomania. Pages 29–30 in: Compendium of Beet Diseases and Insects. E. D. Whitney and J. E. Duffus, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (2) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 83:864, 1999.

Malnutrition is a problem that is often not identified in hospitals as 8% of hospital patients are diagnosed but malnutrition is estimated to affect 20-50% of patients. Federal programs such as Joint Commission accreditation and the new, optional, global malnutrition composite score from CMS may improve inpatient malnutrition diagnosis, but there may be an opportunity to do more from a regulatory side. It’s unknown how many states are considering malnutrition from this standpoint. The study’s goal was to collect baseline information on mentions of malnutrition-related terms in state hospital regulations. State hospital regulations were identified in July 2022 using this website <a href="https://www.hortyspringer.com/list-links-state-hospital-regulations/">https://www.hortyspringer.com/list-links-state-hospital-regulations/</a> with each regulation double checked each to ensure the most updated guidelines. Hospital regulations from each state plus Washington D. C. (<em>n </em>= 51) were searched for number of mentions of nutrition and malnutrition and whether terms were included in a nutrition care section. Nutrition was mentioned in 82% of plans, but only 49% included nutrition in a nutrition care process section. Malnutrition was mentioned infrequently, with only three states (6%) mentioning malnutrition and only two states (4%) mentioning malnutrition in a nutrition care section. There was only one significant difference in frequency of term mentions by US region (average in Midwest 4.69, in Southeast 24). Incorporating malnutrition and nutrition care processes into state hospital regulations and defining enforcement of regulations may help increase inpatient identification of malnutrition.

Abstract Objective Rural public health system leaders struggle to access and use data for understanding local health inequities and to effectively allocate scarce resources to populations in need. This study sought to determine these rural public health system leaders’ data access, capacity, and training needs. Materials and Methods We conducted qualitative interviews across Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington with individuals expected to use population data for analysis or decision-making in rural communities. We used content analysis to identify themes. Results We identified 2 broad themes: (1) challenges in accessing or using data to monitor and address health disparities and (2) needs for training in data use to address health inequities. Participants faced challenges accessing or using data to address rural disparities due to (a) limited availability or access to data, (b) data quality issues, (c) limited staff with expertise and resources for analyzing data, and (d) the diversity within rural jurisdictions. Participants also expressed opportunities for filling capacity gaps through training—particularly for displaying and communicating data. Discussion Rural public health system leaders expressed data challenges, many of which can be aided by informatics solutions. These include interoperable, accessible, and usable tools that help capture, access, analyze, and display data to support health equity efforts in rural communities. Conclusion Informatics has the potential to address some of the daunting data-related challenges faced by rural public health system leaders working to enhance health equity. Future research should focus on developing informatics solutions to support data access and use in rural communities.

In 2000, chlorotic leaves with inconspicuous leaf spots were observed on several Vinca major L. and V. minor L. plants in a 0.8-ha area in Woodside, CA. In August 2001, 80 to 90% of the plants were symptomatic. Uredinia measuring 2 to 3 × 1 mm were present on the lower surface of leaves. Urediniospores were ellipsoidal to oblong, 27 to 36 × 17 to 27 μm, with cinnamon-brown walls 1 to 2 μm thick, echinulate, and with three or four equatorial or slightly supraequatorial germ pores. Telia were produced in the uredinia. Teliospores were 1-septate, ellipsoidal to clavate, slightly constricted at the septum, and 34 to 45 × 19 to 30 μm. Teliospore walls were chestnut brown, 1.5 to 2.5 μm thick, and verrucose, with the verrucae sometimes in longitudinal lines. One germ pore covered by a hyaline papilla was present in each cell, at the apex in the upper cell and adjacent to the short, hyaline pedicel in the lower cell. The rust was identified as Puccinia vincae Berk. (1). P. vincae is widespread in Europe on Vinca species and is common on V. major in the eastern United States, Washington, and Idaho (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. vincae on V. major in California (vouchers BPI 841363, 841364) and on V. minor in the United States (voucher BPI 841365). References: (1) J. C. Arthur. Page 324 in: Manual of Rusts in the United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation, Lafayette, IN, 1934. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Pages 35 and 916 in: Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.

Abstract Breast cancer is a heterogeneous collection of diseases grouped by hormone receptor status or by expression of key subtype-determining genes. Breast cancer subtypes, in particular basal-like breast cancer and the luminal breast cancer subtypes, differ by hormonal receptor status, proliferation, genomic instability and mutational signatures, treatment response, and prognosis. The highly distinct signatures of basal-like and luminal breast cancer suggest that they may have different cells of origin within the breast duct. As part of the Washington University Human Tumor Atlas Network (WU-HTAN) program, we generated multi-omic data for 53 samples from 37 breast cancer tumors and 4 normal adjacent tissues. Genomic subtyping was applied to both bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Analysis of single-nucleus gene expression and chromatin accessibility in epithelial cells underscores similarities between basal-like breast cancer and luminal progenitor cells within the breast duct, and between luminal breast cancer and mature luminal ductal cells. This study links distinct breast cancer subtypes to normal breast cell populations and suggests distinct cells of origin for these cancer types. Citation Format: Michael D. Iglesia, Reyka G. Jayasinghe, Daniel Cui Zhou, Nadezhda V. Terekhanova, John Herndon, Alla Karpova, Siqi Chen, Nataly Naser Al Deen, Kazuhito Sato, Feng Chen, Deborah J. Veis, Ryan C. Fields, William E. Gillanders, Li Ding. Multi-omic characterization of transitional cell populations in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2936.

