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1
Sutus, Melinda. "The deadliest war in the world. : An assessment of the war reporting from the Democratic Republic of Congo". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-32362.
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Title : The deadliest war in the world – An assessment of the war reporting from the democratic Republic of Congo Author: Melinda Sutus University and course: Örebro University, Media- and communication C (international) Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand if cultural and geographical proximity affects the way of reporting news and why the war in the Democratic republic of Congo gets so little attention compared to other wars and catastrophes. This will be made by studying the reporting about the war in two newspapers different from one another, one geographically and culturally closed to the war struck area, and one far away. Previous research: The research used in this study focuses on the third world, foreign coverage and globalisation. Studies made by Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Rouge, and Stig-Arne Nohrstedt are used to understand the reporting about Africa. Further follow Edward S Herman´s and Noam Chomsky´s views about the different types of victims and Jean-Claude Willame´s research about violence in Africa. Lastly a number of interpretations about globalization are being accounted for. Theories: Post colonialism, reporting war, the CNN-effect and 24h news and critical discourse analysis. Methods: Quantitative analysis and critical discourse analysis. Main results: The New York Times focused their reporting on war facts, in Cape Times the focus is distributed somewhat equally between all the topics. The New York Times portrays the conflict as cold-blooded and barbaric while Cape times emphasis the civilian and humanitarian aspects. Cape Times is closer to the area in question and the humanitarian aspects are easily understood, furthermore Africa does not see itself as a war-struck continent and victims the same way as the west sees the continent, which explains the absence of war facts in Cape Times. The main result is that geographically and cultural proximity does have a certain effect on how news is being portrayed. Key words: Africa, war, globalization, news reporting.
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Huraysi, Mohammed. "Press Freedom in Saudi Arabia War Reporting: A Case Study of the Gulf and Yemen Wars". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609168/.
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This study examined press freedom in Saudi Arabia coverage in two study periods, which are the Gulf and Yemen wars. Six Saudi newspapers, which represent Saudi regions, have been content analyzed. They are: Al Riyadh, Al Yaum, Al Nadwah, Mecca, Okaz, and Al Jazirah. The major questions are: What are the most salient issues Saudi newspapers dealt with in their editorials during the study period? What are the differences between the two periods of study? And what are the differences between the editorial features of the Gulf and Yemen wars? The normative theory-press freedom theory was conducted for this study. The results support the lack of press freedom during the Gulf War. In contrast, some newspapers have significantly improved their performance during the Yemen War, using a higher level of press freedom.
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Byers, Catherine P. "Reporting wartime Germany : perceptions of American journalists in Berlin, 1939-1941". Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/478643.
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"Reporting Wartime Germany" is a study of the memoirs, diaries, and other works of American journalists who were in Berlin during the early wartime years, 1939-1941. It analyzes their perceptions of the changes which occurred during that important period. Manipulation of politics and political power is discussed, along with growth of resistance to the regime, and the apparent inability of the regime to negotiate with foreigners in good faith. The role of newspapers, periodicals, radio and the motion picture industry as media of propaganda is studied; the system of education, control of religion, and attempts to regulate artistic endeavors are surveyed. Particular attention is paid to the use of literature and art as means of directing the minds of the Berliners. Various forms of culture, including opera and the theater, are analyzed in terms of their importance as a"-form of escape for the Berliners. Other types of entertainment, such as nightclubs, restaurants, and vaudeville, along with spectator sports, are also included. Analysis is offered concerning the immediate loss of such "luxuries" as adequate transportation, liquor, coffee and tea, and cigarettes, the shortage of housing and the rationing of such staples as food and clothing, and the impact these changes in lifestyle had on the Berliners. The gradual change in attitude perceived by the Americans, from acceptance of conditions to fear that the war might be lost, is described. Because of the need to verify the often highly subjective reports of the journalists, there are extensive notes which include references to accounts by others who were in Berlin, either contemporaneously or earlier or later than the first wartime years, and also to significant secondary works. Thus this study presents a broad overview of Berlin during the early wartime years, as seen by foreigners with many different perspectives. The similarities and differences in their perceptions are noted. The discrepancies are stressed, with verifying sources for different viewpoints included in the notes. The conclusion drawn is that the real changes perceived by the Americans occurred in 1933, when the Nazis came to power, and after the summer of 1941 following the beginning of the Russian campaign. More importantly, the study underlines the importance of using and carefully comparing multiple sources for any type of historical inquiry. The study underscores how well-meaning and supposedly objective observers of the same scene can often differ significantly in their perceptions, interpretation, and reporting of specificevents and major trends.
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Jones, Michele Kathleen. "Bias and objectivity in the Cold War reporting of Marguerite Higgins". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001157.
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Mertens, Mayli. "The War Within : Battling Polarization, Reductionism, and Superficiality - A critical analysis of truth-telling in war reporting". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119751.
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This thesis analyzes specific challenges concerning 'truth-telling' war reporters face when reporting on international conflict. For this purpose truth is examined in accordance with journalistic principles outlined in codes of ethics, with a focus on objectivity and fairness. The aim is to discover ways to improve the application of principles, in order to battle epistemic errors and the effects they entail: polarization, reductionism, and superficiality. The study concludes that providing context and nuance is crucial, but that codes - although essential - are insufficient in helping journalists decide what is relevant and what is not. An approach in virtue ethics is recommended where phronesis (or practical wisdom) can inspire responsible journalists to comply with the spirit, rather than the letter of the principles.
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Mooney, Michael J. "Live from the battlefield an examination of embedded war correspondents' reporting during Operation Iraqi Freedom (21 March-14April 2003) /". access online version, LEAD access online version, NPS access online version, DTIC, 2004. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA424638.
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Shreim, Nour. "War in Gaza : a cross-cultural analysis of news reporting and reception". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10168.
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One of the most controversial wars in contemporary history, both in terms of the ideological powers behind it and its continued struggle for over 60 years, is the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The most recent outburst of the conflict, commonly known as the Gaza War, has attracted extensive global media coverage. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, the thesis incorporates an extensive content analysis, to chart patterns and regularities within a large corpus of four broadcast media (namely BBC Arabic, BBC World, Al-Jazeera Arabic and Al-Jazeera English). It then integrates a more interpretative discourse analysis, to investigate the cultural ideas evoked linguistically and, to a lesser extent, visually throughout the coverage. Assuming a qualitative stance, it also draws upon focus groups conducted in Jordan and England to examine the public s knowledge and understandings of the events on the ground, in addition to their evaluation of both organisations levels of objectivity and impartiality. To allow for a comparative dimension, the thesis develops two frames of analysis that systematically looks at two recurring themes and scrutinises their discursive strategies and functions in the construction of meaning and ideology. These include Provocation, which examines questions of responsibility and culpability; and Proportionality which embraces matters of legitimacy and authority in relation to the humanitarian aspect of the war. The findings indicate that the actions of a protagonist may be deemed legitimate with regard to provocation, but illegitimate with regard to their proportionality. The peculiar circumstances of the war pushed the media in the direction of greater separation from the predominant ideologies ensued by the Israeli Army. It suggests that both networks lack a coherent discursive strategy at the level of the lexical in their reporting of Gaza. The empirical findings also confirm that meanings devised by viewers are pertinent to their behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. This conceptualisation formulated three readings shaped by political, cultural and social formations: an oppositional (counter-hegemonic) reading, a dominant reading and a subliminal (sub-conscious) reading.
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Horton, James Colby. "The External Conflict of Modern War Correspondents: Technology's Inevitable Impact on the Extinction of Nostalgic Combat Reporting". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3247/.
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Through historical and content analyses of war coverage, this study qualitatively addresses emotional quality, use of sources, and implied use of technology to better understand the tension between Vietnam and Afghanistan war correspondents and their military counterparts. Early American democracy aspired to give total freedom to its people. But the American military, in its quest to uphold the ideas of democracy, has often challenged the freedom of press clause set forth by the United States Constitution. Since the Vietnam era, the relationship between the military and the media has been plagued by questions of censorship, assertions of falsehood, and threats to national security. But it is the technological advancements in both reporting and combat techniques that have caused a disappearance of the nostalgic war coverage that American correspondents once prospered from. The possibility of returning to journalists' vision of unrestricted press access is all but lost due to such advancements.
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Seaton, Daniel. "‘A Fleeting Glimpse of Truth’: A Group Biography of Australia’s Second World War Correspondents". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29887.
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This biographical study has at its centre six of Australia’s most notable war correspondents of the Second World War: Kenneth Slessor, Damien Parer, Chester Wilmot, George Johnston, Osmar White and George Silk. There were over 250 Australian war correspondents during the conflict, in contrast to just thirteen during the First World War. This large group was a relatively well-defined professional and social network, within which existed friendships, rivalries, and collaborative endeavours. I argue that to truly understand the individuals who made up this network, we have to consider them not just as a series of separate journalists, but as a dynamic group interconnected in a variety of different ways: their work, social and professional interaction, journalistic ambition and philosophy, artistic interests, and engagement with the Anzac legend, to name a few.
Through a thematic and comparative study of the work and ideas of these six key individuals, alongside a careful consideration of their interaction with each other and the wider group, I supplement our knowledge of why these individuals were historically significant—culturally, politically, and intellectually—and locate them within the historical context of Australian war reportage. A study of their lives and work side-by-side can, therefore, provide a valuable comparative insight into how some of the most distinguished war correspondents of their day approached their work, shaped the narrative of the war, and functioned as part of a wider dynamic group.
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Mooney, Michael J. "Live from the battlefield : an examination of embedded war correspondents' reporting during Operation Iraqi Freedom (21 March-14 April 2003) /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMooney.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Alice Crawford, Gail Fann Thomas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-170). Also available online.
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Hegarty, Matthew. "Embedding : a brief historical overview and contemporary analysis of journalists' external and internal struggles with war reporting /". Lynchburg, VA : Liberty University, 2007. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Geigenberger, Laura. "“Seeing is believing ... ?” An exploration of photojournalism in war reporting and its conceptualization within the scope of War and Peace Journalism". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Journalistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40884.
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Journalism is a profession which bears many social and political responsibilities. Particularly war correspondence is a challenging task for professional journalists and thus constitutes a decisive part in the academic field of Journalism Studies. In order to evaluate the role of journalitic conduct in times of war, it is commonly dichotomized into two opposing concepts known as War and Peace Journalism. The concepts are most often studied in connection with text-based journalism which is why scholars have been stressing the need to create a similar conceptualization for photojournalism – a profession with a great relevance in war correspondence. First research approaches resulted in models such as War and Peace Photography which, however, only considered the visual contents of photojournalistic documents. Yet, particularly the legacy of images can be dynamic – hence, subject to change over long periods of time – and consequently alter the reception and categorization of a news photograph as either a War and Peace document. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to explore the notion that many different aspects need to be taken into account before a fair and productive categorization of such documents can be offered. In addition to the method of visual analysis, it thus entails anempirical study in a triangulation setting in which photojournalistic material on the Vietnam War, the picturesʼ captions as well as their additional documentary material regarding the broader historical and political (e.g. published interviews, governmental documents, articles) will be analyzed in three consecutive steps: (1) The photos are assessed in terms of their War or Peace classification based on their visual impression; (2) the captures are analyzed content-analytically and put in relation with the visual observations; (3) the additional documentary material is explored to understand the picturesʼ social, political, and historical genesis. For the purpose of the latter, a new category system has been defined and assigned to the sample images. Findings indicate that a visual categorization of an image are not necessarily supported by its captions as well as the respective surrounding historical, political and social circumstances. Additionally considered context might contrast the most basic definitions of War and Peace Journalism. For example, the assessed cases of War Photojournalism were not used for “propaganda” purposes – an often-ascribed feature of War Journalism. From this, it can be concluded that visuals are only one of many factors which can impact the meaning and reception of an image and, as a consequence, its categorization. Sufficient conceptualizations of photojournalistic documents should thus consider not only what is obvious but also the experiences, actions, professional values and intentions of photojournalists within the images’ prehistory and aftermath, reasons for their publication, their reception by an audience, and external influences on their respective medium.
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Boardwell, James Trevor. "Networking news : Vietnam's foreign 'mediasphere' 1960-1996". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284900.
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Stagner, Annessa C. "From Behind Enemy Lines: Harrison Salisbury, the Vietnamese Enemy, and Wartime Reporting During the Vietnam War". Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212524985.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until June 30, 2012. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-161)
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Botha, Nicolene. "Dispatches from the front : war reporting as news genre, with special reference to news flow". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/916.
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Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During Gulf War II, the American government implemented new media policies which, due to their potentially manipulative impact, became a subject of concern to academics, social commentators and the media alike. Key to these policies was the Department of Defense's Embedded Media Program which allowed hundreds of selected reporters to accompany US forces to the war front. The US openly tried to win international support for the war, and critics felt that this policy was designed to saturate the media with reports supporting the American point of view. This study examines these policies, the history of war reporting as a separate news genre, as well as the fluctuating relations between the US military and the media. Because of the US media policies, the fact that only one South African newspaper reporter was in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom phase of the war and South African newspapers' consequent reliance on foreign news sources, there was a real possibility that the American position would be propagated in the local press. To test whether this was the case, the way the war was reported on in four leading South African newspapers is examined in terms of gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing. Using an adapted version op Propp's fairytale analysis as a standard, it compares the slant and content of the South African coverage to the way four senior US government officials presented the war. Also, the coverage of the newspapers is compared to one another. The analyses indicate that while most of the information published by the newspapers came from American sources, the news reports generally did not mirror the US standpoint, but instead criticised President Bush and the war on Iraq. Neither the frequency of the newspapers, nor its cultural background showed any correlation with the way the war was depicted by the different newspapers. It is therefore concluded that while the US might have been successful in their attempt to "occupy the media territory" in terms of sources cited, they were not able to sway the opinion of the South African press in their favour. However, the US is aware of these failures and plans to rectify the mistakes made in Gulf War II by means of proactive global operations started in times of peace.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die Tweede Golfoorlog het die Amerikaanse regering 'n nuwe mediabeleid ingestel wat weens die potensieel manipulerende impak daarvan ’n bron van kommer vir akademici, sosiale kommentators en die media self geword het. Sentraal tot hierdie nuwe beleid was die Departement van Verdediging se sogenaamde "Embedded Media Program" wat honderde uitgesoekte joernaliste toegelaat het om Amerikaanse magte na die oorlogsfront te vergesel. Die VSA het openlik probeer om internasionale steun vir die oorlog te werf en kritici het gevoel dat dié beleid ontwerp is om die media met nuusberigte wat die Amerikaanse standpunt steun, te versadig. Hierdie studie ondersoek dié beleid, die geskiedenis van oorlogsverslaggewing as afsonderlike nuus-genre, asook die wisselvallige verhouding tussen die Amerikaanse weermag en die media. Weens die Amerikaanse mediabeleid, die feit dat slegs een Suid-Afrikaanse koerantverslaggewer tydens die Operation Iraqi Freedom fase van die oorlog in Irak was en Suid-Afrikaanse koerante gevolglik van buitelandse nuusbronne afhanklik was, was daar 'n werklike moontlikheid dat die Amerikaanse posisie deur die plaaslike pers gepropageer kon word. Om te toets of dit die geval was, is die manier waarop in vier vooraanstaande Suid-Afrikaanse koerante oor die oorlog berig is, ondersoek in terme van hekwagterskap, agendastelling en raamskepping. Deur 'n aangepaste weergawe van Propp se feëverhaalanalise as maatstaf te gebruik, is die neiging en inhoud van die Suid- Afrikaanse dekking vergelyk met die manier waarop vier senior Amerikaanse amptenare die oorlog voorgehou het. Die koerante se dekking is ook met mekaar vergelyk. Die analises wys dat hoewel die meeste van die inligting wat deur die koerante gepubliseer is van Amerikaanse bronne kom, die nuusberigte oor die algemeen nie die Amerikaanse standpunt weerspieël nie, maar eerder krities teenoor President Bush en die oorlog teen Irak is. Nie die frekwensie van die koerante of die kulturele agtergrond daarvan het enige korrelasie getoon met die manier waarop die oorlog deur die verskillende koerante uitgebeeld is nie. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat hoewel die VSA moontlik daarin geslaag het om die "mediaterrein te okkupeer" in terme van aangehaalde bronne, het hulle nie daarin geslaag om die Suid-Afrikaanse pers se opinie in hul guns te swaai nie. Die VSA is egter bewus van die foute wat tydens die Tweede Golfoorlog gemaak is en beplan om dit deur middel van proaktiewe globale operasies in vredestyd reg te stel.
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Amer, Mohammedwesam [Verfasser], i Jannis [Akademischer Betreuer] Androutsopoulos. "War Reporting in the International Press : a Critical Discourse Analysis of the Gaza War of 2008-2009 / Mohammedwesam Amer. Betreuer: Jannis Androutsopoulos". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103233386/34.
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Amer, Mohammedwesam Verfasser], i Jannis K. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Androutsopoulos. "War Reporting in the International Press : a Critical Discourse Analysis of the Gaza War of 2008-2009 / Mohammedwesam Amer. Betreuer: Jannis Androutsopoulos". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-78997.