The Postulate for Importing an American Concept of the „Upbringing Plan” of the Divorcing Parent into the Polish Family LawSummaryThe article presents the way in which the „upbringing plan” of divorcing parents functions in the United States on the example of its application in the states of Washington and Michigan. The American legislator created conditions for realization of the idea of a mutual performance of the parental authority by divorced parents among other things by means of a detailed regulation on the manner of preparation of such a plan according to a „Questionnaire” designed for this aim.This „upbringing plan” is to fulfil in particular four functions: a) to simplify parent’s regulation of the situation after the divorce; b) normative function; c) educational function; d) preventive function.The author critically analysis the provisions of the family and custodian code regulating the forms of the determinations regarding the parental authority in the divorce verdict and she compares them with American provisions on the „upbringing plan”. On these basis she concludes that first the plan is a perfect concept from both the legal and psychological perspective aiming at protecting the child’s good and second it ideally suits Polish divorce law, both de lege lata and de lege ferendoj It is, however, important in what manner the change of law will be performed.This kind of interception of a modern legislative solution provided for in America in the author’s view would definitely eliminate problems connected with the performance of the parental authority by divorced parents.

Objective: To determine the attitudes of community pharmacists in six states toward technician employment in their community practice and to relate the effects of these attitudes to pharmacist behavior. Design: Four-part mail questionnaire survey. Sections A and B dealt with pharmacist attitudes toward technicians. Section C was 22 activities common to pharmacy dispensing that pharmacists currently allow technicians to perform. Section D was respondent demographics. Respondents: Licensed, practicing, full-time (>32 h/wk) community pharmacists in six states (Illinois, Iowa, Maine, New York, Texas, Washington). Methods: Attitude scores were assessed (ANOVA analysis) by pharmacist age, daily prescription volume, practice site, current technician employment, and state laws. The collective attitude scores (A plus B) were compared with activity scores for correlation between attitude and activities. Results: Overall, responding pharmacists were favorable toward technician use. ANOVA disclosed significant differences for pharmacist age, prescription volume, practice site, and employment of technicians. The top four activities pharmacists allowed technicians to perform were: (1) type labels, (2) select drugs from stock, (3) count needed amount of drugs, and (4) receive refill drug orders. The four least-allowed technician activities were: (1) compound intravenous solutions, (2) verify other technicians' work, (3) provide patients with drug information, and (4) verify completed drug orders. Spearman's r, showed consistency (0.335) between attitudes and activities allowed. Conclusions: Pharmacists approve of technician use, are comfortable with a clinically oriented counseling role, do not feel threatened by increased technician use, are willing to accept the additional professional liability technician use brings, and favor a formally structured technician training program.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) has been a significant problem in many sugar beet growing areas of the United States since the first serious epidemic in 1974. Disease has been attributed solely to the asexual stage of the pathogen in the United States, except for one report of the perfect stage in a single field in Washington coincidental with the 1974 epidemic (1). In August 2001, ascomata were observed in several fields in Owyhee County in southwestern Idaho near Grand View. The perfect stage was widespread and easily found, and in one field the surfaces of leaves collected from 50 randomly sampled plants were between 10 and 90% covered with ascomata. Subsequently, the ascigerous stage was found in September and October in multiple fields in three additional counties in southwestern and south-central Idaho and two counties in northern Colorado. Ascomata were found on 12 commercial varieties in the two states and six breeding lines in Colorado. Asci contained one to four hyaline or yellow-to-golden pigmented ascospores per ascus. Ascomata observed in Idaho and Colorado are similar to those described from Europe (2). Ascospores appeared intact after leaves were dried and stored at 4 to 7°C more than 4 weeks. However, after leaves with ascomata were dried and stored at 24 to 27°C for 1 week or more, ascomata and asci appeared intact microscopically, but ascospores were no longer delineated and appeared desiccated or degraded. Because the ascigerous stage provides a means of genetic recombination, there is the potential for races of the pathogen to arise with greater frequency. This has serious implications for managing fungicide resistance and breeding for disease resistance to sugar beet powdery mildew. References: (1) D. L. Coyier et al. (Abstr.) Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 2:112, 1975. (2) S. Francis. Mol. Plant Pathol. 3:119, 2002.

There has been an upward trend in gambling, particularly among older adults. With the baby-boomer generation moving toward retirement, this trend is expected to increase. Availability and social acceptability of casinos in the United States are 2 of many precipitating factors for older adults' increased enthusiasm for gambling. Noticeably absent from the literature on casino gambling is the perspective of senior social service providers (SSSPs). The present study used a cross-sectional open-ended questionnaire completed by 88 SSSPs in Washington State. The purpose of this study was to describe the SSSPs' (a) perceptions of older adults' motivations to participate in casino gambling, (b) experience with older adults who have gambling problems, (c) views and knowledge of problem gambling, and (d) perception of the need for training on gambling problems. The most prevalent reasons cited for older adults to patronize casinos were the entertainment of gambling and the desire to win money. The least prevalent reasons included peer pressure, to learn new things, and for a public smoking environment. Many respondents (42.0%) felt that their clients were aware of the risks of casino gambling. However, almost one third (29.5%) reported that their clients were largely unaware of the risks. Almost all of the respondents (85.2%) reported they had not received any training regarding problem gambling. The findings indicate the need to educate SSSPs about the potential positive and negative consequences of casino gambling.

The main purpose of the present research is to investigate Pak-Afghan relations in the editorials of US newspapers, The Washington Post & The New York Times and Pakistani newspapers Dawn & The News related to the following issues during the period 1997-2005; A) US as a factor in Pak-Afghan relation, B) Coverage of Islam/Muslims regarding war on terrorism, C) Pakistan’s stance on Pak-Afghan bilateral relations, and D) US’s stance on Pak-Afghan bilateral relations. The time period to be examined in this proposed study spans over eight years regarding the editorial coverage of Pak-Afghan relations in the US and Pakistani leading English Press. Triangulation method based on qualitative and quantitative method was used to conduct the present research. The results show that the editorial contents of USA and Pakistani newspapers were not different regarding Pak-Afghan relations before and after 9/11. The incident of 9/11 changed the American foreign policy towards developing and least developing nations especially Muslims states like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran etc. Pakistani press highlighted the issues regarding the Pak-Afghan relations before and after 9/11 as a favorable and conducive, related to Muslim/Islam regarding war on terrorism. The study suggested that instead of the focus on military resolution of the different problems, rather social bilateral negations should be prioritized which would be long lasting and full of mutual respects and honor.