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Strahm, Ann Marie. "Prestige press reporting of war and occupation : enemy combatants or a coalition of the willing? /". view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1331401111&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-241). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Binneh-Kamara, Abou. "Media reporting of war crimes trials and civil society responses in post-conflict Sierra Leone". Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/618559.
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This study, which seeks to contribute to the shared-body of knowledge on media and war crimes jurisprudence, gauges the impact of the media’s coverage of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) and Charles Taylor trials conducted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) on the functionality of civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting transitional (post-conflict) justice and democratic legitimacy in Sierra Leone. The media’s impact is gauged by contextualizing the stimulus-response paradigm in the behavioral sciences. Thus, media contents are rationalized as stimuli and the perceptions of CSOs’ representatives on the media’s coverage of the trials are deemed to be their responses. The study adopts contents (framing) and discourse analyses and semi-structured interviews to analyse the publications of the selected media (For Di People, Standard Times and Awoko) in Sierra Leone. The responses to such contents are theoretically explained with the aid of the structured interpretative and post-modernistic response approaches to media contents. And, methodologically, CSOs’ representatives’ responses to the media’s contents are elicited by ethnographic surveys (group discussions) conducted across the country. The findings from the contents and discourse analyses, semi-structured interviews and ethnographic surveys are triangulated to establish how the media’s coverage of the two trials impacted CSOs’ representatives’ perceptions on post-conflict justice and democratic legitimacy in Sierra Leone. To test the validity and reliability of the findings from the ethnographic surveys, four hundred (400) questionnaires, one hundred (100) for each of the four regions (East, South, North and Western Area) of Sierra Leone, were administered to barristers, civil/public servants, civil society activists, media practitioners, students etc. The findings, which reflected the perceptions of people from large swathe of opinions in Sierra Leone, appeared to have dovetailed with those of the CSOs’ representatives across the country. The study established that the media’s coverage of the CDF trial appeared to have been tainted with ethno-regional prejudices, and seemed to be ‘a continuation of war by other means’. However, the focus groups perceived the media reporting as having a positive effect on the pursuit of post-conflict justice, good governance and democratic accountability in Sierra Leone. The coverage of the Charles Taylor trial appeared to have been devoid of ethno-regional prejudices, but, in the view of the CSOs, seemed to have been coloured by lenses of patriotism and nationalism.
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Weiland, John, i n/a. "The Future of International Media Coverage of Military Operations". Griffith University. School of International Business and Asian Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051104.143303.
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Given the nature of modem warfare and the impact that technology has in contemporary war reporting, the primary objective of this thesis is to identify the most likely means by which the international media will cover future military operations. Initial research concentrates on the cultural and systemic ethos of the military and media professions and examines whether any differences have an adverse impact on how they operate during periods of armed conflict. A brief review of the history of war reporting is undertaken for several purposes; firstly, to discover if any differences between the professions have had a historical basis and, secondly, to ascertain whether there is any historical evidence of the media compromising military operations when covering operations during armed conflict. It was found that one of the principle reasons why the military and the meha have been traditional adversaries is that the military sees secrecy as vital for the successful conduct of its operations. The media, on the other hand, seeks complete disclosure. In what is considered to be the first of its type undertaken in Australia, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify how each profession viewed the other. Research concentrated on the US and Australian models, examining how modern technology has made it more difficult for the dtary to control the media than in past conflicts. Research further identified that in the context of modern armed conflict, the military and the media have predominantly different and frequently competing interests. It was also found that the protection and advancement of their interests are affected by technological changes which are redefining the nature of modern warfare, and the means and capacity of the media to report it. The way the media gathers news during conflict was shown to have changed dramatically over the past ten years, particularly with its use of technology in transmitting news live from a battlefield back to a parent media organisation. The military was further seen as dramatically changing the manner in which it conducts warfare, including the introduction of initiatives aimed at neutralising the media's impact on operational security. Somewhat alarmingly, these initiatives not only minimise possible compromises of security but overall media criticism as well. Research also found that the tensions currently existing between the military and media can be resolved by both parties agreeing to a more effective way of reconciling their differences. However, it was found that any well meaning initiatives by the military and the media to work closer together during periods of conflict will be difficult to achieve if the ever-present political manipulation of news is not addressed. The thesis concludes by recommending changes to current military and media doctrine in order that future conflicts may be covered in a manner that fulfils the 'public's right to know,' while at the same time, allows the military to conduct operations without fear that security may be compromised by the subsequent media coverage.
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ASHRAF, SYED IRFAN. "JOURNALISM AT GROUND ZERO: IMPERIAL WARS AND PRECARIOUS LABOR IN FRONTLINE NEWS PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN". OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1674.
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This study examines the severe conditions under which local media workers produce reports for global media outlets in conditions of war and the ways in which they cope with and respond to these challenges. I take as my case study, the diminution of the Pashtun journalist into a “fixer” for global media in the U.S.-led, so-called War on Terror (WoT). Based on my experience as a journalist as well as interviews with local Pashtun journalists, I disclose a situation in which the local journalist is compelled to risk his very life to gather news; news, which further exposes him to threats to life from the two warring sides. Precarity, in this scenario, is a fact of life, which carried serious consequences, not just for the journalist and his community, but also for what is passed off as news in global media.
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Weiland, John. "The Future of International Media Coverage of Military Operations". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366372.
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Given the nature of modem warfare and the impact that technology has in contemporary war reporting, the primary objective of this thesis is to identify the most likely means by which the international media will cover future military operations. Initial research concentrates on the cultural and systemic ethos of the military and media professions and examines whether any differences have an adverse impact on how they operate during periods of armed conflict. A brief review of the history of war reporting is undertaken for several purposes; firstly, to discover if any differences between the professions have had a historical basis and, secondly, to ascertain whether there is any historical evidence of the media compromising military operations when covering operations during armed conflict. It was found that one of the principle reasons why the military and the meha have been traditional adversaries is that the military sees secrecy as vital for the successful conduct of its operations. The media, on the other hand, seeks complete disclosure. In what is considered to be the first of its type undertaken in Australia, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify how each profession viewed the other. Research concentrated on the US and Australian models, examining how modern technology has made it more difficult for the dtary to control the media than in past conflicts. Research further identified that in the context of modern armed conflict, the military and the media have predominantly different and frequently competing interests. It was also found that the protection and advancement of their interests are affected by technological changes which are redefining the nature of modern warfare, and the means and capacity of the media to report it. The way the media gathers news during conflict was shown to have changed dramatically over the past ten years, particularly with its use of technology in transmitting news live from a battlefield back to a parent media organisation. The military was further seen as dramatically changing the manner in which it conducts warfare, including the introduction of initiatives aimed at neutralising the media's impact on operational security. Somewhat alarmingly, these initiatives not only minimise possible compromises of security but overall media criticism as well. Research also found that the tensions currently existing between the military and media can be resolved by both parties agreeing to a more effective way of reconciling their differences. However, it was found that any well meaning initiatives by the military and the media to work closer together during periods of conflict will be difficult to achieve if the ever-present political manipulation of news is not addressed. The thesis concludes by recommending changes to current military and media doctrine in order that future conflicts may be covered in a manner that fulfils the 'public's right to know,' while at the same time, allows the military to conduct operations without fear that security may be compromised by the subsequent media coverage.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of International Business and Asian Studies
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Charles, Mathew. "Violence, anti-press violence and reporting alternative social (dis)order : journalism, neo-paramilitarism and citizenship in Colombia's 'After War'". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/116625/.
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This thesis presents the result of an ethnographic study drawing upon participant observation and life history interviews. The research was conducted in a region of Colombia referred to as the Llano Verde with several periods of extended fieldwork between 2013 and 2016. This research offers a “thick description” (Geertz 1973) of the “non-formal” (Nordstrom 2004) networks of murder, extortion and drug trafficking in “the spaces of death” (Taussig 1984) at the margins of Colombian society. The study develops the work of Maria Clemencía Ramírez (2010) to document the alternative social (dis)order of Colombia’s “after war”, defined in part by the persistent and relentless nature of “privatised” and “democratised” (Koonings and Kruit 1999, 2004; Kaldor 2012; Defort 2013) violence. It also portrays the region’s “divergent news ecology”, which emerges in this (dis)order through the stories of five individual journalists living and working there. These reporters constitute a “distinct epistemic community “ (Waisbord 2013, p. 199) founded on fear, defiance and resistance. This research deconstructs and problematises four oversimplified dichotomies in journalism studies scholarship: (1) amateur/professional; (2) legacy/alternative; (3) war/peace; and (4) victim/perpetrator. It concludes that individuals who engage in sustained acts of violence or journalistic practice are both exerting their “insurgent” citizenship (Holston 2008), which either “confirms” or “disconfirms” (Haugaard 2003) the socially, culturally and symbolically violent structures (Galtung 1964, 1990), which underpin this alternative social (dis)order. Journalism, it is argued, is a vehicle to resist against or overhaul these dominant structures. Building on the works of Stuart Allan (2013) and Clemencia Rodríguez (2011), it is argued that journalism embodies a committed act of witness-resistance. Through a process of commitment, based on an interpretation of the philosophy of Jean Paul Sartre, this involves the communitarian desire to better society through a peace-oriented practice, but also incorporates a direct individual assertion of one’s own place in the world.
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Manning, Stephen. "Foreign news gathering and reporting in the London and Devon press : the Anglo-Zulu War, 1879, a case study". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421552.
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Walck, Pamela E. "Reporting America's "Colour Problem": How the U.S. and British Press Reported and Framed Racial Conflicts during World War II". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438173577.
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Galstyan, Hrant. "Disputed Land, Disputed Lives : Transnational and regional coverage of the humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh in the 2020 war". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-196550.
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This study examines the media coverage of the humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh during a war in the region in 2020. Drawing on the theoretical framework of humanitarian journalism, it first looks at the attention given to the issue within the daily coverage of the war, then turns to explore patterns in the narration of the past events and present situation in feature stories. Two transnational and two regional news outlets are analysed (The Guardian and Al Jazeera, Sputnik and Hürriyet), which all address a global audience through English, but represent different journalistic traditions, are based in countries with diverse involvement in the conflict and proximity to its parties, and have received different amount of attention in the research of humanitarian journalism. The results suggest that the humanitarian crisis in the region received little attention in general within the daily coverage of the war. People of the region were cited rarely in the reports on their condition and were largely absent from the news photographs too. They were depicted in feature articles mostly through their experience of fighting, limiting the diverse contexts of their lives. Although geographical, political and cultural proximity is argued to have affected the reporting by regional outlets, similarities and differences across the two groups were observed too.
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Asgarov, Asgar M. "Reporting from the frontlines of the First Cold War American diplomatic despatches about the internal conditions in the Soviet Union, 1917-1933 /". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7724.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: History. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Richards, Amy Diane. "Bearing witness : an analysis of the reporting and the reception of news about distant suffering in the light of John Howard Yoder's work on witness". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4492.
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In this thesis I analyse the reporting and the reception of news about distant suffering in the light of John Howard Yoder‘s work on witness. Studies of news reporting about foreign wars, genocide and disasters commonly conclude that the practice of bearing witness to distant suffering contributes to a context where both journalists and spectators appear to have limited moral agency. I argue that the practice of bearing witness has ethical significance for those actively engaged in bearing witnessing. In his work on Christian witness, Yoder demonstrates how witness can be understood as a method for moral reasoning. I assert that Yoder‘s argument presents a fruitful approach for interdisciplinary consideration of the ethical significance found in the practice of bearing witness to distant human suffering. In chapter one, I lay the foundation of my investigation into the ethical agency involved in bearing witness. John Howard Yoder‘s theological approach to social ethics provides that foundation. Central to Yoder‘s claim that witness is a form of ethics, is the premise that presence testifies. Yoder calls this the 'phenomenology of social witness‘. Yoder‘s work opens new ways in which to ask questions about the practice of bearing witness as a form of social ethics. It is from this foundation that I begin to ask questions about the news media practice of bearing witness to distant suffering, the subject of chapter two. Media practices are social practices that involve a dense interaction of many layers of society. In the media practice of witnessing distant suffering, governments, charities, news media organisations, and audiences are all involved in what I call the social formation of the Global Samaritan. The foundational work on Yoder in chapter one allows me to ask the question: How is the Global Samaritan a presence, and to what does this presence testify? In chapters three and four, I focus on two of the prominent groups which contribute to the formation of the Global Samaritan: audiences and foreign correspondents. News audiences as moral agents already seem a problem for Yoder‘s claim that presence testifies. Do audiences who bear witness to distant suffering have moral agency? How can the amorphous and fleeting presence of television, internet, or twitter audiences testify? In the chapter on audiences, the initial claim regarding presence makes for an important investigation into how audiences can potentially move beyond mere spectatorship and towards participation in care for the suffering. Foreign correspondents bearing witness to distant suffering do not face the same obstacles to testifying as audiences do. After all, foreign correspondents are often live, on-the-scene of extraordinary circumstances of suffering. The danger and risks foreign correspondents face in order to report live from scenes of devastation and disaster testify to the fact that the situation is indeed dangerous and causing suffering. Yoder‘s claim that presence testifies is a claim strongly paralleled within the tradition of investigative journalism. In chapter four, I investigate the ethical function of foreign correspondent presence. I consider the foreign correspondent‘s dual role as the proxy 'eyes and ears‘ of the public and the proxy voice for those without a voice. Through these two roles, I explore major concepts involved in the practice of investigative journalism. One prominent issue I explore is the tension between the principles of a liberal democratic press and the practice of frontline reporters live, on-the-scene of extraordinary and extreme situations. In the final chapter, chapter five, I focus on the experience of three frontline reporters bearing witness to human suffering. BBC [British Broadcasting Company] reporter John Simpson‘s reflections on his coverage of the beginning of the Iraq War illustrate the importance of bearing witness as involving real presence on location. Norwegian freelance reporter Ǻsne Seierstad‘s reflections on covering the Iraq War from Baghdad further contributes to the concept of 'being there‘ as central to bearing witness. Focus on Seierstad also furthers discussion on women reporters bearing witness to war. The third reporter I highlight is BBC reporter Fergal Keane. I focus on his reflections covering the Rwandan genocide to illustrate how the claim to bearing witness involves more than spectatorship, but often involves participation. I conclude with an analysis of the media practice of bearing witness, involving the range of reporter presence to the quasi-presence of the audience, in the light of John Howard Yoder‘s claim that bearing witness is a form of social ethics.
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Weisman, Chad M. "Just Coverage and the Path to Peace: Reporting Operation Protective Edge in Haaretz, BBC Online, and The New York Times". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou148353082855729.
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Heywood, Emma. "Foreign conflict reporting post-9/11 and post-Cold War : a comparative analysis of European television news coverage of the Middle East conflict". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/foreign-conflict-reporting-post911-and-postcold-war-a-comparative-analysis-of-european-television-news-coverage-of-the-middle-east-conflict(1f514bbd-0779-44c9-bc27-66c26b507194).html.
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The thesis explores the state of European foreign conflict reporting by public sector broadcasters, post-Cold War and post-9/11. It provides a comparative analysis of the news values of three television news providers from three differing public systems: BBC’s News at 10, representing a British public service broadcaster, nominally independent of government control; Russia’s Vremya on Channel 1, a state-aligned broadcaster used, to a large extent, as a mouthpiece for the government; and France 2’s 20 Heures, a public service broadcaster, from a media system with a long history of state intervention. By investigating their reports, the study identifies and analyses the differing roles of public and state-aligned broadcasters. It examines the priority they place on certain values leading to particular aspects of a news story becoming news in one part of the world but not in others. The case study under investigation is a two-year period (2006-2008) from the ongoing Middle East conflict which both pre-dates the change in East-West relations and the events of 9/11 and provides a meeting point of many of the geo-political and post-imperial global struggles facing the three selected news reporting countries. The analytical chapters examine a peace conference, Israeli-Palestinian fighting and intra-Palestinian fighting, which reflect discrete aspects of this conflict and enable the broadcasters’ overarching and specific narratives to be considered. The thesis uses these events to assess relations between state and broadcaster and the attendant associations with the war on terror which emerge in the foreign conflict coverage. It investigates possible imbalances in the reports to the detriment of one of the warring parties and contributes to understanding how the broadcasters perceive their own and other countries. The study examines the broadcasters’ news values and agenda-setting techniques. By focusing on these two areas, which influence the shaping, length and positioning of broadcasts, news reports are analysed both quantitatively (e.g. running order, airtime, number of items per programme and subject matter) and qualitatively (e.g. the portrayal of news values and agenda-setting attributes displayed). The overarching argument illustrates that the hierarchy in news values is never arbitrary but can be explained, in part, by the structure of the broadcasters and by events occurring within, or associated with, the reporting country. As a result, the thesis investigations help identify nationally differentiated perceptions of conflict throughout the world and, in a broader context, contribute to studies in the areas of media, foreign conflict and Middle East conflict reporting.