During late spring of 2012 in Snohomish County of Washington State, chlorotic yellow leaf blotch symptoms suggestive of a virus infection were observed on Portuguese laurel (Prunus lusitanica) planted in a hedge row. Leaf samples from representative trees were initially tested for the presence of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) and Plum pox virus (PPV) by ELISA with antibodies specific to CLRV and general potyvirus, respectively (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). The ELISA test yielded negative results for both viruses. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was pursued to detect other viruses known to infect Prunus spp., namely American plum line pattern virus (APLPV), Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Cherry raspleaf virus (CRLV), Cherry virus A (CVA), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), as well as CLRV and PPV. None of these viruses were detected. However, RT-PCR with a generic primer pair Fovea2/AdPr (3) that amplifies the coat protein (CP) coding sequence and 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR) of several members of the family Betaflexiviridae yielded a 1.4-kb amplicon that was cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KF356396). The sequences from three clones were 99.8% identical to each other at the nucleotide level. Comparison of the consensus CP coding region with the nucleotide sequence database revealed 86 to 93% identity to Cherry rusty mottle associated virus (CRMaV), and only 73 to 75% identities to Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) (1) and 71 to 76% identities to Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) (4) isolates from sweet cherry (P. avium). This result suggested that the cloned fragment represents a strain of CRMaV. Prunus avium ‘Bing’ and ‘Sam,’ and P. serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ were grafted with bark patches from the symptomatic tree and observed for induction of cherry rusty mottle disease (CRMD) symptoms. Ninety days after grafting, symptoms typical of CRMD consisting of chlorotic yellow mottle appeared on ‘Bing,’ ‘Sam,’ and ‘Kwanzan’ indicators. Small necrotic spots also appeared on the leaves of the latter. Angular necrotic lesions on ‘Sam’ and epinasty of ‘Kwanzan’ that are diagnostic symptoms of cherry necrotic rusty mottle disease (CNRMD) and cherry green ring mottle disease (CGRMD), respectively, were absent from graft inoculated indicators. Further RT-PCR tests on the indicators using primers specific to CNRMV, CGRMV, and CRMaV (2) yielded negative results for CNRMV and CGRMV but showed positive amplification for CRMaV. The results of the woody indexing corroborate the presence of CRMaV but the absence of CNRMV and CGRMV in the symptomatic Portuguese laurel. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CRMaV in Portuguese laurel in the United States and the first description of symptoms associated with CRMaV in this host. As a potential reservoir of CRMaV, Portuguese laurel could play an important component in management of CRMD in cherry production areas where this ornamental cherry is also present. References: (1) M. E. Rott and W. Jelkmann. Arch. Virol. 146:395, 2001. (2) D. E. V. Villamor and K. C. Eastwell. Phytopathology 103:1287, 2012. (3) D. V. Villamor et al. Arch. Virol. 158:1805, 2013. (4) Y. P. Zhang et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2275, 1998.

Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch., causal agent of white pine blister rust (WPBR), is one of the most damaging pathogens of five-needle pines, forming aecial states on the trunk and branches and causing cankering, topkill, and branch dieback. Infection can predispose hosts to attack by other pests such as bark beetles, and can result in host mortality. Various species of Ribes, Pedicularis, and Castilleja are alternate hosts on which C. ribicola forms its uredinial and telial states during the mid-summer to fall. In an effort to mitigate the damage caused by white pine blister rust, the planting of ornamental species of Ribes, such as R. occidentalis, is prohibited in 14 states. Indiana currently has no restrictions on the planting of Ribes spp. Since 2010, a Cronartium sp. has been observed producing uredinia and telia on R. odoratum ‘Crandall’ H.L. Wendl. leaves in an urban environment in West Lafayette, Indiana. Symptoms include yellow-orange lesions on the leaf upper surface with uredinia on the underside. These persist from late summer until leaf drop. Telia were collected in 2011 to establish the identity of the causal agent using morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological comparisons between this specimen and other Cronartium species were made using Arthur (2). Filiform telial columns ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in length. Teliospores were cylindrical to sub-ventricose, truncate on either end with one end generally tapering more than the other, and measured 9.0 to 18.6 × 37.2 to 60.0 μm (average 11.9 × 47.4 μm from 30 spores across 4 leaves). These teliospore measurements overlap those of C. ribicola and C. occidentale, but are more consistent with C. ribicola, in which the spores are wider and longer (8 to 12 × 30 to 60 μm) than in C. occidentale (9 to 10 × 27 to 56 μm). For molecular analyses, two nuclear ribosomal loci were sequenced: the internal transcribed spacer regions 1, 2, and 5.8S (ITS) and the 5′ end of the large subunit (28S) (1). The ITS sequence was 665 bp long (KF387533) and the 28S was 892 bp (KC876675). These sequences were queried to GenBank using a BLASTn search. The 28S shared 99% identity (891/892 bp) and the ITS shared 100% identity (663/663 bp) to other published C. ribicola sequences with no close matches to any other species with either locus. Both morphological and molecular methods indicate this species to be C ribicola, making this a first report of white pine blister rust on R. odoratum in Indiana. This fungus has been observed previously on R. odoratum in the northeastern United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire), the Rockies (Colorado), northwestern United States (Washington), and Canada (3). In Indiana, C. ribicola has also been reported on R. cysnobati. There are no other reports of this fungus on any other host within the state. However, the aecial host, Pinus strobus, does grow within the state, and within West Lafayette. To our knowledge, WPBR has only been observed (not reported) once in Indiana in the past 30 years (Paul Pecknold, personal communication). Further monitoring of C. ribicola hosts is needed in Indiana to determine the extent of the disease. The specimen has been vouchered in the Arthur Herbarium (PUR N6734). References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112. 2006. (2) J. F. Arthur. Manual of the Rusts in United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation, 1934. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ April 23, 2013.