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Samerdyke, Olivia Kathleen. "Information vs. Propaganda:An Analysis of the Washington Post's Reporting of the Islamic State". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1459512198.
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Storozenko, Victoria [Verfasser], i Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Bös. "„Truth is not the end in itself but a mill of information“ The journalistic construction of war : Professional reporting for daily newspapers in Germany and the United States during the 2003 Iraq war. / Victoria Storozenko ; Betreuer: Mathias Bös". Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174304731/34.
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Woods, Joshua. "Imagining terror the people, the press and politics /". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Hessel, Hampus. "Approaching Revolution in the Middle East and the Current Media Landscape : Social Media- and News Agency Material in reporting of the Arab Spring and War in Syria". Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsforskning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23277.
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The Arab spring has been called a social media revolution and social media have been given large importance and significant space in both academic discussions and analysis in the media. The main focus of this study was to examine whether social media have impacted the news reporting of the conflicts. A sample of articles from four different newspapers was examined, taken randomly from all relevant articles published on the newspapers websites between December 2010 and December 2013. A part of that sample was checked for news agency cable reliance and the entire sample were checked for material from social media. Three newspapers were found to rely heavily on news agency material. The New York Times was the exception, having only 4 percent of articles being based on news agency material. Social media material and quotes were found and were used in the report-ing in different ways, but only in 4 percent of articles. It was mainly used as a way to get protester commentary. Two of the included newspapers were China Daily and the New York Times. The differences between the respective reporting in these newspapers were also examined in yet an-other subsample consisting of 100 articles from each newspaper. Several differences be-tween the reporting were found, with China Daily for example presenting a framing more in favour of the government of Syria than the New York Times.
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Barton, Verena. "Killed in the line of duty who is killing foreign correspondents and why? : this thesis is submitted to AUT University in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Communication, 2009 /". Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/755.
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The world of journalism is becoming increasingly dangerous, as figures published by international media organisations demonstrate. But the Western news media suggests, that particularly Western foreign correspondents are facing incredibly high risks and cases of abducted, tortured and murdered foreign correspondents are reported regularly. The question arises “Have they become targets?” Foreign correspondence has been a dangerous occupation since it first emerged during the Crimean War, when the first consistent war reporting was established. Ever since then, foreign correspondents have had to face opposition, criticism and harsh realities. However, they have also always been highly valued journalists and well-respected for their courage to travel overseas, often into conflict-riddled areas, to report important news to their audiences back home. Sometimes they have even lost their lives in the pursuit of truth. Daniel Pearl, Christian Struwe and Karen Fischer or Trent Keegan are just a few examples of the many correspondents and journalists who have died as martyrs for their profession. As the actual data published by international media organisations, such as Reporters Without Borders, the Committee to Protect Journalists or Freedom House, suggests, it has rapidly become worse for all journalists in the last 20 years and there is worse to come. It appears as if the factors leading to their deaths are increasing and will be contributing to even higher death tolls in the future. The thesis will consider such questions as: Who is there to protect journalists and foreign correspondents? Independent media organisations are trying their best. The international press is bemoaning the many deaths and governments have promulgated laws to protect their reporters, but does that actually help? Will those attempts make it better in future? And can the Western news media apparatus itself be held partly responsible for some of the deaths?
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Miloš, Pankov. "Diskurs analiza medijskog izveštavanja olokalnim ratnim sukobima u Jugoslaviji od1991. do 1995. godine". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100314&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Osnovni cilj rada bio je da ustanovim relacije kojimase u medijima razvija empatija prema jednoj odsukobljenih strana u kontekstu ratnih sukoba, a kojapostaje deo kolektivnog identiteta publike (MI) inegativno predstavljanje druge, neprijateljske strane ukontekstu radnog sukoba (ONI).Osnovna naučna hipoteza bila je da se empatijskiodnos medija prema jednoj od zaraćenih strana uratnom sukobu veoma često manifestuje pristrasnimizveštavanjem, tako da se jezičkim mehanizmimasimboličke identifikacije jedna od zaraćenih stranaodređuje kao prijateljska strana u ratu, a njojsuprotstavljena kao neprijateljska .Korpus empirijskih podataka obuhvata šest dnevnihlistova (ukupno 58 primeraka dnevnih izdanja) i tritelevizijske stanice (1197 minuta televizijskogprograma) u desetodnevnom periodu. Primenjenaanaliza diskursa obuhvata veće jedinice od rečenice.Rezultati analize pokazuju sledeće.1. U najvećem broju ratnih izveštaja iskazan je(negativan ili pozitivan) medijski stav prema jednomod aktera koji odgovaraju oružanim formacijama usukobu2. Postoji simbolički prostor sa kojim se identifikujereportersko JA, u sklopu jedinstvene grupe kojapovezuje autora sa identitetom medijske publike(grupom MI).3. Medijski stav usmeren ka vojno-političkimpredstavnicima zaraćenih strana zavisi od toga da li jeodređena ličnost od strane medija prepoznata kaonosilac realne vojno-političke moći.4. Na leksičkom nivou medijski stav je iskazannajčešće: upotrebom ličnih zamenica u funkciji deiksi, ekspresivima, upotrebom termina saistorijskom konotacijom i kvalifikacijama, sve doironičnih naziva i pejorativa kao karakterističnihobeležja negativnog stava. Dominirajuće diskursnestrategije upotrebljene u tom cilju su: predikacija,perspektivizacija, legitimizacija (delegitimizacija) iintenzifikacija, kao i konstruktivne i perpetuacionemakrostrategije izgrađivanja nacionalnog identiteta.Zaključujem sledeće.1. Analiza diskursno-jezičkih obeležja za iskazivanjeličnog stava pokazala se kao odgovarajuća naučnaosnova za istraživanje jednostranog odnosa medijaprema stranama u ratnom sukobu.2.Tokom daljnjeg usavršavanja kritičke diskursanalize kao metoda potreban je ujednačeniji isistematizovaniji pristup određivanju diskursnihobeležja, usvojen i primenjen od strane grupaistraživača koji promovišu različite pristupe.3.Višestruka studija slučaja u sklopu metoda kritičkediskurs analize doprinela je da se identifikovanepojave mogu tumačiti u odnosu na vremenskuperspektivu, društvene i medijske uslove njihovognastanka.Rezultati se mogu primeniti: 1. za poboljšanjemedijske pismenost građana i građanki tokom procesarazobličavanja mehanizama manipulacije medijskomporukom; 2. za uspostavljanje minimuma standardaobjektivnog medijskog izveštavanja koji bi biliobezbeđeni i u uslovima vanrednih i ratnih okolnosti;3. za usavršavanje kritičke diskurs analize kao metodau interpretiranju medijskog diskursa.The main aim of this paper was to ascertain therelations media employ to promote, on the one hand,empathy towards one of the conflicting parties at war,which consequently becomes a part of the collectiveidentity of the audience (US), and on the other,negative imaging of the opposing side or the enemy(THEM).The basic scientific hypothesis was that empatheticattitude of media towards one of the warring sides isoften reflected in partial reporting. The linguisticmechanism of symbolic identification helps todetermine one of the conflicting sides as friendly andthe opposing one as unfriendly.Empirical data corpus includes six daily newspapers(58 copies in total), plus three TV stations (1,197minutes of television broadcasting) over a ten-dayperiod. Discourse analysis applied here focused onlinguistic units larger than a sentence.The analysis results are as follows:1. A vast majority of war reports express a certain(positive or negative) media attitude towardsone of the participants in an armedconflict.2. There is a symbolic space a reporter’s I isidentified with as a part of a unique groupwhich connects the author to the identity ofthe media audience (the` US` group). 3. Media bias towards military and political representativesof the warring parties depends onwho is considered to wield the real militaryand political power.4. Lexically speaking, a negative attitude of themedia is most frequently expressed by the followingmeans: deictic use of personal pronouns,a use of expressive language, a use oflanguage with historic connotation and quality,as well as a use of irony and derogatoryterms. Dominant discourse strategies employedwith the same aim are predication,perspectivization, legitimization (delegitimatizon),intensification, as well as the use ofmacro-strategies of construction and perpetuationin creating national identities.Conclusions:1.The analysis of linguistic discourse featuresused to express personal attitude proved to bea proper scientific basis for research into abiased approach of media towards warringparties.2. Further improvement of the method of criticaldiscourse analysis requires the adoptionof a more balanced and systematic approachto defining discourse features by various researchgroups promoting different attitudes.3. A multiple case study as part of a criticaldiscourse analysis method helped to interpretthe identified phenomena with reference to atemporal, social and media context of theiroccurrence.The results can be useful in 1.improving medialiteracy of general public in an attempt tounmask manipulation mechanisms applied inmedia messages; 2.establishing a basic standardof unbiased media reporting which wouldapply even in emergency and war conditions;3.improving critical discourse analysis as amethod for interpretation of media discourse.