Creeping or Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) is a perennial weed of Eurasian origin that arrived in North America as early as the 1700s (3). Spreading by seeds and rhizomes, it is now widely distributed in Canada, Alaska, and 40 other states. It is apparently absent from Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (1). Powdery mildew is common on C. arvense in Europe, but it has never been observed in North America (4). In Europe and Asia, powdery mildew of C. arvense is caused by any one of the following fungi: Leveillula taurica, two species of Sphaerotheca, and varieties of Erysiphe cichoracearum and E. mayorii. Specimens of C. arvense infected with powdery mildew (deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections as BPI 843471) were collected in the fall of 2003 near Moscow, ID and in two areas in Oregon (the canyon of the Grande Ronde River and near the base of the Wallowa Mountains). Mycelium and cleistothecia were observed on stems and upper and lower surfaces of leaves. The mean diameter of the cleistothecia was 122 (±11.6) μm. Basally inserted, mycelioid appendages were hyaline or brown and varied considerably in length, but most were in the range of 80 to 120 μm. Asci averaged 58 (±5.5) μm × 35 (±4.1) μm in length and width, respectively. Each ascus bore two ascospores averaging 23 (±1.4) μm × 14 (±1.7) μm. Conidia averaged 30 (±3.0) μm × 14 (±0.8) μm. The specimens fit the description of E. cichoracearum DC. (2). Because the length/breadth ratio of conidia is greater than 2, the specimens could be further diagnosed as E. cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (2). Also noteworthy was the presence of the hyperparasitic Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. ex Schlechtend. E. cichoracearum is thought to be a cosmopolitan powdery mildew of broad host range, but this concept is difficult to reconcile with the absence of mildew on North American populations of C. arvense for more than 200 years. References: (1) Anonymous. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile for Cirsium arvense. On-line publication, 2003. (2) U. Braun. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews), J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1987. (3) G. Cox. Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1999. (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. On-line publication, 2003.

With the aim of understanding the insertion of higher education into a new context of organization of society and State, which is managed according to the New Public Management, this work presents a comparative historical study of the organization of French and Brazilian higher education. It is concluded that the French adherence to the New Public Management is based on the knowledge economy, while the Brazilian one is based on State size reduction along the lines of the Washington Consensus; in addition, higher education institutions in both countries are organized to participate in competitions: in France, the international competition promoted by rankings, and in Brazil, the market competition.ResumoCom o objetivo de compreender a inserção do ensino superior dentro de um novo contexto de organização da sociedade e do Estado, gerido pela Nova Gestão Pública, o trabalho apresenta um estudo histórico comparativo da organização do ensino superior brasileiro e o francês. Conclui-se que a adesão francesa à Nova Gestão Pública tem como norte a economia do conhecimento, e a brasileira, a redução do Estado nos moldes do Consenso de Washington; e que as instituições de ensino superior nos dois países são organizadas para participarem de concorrências: na França, a internacional promovida pelos ranqueamentos, no Brasil, a mercantil.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior brasileiro, Ensino superior francês, Nova gestão pública, Universidade.Keywords: Brazilian higher education, French higher education, New public management, University.ReferencesAEBISCHER, S. Réinventer l'école, réinventer l'administration. Une loi pédagogique et managériale au prisme de ses producteurs. Politix, n. 98, n.2 p. 57-83 2012/2.AERES. Repères historiques. Agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Disponível em: <www.aeres-evaluation.fr/Agence/Presentation/Reperes-historiques>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.AMARAL, N. C. 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Petrópolis/RJ: Vozes, 1982.ROTHEN, J. C. O vestibular do Provão. Avaliação. Campinas, v. 8 n 1, p. 27-37, 2003.ROTHEN, J. C. Funcionário intelectual do Estado: um estudo de epistemologia política do Conselho Federal de Educação. 2004. 270f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) - Unimep. Piracicaba.ROTHEN, J. C. A universidade brasileira na Reforma Francisco Campos de 1931. Revista Brasileira de História da Educação, v. 17, p. 141-160, mai/out 2008.ROTHEN, J. C. et al. A divulgação da avaliação da educação na imprensa escrita: 1995-2010. Avaliação. Campinas: Sorocaba, v. 20, n. 3, p. 634-664, nov. 2015.SALEM, T. Do Centro D. Vital à Universidade Católica. In: SCHWARTZMA, S. Universidades e Instituições Científicas no Rio de Janeiro. Brasília: CNPq, 1982.SAMPAIO, H. O setor privado de ensino superior no Brasil: continuidades e transformações. Revista Ensino Superior Unicamp. Campinas, n. 4, p. 28-43, out. 2011.SARKOZY, Nicolas. Lettre de mission de M. Nicolas Sarkozy, Président de la République, adressée à Mme Valérie Pécresse, ministre de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, sur les priorités en matière d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche, le 5 juillet 2007. Disponible en discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/077002458.html.SAVIANI, D. Ensino público e algumas falas sobre universidade. São Paulo: Cortez, 1984.SGUISSARDI, V. A avaliação defensiva no “modelo CAPES de avaliação” – É possível conciliar avaliação educativa com processos de regulação e controle do Estado? Perspectiva. Florianópolis, v. 24, n. 1, p. 49-88, jan/un. 2006a.SGUISSARDI, V. Universidade no Brasil: dos modelos clássicos aos modelos de ocasião? In: MOROSINI, M. A universidade no Brasil: concepções e modelos. Brasília: INEP, 2006b.SGUISSARDI, V. Estudo diagnóstico da política de expansão da (e acesso à) educação superior no Brasil. 2002-2012. OEI. Brasília, p. 191. 2014.SILVA JR., J. D. R.; KATO, F. B. G.; FERREIRA, L. R. O papel da CAPES e do CNPq após a reforma do Estado Brasileiro: Indução de pesquisa e da produção de conhecimento. In: ALMEIDA, M. D. L. P. D.; CATANI, A. M. Educação superior iberoamericana: uma análise para além das perspectivas mercadológicas da produção de conhecimento. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2015.VASCONCELLOS, M. Enseignement supérieur en France. Paris: La découverte, 2006.VIE PUBLIQUE. Les autorités administratives indépendantes, 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte-institutions/institutions/administration/organisation/etat/aai/qu-est-ce-qu-autorite-administrative-independante-aai.html>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.

The diplomatic documents from the U.S. Department of State stored at the National Archives of the USA in Washington and Republic of Armenia in Yerevan, which were officially published in volumes by the U.S. Government yet in 1931-1947, contain remarkable material on Cilicia. They throw light upon the negotiations between the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and delegations representing those countries at the 1919-1920 Paris International Peace Conference on political status and borders of Cilicia, establishment of a mandate for it, withdrawal of British troops from the region, occupation of Cilicia and Syria by French troops. The documents of the State Department reveal the contradictions between the Great Powers on the above-mentioned issues, describe their interests in the region. Records for the meetings of the Council of Ten of February 4, Council of Four of March 20, May 14, 21, 31 and Council of Five of July 18, August 25, 1919 are valuable from this point of view. The “Scheme for settlement in the Turkish Empire” of May 21, 1919, reflects the position of the Prime Minister of Great Britain D. Lloyd George on Cilicia. The U.S. President W. Wilson’s approaches concerning Cilicia are reflected in reports of the U.S. Commissioners in Turkey C. Crane and H. King of August 28, 1919, and the chief of the military mission to Armenia General J. Harbord of October 16, 1919. The difficulty of the Turkish border demarcation through Cilicia is presented in a note issued by the Allied Supreme Council on April 26, 1920, to U.S. Secretary of State B. Colby. The U.S. State Department diplomatic documents confirm that the Allies were practically not interested in resolving the issue of ensuring the security of Cilicia and its Armenian population. Based on the 1916 Sykes-Picot Anglo-French secret agreement, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres provided for the transference of the mandate of Cilicia to France. It became the beginning of handing over the land to the Kemalist Turkey. Thus France, seeking to receive its state debt from Turkey, became an accomplice to the new genocide of Cilicia Armenians.