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Roff, Katherine Louise. "Barbaric mistakes: Western print media’s portrayal of “ethnic” conflicts". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7878.
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This study addressed the question: “Does Western media framing of different actors in ethnic conflict influence the likelihood of intervention being advocated in the media?” In order to answer this question, this study used a content analysis of USA, UK and Australian print media, and explored the media framing of conflicts in Rwanda, Kosovo, and East Timor. The study examined newspaper articles prior to intervention and, using Piers Robinson’s media framing model (2000), measured the quantity of “empathetic” and “distancing” coverage in relation to suggestions for intervention.
The results of this study show that simplified representations of these complex conflicts often lead to a dangerous polarisation in Western media. Ethnic conflicts are discussed either within a “barbaric” frame, where readers are presented with well-defined heroes, victims and villains and are encouraged to support intervention; or with a “native” narrative, where the situation is reported as a distant problem between “squabbling tribes”, and the media consumer is encouraged to support non-intervention.
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Silke, Bryan David. "The framing of the coverage of the Gaza withdrawal by Israeli forces in the Cape Times, Mail & Guardian and Sunday Times from July 1, 2005 to September 12, 2005". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19867.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict cannot be classified as an isolated conflict. Today’s clashes were not triggered by a single event, but rather are as a result of thousands of years of violent and at times restrained disagreements about the rights of Jews, Muslims and other ethnic groups to the disputed land known collectively today as Israel and the Palestinian Territories. This study examines the media coverage of one event during the conflict, i.e. the withdrawal by Israeli settlers from the Gaza area. The study tracks coverage over ten weeks in the South African media context, specifically the Mail & Guardian, Cape Times and the Sunday Times – a media setting in itself highly diverse and compelling. Using a qualitative framing analysis as the central methodology, the study focused on six core frames in analysing all articles/reports relating to the Gaza withdrawal. In addition, the editors of the respective newspapers were interviewed to complement the textual analysis. The methodological approach addressed how each story was packaged and presented, and then questioned why certain frames dominated and others did not. The study found that conflict (a combination of violent and non-violent) was the dominant frame chosen. Consequences and Attribution of Responsibility were the next two most prominent frames. Both these frames were found to apportion blame to a particular side in presenting the news reports and when providing comment. Whilst all three newspapers argued that they practiced a balanced coverage, it was this perceived “balance” in using several different frames of presentation that neglected a key “historical” frame. This lack of historical context was one of the key results of the other frames being so dominant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konflik tussen Israel en Palestina kan nie gesien word as ’n geïsoleerde konflik nie. Die huidige konflik is nie veroorsaak deur ’n enkele gebeurtenis nie, maar spruit uit die voortslepende geweld tussen Jode, Moslems en ander etniese groepe wat reeds duisende jare lank duur, as gevolg van betwiste aansprake op die grondgebied gesamentlik bekend as Israel en die Palestynse grondgebied. Dié studie ondersoek die mediadekking van een gebeurtenis in die konflik, naamlik die onttrekking van Israeli setlaars in die Gaza-gebied. Die studie volg mediadekking oor tien weke deur drie Suid-Afrikaanse publikasies, Mail & Guardian, Cape Times en Sunday Times. Met behulp van kwalitatiewe raming-analise as die sentrale metodologie, konsentreer dié studie op ses rame in die analise van artikels, wat verband hou met die onttrekking uit die Gasastrook. Die navorsing word aangevul met onderhoude met die redakteurs van die koerante. Die metodologie is toegespits op die manier waarop die stories verpak en aangebied word, en bevraagteken waarom sekere raamwerke oorheers en ander van minder belang is. Die studie bevind dat Konflik (’n samestelling van geweldadige en nie-geweldadige konflik) die oorheersende raam was waarbinne artikels in dié tydperk aangebied is. Die Gevolge- en Toeskrywing van Verantwoordelikheid-rame kom ná konflik die meeste voor. By albei raamwerke word bevind dat skuld aan die een of ander kant toegeskryf word in die aanbiedeing van nuusverslae en wanneer kommentaar gelewer word. Hoewel al drie koerante volhou dat hulle gebalanseerde dekking aanbied, word ’n belangrike “historiese” raam in dié aanbieding verontagsaam as gevolg van die gebruik van verskeie rame om balans te bewerkstellig. Die gebrek aan ’n historiese konteks is een van die vernaamste gevolge van die oorheersing van die ander rame.
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Martins, Lilian Juliana. "Antonio Callado Jornalista : a narrativa da grande reportagem e o ideal do Brasil possível /". Bauru, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180207.
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Orientador: Marcelo Magalhães BulhõesResumo: Antonio Callado é reconhecidamente um dos maiores escritores brasileiros do século XX, autor de Quarup (1967) e Reflexos do Baile (1976), obras cuja elaboração narrativa são indissociáveis do contexto da ditadura militar no Brasil. Mas, o autor, declaradamente de esquerda, também foi jornalista atuante nas redações do país. Entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960, trabalhou no Correio da Manhã e no Jornal do Brasil, escreveu grandes reportagens - que até hoje são reeditadas em livros - e publicou artigos que fizeram com que os militares o levassem para a prisão mais de uma vez. Ainda assim, há uma lacuna nos estudos de jornalismo sobre autor. Este trabalho é uma proposta de compreensão sobre a identidade de Callado como jornalista e sobre como sua produção jornalística dialogou com o espírito de resistência de sua época. Para isso, nos dedicamos ao estudo contextual e analítico de todas as reportagens de Callado publicadas em livro: Esqueleto na Lagoa Verde (1953), Os Industriais da Seca e os Galileus de Pernambuco (1959), Revolução piloto em Pernambuco (1963) e Vietnã do Norte: o outro lado da guerra (1968), Passaporte sem Carimbo (1978) e Entre Deus e a Vasilha (1984). A tese está fundamentada na identificação e na análise das estratégias discursivas das narrativas, principalmente na assunção da subjetividade, autorreferencialidade e literariedade. Sobretudo, a tese se dedica a averiguar como tais estratégias estão em plena associação com a militância de um repórter que sonhava com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Antonio Callado is acknowledged as one of the greatest Brazilian writers of the 20th century, author of Quarup (1967) and Reflexos do Baile (1976), works whose narrative elaboration are inseparable from the context of the military dictatorship in Brazil. However, the author, reportedly leftist, was also a journalist in the country's newsrooms. Between the 1940s and 1960s, he worked at Correio da Manhã and the Jornal do Brasil, wrote large reports - which are still being reissued in books - and published articles that led the military to take him to prison more than once. Still, there is a gap in author journalism studies. This work is a proposal of understanding about the identity of Callado as a journalist and about how his journalistic production dialogues with the spirit of resistance of his time. For that, we are dedicated to the contextual and analytical study of all Callado’s reports published in book: Esqueleto na Lagoa Verde (1953), Os Industriais da Seca e os Galileus de Pernambuco (1959), Revolução piloto em Pernambuco (1963) e Vietnã do Norte: o outro lado da guerra (1968), Passaporte sem Carimbo (1978) e Entre Deus e a Vasilha (1984). The thesis is based on the identification and analysis of the discursive strategies of the narratives, mainly in the assumption of subjectivity, selfreferentiality and literacy. Above all, the thesis focuses on how such strategies are in full association with the militancy of a reporter who dreamed of a country that, even today, is f... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Van, der Schyff Martha Levina. "Aanmeldingsriglyne vir adolessente wat aan seksuele misbruik blootgestel word / Marthie van der Schyff". Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4908.
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South African adolescents are at high risk of becoming victims of sexual abuse. However, research and experience by practising social workers show that adolescents are reluctant to report sexual abuse immediately. This could be due to the lack recognised guidelines available by which to report abuse and receive the necessary help.
The purpose of the research was to investigate the reasons why adolescents fail to report sexual abuse in order to establish relevant guidelines. This would also determine the role of the forensic social worker in the report of sexual abuse by adolescent victims.
The research followed a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. 220 adolescents from two high schools and six Welkom social workers were involved in the investigation. Both groups of participants completed questionnaires while the social workers were also involved in a focus group.
Forensic social workers work is a new field of specialisation in the social work profession. There is a serious misconception about the role of the forensic social worker not only among other practising social workers, but also among the general public and adolescents in specific. The forensic social worker can play an important role in establishing guidelines for the report of sexual abuse by adolescent victims.
The findings clearly showed that adolescents do not report sexual abuse within the family. The abused adolescent becomes a victim as South Africa does not yet have definite guidelines available for the report of sexual abuse. The study found that the forensic social worker has a definite role to play in the report of sexual abuse by adolescents.Thesis (M.A. (MW Forensic))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Langton, Jonathan. "100 years of annual reporting by Australian Red Cross : Accountability amidst wars, disasters and loss of life". Thesis, Federation Business School, 2018. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/169866.
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Purpose: This critical interpretive and historical case study of Australian Red Cross extends from the organisation’s beginning in 1914 through to the present day. The overarching purpose is to reveal and analyse the annual reporting practices of one of Australia’s oldest and most important humanitarian organisations in the discharge of accountability over the course of a century. Design/methodology/approach: A Political Economy of Accounting theoretical framework guides the content analysis and interpretation of findings. Background: While the review of literature acknowledges the annual report as a crucial element in the discharge of accountability, studies investigating the evolution of annual reports of International nongovernmental development and humanitarian aid organisations (INGDHOs) over extended periods of time appear to be absent from the literature. Findings: The annual reports were found to be responsive to the changing social, political, economic and institutional environment, casting doubt on any claims to objectivity in organisational management’s disclosures, including assertions regarding unadulterated adherence to its Fundamental Principles. Furthermore, sources of pressure from the wider environmental context impacted upon the development of accountability regimes and shaped the way in which organisational management reported to stakeholders. These regimes evidence the alignment of mission preservation and emotive disclosures with strategic priorities. Implications: This study extends understandings of how INGDHOs discharge accountability through annual reporting practices. It provides a more holistic framework for understanding the role of accountability in organisational management reporting, the development of accountability regimes and the implications for organisational and social functioning. Originality/value (significance): The contribution is distinctive not only for the context and extensive period covered, but also for the significant institutional setting of Australian Red Cross – encompassing deep social, political, economic and institutional changes. This adds to the extant literature and provides significant insights into the contested interplay between annual reporting practices and accountability regimes.Doctor of Philosophy
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Nilsén, Tomas, i Thomas Göransson. "Rapportering vid överflyttning av patient : En kommunikativ konst". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16114.
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Bakgrund: En stor del av vårdskadorna som uppstår i vården beror på brister i kommunikation. Rapportering är en del av det dagliga arbetet som sjuksköterska, där målet är att föra vidare information om en patientens tillstånd för att säkerställa den fortsatta vården och patientsäkerheten. Syfte: att beskriva hur anestesisjuksköterskan och vårdavdelningens sjuksköterska ser på rapportering vid överföring av patient från UVA till vårdavdelning. Metod: Kvalitativ studie. Studien har analyserats med hjälp av innehållsanalys där ett tema, två kategorier och nio subkategorier har framkommit. Fokusgruppsintervjuer med sammanlagt tio sjuksköterskor från vårdavdelningar med erfarenhet av att hämta patienter på UVA samt åtta sjuksköterskor från anestesin. Resultat: För att en rapport skall bli bra krävs att rapporten följer en viss procedur och struktur. Det är viktigt att rapporten följer en röd tråd och att informationen inte blir överflödig. Vårdmiljön vid rapporteringen har också stor betydelse. Det blir svårt att lämna en bra rapport då det är mycket stress runtomkring och då det är svårt att hålla sekretessen. Från både anestesin och vårdavdelningarna finns en vilja att ha förståelse för varandra för att skapa en god miljö vid rapporteringen. I rapporteringen är det viktigt att lagom mycket information om patienten lämnas annars finns risk att personen som tar emot rapporten slutar lyssna. Diskussion: Vårdavdelningarnas sjuksköterskor saknar kunskap om de specifika läkemedel som administreras av anestesisjuksköterskan under narkosen. Detta kan få ödesdigna konsekvenser då det finns en risk att drabbas av återfall av läkemedel med andningshämmande effekt, en så kallad recurarisering.Background: A great deal of the related care injuries that develops in the hospitals often depends on communications failures. Reporting handovers is a great part of nurse’s daily work, the where report handovers purpose is to transfer information related to the patient between staff so that the patient safety can be ensured. Aim: To describe how the anaesthesia nurse and the ward nurse perception in the report handover of an postoperative patient. Method: Qualitative studies where made. Focus group interviews with total of ten nurses from the wards, nurses with experience from giving and taking reports in handover situations from the postoperative anaesthesia care unit (PACU), and eight nurses from the anaesthetic ward. The result where analysed with help from a content analysis, that resulted in one theme, two categories and nine sub categories. Result: Areport requires that the reporter follow a particular procedure and structure. It’s important that the report makes a common line for the listener, and that the information is not redundant. The environment is also important, it becomes difficult to make a good report when it’s stressful around, that also makes it difficult to maintain confidentiality. From both the anaesthesia and ward it’s a willingness to understand each other when it comes to patient handover, regarding to the stressfulness and the lack of care places at the wards. It’s important that the right amount of information about the patient is given, otherwise there’s a risk that the person receiving the report, stop listening. Discussion: The ward nurses lack the knowledge about the specific drugs during anaesthesia that are administrated by the anaesthesia nurse. That can bring a fatal consequence if the patient gets a residual paralysis of the muscle relaxant drug.
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Novak, Rosemary Julia. "The experience of members of the British media, reporting on hazardous events overseas and the way they manage : developing new views". Thesis, University of East London, 2008. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3775/.
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There has been increasing recognition of members of the media as responders to hazardous events. Studies exploring trauma exposure amongst members of the media have supported the notion that reporting on distressing events may impact on psychological well-being. Trauma discourses rarely recognise opportunities for positive change resulting from human suffering and do not account for the possibility of posttraumatic growth. There has been little consideration of such concepts in research with journalists. This qualitative study aimed to develop an in-depth understanding of the experience of ten members of the media, who covered hazardous events outside of mainland Britain. Semi-structured interviews explored journalists' experiences, their beliefs about what they do, their coping strategies and their psychological resilience and growth. Research questions focussed on how journalists coped with their experiences and common factors they identified in facilitating how they manage. Five categories were constructed through a grounded theory analysis: professional role, perception and understanding of events, reactions, ways of managing and role of others. Developing New Views emerged as a superordinate category. A model was constructed illustrating the dynamic processes involved. The findings suggested that journalists' appraisals of events were fundamental to their experiences and were influenced by cultural, historical and personal contexts. Connecting to the professional role appeared to mitigate becoming emotionally overwhelmed by a response to hazardous events. The journalists reported experiencing stronger reactions when connected to the events through personal involvement, or through similarities between themselves, their families and the hazardous situation or people involved. The results are assessed in light of existing literature, with a view to widening the lens applied to trauma, resilience, and post traumatic growth. The implications of these findings for journalists working in a competitive news industry are discussed. The limitations of this study and suggestions for further research are considered.
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Yates, Yvonne. "The effectiveness of a Human Givens therapeutic intervention with adolescents reporting poor subjective well-being : multiple case studies in a socially deprived ward". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effectiveness-of-a-human-givens-therapeutic-intervention-with-adolescents-reporting-poor-subject-wellbeing-multiple-case-studies-in-a-socially-deprived-ward(b5ee0f2d-a362-41ea-b61e-307626a163bf).html.
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This study considers Human Givens therapy and its use with adolescents reporting poor subjective well-being, attending a school in an area of social deprivation. It aims to contribute to the literature on this area of developmental need in response to the findings of the UNICEF (2007) report; and it is of great priority to the Department of Children, Schools and Family (DCSF, 2004). It also aims to provide an evaluation of Human Givens therapy, which is becoming increasingly popular in a range of settings. Although there are bold statements of success from those working in the private sector, no evidence base has yet been established. A case study methodology was chosen to assess the usefulness of Human Givens therapy in 3 adolescents who met criteria by achieving poor scores on the self-concept, anxiety and depression scales from the Beck Youth Inventory, 2nd edition. The aims of the study were, to ascertain the level of self-reported emotional need in a sample of adolescents from a high school; to determine how Human Givens therapy might increase their emotional well-being; to explore the usefulness of the interventions; and to assess whether any positive outcomes were maintained three months later. Changes in levels of subjective well-being were explored before and after therapy and at follow-up using descriptive statistics. Acceptability and use of strategies pertaining to the Human Givens approach were also examined. Improvements were found in all areas previously of concern. Results indicate the benefits of Human Givens therapy and eclectic use of strategies; environmental factors that are well-intentioned yet potentially harmful; and limitations of the Human Givens therapeutic structure. The potential for Human Givens to be used within Educational Psychology practice is discussed.