School readiness during early childhood establishes the fundamental basis for prospective academic achievement, emphasizing the necessity for a comprehensive preparation that encompasses both mental and physical readiness. The current study examines the impact of child well-being and family support on school readiness among young learners. This Study used a correlational quantitative approach, the research involved 139 children between the ages of 4 and 7, along with their parents and 30 teachers selected through purposive sampling based on their socioeconomic status. The participants included 54.7% boys (n=76) and 45.3% girls (n=63) from families with varying income levels – low-income (25%), middle-income (29%), and upper-middle-income (46%). The results of the regression analysis indicated that both family support and child well-being have a significant influence on children's school readiness. Particularly, there is a notable positive association among all factors, a correlation between school readiness and child well-being at 42% (r = 0.420, p < 0.001), highlighting that higher levels of child well-being are linked to increased school readiness. Furthermore, family support exhibits a positive contribution to school readiness at 37% (r = 0.370, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that preparing children for school should extend beyond academic and motor skills development to include substantial psychological support, thus enhancing their ability to thrive in an academic environment. Keywords: early childhood, Emotion, Emotion regulation, parenting, happiness References: Atkins, R., Deatrick, J. A., Bocage, C., Huc, R., Aromolaran, D., Besseir, E., Hinckson, A., Joseph, M., Kim, D., Lagman, D., Gladsden, V. L., & Lipman, T. H. (2022). School Readiness and Social Determinants of Health: A Collaboration with Community Teachers and Parents. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4090268 Ayriza, Y., Setiawati, F. A., Nurhayati, S. R., Gumelar, S. R., & Sholeha, E. P. D. R. (2019). Does sleep quality serve as a mediator between well-being and academic achievement? Cakrawala Pendidikan, 38(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v38i1.22181 Azra, A., Risnawati, E., Hermaini, B., Hendra, M., Kartikawati, E., Buana, U. M., & Terbuka, U. (2023). How family communication pattern affect a family ’ s capacity for resilience during covid-19 pandemic. 11(1), 117–137. Barnett, M. A., Paschall, K. W., Mastergeorge, A. M., Cutshaw, C. A., & Warren, S. M. (2020). Influences of Parent Engagement in Early Childhood Education Centers and the Home on Kindergarten School Readiness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.05.005 Borualogo;, Ihsana Sabriani, F. C. (2020). Subjective Well-Being of Indonesian Children:A Perspective of Material Well-Being. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 44–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111634487-006 Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2022). The children’s worlds psychological well-being scale: Adaptation and fit in the Indonesian context. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2053377 Cress, C. J., Synhorst, L., Epstein, M. H., & Allen, E. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the preschool behavioral and emotional rating scale (PreBERS) with preschool children with disabilities. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 37(4), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508411433499 Cress, C., Lambert, M. C., & Epstein, M. H. (2016). Factor Analysis of the Preschool Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale for Children in Head Start Programs. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(5), 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915617630 Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective Well-Being: A General Overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630903900402 El Zaatari, W., & Maalouf, I. (2022). How the Bronfenbrenner Bio-ecological System Theory Explains the Development of Students’ Sense of Belonging to School? SAGE Open, 12(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221134089 Golshirazi, F., & Sadeghi, A. (2021). The Effect of Home-to-School Transition Program on Social-Emotional Readiness of Preschool Students. Journal of Counseling Research. https://doi.org/10.18502/qjcr.v20i77.6147 Gómez-Leal, R., Holzer, A. A., Bradley, C., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Patti, J. (2022). The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership in school leaders: a systematic review. Cambridge Journal of Education, 52(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2021.1927987 Gregory, T., Dal Grande, E., Brushe, M., Engelhardt, D., Luddy, S., Guhn, M., Gadermann, A., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Brinkman, S. (2021). Associations between School Readiness and Student Wellbeing: A Six-Year Follow Up Study. Child Indicators Research, 14(1), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09760-6 Halimah, N., & Kawuryan, F. (2010). Kesiapan Memasuki Sekolah Dasar Pada Anak Yang Mengikuti Pendidikan Tk Dengan Yang Tidak Mengikuti Pendidikan Tk Di Kabupaten Kudus. Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Muria Kudus, I(1), 1–8. http://www.pustaka.unpad.ac.id Harrington, E. M., Trevino, S. D., Lopez, S., & Giuliani, N. R. (2020). Emotion regulation in early childhood: Implications for socioemotional and academic components of school readiness. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 20(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000667 Holzer, J., Bürger, S., Lüftenegger, M., & Schober, B. (2022). Revealing associations between students’ school-related well-being, achievement goals, and academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 95(March), 102140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102140 Hughes, C., White, N., Foley, S., & Devine, R. T. (2018). Family support and gains in school readiness: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(2), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12188 Jung, S., & Choi, N. (2020). Effect of Family Functioning on Preschoolers’ School Readiness: Mediating Effects of Mothers’ Affective Parenting and Preschoolers’ Self-regulation. Family and Environment Research, 58(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.6115/fer.2020.001 Kokkalia, G., Drigas, A., Economou, A., & Roussos, P. (2019). School readiness from kindergarten to primary school. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(11), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJET.V14I11.10090 Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2075902 Lin, M. L., & Faldowski, R. A. (2023). The Relationship of Parent Support and Child Emotional Regulation to School Readiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064867 Lombardi, C. M. (2023). Early Maternal Employment And Children’s School Readiness: Changing Associations Over Time? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(4), 1032–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02357-3 Lombardi, C. M., & Dearing, E. (2021). Maternal Support of Children’s Math Learning in Associations Between Family Income and Math School Readiness. Child Development, 92(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13436 Luby, J. L., Barch, D. M., Belden, A., Gaffrey, M. S., Tillman, R., Babb, C., Nishino, T., Suzuki, H., & Botteron, K. N. (2012). Maternal support in early childhood predicts larger hippocampal volumes at school age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(8), 2854–2859. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118003109 Mariyati, L. I. (2017). Usia dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Kesiapan Masuk Sekolah Dasar. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Psikologi UMG, 095, 331–344. Mashar, R., & Pudji Astuti, F. (2022). Correlation between Parenting Skills, Children’s Emotional and Intelligence Quotient with School Readiness. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 16(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.162.02 Nurmaria, H., & Risnawati, E. (2022). The Relationship of Loneliness and Internet Addiction To Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents. Biopsikososial: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Mercubuana Jakarta, 5(2), 509. https://doi.org/10.22441/biopsikososial.v5i2.14644 Rahmawati. (2018). Kesiapan sekolah merupakan kesiapan anak untuk memasuki sekolah . Di Indonesia istilah kesiapan sekolah lazim digunakan untuk merujuk kesiapan anak masuk Sekolah Dasar ( SD ), sebagai sekolah f. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini,12(November), 201–210. http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/jpud Risnawati, E., Meiliyandrie, L., Wardani, I., Saputra, A. H., Pramitasari, M., Mercu Buana, U., Pendidikan, J., & Dini, U. (2023). Theory of Mind, Roles, and the Development of Emotion Regulation in Early Childhood. 17(2), 1693–1602. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.172.01 Risnawati Erna, Arisandi Alfida, D. R. (2019). Peran Religiusitas dan Psychological Well-Being terhadap Resiliensi Korban KDRT. Journal.Univpancasila.Ac.Id, 10(2), 67–77. http://journal.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/mindset/article/view/836 Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 Seran, T. N., Haryono, & Anni, C. T. (2017). School Readiness: Readiness Children Seen from The Whole Aspect of Early Childhood Development Article Info. Journel of Primary Education, 6(3), 224–232. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jpe St. Laurent, C. W., Burkart, S., Andre, C., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2021). Physical Activity, Fitness, School Readiness, and Cognition in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(8), 1004–1013. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0844 Turner, K. M. T., Dittman, C. K., Rusby, J. C., & Lee, S. (2017). Parenting Support in an Early Childhood Learning Context. In M. R. Sanders & T. G. Mazzucchelli (Eds.), The Power of Positive Parenting (pp. 242–251). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190629069.003.0021