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Brüggemann, Marc. "Der Sechstagekrieg und seine Folgen. Die Berichterstattung über palästinensischen Terrorismus gegen Israel und das Münchener Olympia-Attentat". HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34768.
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Saint, Georges Marie-Eve. "Le traitement journalistique des crises politiques et des catastrophes naturelles : (les cas de la RdCongo et du Rwanda ; d’Haïti et du Japon)". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020007.
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En quoi le traitement journalistique contribue-t-il à une construction de l’Histoire, quand il se confronte à la barbarie du genre humain ou aux pires déchaînements de Mère Nature ? De quels éléments de compréhension dispose-t-on dans la mémoire de ces événements ? La place occupée par le journaliste sur ces terrains en crise est intenable. Il est comme coincé dans une crise perpétuelle qu’il ne vit qu’au présent. Avec des archives conservées ou non, les traces disponibles sont très aléatoires. Je souhaite décortiquer ce que l’on appelle parfois la machine médiatique. Par une recherche approfondie mais non moins sélective des médias et des publics qui les consomment, il s’agit de trouver les clés pour comprendre comment ces crises majeures se transforment en une nouvelle Histoire focalisée sur l’instantané du journaliste qui traite de ces crises. Guerres, crimes génocidaires, tremblements de terre, tsunami : cette toile de fond ne reçoit pas le même traitement journalistique selon que l’on se situe en avril 1994 ou en janvier 2010.Interroger l’approche de ces crises qui se ressemblent mais déchirent les mémoires diversement selon que le traitement journalistique porte sur la République démocratique du Congo ou le Rwanda ; éclairer ce qui fait le terreau du misérabilisme ou suscite l’admiration dans la manière de rapporter les événements qui touchent Haïti ou le Japon ; savoir pourquoi telle ou telle direction est privilégiée dans la couverture de ces crises dans la presse imprimée francophone à travers des titres belge et français ; comprendre comment le Web bouscule les choix et la vitesse de la couverture du chaos : voici la base de cette rechercheHow does media coverage contribute to build History, when it faces Human atrocities and huge natural disasters? What keys to understanding can be found in the recollection of such events? The journalist’s position on these unstable fields is untenable. He is stuck in a permanent crisis that he can only watch as a contemporary witness. And, because records are not always held, traces are randomly available. My objective is to dissect what we may call the media spiral. Through an in-depth but nonetheless selective study of the Medias and their publics, the aim is to find keys to understanding how these major crises are turned into a new History focused on the reporter’s snapshot. Wars, genocides, earthquakes, and tsunami: this backdrop is not subject to the same media coverage depending whether we are in April 1994 or in January 2010. Questioning the approach to crises which are alike, but tear memories variously as the journalistic treatment concerns the Democratic Republic of Congo or Rwanda; decoding what is a breeding ground for ‘miserabilism’ on the one hand, and what arouses the admiration on the other hand, in the way of reporting the events which affect Haiti or Japan; trying to find out why such or such direction is favoured in the coverage of these crises in French-speaking printed press, through the study of Belgian and French titles; comprehending why the Internet rushes the choices and the race for the chaos coverage: here is the basis of this research
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Smith, Heidi Helette. "Evaluering van twee groepe dubbelgenoteerde maatskappye, wat op die JSE Sekuriteitebeurs van Suid-Afrika genoteer is, vir suksesvolle omskakeling na internasionale finansiele verslagdoeningstandaarde teen 2005". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1911.
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Thesis (MAcc (Accountancy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.The fact that investors increasingly invest in companies from another country than the investor himself and the consequential globalisation of capital markets, resulted in the European Parliament and Council (EP) accepting Regulation No. 1606/2002 during 2002. The consequence of the regulation was that uniform accounting standards had to be implemented throughout the European Union (EU). The accounting standards that were accepted, are the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (previously known as International Accounting Standards (IAS)). The regulation further determined that the effective date of this required compliance with IFRS was 1 January 2005. At the time when the regulation was accepted, most companies that were listed on the JSE Securities Exchange of South Africa (JSE) still prepared their financial statements in accordance with South African Statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (South African SGAAP). The implication of the acceptance of the regulation by the EP was that in the event that a company was not only listed on the JSE but also on a stock exchange in the EU, the financial statements of that company would have to be prepared in accordance with IFRS. In this study two groups of companies were selected for evaluation. The one group consists of companies with a primary listing on the JSE and a secondary listing in the EU (first group) and the other group has a primary listing in the United Kingdom (UK) and thus the EU, with a secondary listing on the JSE (second group). The purpose of the study is to identify the implications of the acceptance of abovementioned regulation on the financial reporting of the selected companies. Firstly, a study was made of the differences between the Generally Accepted Accounting Practice of the United Kingdom (UK GAAP) and IFRS. The reason for this largely relates to the fact that there are still substantial differences between these two sets of accounting standards. No such study was conducted in respect of differences between South African SGAAP and IFRS as South African SGAAP was completely replaced by IFRS during 2004 and hence no differences exist any more. The only exception relates to the 500 series of standards that are unique to South Africa. There are, however, only two issued standards in this series and hence no further attention was paid to that. Hereafter the 2002 financial statements of all the selected companies were evaluated by measuring it against an IFRS disclosure checklist for 2002. The purpose was to identify the extent to which the selected companies comply with IFRS by focusing on the areas with regards to which they do not comply with IFRS. It was found that the companies of the first group largely fail to comply with IFRS in respect of matters of disclosure, whilst the second group of companies sometimes also, in their application of recognition requirements and measurement guidelines, used different practices to those suggested by IFRS. This was largely attributable to the fact that there are substantial differences between UK GAAP and IFRS, whilst South African SGAAP and IFRS already were very similar until recently. Consequently, questionnaires were sent to interested selected companies in which they could give feedback on their level of awareness and perceptions of the required transition to IFRS by 2005 as well as the procedures that they have followed or will follow in their process of transition to IFRS. Fourthly the 2003 financial reports of the selected companies were evaluated for compliance with IFRS by measuring it against the IFRS disclosure checklist that would be applicable on their 2004 financial periods. This was done in order to determine whether the selected companies showed any progress in their level of compliance with IFRS. This process also identified which IFRS, which were issued during 2003/2004, will be applicable on the 2004 or later financial periods of the selected companies, as these are further areas that will demand the attention of the selected companies in their process of becoming IFRS compliant. It was found that all selected companies showed rather little progress in their level of IFRS compliance. It is however concerning that even though South African SGAAP were previously very narrowly aligned with IFRS, the companies of the first group still fail to comply with fairly simple disclosure requirements. It would thus appear that they do not take the process of transition to IFRS serious enough. The fact that the second group of companies also did not make much progress can still be justified by the fact that UK GAAP were not aligned closer to IFRS during 2003 and most of the selected companies were still busy with the planning process for the transition to IFRS. It is expected that the financial statements of these companies will display substantial progress in their 2004 financial periods. Finally the compliance mechanisms were studied in order to determine which processes are in place to ensure that companies will indeed comply with IFRS. This study was done in respect of the EU, the UK and South Africa. All three these regions either already have or will have bodies in the near future that will have the task of evaluating the financial statements of listed companies for IFRS compliance. The conclusion is however that as a result of the negative consequences of noncompliance with IFRS sufficient factors do exist that will motivate companies to fully comply with IFRS. In addition, the listing requirements of the JSE has changed and financial reporting in accordance with IFRS is now a requirement.
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Moreira, Ana Sofia Pereira. "Study of modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment in oligo and polysaccharides of coffee by mass spectrometry". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17074.
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Doutoramento em BioquímicaOs polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.
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姚吉芬. "What stand the Apple Daily takes when reporting and editing the American war in Iraq". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2y8237.
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Marchand, Gregory. "Quality journalism: how Montreal’s quality dailies presented the news during the First World War". 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23817.
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An examination of reporting during the First World War by Montreal’s two most respected newspapers shows that these newspapers articulated divergent messages about the war and domestic events. This thesis argues that during the First World War, Le Devoir refused to be limited by the traditional impassive reporting style of Montreal’s managerial class newspapers, but the Montreal Gazette did not. Where Le Devoir became more defiant and aggressive in its defence of Francophone rights, the Gazette managed to appear more detached even as it reported the same events. This divergence is important because it represents a larger pattern of wartime change taking place as quality dailies gambled their reputations on the ideals of their owners and editors. Each newspaper carefully constructed their attempts to influence public opinion, but where Le Devoir was responding to what it considered a crisis, the Gazette’s interests and alliances mandated loyalty and a calmer tone.