Postharvest anthracnose of papaya, Carica papaya, is an important disease in most production areas worldwide (2). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes two types of anthracnose symptoms on papaya: (i) circular, sunken lesions with pink sporulation; and (ii) sharply defined, reddish brown and sunken lesions, described as ‘chocolate spot’ (2). Colletorichum spp. were isolated from lesions of the first type on papaya fruit from the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead in December 2007 and from fruit imported from Belize in March 2008 (4). Single-spore isolates were identified using colony morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mating type (MAT1-2) sequences. Two taxa were identified in both locations: (i) C. gloeosporioides (MAT1-2; GenBank Nos. GQ925065 and GQ925066) with white-to-gray, fluffy colonies with orange sporulation and straight and cylindrical conidia; and (ii) C. capsici (ITS; GenBank Nos. GU045511 to GU045514) with sparse, fluffy, white colonies with setose acervuli and falcate conidia. In addition, in Florida, a Glomerella sp. (ITS; GenBank Nos. GU045518 and GU045520 to GU045522) was recovered with darkly pigmented colonies that produced fertile perithecia after 7 to 10 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA). In each of three experiments, mature fruit (cv. Caribbean Red) were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with a 15-μl drop of 0.3% water agar that contained 105 conidia ml–1 of representative isolates of each taxon. The diameters of developing lesions were measured after 7 days of incubation in the dark at 25°C, and the presence of inoculated isolates was confirmed by their recovery from lesion margins on PDA. In all experiments, C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides produced lesions that were significantly larger than those that were caused by the water control and Glomerella sp. (respectively, approximately 12, 17, 0, and <1 mm in diameter). C. gloeosporioides produced sunken lesions with dark gray centers and pink/gray sporulation, which match those previously described for anthracnose on papaya (2). In contrast, C. capsici produced dark lesions due to copious setae of this pathogen; they resembled C. capsici-induced lesions on papaya that were reported previously from the Yucatan Peninsula (3). C. capsici has also been reported to cause papaya anthracnose in Asia (4), but to our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported to cause this disease in Florida. Since it was also recovered from fruit that were imported from Belize, it probably causes anthracnose of papaya in that country as well. Another falcate-spored species, C. falcatum, was recovered from rotted papaya fruit in Texas (1). The Glomerella sp. was recovered previously from other hosts as an endophyte and causes anthracnose lesions on passionfruit (4). However, its role as a pathogen on papaya is uncertain since it was not pathogenic in the current work; the isolates that were recovered from papaya lesions may have colonized lesions that were caused by C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides. References: (1) Anonymous. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Handb. No. 165. Washington, D.C., 1960. (2) D. M. Persley and R. C. Ploetz. Page 373 in: Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. R. C. Ploetz, ed. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2003. (3) R. Tapia-Tussell et al. Mol Biotechnol 40:293, 2008. (4) T. L. Tarnowski. Ph.D. diss. University Florida, Gainesville, 2009.

In late June and early July 2002, stunted, chlorotic, and partially defoliated lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) were observed throughout the lentil-growing areas of eastern Washington. These symptoms were investigated in two fields near Garfield, WA and one field near Genesee, ID. Cv. Mason was more affected than cv. Brewer. Roots were dry and brittle with black discoloration in some cases. Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani were obtained from washed roots plated on water agar, but they were nonpathogenic in greenhouse testing in pasteurized field soil and peat-based growing mixes. On 21 April 2003, volunteer lentils growing in the same fields showed symptoms of root rot, and Pythium oospores were observed in the roots. Pythium spp. were isolated by using a selective medium (2). Oospores were aplerotic, intercalary, 12.6 to 21 μm long × 11.2 to 18.2 μm wide, mostly smooth, and often formed in chains. Isolates resembled P. paroecandrum Drechs. and P. irregulare Buisman on the basis of morphological characters (3), but DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region were closer to P. irregulare on the basis of a comparison with a worldwide database of Pythium sequences (C. A. Lévesque, personal communication). Isolates were deposited with the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, WA. Four hyphal-tip isolates were tested in the greenhouse with inoculum grown in autoclaved sandy loam amended with 1% ground rolled oats. Experiments were performed twice in Thatuna silt loam, first in pasteurized and then in nonpasteurized soil. Inoculum was added to the soil at 500 CFU/g, and seeds were planted on the same day. Each isolate was tested on cvs. Brewer and Mason, with five replicates per treatment. Plants were grown in 4- × 20.5-cm plastic tubes (two plants per tube) for 1 month at 16 to 22°C and supplemented with 14 h of light per day. P. irregulare was reisolated from infected roots in both experiments. Damping-off, stunting, chlorosis, and root rot were observed in the Pythium-inoculated treatments, which corresponded to symptoms observed in the field in 2002. In pasteurized soil, only one isolate reduced the whole, dry, plant weight of Brewer, but the other three isolates reduced the dry weight of Mason. All isolates reduced the root dry weight of Mason in natural soil, but only two isolates reduced the root dry weight of Brewer. To our knowledge, Pythium spp., but not P. irregulare, have been reported previously from lentils (1). P. irregulare also causes root rot on winter wheat, which is rotated with lentils, and this pathogen likely causes yield reduction in both crops. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) S. M. Mircetich and J. M. Kraft. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 50:151, 1973. (3) A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink. Stud. Mycol. 21:1, 1981.

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>* </span><span>A previous versions of this article was published in C. James Newlan’s journal, T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OCIAL </span><span>C</span><span>RITIC</span><span>, </span><span>as Ellis Washington, </span><span>Excluding the Exclusionary Rule</span><span>, 3 T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OC</span><span>. C</span><span>RITIC </span><span>(1998), and in E</span><span>LLIS </span><span>W</span><span>ASHINGTON</span><span>, T</span><span>HE </span><span>I</span><span>NSEPARABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>: T</span><span>HE </span><span>C</span><span>ONSTITUTION</span><span>, N</span><span>ATURAL </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND THE </span><span>R</span><span>ULE OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>16-28 (2002) [</span><span>hereinafter </span><span>W</span><span>ASHINGTON</span><span>, I</span><span>NSEPARABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>]. For a comprehensive legal and historical analysis regarding the integration of the rule of law, jurispru- dence, and society in modern times, </span><span>see generally </span><span>Ellis Washington, </span><span>Reply to Judge Richard A. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and Morality</span><span>, 3 R</span><span>UTGERS </span><span>J. L. &amp; R</span><span>ELIG</span><span>. 1 (2001-2002); </span><span>The Nuremberg Trials: The Death of the Rule of Law </span><span>(In International Law), 49 L</span><span>OY</span><span>. L. R</span><span>EV</span><span>. 471-518 (2003). </span></p><p><span>** </span><span>Ellis Washington, DePauw University; B.A. 1983, University of Michigan; M.M. 1986, John Marshall Law School; J.D. 1994. The author an editor at the U</span><span>NIVERSITY OF </span><span>M</span><span>ICHIGAN </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>R</span><span>EVIEW </span><span>and a law clerk for the Rutherford Institute. He was a faculty member at Davenport University and member of the Board of Visitors at Ave Maria School of Law. Currently, Mr. Washington is a freelance writer and lecturer at high schools, universities, and law schools throughout America specializing in the history of law, legal and political philosophy, jurisprudence, constitutional law, critical race theory, and legal feminist theory. He also teaches composition at Lansing Community College. In addition to numerous articles, he has published three books: T</span><span>HE </span><span>D</span><span>EVIL IS IN THE </span><span>D</span><span>ETAILS</span><span>: E</span><span>SSAYS ON </span><span>L</span><span>AW</span><span>, R</span><span>ACE</span><span>, P</span><span>OLITICS AND </span><span>R</span><span>ELIGION </span><span>(1999); B</span><span>EYOND </span><span>T</span><span>HE </span><span>V</span><span>EIL</span><span>: E</span><span>SSAYS IN THE </span><span>D</span><span>IALECTICAL </span><span>S</span><span>TYLE OF </span><span>S</span><span>OCRATES </span><span>(2000, 2004); T</span><span>HE </span><span>I</span><span>NSEPRABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>: T</span><span>HE </span><span>C</span><span>ONSTITUTION</span><span>, N</span><span>ATURAL </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND THE </span><span>R</span><span>ULE OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>(2002). His article, </span><span>The Nuremberg Trials: The Death of the Rule of Law (In International Law)</span><span>, 49 L</span><span>OY</span><span>. L. R</span><span>EV</span><span>. 471-518 (2003), has received both national and international recognition and has been accepted into many prestigious archives and collections including–Chambers Library of the Supreme Court of the United States, State Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau, The Simon Wiesenthal Center, The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. </span></p><p><span>*Exceeding gratitude to my friend, attorney Che Ali Karega (a.k.a. “Machiavelli”) for his antagonism, advice, ideas, source materials, and inspiration. To Arthur LaBrew, musicologist and historian, founder Michigan Music Research Center (Detroit), for his prescient comments and attention to detail on earlier drafts of the Article. To C. James Newlan, publisher of the Journal, T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OCIAL </span><span>C</span><span>RITIC</span><span>, for being my friend, my first publisher, an intellectual, a visionary, and the first person to believe that I had ideas worthy to be published and read. </span></p></div></div></div>

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Thromboprophylaxis is a safe and effective way to decrease VTE in other high-risk populations. Recently, a clinical prediction model was developed to identify patients with newly diagnosed MM starting chemotherapy at highest risk of VTE. The model, IMPEDE VTE, found the following clinical risk factors for VTE: immunomodulatory drugs, body mass index, recent pathologic fracture of the femur or hip, erythropoietin stimulating drugs, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, Asian ethnicity/race, history of VTE, tunneled line or central venous catheter, and existing use of aspirin or anticoagulation. External validation of the model has yielded a c-statistic for VTE risk prediction of 0.64 to 0.65. Laboratory parameters can predict VTE in some patients with cancer. Accordingly so, the addition of laboratory parameters to IMPEDE VTE has the ability to improve model performance. Thus, we sought to determine the association between soluble P-selectin and D-dimer with the development of VTE in patients with newly diagnosed MM starting chemotherapy. Methods: We identified 545 patients from the Washington University in St. Louis MM banking protocol, with available plasma from time of diagnosis (2007-2019). Thirty-eight cases of VTE were identified within 6 months following treatment initiation. An additional 137 patients were randomly selected as controls. D-dimer and soluble P-selectin ELISA assays were performed on the banked plasma by Eve Technologies, who was blinded to case vs. control status. Both assays were performed in duplicate and results averaged. All additional variables were collected through manual chart abstraction. IMPEDE VTE scores were calculated as we previously described (Sanfilippo et al.). The association of D-dimer and soluble P-selectin with VTE risk was assessed using Cox regression, adjusting for IMPEDE VTE score. Results: The median age of all 545 patients was 65 (range 32-79), 54% were male, and 85% were white. All patients received novel chemotherapy agents for first-line MM therapy and 66% underwent autologous stem cell transplant. Of the 38 cases with VTE, 20 patients had deep vein thrombosis, 17 had pulmonary emboli, and 1 patient had concurrent events. The median time from chemotherapy initiation to VTE was 51 days (range 4-193). The median IMPEDE VTE score was 5 (range -1 to 12). Each unit increase in IMPEDE VTE score was associated with a 21% increase in risk for VTE (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04-1.40; p = 0.01). Median D-dimer was 11,795 ng/mL (range 280-144,832). Each 1000 ng/mL unit increase in D-dimer was associated with a 2% increase risk for VTE after controlling for IMPEDE VTE score (aHR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.04; p &lt; 0.001). Patients in the highest quartile of D-dimer levels, above the 75th percentile, had a 2-fold increase in risk of VTE after adjusting for IMPEDE VTE score (aHR 2.04; 95% CI 1.03-4.02; p = 0.04). Median soluble P-selectin was 189 ng/ml (range 23-638). There was no association between soluble P-selectin level and VTE risk in patients with MM. Conclusions and Relevance: D-dimer is predictive of VTE in patients with MM starting chemotherapy. The combination of D-dimer and the IMPEDE VTE score can improve identification of patients at high risk of VTE and therefore allow for selection of primary thromboprophylaxis among patients with MM. Disclosures Sanfilippo: Bayer HealthCare Pharamceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca: Other: Travel Support for Investigator Meeting; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Covington & Burling LLP: Consultancy; Luther & Associates: Consultancy; Health Services Advisory Group: Consultancy; Amgen: Other: Trasfer of Value (food) during discussion of research.